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Antecedentes Capítulo I Antecedentes I ANTECEDENTES -El estado de Oaxaca se ubica al sur del país, en el extremo suroeste del istmo de Tehuantepec. Colinda con los estados de Guerrero al oeste, Puebla al noroeste, Veracruz hacia el norte y Chiapas al este. Hacia el sur posee casi 600 km de costa en el Océano Pacífico. Por su extensión, es el quinto estado más grande del país y ocupa el 4,8 por ciento de su superficie total. Alberga una rica composición multicultural donde conviven más de 16 grupos étnicos. Al igual que los otros estados de la federación, Oaxaca posee una constitución, un código civil, un código penal y un escudo propio. El estado se divide en Regiones Socio-Culturales: Región Costa, Región Sierra Sur, Región Istmo, Región Sierra Norte (Mixe, Villa Alta, Ixtlán de Juárez), Región Cuenca del Papaloapan (Tuxtepec, Choapan), Región Cañada, Región Mixteca, Región Valles Centrales. La extensión territorial es de 95,364 kilómetros cuadrados, además cuenta con una longitud costera de 598.7 kilómetros y la población total de Oaxaca asciende a cerca de 3,5 millones habitantes, del cual el 52% corresponde a mujeres y 48% a hombres. -El estado de Veracruz se localiza en la parte central de la vertiente del Golfo de México, limitando con 7 Estados Mexicanos, Al Norte: Tamaulipas, Al Oeste: San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo y Puebla, Al Suroeste y Sur: Oaxaca, Al Sureste: Chiapas y Tabasco. Comparte el Golfo de México con 5 Estados de la Unión Americana: Texas, Louisiana, Mississipi, Alabama, Florida y con 5 Estados de la República Mexicana: Tamaulipas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatán, Quintana Roo. 4 Capítulo I Antecedentes La superficie del Estado es de 71,699 km², representando el 3.7% de la superficie del País, con coordenadas Geográficas extremas: Al norte 22° 28´, al sur 17° 09´ de latitud norte; al este 93° 36´, al oeste 98° 39´ de longitud oeste. El litoral Veracruzano es de 745 kilómetros de longitud El Estado tiene una extensión territorial de 71,699 km² y está dividido en 212 municipios agrupados en 10 regiones administrativas: Huasteca Alta, Huasteca Baja, Totonaca, Nautla, Capital, Montañas, Sotavento, Papaloapan, Tuxtlas, Olmeca. El estado cuenta aproximadamente con poco más de 7 millones de habitantes, según el Conteo General de Vivienda del INEGI (según el último Conteo de Población y Vivienda del INEGI, en 2010 el Estado tenía una población total de 7 638 378 hab. Comunicaciones -La orografía de Oaxaca dificulta las comunicaciones entre las distintas regiones de Oaxaca. Las principales vías terrestres federales en el estado de Oaxaca, son: la Supercarretera de cuota Oaxaca-Cuacnopalan, la pista del sol Oaxaca-Tehuacán, Pue.; la 190 Panamericana o Internacional que atraviesa toda la entidad, desde los límites con el estado de Puebla en la parte del distrito de Huajuapan de León-Nochixtlán-Oaxaca-Tlacolula-Tehuantepec y de la Ventosa a los límites con el estado de Chiapas. La 200 llamada Costera, misma que parte de los límites con el estado de Guerrero-Pinotepa Nacional-Puerto Escondido-Pochutla- Huatulco-Salina Cruz. La 185 Transístmica, que parte de los límites con el estado de Veracruz-Matías Romero-la Ventosa-Juchitán-Tehuantepec-Salina Cruz. La 125 que parte de los límites con el estado de Puebla-Chazumba-Huajuapan de León-Putla de Guerrero-Pinotepa Nacional. y el tramo: Yucudaa-Teposcolula-Tlaxiaco-Putla de Guerrero-Pinotepa Nacional. La 135 que parte de los límites con el estado de Puebla-Teotitlán de Flores Magón-Cuicatlán-San Francisco Telixtlahuaca y el tramo: Oaxaca-Ejutla-Ocotlán-Miahuatlán de Porfirio Díaz-Pochutla. La 175 que parte de los límites con el estado de Veracruz-San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec-Valle Nacional-Ixtlán de Juárez-Oaxaca de Juárez. La 147 Tuxtepec-María Lombardo de Caso-Palomares, así como la 182 que parte de Tuxtepec-Jalapa de Díaz-Huautla de Jiménez-Teotitlán de Flores Magón. El tramo: Zimatlán-Sola de Vega-San Pedro Mixtepec-Puerto Escondido con su ramal: El Vidrio-Santa Catarina Juquila. -Veracruz cuenta con un sistema carretero de poco más de 15.9 mil kilómetros, que representa el 4.8% del total nacional, de los cuales 5.4 mil kilómetros corresponden a carreteras pavimentadas y 519 kilómetros a la red carretera de altas especificaciones. Dos ejes troncales cruzan el estado de norte a sur: el eje costero, que inicia en Pueblo Viejo y finaliza en Tonalá, y el eje troncal veracruzano, que comunica a la entidad en la parte occidental, desde Pánuco hasta Jesús Carranza. La comunicación interestatal se realiza a través de diez ejes transversales. Los ejes Veracruz-Xalapa-Acatzingo y Veracruz- Córdoba-Maltrata comunican ambos al centro del estado con las ciudades de México y Puebla. La ampliación y mejoramiento de la red carretera representa un reto para el estado; el objetivo es comunicar no sólo a las ciudades pequeñas y medias sino también a comunidades rurales, muchas de ellas dispersas en las zonas serranas. Actualmente la red de caminos rurales es de 6,941 kilómetros. 5 Capítulo I Antecedentes Mapa de carreteras del estado de Veracruz donde se observa las vías de acceso hasta la comunidad Benito Juárez señalada a través de un círculo. © Secretaría De Comunicaciones Y Transportes. Mapa de carreteras del estado de Oaxaca donde se observa las vías de acceso hasta el municipio de Xochiapan Ver. señalada a través de un círculo. © Secretaría De Comunicaciones Y Transportes. 6 .
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