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Geological and Thermodynamic Analysis of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation Using ORC and Kalina Cycle Technology

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Geological and Thermodynamic Analysis of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation Using ORC and Kalina Cycle Technology energies Article Geological and Thermodynamic Analysis of Low Enthalpy Geothermal Resources to Electricity Generation Using ORC and Kalina Cycle Technology Michał Kaczmarczyk * , Barbara Tomaszewska and Leszek Paj ˛ak Department of Fossil Fuels, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; [email protected] (B.T.); [email protected] (L.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 February 2020; Accepted: 12 March 2020; Published: 13 March 2020 Abstract: The article presents an assessment of the potential for using low enthalpy geothermal resources for electricity generation on the basis of the Małopolskie Voivodeship (southern Poland). Identification the locations providing the best prospects with the highest efficiency and possible gross power output. Thermodynamic calculations of power plants were based on data from several geothermal wells: the Ba´nskaPGP-1, Ba´nskaIG-1, Ba´nskaPGP-3 and Chochołów PIG-1 which are working wells located in one of the best geothermal reservoirs in Poland. As the temperature of geothermal waters from the wells does not exceed 86 ◦C, considerations include the use of binary technologies—the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina Cycle. The potential gross capacity calculated for existing geothermal wells will not exceed 900 kW for ORC and 1.6 MW for Kalina Cycle. In the case of gross electricity, the total production will not exceed 3.3 GWh/year using the ORC, and will not exceed 6.3 GWh/year for the Kalina Cycle. Keywords: geothermal resources; geothermal water; electricity generation; organic rankine cycle; kalina cycle; geological conditions 1. Introduction The development of the energy sector, including electricity generation, increasingly takes into account the use of renewable energy sources (RES). This is particularly evident in the countries of the European Union (EU), which are obliged to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, increase energy efficiency and increase the share of renewable energy in the structure of total gross energy generation [1]. However, this does not only apply to European Union countries, because it should be noted globally that in 2018 the share of renewable energy sources in total electricity generation was 26%, in heating and cooling it was 10%, while in transport 3.3% [2]. There is a change of direction in the energy market, in which RES plays an increasingly important role. This arises not only from concern for the environment, but is also an attempt to diversify energy sources in developing countries. This is particularly important in the case of electricity generation, since there is an increase in the consumption of electricity. In 2018, 181 GW of renewable energy capacity was installed worldwide for the purposes of electricity generation, and the total installed capacity reached the level of 2378 GW [2]. Analyzing data for individual renewable energy technologies, it should be noted that, by far at the end of 2018, hydropower was characterized by the largest installed capacity in the world—1132 GW. Wind energy with 591 GW came second, followed by 505 GW from photovoltaic, bio-energy with 130 GW, geothermal energy with 13.3 GW, concentrating solar thermal technologies (CSR) with 5.5 GW, and ocean energy with 0.5 GW [2]. Among the available renewable energy technologies, stable and continuous electricity generation can be provided by hydropower, biomass/biogas, and geothermal Energies 2020, 13, 1335; doi:10.3390/en13061335 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies Energies 2020, 13, 1335 2 of 20 Energies 2019, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 20 geothenergyermal [3]. energy Solar power [3]. Solar (photovoltaics) power (photovoltaics) and wind and energy, wind despite energy, the despite fact that the theyfact that are thethey most are thedynamically most dynamically developing developing technologies technologies [4], are heavily [4], are dependent heavily dependent on atmospheric on atmospheric conditions, conditions, and energy andgeneration energy isgeneration often diffi iscult often to predict.difficult Henceto predict. the need Hence for the RES need development for RES developmen towards moret towards stable moresources. stable In viewsources. of theIn view above, of thethe generationabove, the generation of electricity of usingelectricity geothermal using geothermal energy isof energy particular is of particularimportance. importance. This is undoubtedly This is undoubtedly a source of energya source that of fitsenergy in with that the fits strategy in with of the a low-carbonstrategy of energya low- carbonmix becoming energy themix basisbecoming of a modern the basis economy of a modern [5,6]. economy [5,6]. TThehe temperature andand hydrogeological hydrogeological conditions conditions determine determine the the technology technology of electricity of electricity generation gener- ationusing using geothermal geothermal energy. energy Due to. Due the typeto the of type energy of carrierenergy andcarrier its temperature,and its temperature, several basic several ways basic are wayshighlighted are highlighted for converting for converting the heat energy the heat accumulated energy accumulated in geothermal in vaporgeothermal or waters, vapor as or well waters, as in hot as welldry rocks,as in hot into dry electricity. rocks, into These electricity. are dry steamThese powerare dry plants steam (180–300 power plants◦C), single-flash (180–300 °C or), double-flashsingle-flash orsteam double power-flash plants steam (150–320 power plants◦C), Organic (150–320 Rankine °C ), Organic Cycleand Rankin Kalinae Cycl Cyclee and (90–150 Kalina◦C) Cycle [7]. Most(90–150 of °Cthe) [7 geothermal]. Most of the power geothermal plants in power the world plants use in the energy world accumulated use energy accumulated in wet or less in dry wet geothermal or less dry geothermalfluids [8]. From fluids the [8 point]. From of viewthe point of the of geothermal view of the conditions geothermal in conditions Poland (temperatures in Poland (temperatures up to 100 ◦C), upit is to necessary 100 °C ), it to is consider necessary Organic to consider Rankine Organic Cycle Rankine (ORC) and Cycle Kalina (ORC Cycle) and technologies. Kalina Cycle A technologies. classification Aof classification geothermal resources of geothermal in Poland resources by temperature, in Poland enthalpyby temperature, and exergy enthalpy was presented and exergy by was Barbacki pre- sented(2012) [by9]. Barbacki In both cases, (2012) the [9]. thermodynamic In both cases, the cycle thermodynamic is based on the cycle use is of based an additional on the use working of an addi- fluid ti(Figureonal working1)[ 10]. fluid Geothermal (Figure water1) [10]. is Geothermal extracted by water the production is extracted well, by the which production transfers well, heat which to the transfersevaporator heat with to the a working evaporator fluid with that a has working a significantly fluid that lower has a boiling significantly point temperature.lower boiling Thepoint energy tem- perature.released byThe the energy evaporator released causes by the the eva workingporator fluidcauses to the evaporate. working Influid the to case evaporate. of ORC In installations, the case of ORCmany installations, types of organic many working types of fluids organic are used working i.e. R600a, fluids R236aare used and i.e. R227ea. R600a, In R236a systems and based R227ea. on theIn systemsKalina Cycle, based an on inorganic the Kalina working Cycle, fluid,an inorganic a mixture working of ammonia fluid, anda mixture water, isof usedammonia [10,11 and]. The water, Kalina is usedCycle [10 uses,11 a]. changeThe Kalina in the Cycle solubility uses a of change ammonia in the in water,solubility which of isammonia related tointhe water, varying which temperature is related toof the the varying ammonia temperature/water mixture. of the Theammonia/water potential energy mixture. accumulated The potential in the energy working accumulated medium vaporin the working(associated medium with the vapor high (associated pressure of with the working the high medium pressure vapor) of the isworking used by medium a turbine vapor) connected is used to theby agenerator. turbine connected The working to the fluid generator. is returned The to working the evaporator fluid is for returned reuse. In to many the evaporator cases, geothermal for reuse. water In manyis injected cases into, geothermal the rock or water used is for injected other purposesinto the rock such or as used heat generation,for other purposes recreation such etc. as heat gen- eration, recreation etc. Figure 1. SimplifiedSimplified comparison comparison of of the the Organic Organic Rankine Rankine Cycle Cycle (ORC (ORC)) and and the the Kalina Kalina Cycle Cycle (based (based on [7,12on [7],)12. ]). For the thermodynamic calculations, it was necessary to recognize recognize thermal and hydrogeological hydrogeological parameters in the research area. Małopolska Małopolska V Voivodshipoivodship located located in in southern southern Poland Poland was was selected, selected, which resulted fromfrom aa veryvery interesting interesting and and diversified diversified geological geological structure structure of theof the region, region, as wellas well as theas the fact that the first geothermal heating plant in Poland—PEC Geotermia Podhalańska S.A. operates in this area. Energies 2020, 13, 1335 3 of 20 fact that the first geothermal heating plant in Poland—PEC Geotermia Podhala´nskaS.A. operates in this area. No geothermal
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