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Country Nuclear Fuel Cycle Profiles Technical Reports SeriEs No. 425 Country Nuclear Fuel Cycle Profiles Second Edition COUNTRY NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE PROFILES Second Edition The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GREECE PAKISTAN ALBANIA GUATEMALA PANAMA ALGERIA HAITI PARAGUAY ANGOLA HOLY SEE PERU ARGENTINA HONDURAS PHILIPPINES ARMENIA HUNGARY POLAND AUSTRALIA ICELAND PORTUGAL AUSTRIA INDIA QATAR AZERBAIJAN INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELARUS IRAQ RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM IRELAND SAUDI ARABIA BENIN ISRAEL SENEGAL BOLIVIA ITALY SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAMAICA SEYCHELLES BOTSWANA JAPAN SIERRA LEONE BRAZIL JORDAN SINGAPORE BULGARIA KAZAKHSTAN SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KENYA SLOVENIA CAMEROON KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CANADA KUWAIT SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LATVIA SUDAN CHILE LEBANON SWEDEN CHINA LIBERIA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COSTA RICA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN CÔTE D’IVOIRE LITHUANIA THAILAND CROATIA LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CUBA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CYPRUS MALAYSIA TUNISIA CZECH REPUBLIC MALI TURKEY DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MALTA UGANDA OF THE CONGO MARSHALL ISLANDS UKRAINE DENMARK MAURITANIA UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MAURITIUS UNITED KINGDOM OF ECUADOR MEXICO GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MONACO NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MONGOLIA UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA MOROCCO OF TANZANIA ESTONIA MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NAMIBIA URUGUAY FINLAND NETHERLANDS UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NEW ZEALAND VENEZUELA GABON NICARAGUA VIETNAM GEORGIA NIGER YEMEN GERMANY NIGERIA ZAMBIA GHANA NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. TECHNICAL REPORTS SERIES No. 425 COUNTRY NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE PROFILES SECOND EDITION INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2005 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and will be considered on a case by case basis. Enquiries should be addressed by email to the Publishing Section, IAEA, at [email protected] or by post to: Sales and Promotion Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Wagramer Strasse 5 P. O. B o x 1 0 0 A-1400 Vienna Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 http://www.iaea.org/books © IAEA, 2005 Printed by the IAEA in Austria May 2005 STI/DOC/010/425 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Country nuclear fuel cycle profiles. — 2nd edn — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005. p. ; 24 cm. — (Technical reports series, ISSN 0074–1914 ; no. 425) STI/DOC/010/425 ISBN 92–0–114803–8 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear fuels. 2. Reactor fuel reprocessing. 3. Nuclear power plants. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series: Technical reports series (International Atomic Energy Agency) ; 425. IAEAL 05–00401 FOREWORD In recent years, activities related to the nuclear fuel cycle have expanded globally. In addition, the complexity of the nuclear fuel cycle market has increased with the emergence of new providers of fuel cycle services. In this context a need was perceived for a compilation of country profiles on nuclear fuel cycle activities in a form which could be easily understood both by experts and by the public, and which should lead to a greater understanding of these activities worldwide. Furthermore, such information would improve the transparency of nuclear energy development in general. The first edition was published in 2001, showing the status of the nuclear fuel cycle at the end of 1999. This second edition has been prepared on the basis of available documents and comments received from experts who participated in a consultants meeting held in 2002 and a technical committee meeting held in 2003. It also reflects the comments received in response to IAEA Circular Note 651.T1.41.Circ, which was sent to selected countries at the end of 2002. Essentially it shows the status of the nuclear fuel cycle at the end of 2002 and consists of two parts: the first part is a review of worldwide activities related to the nuclear fuel cycle; the second comprises the country profiles, reflecting each country's status with regard to fuel cycle activities. The second part also incorporates graphical representations of the flow of material in the nuclear fuel cycle of each country. The scope of this publication is confined to commercial nuclear activities. Information on research reactors, fuel cycle facilities at the pilot plant stage and experimental facilities is thus not included in this report. The IAEA wishes to express its gratitude to the chairperson, A. Grigoriev, and to the participants of the various meetings. The IAEA officers responsible for this publication were Y. Hosokawa and K. Kawabata of the Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology. EDITORIAL NOTE Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION . 1 1.1. Background . 1 1.2. Scope . 3 1.3. Structure . 3 2. REVIEW OF WORLDWIDE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE ACTIVITIES . 3 2.1. Trends . 3 2.2. Mining and milling . 5 2.3. Conversion . 5 2.4. Enrichment . 6 2.5. Fuel fabrication . 8 2.6. Heavy water production . 9 2.7. Spent fuel management . 9 2.8. Dismantling of nuclear fuel cycle facilities . 10 3. COUNTRY NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE PROFILES . 21 3.1. Argentina . 21 3.2. Armenia . 23 3.3. Australia . 25 3.4. Belgium . 26 3.5. Brazil . 28 3.6. Bulgaria . 30 3.7. Canada . 32 3.8. China . 34 3.9. Czech Republic . 36 3.10. Finland . 38 3.11. France . 40 3.12. Gabon . 43 3.13. Germany . 44 3.14. Hungary . 46 3.15. India . 47 3.16. Japan . 50 3.17. Kazakhstan . 52 3.18. Republic of Korea . 53 3.19. Lithuania . 55 3.20. Mexico . 57 3.21. Mongolia . 59 3.22. Namibia . 60 3.23. Netherlands . 60 3.24. Niger . 62 3.25. Pakistan . 63 3.26. Portugal . 65 3.27. Romania . 66 3.28. Russian Federation . 68 3.29. Slovakia . 70 3.30. Slovenia . 72 3.31. South Africa . 74 3.32. Spain . 76 3.33. Sweden . 78 3.34. Switzerland . 79 3.35. Ukraine . 81 3.36. United Kingdom . 83 3.37. United States of America . 85 3.38. Uzbekistan . 87 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 89 CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW . 91 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. BACKGROUND In recent years globalization of the nuclear fuel cycle has become evident. For example, Asia has not only emerged as a market for power reactors but also as a supplier of nuclear fuel and related fuel cycle components and services. Countries comprising the former Soviet Union and eastern European countries are now active participants in the nuclear fuel cycle market worldwide. The interactions of the nuclear fuel cycle market have become more complex with the emergence of new providers of fuel cycle services. In this context, a need was perceived for a compilation of country profiles on nuclear fuel cycle activities in a form which can be easily understood both by experts and by the public, and which should lead to a greater understanding of these activities worldwide. Furthermore, such information would improve the transparency of nuclear energy development in general. This second edition of the original publication published in 2001 updates data on the world’s nuclear fuel cycle facilities and international relationships with.
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