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Crime and Punishment in the Royal Navy: Discipline on the Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England)

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Crime and Punishment in the Royal Navy: Discipline on the Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England) Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1987 Crime and Punishment in the Royal Navy: Discipline on the Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England). John D. Byrn Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Byrn, John D. Jr, "Crime and Punishment in the Royal Navy: Discipline on the Leeward Islands Station, 1784-1812 (England)." (1987). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 4345. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/4345 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this manuscript, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. For example: • Manuscript pages may have indistinct print. In such cases, the best available copy has been filmed. • Manuscripts may not always be complete. In such cases, a note will indicate that it is not possible to obtain missing pages. • Copyrighted material may have been removed from the manuscript. In such cases, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, and charts) are photographed by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each oversize page is also filmed as one exposure and is available, for an additional charge, as a standard 35mm slide or as a 17”x 23” black and white photographic print. Most photographs reproduce acceptably on positive microfilm or microfiche but lack the clarity on xerographic copies made from the microfilm. For an additional charge, 35mm slides of 6”x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography. Order Number 8719852 Crime and punishment in the Royal Navy: Discipline on the Leeward Islands station, 1784-1812 Bym, John D., Jr., Ph.D. The Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical Col., 1987 Copyright ©1987 by Byrn, John D., Jr. All rights reserved. 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or _____pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or ______print 3. Photographs with dark background_____ 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original ______copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides_______ of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages t / 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in_______ spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct______ print 11. Page(s)____________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages num bered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled p a g e s _ j / _ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received__ 16. Other ___________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN THE ROYAL NAVY: DISCIPLINE ON THE LEEWARD ISLANDS STATION, 1784 - 1812 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by John D. Byrn, Jr. B.A., Stetson University, 1974 M.A., University of Connecticut, 1977 May 1987 ©1987 JOHfl D. BYRN JR All Rights Reserved ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the arduous task of writing this dissertation, I have amassed a large number of personal debts. I am particularly indebted to the members of my Ph.D. committee: Dr. Frederick A. Youngs, Jr., Dr. Karl Roider, Dr. Paul Hoffman, Dr. Robert Becker and Dr. John Loos. Not only have these accomplished scholars done much to improve my work, they have shown me great kindness, encouragement and — above all — honesty. Without their moral support and patient supervision, the present study would never have been completed. In addition to these distinguished gentlemen, I wish to thank a number of institutions of higher learning. The Department of History at Louisiana State University, most notably Chairman John Loos, provided me with a generous grant to do the research for this dissertation. The staffs of the Public Record Office (particularly Assistant Keeper Dr. N.A.M. Rodger), the National Maritime Museum, the British Library, the Institute of Historical Research, the Admiralty Library, and the Sterling and Mudd Libraries at Yale University were all extremely helpful and courteous. And the Division of Research Services at L.S.U., especially Dr. Mark Harris and Ms. Mary Scott, spent endless hours teaching me the mysteries of the computer. At the same time, I would like to express my gratitude to several friends. Foremost among them are Mr. Douglas Harrison and his lovely wife Marion whose tremendous kindness and generosity hardly can be repaid with a simple expression of thanks. Mr. Daniel McKinney graciously has taken time from his busy schedule to do me so many favors that I cannot even begin to count them. Mr. Eugene J. Bourgeois and Mr. Ian Cowman have allowed me to impose upon them by cordially consenting to do further research for me at the Public Record Office at Kew. Mr. Randy L. Reid has read parts of the dissertation and offered sage advice. Mrs. Peggy Seale has done me a number of good turns during the course of my graduate career. Mrs. Sharon Cozier and Mrs. Connie Sawyer were so very nice to type earlier drafts of Chapters Two and Three free of charge. The joviality of Mr. Claude Kuttruff has helped me keep this project in perspective. And my mates at the Calthorpe Arms made me feel so very much at home in London that it was difficult for me to return to America. As much as I am obliged to these people, my largest debt is to my father and mother/ J. David and Margaret D. Byrn. Not only have they made considerable financial sacrifices to further my education/ but their undying love and emotional support over the years has been a tremendous source of strength. It truly has been my one great good fortune in life to have them as parents. And it is in the hope that I may be able to repay them in some small way that I dedicate this dissertation to them. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i i TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................. v LIST OF TABLES ..................................vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................... viii ABSTRACT ........................................... ix PREFACE................................................. X CHAPTER ONE: THE CONSTITUTION AT SEA .... 1 CHAPTER TWO: "MATURELY AND DELIBERATELY" . 38 CHAPTER THREE: PUNISHMENT................... 96 v CHAPTER FOUR: THE NAUTICAL G E N T R Y ................... 138 CHAPTER FIVE: A FLOATING SOCIETY ................. 194 CHAPTER SIX: THE WOODEN W A L L S ...................... 253 CONCLUSION ..............................................311 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 314 APPENDIX A: SHIPS IN THE SURVEY.......................336 APPENDIX B: CAPTAINS SURVEY ....................... 349 APPENDIX C: REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF PUNISHMENT PATTERNS...................... 362 VITA .................................................... 373 vi LIST OF TABLES Table One: General Types of Crime Adjudicated by Courts Martial Table Two: Punishments Inflicted in the Leewards Table Three: General Types of Crime Punished Summarily LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ADD MSS British Library, Additional Manuscripts ADM Public Record Office, Admiralty HCA Public Record Office, High Court of the Admiralty NMM National Maritime Museum ABSTRACT This dissertation is based primarily on the manuscript sources pertaining to the Leeward Islands station between 1784 and 1812 found in the Public Record Office. Its thesis is quite simple: Discipline in the Royal Navy in the age of sail was maintained in much the same fashion that law and order was enforced in the localities of eighteenth-century England. In short, justice afloat was administered according to the principles and practices used in the system of criminal law ashore. PREFACE i The sea has long enchanted men of letters. The placid beauty of a calm or the fury of a tempest has provided a backdrop to the stories of authors ranging from Shakespeare to Forester. Unfortunately/ this very fascination has led to much misunderstanding of the history of maritime affairs. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century# romantic historians have embellished an already interesting topic by incorporating numerous legends into their work. In the field of the social history of the British navy# such practice has propagated the myth that the service's discipline in the age of sail was characterized by the almost inhuman brutality of the officer corps. The leading advocate of this view was the poet, John Masefield. In a very influential
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