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COFFEE TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO and GERMANY Conventional UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ FACULTADES DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS, INGENIERÍA Y MEDICINA PROGRAMAS MULTIDISCIPLINARIOS DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES AND COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS COFFEE TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND GERMANY Status quo, challenges and opportunities in alternative coffee production, consumption and trade THESIS TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES DEGREE AWARDED BY UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ AND MASTER OF SCIENCE “TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS FOCUS AREA “ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT” DEGREE AWARDED BY COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PRESENTS: CLAUDIA ROSINA BARA CO-DIRECTOR OF THESIS PMPCA DR. JUAN CARLOS GARCÍA LÓPEZ CO-DIRECTOR OF THESIS ITT: DR. SABINE SCHLÜTER ASSESSOR: DR. PABLO PÉREZ AKAKI SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO Agosto, 2012 SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO OR COLOGNE, GERMANY DATE UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ FACULTADES DE CIENCIAS QUÍMICAS, INGENIERÍA Y MEDICINA PROGRAMAS MULTIDISCIPLINARIOS DE POSGRADO EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES AND COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS COFFEE TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND GERMANY Status quo, challenges and opportunities in alternative coffee production, consumption and trade THESIS TO OBTAIN THE DEGREE OF MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES DEGREE AWARDED BY UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ AND MASTER OF SCIENCE “TECHNOLOGY AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE TROPICS AND SUBTROPICS FOCUS AREA “ENVIRONMENTAL AND RESOURCES MANAGEMENT” DEGREE AWARDED BY COLOGNE UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES PRESENTS: CLAUDIA ROSINA BARA DR. JUAN CARLOS GARCÍA LÓPEZ PMPCA DR. SABINE SCHLÜTER ITT DR. PABLO PÉREZ AKAKI SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO Agosto, 2012 SAN LUIS POTOSÍ, MÉXICO OR COLOGNE, GERMANY DATE PROYECTO REALIZADO EN: PMPCA AGENDA AMBIENTAL UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA DE SAN LUIS POTOSÍ CON EL APOYO DE: DEUTSCHER AKADEMISCHER AUSTAUSCH DIENST (DAAD) CONSEJO NACIONAL DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA (CONACYT) LA MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES RECIBE APOYO A TRAVÉS DEL PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE POSGRADOS (PNPC - CONACYT) I Thesis Declaration Name / Nombre: Claudia Rosina Bara Matri.-Nr. / N° de matricula: 1107617614 (CUAS), 191540 (UASLP) Ich versichere wahrheitsgemäß, dass ich die vorliegende Masterarbeit selbstständig verfasst und keine anderen als die von mir angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel benutzt habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder sinngemäß aus veröffentlichten und nicht veröffentlichten Schriften entnommen sind, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Aseguro que yo redacté la presente tesis de maestría independientemente y no use referencias ni medios auxiliares a parte de los indicados. Todas las partes, que están referidas a escritos o a textos publicados o no publicados son reconocidas como tales. Die Arbeit ist in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Prüfungsarbeit eingereicht worden. Hasta la fecha, un trabajo como éste o similar no ha sido entregado como trabajo de tesis. San Luis Potosí, den /el 09 de Agosto de 2012 Unterschrift / Firma: ___ ___________________ Ich erkläre mich mit einer späteren Veröffentlichung meiner Masterarbeit sowohl auszugsweise, als auch Gesamtwerk in der Institutsreihe oder zu Darstellungszwecken im Rahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit des Institutes einverstanden. Estoy de acuerdo con una publicación posterior de mi tesis de maestría en forma completa o parcial por las instituciones con la intención de exponerlos en el contexto del trabajo investigación de las mismas. Unterschrift / Firma: _______ _________________ I Acknowledgement First of all, my sincere gratitude goes to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT) for making the participation in the International Master Program economically possible and allowing to gain a valuable learning and personal experience in a country that catched my fascination. My gratitude goes as well to my supervisors Dr. Juan Carlos Garcia Lopez, Dr. Sabine Schlüter and Dr. Pablo Pérez Akaki for their support in preparing and accomplishing my Master Thesis. A special thanks goes to the persons in Mexico that have been interviewed for their easy accessibility and unconditional preparedness to share their knowledge, experiences and perspectives with me. It was an honor to meet with coffee producers who gave me an insight into the daily hard work of a coffee producer and the challenges they actually face to make a living out of coffee. With due respect, I hold my fascination for their friendliness, openness and, above all, the passion with which the coffee is grown that I everyday consume. Special gratitude also to the other interviewed persons for their time, guidance and willingness to share knowledge and information. Thanks to the collaborators of CERTIMEX for giving me the opportunity to participate in a certification inspection visit of organic coffee producers. I also want to thank Lena Di Carlo and Christine van Deuren for their guidance and hints during the elaboration of my thesis. Finally, I want to thank my family in Germany as well as to Carlos Miguel Charcas Martinez and his family for their unconditional love. II Abstract Coffee markets have imposed dynamics where supply and demand become first law of nature in economy and world trade. At the same time the supply market has to focus on changing issues of the demand market, consumer markets are more and more focusing on the socio-economic and environmental issues on producer markets. In the last couple of years different alternative business initiatives arose in the attempt to curtail the negative social and environmental effects of coffee production and trade in a globalized world, and to empower local development of producer communities. Alternative coffee such as organic and Fairtrade certified coffee pledge to make a positive contribution to a socio- economic and environmental development of producers and their land, and to create closer ties between producers and consumers. However, as these alternative markets have grown from a small social and environmental movement to a substantial niche market, the relationships between producers and consumers have become less personal and the alternative markets more demanding. By determining the situation in which the organic and Fairtrade movement finds itself right now in the producer market in Mexico, and the consuming market in Germany, the challenges and opportunities that such alternative production, consumption and trade systems entail, can be seen. In this, it seems that (organic and) Fairtrade has failed to carry out its promise and the study findings raise doubts about the organic and Fairtrade model, since producers face too many challenges that have to be overcome, in order to participate and benefit from these alternative markets. It even seems that other alternate certification labels like that of the Small Producer Symbol and other Alternative Trade Organizations play the role of increasing small-scale producers incomes, thus improving producers’ livelihoods and sustainable agricultural systems as well as building links between producers and consumers. Key words: conventional coffee, alternative coffee, organic, Fairtrade, production, consumption, trade III Resumen Los mercados de café, han impuesto la dinámica de la oferta y la demanda a ser la primera ley de la naturaleza en la economía y el comercio mundial. Al mismo tiempo que el mercado de la oferta, tiene que centrarse en los hábitos y tendencias de los mercados de demanda, los mercados de consumo están cada vez más enfocados en los aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales de los mercados de producción. En el último par de años diferentes iniciativas de comercio alternativas surgieron en un intento de reducir los efectos negativos, sociales y ambientales de la producción de café y el comercio en un mundo globalizado, y para potenciar el desarrollo local de las comunidades de productores. El café alternativo tal como lo es el café certificado orgánico y un comercio justo, son una promesa de hacer una contribución positiva, a un desarrollo socio- económico y ambiental de los productores, sus tierras y la creación de vínculos más estrechos entre productores y consumidores. Sin embargo, ya que estos mercados alternativos han crecido de un pequeño movimiento social y medioambiental, a un nicho de mercado importante, las relaciones entre productores y consumidores se han vuelto menos personales y los mercados alternativos más exigentes. Mediante la determinación de la situación, en la que el movimiento orgánico y de comercio justo se encuentra actualmente en el mercado de producción en México y en el mercado de consumo en Alemania, los retos y oportunidades que estos sistemas alternativas de producción, consumo y comercio conllevan, se pueden ver. En este sentido, parece que el comercio justo (y orgánico) ha dejado de cumplir con su promesa. Los resultados del estudio plantean dudas sobre el modelo orgánico y de comercio justo, ya que los productores se enfrentan a demasiados retos, que se tienen que superar, para participar y beneficiarse de estos mercados alternativos. Incluso, parece que las etiquetas de certificación de otras alternativas, como es el del Símbolo de Pequeños Productores y otras organizaciones de comercio alternativo desempeñan el papel de aumentar los ingresos de los pequeños productores, mejorando así los medios
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