THE CHANGING FACE OF MARITIME POWER The Changing Face of Maritime Power Edited by Andrew Dorman Senior Lecturer Defence Studies Department Joint Services Command and Staff College Bracknell Mike Lawrence Smith Lecturer Department of War Studies King’s College London and Matthew R. H. Uttley Senior Lecturer Defence Studies Department Joint Services Command and Staff College Bracknell First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40782-8 ISBN 978-0-230-50961-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230509610 First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0–312–22037–2 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The changing face of maritime power / edited by Andrew Dorman, Mike Lawrence Smith, Matthew R. H. Uttley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0–312–22037–2 1. Sea-power. 2. Security, International. 3. Naval strategy. I. Dorman, Andrew M., 1966– . II. Uttley, Matthew. III. Smith, M. L. R. (Michael Lawrence Rowan), 1963– . V25.C43 1999 359—dc21 98–31156 CIP Selection and editorial matter © Andrew Dorman, Mike Lawrence Smith and Matthew R. H. Uttley 1999 Chapters 1 and 14 © Mike Lawrence Smith and Matthew R. H. Uttley 1999 Chapter 13 © Andrew Dorman 1999 Chapters 2–12 © Macmillan Press Ltd 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 978-0-333-73407-0 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 10987654321 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 Contents Notes on the Contributors vii 1 Tradition and Innovation in Maritime Thinking Mike Lawrence Smith and Matthew R. H. Uttley 1 2 Alfred Thayer Mahan and the Utility of US Naval Forces Today George Baer 14 3 Sir Julian Corbett and the Twenty-First Century: Ten Maritime Commandments Geoffrey Till 19 4 ‘History is the Sole Foundation for the Construction of a Sound and Living Common Doctrine’: the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and Doctrine Development down to BR1806 Andrew Lambert 33 5 BR1806, Joint Doctrine and Beyond Eric Grove 57 6 Constraints on UK World Power Projection and Foreign Policy in the New World Order: the Maritime Dimension Michael Clarke 65 7 Gunboat Diplomacy: Outmoded or Back in Vogue? Malcolm H. Murfett 81 8 International Peace Support Operations from a Maritime Perspective Michael Pugh 94 9 Maritime Power in the 1990–91 Gulf War and the Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia Tim Benbow 107 10 The Measurement of Naval Strength in the Twenty-First Century Norman Polmar 126 v vi Contents 11 The Land/Sea Dimension: the Role of the Army in Future Warfare Colin McInnes 137 12 The Royal Air Force and the Future of Maritime Aviation Christina J. M. Goulter 150 13 ‘Back to the Future’: the Royal Navy in the Twenty-First Century Andrew M. Dorman 167 14 The Changing Face of Maritime Power Mike Lawrence Smith and Matthew R. H. Uttley 185 Index 193 Notes on the Contributors George Baer is the Alfred Thayer Mahan Professor of Maritime Strategy and Chairman of the Strategy and Policy Department at the US Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island. A graduate of Stanford (AB), Oxford (BA, MA) and Harvard (PhD) universities, he previously held posts at Dartmouth College and the University of California. His distin- guished array of books includes: The Coming of the Italian–Ethiopian War (1967); Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations (1976); International Organizations, 1919–1945, comp. and ed. (1981; revised edition 1991) and A Question of Trust – the Origins of U.S.–Soviet Diplo- matic Relations. The Memoirs of Loy W. Henderson, ed. with Introduction (1986). Professor Baer’s highly acclaimed One Hundred Years of Sea Power: The U.S. Navy 1890–1990 (1994) was the winner of the 1994 Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt Naval History Prize, the 1995 Bonnot Award for Naval and Maritime History and the 1996 Distin- guished Book Award of the Society for Military History. Tim Benbow is a DPhil student at St Antony’s College, Oxford. His thesis is on the Royal Navy and the impact of air power since 1945. During 1996–97 he was Research Associate on the MacArthur Programme on ‘Regional Security in the Global Context’ at the Department of War Studies, King’s College, London, working on naval power after the Cold War. Michael Clarke is Professor of Defence Studies and Executive Director of the Centre for Defence Studies, King’s College, London. Previously he has held posts and fellowships at the University of Manchester, the University of Newcastle, the Royal Institute of International Affairs and the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Professor Clarke’s books include: British External Policy-making in the 1990s (1992); The Altern- ative Defence Debate: Non-Nuclear Defence Policies for Europe (1985) and Simulation in the Study of International Relations (1978). In addition, he has edited numerous volumes including New Perspectives on Security (1992), British Defence Choices for the 21st Century (1993), European Defence Cooperation: America, Britain and NATO (1990) and Brassey’s Defence Yearbook between 1993 and 1996. In addition to a range of con- sultancies that have included Membership of the High Level Group of Experts on CFSP matters advising Commissioner Hans van den Broek vii viii Notes on the Contributors and Special Adviser to the House of Commons Foreign Affairs Commit- tee and the Defence Committee, Professor Clarke makes regular televi- sion appearances commenting on defence and security-related issues. Andrew M. Dorman is a Senior Lecturer in the Defence Studies Depart- ment, Joint Services Command and Staff College, and a Research Assistant at the Security Studies Research Programme, University of Birmingham. He was formerly Senior Lecturer in the Department of History and International Affairs at the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and Lec- turer in the Department of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Birmingham. He completed an undergraduate degree at Sunderland Polytechnic in 1987, a masters degree at Birmingham in 1992 and has recently submitted his doctorate. In between time he trained and qualified as a chartered accountant with KPMG Peat Mar- wick. Mr Dorman is a specialist in British defence policy, European security and the use of force. His publications include a co-authored book European Security: An Introduction to Security Issues in Post-Cold War Europe (1995) and the co-edited Military Intervention: From Gun- boat Diplomacy to Humanitarian Intervention, (1995). He is currently working on a co-authored book entitled British Defence Policy since 1945. Christina Goulter is a Senior Lecturer in Defence Studies at the Joint Services Command and Staff College. Between 1994 and 1997, she was Associate Professor of Strategy at the US Naval War College, Rhode Island. Her last book, entitled A Forgotten Offensive: Royal Air Force Coastal Command’s Anti-Shipping Campaign, 1940–1945, was pub- lished in 1995. Her other publications include articles and co-authored works on strategic bombing, economic warfare and British intelligence during the Second World War, including a recent study of the Special Operations Executive in occupied Greece in Knowing Your Friends: Intelligence Inside Alliances and Coalitions from 1914 to the Cold War (1998). She is currently writing a book on the Ministry of Economic War- fare and British air strategy between 1939 and 1945. Eric Grove is Senior Lecturer in Politics and Deputy Director of the Centre for Security Studies at the University of Hull. He was Deputy Head of Strategic Studies at the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, and has held visiting posts at the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Cambridge University, the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and the University of Wollongong. His many books include: Vanguard to Trident, British Naval Policy since 1945 (1987) and The Future of Sea Power (1990), Notes on the Contributors ix and co-authorship of the most recent history of the Britannia Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. He has edited Sir Julian Corbett’s Some Principles of Maritime Strategy and is an international authority on maritime strategy and modern naval history. Dr Grove has served as consultant to both the Ministry of Defence and the Royal Navy. He was a co-author of BR1806, The Fundamentals of British Maritime Doctrine. Andrew Lambert is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of War Studies, King’s College, London. He is also Secretary of the Navy Records Soci- ety, Chairman of the Publications Committee of the Society for Nautical Research, Vice President of the British Commission for Maritime History and Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. His books include The Crimean War: British Grand Strategy against Russia 1853–1856 (1990) and The Last Sailing Battlefleet: Maintaining Naval Mastery 1815–1850 (1991). Recent articles include: ‘The Naval War’, in John Pimlott and Stephen Badsey (eds), The Gulf War Assessed (1992); ‘Seapower 1939– 40: Churchill and the Strategic Origins of the Battle of the Atlantic’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 1994; ‘The Royal Navy 1856–1914: Deter- rence and the Strategy of World Power’, in K.