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Design and Optimization of Kalina Cycle for Geothermal Energy in Kenya

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Design and Optimization of Kalina Cycle for Geothermal Energy in Kenya GRC Transactions, Vol. 38, 2014 Design and Optimization of Kalina Cycle for Geothermal Energy in Kenya Wencheng Fu School of Electrical Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, China [email protected] Keywords which has sparked more and more attention by countries all over Kalina cycle, geotherma power plant, ammonia-water, cycle the world. Using it to generate electricity not only can effectively efficiency, exergy alleviate the pressure of electricity shortage, but also reduce the emission of the carbon dioxide. Due to the great geothermal resources in Kenya, development of renewable energy is pro- ABSTRact moted to achieve sustainability and is used to meet the electricity requirement. The economic development is growing rapidly in The Great Rift Valley, an area of Eastern Africa with strong Kenya, but the problem between supply and demand of power tectonic activity, offers immense potential for large-scale geother- electricity should be faced [2]. The urbanization process increases mal projects. The geothermal energy is also considered clean and the demand on energy resources. Electricity shortages made the renewable, so this paper presents the exploitation of geothermal government take a series of intervention steps in Kenya. The energy with Kalina cycle in Kenya. The software Engineering method makes the economy slows down. Due to the shortage of Equation Solver (EES) is used to run the models for each op- reliable energy, the annual revenue of companies in Kenya reduced erating condition, using the thermodynamic properties data of by 7%, the economic growth rate decreased by 1.5%[3]. ammonia and water supplied with that software package. Based The temperature of brine geothermal fluid below 150℃belongs on the good agreements with the actual operating parameters, to medium-low temperature geothermal resource. Organic Rankine the thermodynamics analysis of Kalina geothermal power cycle Cycle (ORC) and Kalina cycle are among the most feasible ways of was analyzed. The optimum of the system is influenced by the using low-temperature sources. The ORC has been developed for condensation temperature, ammonia mass fraction, turbine inlet a long time and a pure working fluid is usually selected according pressure and the temperature of heat source. The cycle efficiency to the heat source temperature [4, 5]. As a new kind of proposed and the electricity generation for the Kalina cycle are illustrated cycle, the Kalina cycle uses ammonia-water mixtures as working with different conditions. The ammonia content and the pressure medium [6, 7], just with the aim of reducing the thermal irrevers- of turbine is needed to be less than the optimum point. The largest ibility in the heat conduction process, especially between the heat cycle efficiency is found 20%, but the pressure is so high that source and the evaporating work fluids. The Kalina cycle is higher the cost of components should be considered. Thermodynamic in efficiency and also have more advantages than Rankine cycle analysis of an operational 1 MWe binary geothermal power plant by El-Sayed [8], Kalina [9] and Thorolfsson[10]. The technology in Kenya is performed. Through energy and exergy, the energy and economy research on Kalina cycle reveal the essence and efficiency is about 6.9% and the largest exergy destruction direction of improvement by Lv [11,12] and Zhang[13], who occurs at the condenser. The utilization of the low-temperature analyzed the key parameters which influence the performance of energy will increase efficiency and reduce the consumption of Kalina cycle. According to the engineering practice of gas-steam the fossil fuels. combined cycle, and the highest temperature the Kalina cycle can reach is 300℃. 1. Introduction The advantage of the Kalina cycle is to use the middle-low geothermal resources which are abundant in Kenya. The objec- Geothermal energy is abundant in Kenya, of which the East tive of this study is to evaluate the Kalina cycle which is fit for African Rift may provide great geothermal resources, about geothermal power generation in Kenya. The thermodynamic cycle 7000MW[1]. Geothermal energy is the cleanest energy and is according to the actual power plant operation is analyzed. This independent of the weather. As a source of renewable energy, paper can also provide theoretical basis for Kalina system design geothermal energy is considered to be stable, cheap and clean, and useful estimate for optimal operation. 791 Fu 2. System Description In order to make the results more comparable, some other necessary parameters [15] that are needed to determine in the The Kalina cycle uses a mixture of ammonia and water, the operation are shown in table 1. evaporation and condensation will occur at variable temperatures, the heat transfer process is very similar to the heat sources. Fig. Table 1. Parameters of the basic model. 1 shows the schematic diagram of Kalina cycle which is suited Parameters Value to the environment conditions in Kenya. The basic solution is Inlet temperature of geothermal fluid /℃ 122 heated to a high temperature by the energy provided from the Outlet temperature of geothermal fluid /℃ 80 brine geothermal fluid and partially vaporized in the evapora- Mass flow of geothermal fluid /kg/s 89 tor (state (1)). Then the two-phase ammonia-water is separated Inlet temperature of cooling water /℃ 5 to a saturated vapor (state (2)) and a saturated liquid solution (state (4)) through the separator. The vapor in the turbine which Mass fraction of ammonia in the mixture /% 82 contains most ammonia is expanded to a low pressure (state (3)) Pressure of the turbine inlet /bar 32.3 to produce power. The weak ammonia-water solution from the Isentropic efficiency of turbine /% 87 separator is cooled to a low temperature (state (5)) through a high Generator efficiency /% 96 temperature recuperator and then decreased the pressure closed Pump efficiency /% 98 to the exhausted steam (state (6)) through a throttle valve. After Pressure losses after each device /bar 1 that the mixed fluid (state (7)) from the valve and the turbine is Pinch point of evaporator /℃ 6 cooled down after the low temperature recuperator (state (8)). Pinch point of recuperator /℃ 5 After the condenser, the basic solution (state (9)) is pumped to a high pressure (state 10) by the feed pump. It is then heated by low Pinch point of condenser /℃ 3 (state 11) and high (state (12)) temperature recuperator in turn. Lastly, the working medium enters the generator.. 4. Equation and Thermodynamic Simulation The components of the Kalina cycle are complex, so the main equations and the main power plant components need to be discussed: Condenser: The condenser may be either water or air cooled. The calculations for the condenser are roughly the same in both cases, as the hot working fluid coming from the LT recupera- tor. The condensed fluid, normally the cooling water enters the condenser to absorb the heat. The condenser is nothing but a heat exchanger between the hot vapor and fluid from the recuperator and the cooling water from the cooling tower. It has to be observed that the temperature of the hot fluid is higher than the one of the cold fluid throughout the condenser. The equation is as followed: mw( h8 − h9 ) = Qcon (1) Recuperator: The recuperator is a heat exchanger recovering Figure 1. Basic model of Kalina power cycle the heat of the hot exit vapor from the turbine or the hot saturated liquid from separator. The hot fluids from the seperator and 3. Assumptions and Basic Parameters turbine are on the hot side, they will be condensed in the LT recuperator and in the condenser, then pumped right away The state properties of all processes in the Kalina cycle can be through the cold side of the HT recuperator towards the determined, when some variables and assumptions are confirmed. evaporator. The fluid behavior is usually close to linear, so it is In order to get the solution more quickly, the complex actual normally not necessary to divide the regenerator into sections. process should be simplified. The assumptions used in the Kalina The equations are as follows: cycle are as follows: HT Recuperator: ml ( h4 − h5 ) = mw( h11 − h12 ) (2) a) The resistances of pressure and heat along the piping are LT Recuperator: (3) neglected; ml ( h7 − h8 ) = mw( h10 − h11 ) b) The fluid expansion in the throttling valve is considered Turbine: The turbine converts a part of the vapor enthalpy as isenthalpic; to shaft work, and then to electricity in the generator. The ideal c) The geofluid is in a liquid condition in the reservoir; turbine is isentropic, having no second law losses. The turbine isentropic efficiency is given by the turbine manufacturer. This d) The system operates at the stable state; efficiency is the ratio between the real enthalpy changes through e) The ammonia-water temperature at the condenser outlet can the turbine to the largest possible (isentropic) enthalpy change. be determined by condensing temperature [14]. The work output of the turbine is then the real enthalpy change 792 Fu multiplied by the working fluid mass flow through the turbine. The equation is as follows: mg ( h2 − h3 )×ηg = Wtur (4) Evaporator: The evaporator is the first component of a Kalina power plant. The geothermal fluid is pumped to the evaporator, and then injected into ground. Obviously the heat removed from the source fluid has to equal the heat added to the working fluid. The evaporator is nothing but a heat exchanger between the hot source fluid and the cold working fluid of the cycle. As well it must be kept in mind that the relation between the power plant cycles and components design is the field enthalpy, or energy content of the fluid. The equation is as followed: Qgeo = mw( h1 − h12 ) (5) Separator: Mass balance holds over the separator, the sum of steam and saturated liquid mass flow equals the mass flow of the mixture in the cycle.
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