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Re-Investing Value and Mexico's Changing CHASING BLACKNESS: RE-INVESTING VALUE AND MEXICO’S CHANGING RACIAL ECONOMY BY ANTHONY R. JERRY DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Alejandro Lugo, Chair Associate Professor Arlene Torres Assistant Professor Marc Perry Associate Professor Ramona Pérez ABSTRACT This dissertation explores how race is mobilized by “those on the bottom” within the confines of the current multicultural political arena dictated by the Mexican state as a means of access to national citizenship(s). This work adds an explicit cultural, social, and political element to the notion of “racial economy”. I argue that race, ethnicity, and culture have an historic value that helps to define their current value within the neo-liberal multicultural state and can therefore be traded in a limited number of ways. In this way, the logic of difference, based on colonial logics of race and ethnicity, dictates particular potentials and perspectives on the use and value of race and ethnicity as a cultural, social, and political commodity. These colonial logics continue to inform state sanctioned strategies for the official recognition of difference within the Mexican nation state. However, this dissertation argues that these logics are explicitly challenged by grass root approaches to recognition and representation as witnessed by local activism and the tensions between state officials and community organizers over the means of production for self- representation. A phenomenon that I refer to as “implication”, suggests that invocations of particular histories and social phenomena, such as racism, implicate particular racial/ethnic groups in the deliberate construction of the racial past and present, and therefore can define government approaches to citizenship as the government only half-heartedly embraces the true historical treatment of its marginalized populations. The issue of choosing a social identity, then, is paramount, as all racial terms embody particular social histories and can act as mnemonic devices that trigger a number of accepted or contested social histories. For this reason, it is also argued that the tensions between government, academics, and activists over linguistic and symbolic representations of race are more than tiffs over politically correct nomenclature, and should be read as serious conflicts over social/historical representation and the power to self- ii identify. Lastly, I focus on the role that conflicting “racial economies” at the U.S./Mexico border have on processes of racial formation/transformation. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Social science research, and perhaps all scientific research, can be a lonely process. And, in the case of anthropology, the actual process of long-term ethnographic research can seem like a solitary endeavor. This solitary endeavor, or at least the appearance of the anthropologist as a lone trailblazing researcher can also be reinforced by the product of ethnographic research, which is most often times the formal ethnography, or in this case, the dissertation. However, the ethnography itself can silence or at least obscure the many professional and personal relationships that are required for its eventual materialization. Therefore, I would like to give thanks to the individuals and institutions whose presence and support, while only haunting the pages of this dissertation, have been instrumental in my personal and professional development as well as ultimate success in my graduate career. I will be forever indebted to those that have supported this “solitary endeavor”. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge the unending support of my family, both immediate and extended. Mariana Palafox, my spouse, friend, and partner, has endured at least as much as I have throughout the graduate school process. Picking up the slack created by my physical and metaphorical absences within our family of four has been a job that she continues to unselfishly undertake. Hopefully, I have shown my gratitude and respect in more ways than I can ever hope to do with this formal “thank you”. I would also like to acknowledge my two sons, Issak and Miles Jerry, for their love and patience, even on those occasions when dad had to choose the books over the park. I would also like to thank my mom for her words of motivation and support over the years. More than her belief in education as the key to success, her belief in me strengthens my own courage to believe in myself. iv Secondly, several truly amazing intellectuals have nurtured my academic/professional development over the years. I have been lucky to develop relationships with several people whose commitments to my work have far surpassed their professional and institutional obligations as advisors and mentors. Alejandro Lugo, chair of my dissertation’s committee, has been instrumental in the completion of this dissertation and my overall development as a scholar. He has taught me to be as patient as I am passionate for the work that I have dedicated myself to. Along with helping to sharpen my theoretical and analytical skills, Alejandro has been a true mentor and advisor, and a figure that I continue to emulate in my own writing, teaching, and advising. I must also give a very special thanks to Ramona Perez, for her continuing investment in me. Ramona has been instrumental in setting me on my current path and has never failed to offer any of the resources at her disposal with the singular goal being my overall success. Arlene Torres has also been a major support and motivator, taking me on as an advisee, all the while stretched to the limits with her own professional obligations. Her support has motivated me to pay it forward through my own commitment to the next generation of graduate students of color. I must also thank Marc Perry for our long conversations and his mentorship. In many ways, he has been a role model who continues to carve out a path for this young Black scholar to follow. Lastly, I would like to say thank you to my colleague Bernardo Rios for his long time friendship and support. Our countless conversations on all things academic as well as personal have allowed me to keep it all in perspective. Thirdly, on the most practical level, success would have been impossible without the institutional support that I have received throughout these last several years. The University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign supported my graduate training with a one year Graduate Fellowship. The Anthropology Department at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign also v made an investment in me with two years of support through their Diversity Outreach Coordinator position and an official TA ship. Tuition waivers that made attainment of the Ph.D. a reality also accompanied all of the above-mentioned support. I would also like to thank the Fulbright Commission for their support of my dissertation fieldwork through a Fulbright-Garcia- Robles scholarship, as well as the Ford Foundation for their support of my dissertation project with a Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellowship. And, I would like to express my gratitude to SDSU’s Center for Latin American Studies for their support through multiple Foreign Language and Area Studies (FLAS) summer fellowships to study the Mixtec Language. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, I would also like to thank Ecosta Yutu Cuii and the people of the Costa Chica, who allowed me to take part in their continuing struggle for human rights and representation. My work is ultimately only one small part in their larger project of inclusion and equality. For the most part, those acknowledged here are not explicitly mentioned in the pages that follow; however, their presence was always felt. The support of those mentioned, and the countless others who were not mentioned but continue to have a lasting effect on my work, have enriched my personal and professional life in an invaluable way. And, I continue to regard their support and mentorship as part of my personal wealth. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: CHASING BLACKNESS: METHODOLOGY AND THE PRODUCTION OF RACIAL IDENTITY .................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 3: AN EXPANDED APPROACH TO RACIAL ECONOMY ................................. 27 CHAPTER 4: TALKING ABOUT MESTIZAJE: HISTORY, VALUE, AND THE RACIAL PRESENT ..................................................................................................................................... 51 CHAPTER 5: RECOGNIZING CULTURE AND MAKING DIFFERENCE OFFICIAL ......... 80 CHAPTER 6: CITIZENSHIP, MODERNITY, AND MULTICULTURAL POLITICS IN LATIN AMERICA ....................................................................................................................... 98 CHAPTER 7: THE ART OF THE NARRATIVE ..................................................................... 126 CHAPTER 8: THE POLITICS AND LIMITS OF RECOGNITION ........................................ 160 REFERENCES: .......................................................................................................................... 177 APPENDIX A: MAP OF AFRO-DESCENDANT COMMUNITIES IN OAXACA ................ 188 APPENDIX B: PROMOTIONAL FLYER FOR CDI CONSULTA ........................................
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