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The Political Novels of Lambert Mascarenhas

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The Political Novels of Lambert Mascarenhas Volume II Issue X February 2015- ISSN 2321-7065 The Political Novels of Lambert Mascarenhas Dr.Sonia Fernandes Da Costa Assistant Professor Parvatibai Chowgule College, Margao Goa India Abstract Lambert Mascarenhas is one of the most significant novelists of Goan Fiction in English. Published criticism on Lambert Mascarenhas is not substantial. A glance at the history of Indian Fiction in English reveals that it has had bonds with the socio- political milieu of its times. Like R.K. Narayan, Nayantara Sahgal, Kushwant Singh and Manohar Malgaonkar, Lambert Mascarenhas also has contributed to the development of Political Novel in India. This article takes into consideration the two novels of Lambert Mascarenhas, Sorrowing Lies My Land (1955) and HeartBreak Passage (2009). These novels exhibit his love of histories. They are stuck to the verity of annals to a great extent. In Sorrowing Lies My Land, Lambert Mascarenhas has covered the period of the Portuguese rule in Goa from 1910 to 1955. The novel focuses on the freedom struggle in Goa and also depicts economic, social and psychological consequences of colonization through the strategic treatment of individual and family relationship. HeartBreak Passage deals with the last phase of freedom struggle of the British India. In this article an attempt is made, after close reading of the novels, to map Mascarenhas‘ appeal and to assess the extent to which the novels explore the political position he espouses. The article illustrates Mascarenhas‘ combination of global and local themes on a political literary spectrum. His writing is a form of political activism in itself. He claims to advocate political activism for his readers. Key words — Political novel, Social milieu, freedom struggle, non-violence, Mascarenhas. 534 Volume II Issue X February 2015- ISSN 2321-7065 INTRODUCTION Lambert Mascarenhas is a pioneering novelist in Goan Fiction in English. He was born in Goa in 1914. After receiving Bachelor‘s Degree from St. Xavier‘s college, Bombay, he began his career as a journalist before joining The Goan Tribune as Editor from 1956-61. While in Bombay he became involved in the freedom struggle and was an ardent advocate for the liberation of Goa from the Portuguese rule, a cause that enforced upon him a life in virtual exile in the years preceding Goa‘s liberation. He was the editor of the first English Daily published in the state. He founded the magazine Goa Today in 1965 and edited it for the next twenty years. His works include: his first novel The First City (1943), second novel Sorrowing Lies My Land (1955), The Womb of Suadade, a collection of short stories (1994) and The Greater Tragedy a play (1998). HeartBreak Passage – a novel (2009). His novel Sorrowing Lies My Land won the critical acclaim immediately after its publication and has been translated into Marathi, Telegu, Konkani and Portuguese and reprinted four times. He has been awarded the Gomant Sharda Puraskar for his lifelong contribution to the field of literature by the Kala Academy, Goa.(HeartBreak Passage, blurb ) METHODOLOGY There are many definitions of a political novel. It is difficult to attempt an exact and exclusive definition of a political novel. According to Irving Howe ―a political novel is a novel in which political ideas play a dominant role or in which the political milieu is the dominant setting‖.i Roger D Speagale, Professor of Political Science, Weslyan University Middlieton, observes: ―…..The best political novelists have significantly enriched our understanding of the ideas and impulses that enter into political behaviour.‖ii According to Dr. M. K. Naik : ―Political novel may denote either (a) ―a piece of fiction devoted to a presentation of political ideas‖ or (b) ―a species of fiction in which action, characters and setting are all firmly grounded in Politics.‖iii We may conclude from the various definitions that the following are the essential characteristics of a political novel: a ) it presents political ideas, b) it ‘s action, characters and setting are all firmly grounded in politics, 535 Volume II Issue X February 2015- ISSN 2321-7065 c) it propagates political values, d) it articulates political concerns, e) it embodies political consciousness, f) it is a criticism of political history and events of the times, g) it persuasively espouses a particular political view point, In view of these constituents of a political novel, the novels under study are analysed. Goan struggle for liberation stirred the imagination of Lambert Mascarenhas to write a political novel. Sorrowing Lies My Land is the first novel written in English in Goa. It is a significant contribution not only to Goan literature in English but also to Indian writing in English. This novel had a great impact on the political activities at the time. Lambert Mascarenhas is himself a witness to the freedom struggle in Goa. He was imprisoned for a few years by the Portuguese. He has experienced the ruthless rule of Salazar in Goa. In this novel Lambert Mascarenhas articulates his political agenda. Sorrowing Lies My Land is a poignant tragedy of a peasant family in Goa. Its protagonist is Tobias Costa. He is patriotic, farsighted and condemns the attitude of the Portuguese rulers in Goa. He is a landlord yet he believes in cultivating his own field. He is God fearing but he hates the excess of religious practices and superstitions. Tobias feels, ―Christianity does not only mean going to church and saying one‘s prayers‖ (Sorrowing Lies My Land, 22). He has faith in education. He has educated his children. He does not want his children to go away. He would have them to help him in agricultural tasks. He is broad minded. He feels unbounded sympathy for the farmers who are underprivileged and afflicted with poverty since the economic conditions detoriated under the Portuguese rule. In his domestic life there are problems. His youngest son is crippled –struck down by polio. His family suffers setbacks one after another. His daughter-Ruth dies on the eve of her marriage. Maria‘s engagement is cancelled and she takes to veil. His elder son who studied in Bombay marries a Hindu convert of low caste. The girl is adopted by the family when she lost her parents. This hurts Tobias‘ wife Ema. Consequently she becomes unhappy. She cannot bear the loss of Ruth and becomes ill and dies. Tobias faces two tragedies in a short time. He does not lose his heart but still fights against the Portuguese rule by participating in the freedom struggle. Roberto, his son turns against him, betrays him and denounces him to the police. Tobias is shocked at this revelation. Tobias‗life is full of despair and later he dies. 536 Volume II Issue X February 2015- ISSN 2321-7065 In Sorrowing Lies My Land the personal and domestic problems of Tobias are interwoven with the larger perspectives of the politics of contemporary times in Goa. Lambert Mascarenhas makes use of geographic and social backgrounds with great skill to make the foreground action more dramatic. The novel may be divided into two parts. The first part mainly describes the social and economic conditions under the Portuguese rule. It also highlights certain social issues such as education system under the Portuguese rule and excess of religious rituals, economic problems, malnutrition, corruption and language issue etc. The second part describes Tobias‘ struggle for freedom –especially for civil rights. In May, 1926 the revolution took place in Portugal. The army had revolted under the leadership of Marechal Gomes de Costa—the Government was overthrown and Marechal assumed power. Tobias is affected by the news. ―Dictatorships are not pleasant things; I want this land of my father to be free of the Portuguese pest‖ (SLML, 59). Tobias‘ utterances show contempt for Portuguese rulers. He tells his wife in despair: Sick indeed I am Emma, not sick with any physical ailment but sick to see our people so emasculated, so complacent, so devoid of self respect and political consciousness… These damned Portuguese have been ruling over us for the last four hundred odd years……and what they have done for us? Not a damn thing…‖(SLML,60-61). Early in the novel, the author has depicted his indignation against Portuguese through the utterances of Tobias. The overthrow of the Republican Government appeared to have made Tobias sour. It was also for the people in the village a period of great sorrow and misfortune. The author provides glimpses of the atrocities and other varied inhumanities, the Portuguese conquerors perpetrated in the name of love and Christianity from 1510, when Albuquerque landed on the shores until 1814. ―The ghosts of narrative ancestors haunted his feverish brain, crying for vengeance, imploring him to right the wrong‖ (SLML,66). The narrator says ―Dictatorial regime was implanted in Portugal with Dr. Oliveiro Salazar as the Prime Minister. Portugal introduced in the Parliament a bill: 537 Volume II Issue X February 2015- ISSN 2321-7065 The Act O Colonial to put the last nail in the coffin of the slavery in Goa. It was the charter of Goa‘s subservience to imperial Portugal. It was undoing all the freedom that the Republic had given since1910 (SLML, 86). Tobias‘ agony is that people in Goa are deprived the freedom of press, freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. The poor farmers and labourers are not bothered about the political changes. The rich and well-to-do people are not only politically unconscious, they are unworried, powerless and accept Portugal as their ‗patria‘ hoping for the best. Tobias utters in disgust ―….colonial oppression have made us foreign in our own country‖ (SLML, 67 ). He considers it as a great national dishonour.
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