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Mixtec Foodways in Achiutla: Continuity Through Time. a Paleoethnobotanical Study Comparing the Postclassic and Early Colonial Diet

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Mixtec Foodways in Achiutla: Continuity Through Time. a Paleoethnobotanical Study Comparing the Postclassic and Early Colonial Diet MIXTEC FOODWAYS IN ACHIUTLA: CONTINUITY THROUGH TIME. A PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY COMPARING THE POSTCLASSIC AND EARLY COLONIAL DIET MIXTEC FOODWAYS IN ACHIUTLA: CONTINUITY THROUGH TIME. A PALEOETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY COMPARING THE POSTCLASSIC AND EARLY COLONIAL DIET By ÉLOI BÉRUBÉ, B.A. A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Anthropology and the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts © Copyright by Éloi Bérubé, September 2017 M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology McMaster University MASTER OF ARTS (2017) Hamilton, Ontario (Anthropology) TITLE: Mixtec Foodways in Achiutla: Continuity Through Time. A Paleoethnobotanical Study Comparing the Postclassic and Early Colonial Diet AUTHOR: Éloi Bérubé SUPERVISOR: Dr. Shanti Morell-Hart PAGES xv, 209 ii M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Abstract Numerous historical reports written by Spaniards in the Americas during the Early Colonial Period describe public life. However, less is known about quotidian lives during this period. In the Mexican state of Oaxaca, a region encompassing dozens of cultural groups, little is known about the everyday life of Mixtecs and how they reacted towards the newly established Spanish authority in their households. When they arrived at Achiutla, one of the biggest religious centres of ancient Oaxaca (Byland 2008), the Spaniards imposed their power on the public sphere, using religion and economy amongst others (Terraciano 2001:294, 340). My objective is to study the Mixtecs’ reaction to the arrival of Spaniards in the region by using paleoethnobotany to study foodways and how Achiutla’s inhabitants negotiated the arrival of new food items and to what level they accepted, incorporated, and resisted them. This study presents the traditional Mixtec and Spanish foodways and the important role they played in their beliefs, traditions, and identities. I present elements supporting the claim that certain Spaniards might have tried to modify Indigenous foodways in the Americas, while others believed it was preferable for Spaniards and Indigenous people to eat different foods. This study also presents other results obtained in Colonial foodways studies made in the Americas and in the Mixteca Alta region. This study includes the analysis of 27 paleoethnobotanical samples, 22 of them being macrobotanical remains obtained from light fractions and 5 of them coming from microbotanical residues extracted from artifacts. All these samples were collected by iii M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Jamie Forde in 2013 at San Miguel Achiutla in the course of the PASMA archaeological project and come mainly from two terraces (10 and 13) likely occupied by Mixtec nobility. By combining samples coming from the Postclassic and the Early Colonial Periods, this study establishes the Mixtec diet prior to the arrival of Europeans in the region, enabling a better comparison between the two. This study supports the idea that the Mixtec diet likely remained the same at Terraces 10 and 13 during the Postclassic and the Early Colonial Periods. Two genera dominate the paleoethnobotanical assemblage: Chenopodium sp. (pazote, apazote) and Amaranthus sp. (huisquelite or quelite), the presence of which demonstrates continuity through times. I assess different scenarios that might explain the absence of European introduced plant species at Achiutla, cautiously presenting a hypothesis linked to Mixtec colonial resistance. iv M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Résumé De nombreuses sources historiques écrites par des Espagnols en Amérique durant l’Époque coloniale ancienne décrivent la vie publique dans les colonies. Par contre, nous en savons moins à propos de la vie quotidienne lors de cette période. Dans l’État mexicain d’Oaxaca, une région englobant des douzaines de groupes culturels, nous savons peu de choses à propos de la vie de tous les jours des Mixtèques et de leurs réactions face au colonisateur espagnol. En arrivant à Achiutla, un des plus grands centres religieux d’Oaxaca (Byland 2008), les Espagnols ont imposé leur pouvoir sur la sphère publique, notamment par le biais de la religion et de l’économie (Terraciano 2001 : 294, 340). Mon objectif est d’étudier la réaction des Mixtèques à l’arrivée des Espagnols dans la région en utilisant l’archéobotanique pour explorer leur alimentation et comprendre comment les habitants d’Achiutla ont négocié l’arrivée de nouveaux aliments et jusqu’à quel niveau ils les ont acceptés, incorporés ou résistés. Cette étude présente les alimentations traditionnelles mixtèques et espagnoles et l’important rôle qu’elles ont joué dans les croyances, les traditions et les questions d’identité. Je présente des éléments qui supportent l’idée que certains Espagnols aient pu tenter de modifier l’alimentation des Autochtones dans les Amériques, alors que d’autres croyaient qu’il était préférable que les Espagnols et les Autochtones ne mangent pas les mêmes aliments. Cette étude présente également d’autres résultats de recherches sur l’alimentation lors de l’Époque coloniale dans les Amériques et la région de la Mixteca Alta. v M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Cette étude inclue l’analyse de 27 échantillons archéobotaniques, 22 provenant de restes macrobotaniques obtenus à partir de fractions légères et 5 autres provenant de résidus microbotaniques prélevés à partir d’artefacts. Tous ces échantillons ont été collectés par M. Jamie Forde en 2013 à San Miguel Achiutla lors du projet archéologique PASMA et proviennent principalement de deux terrasses (10 et 13) probablement occupées par la noblesse mixtèque. En combinant des échantillons provenant du Postclassique récent et de l’Époque coloniale ancienne, cette étude établit la diète mixtèque avant l’arrivée des Européens dans la région, permettant une meilleure comparaison entre les deux périodes. Cette étude supporte l’idée que la diète Mixtèque serait restée la même aux Terrasses 10 et 13 durant le Postclassique et l’Époque coloniale. Deux genres dominent l’assemblage archéobotanique : Chenopodium sp. (pazote, apazote) et Amaranthus sp. (huisquelite, quelite), leur présence démontrant une continuité à travers le temps. J’évalue différents scénarios qui pourraient expliquer l’absence de plantes d’origines européennes à Achiutla, présentant avec prudence une hypothèse liée à la résistance coloniale mixtèque. vi M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Resumen Numerosos textos históricos escritos por Españoles en las Américas durante el período Colonial antiguo describen la vida pública. Sin embargo, se sabe menos sobre las vidas cotidianas durante este período. En el estado mexicano de Oaxaca, una región que abarca docenas de grupos culturales, se sabe poco sobre la vida cotidiana de los Mixtecos y cómo reaccionaron ante la autoridad española recién establecida. Cuando llegaron a Achiutla, uno de los mayores centros religiosos de la antigua Oaxaca (Byland 2008), los Españoles impusieron su poder a la esfera pública, utilizando la religión y la economía, entre otros (Terraciano 2001: 294, 340). Mi objetivo es estudiar la reacción de los Mixtecos ante la llegada de los Españoles en la región usando paleoetnobotánica para estudiar los alimentos y cómo los habitantes de Achiutla negociaron la llegada de nuevos alimentos y hasta qué nivel los aceptaron, incorporaron y resistieron. Este estudio presenta los alimentos mixtecos y españoles tradicionales y el importante papel que desempeñaron en sus creencias, tradiciones e identidades. Presento elementos que apoyan la afirmación de que algunos Españoles pudieron haber intentado modificar los alimentos indígenas en las Américas, mientras que otros creían que era preferible que los Españoles y los Indígenas coman diferentes alimentos. Este estudio también presenta otros resultados obtenidos en estudios de alimentos durante el período colonial realizados en las Américas y en la región de la Mixteca Alta. vii M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Este estudio incluye la análisis de 27 muestras paleoetnobotánicas, 22 de ellas siendo restos macrobotánicos obtenidos a partir de fracciones ligeras y 5 de ellos procedentes de residuos microbotánicos extraídos de artefactos. Todas estas muestras fueron recogidas por Jamie Forde en 2013 en San Miguel Achiutla en el curso del proyecto arqueológico PASMA y provienen principalmente de dos terrazas (10 y 13) probablemente ocupadas por la nobleza mixteca. Mediante la combinación de muestras procedentes de los períodos Postclásico y Colonial antiguo, este estudio establece la dieta mixteca antes de la llegada de los Europeos a la región, permitiendo una mejor comparación entre los dos. Este estudio apoya la idea de que la dieta mixteca probablemente permaneció igual en las Terrazas 10 y 13 durante el Postclásico y el periodo Colonial antiguo. Dos géneros dominan el conjunto paleoetnobotánico: Chenopodium sp. (pazote, apazote) y Amaranthus sp. (huisquelite, quelite), cuya presencia demuestra continuidad a través de los tiempos. Evaluo diferentes escenarios que podrían explicar la ausencia de especies de plantas introducidas de Europa en Achiutla, presentando cautelosamente una hipótesis vinculada a la resistencia colonial mixteca. viii M.A. Thesis – É. Bérubé; McMaster University – Anthropology Table of Contents Abstract......................................................................................................................................
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