Summary of English Consonants and Vowels Hayes/Thatte General Phonetics Winter 2007

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Linguistics 103 Summary of English Consonants and Vowels Hayes/Thatte General Phonetics Winter 2007 I. Consonants Place:/ Bilabial Labio- (Inter-) Alveo- lar Palato- Retro- Palatal Velar Labial- Glottal Manner: Dental Dental Alveolar flex Velar 1 STOPS voiceless p pot t tot k cot (/) voiced b bot d dot g got FRICATIVES voiceless f font T thought s sot S shot h hot voiced vVons ð though z zot Z vision AFFRICATES voiceless tÉS chalk voiced dÉZ jot NASALS (voiced) m Mott n not N song 2 5 3 APPROXIMANTS central ®,r , rot (”) j yacht w watt (voiced) lateral l lot 4 TAP (voiced) (R) otter 1 Not a phoneme of English, but commonly pronounced before vowels in emphatic speech; an apple [ən ˈʔæpl]. 2 Correct IPA for central alveolar approximant is [®]. Ladefoged uses a very broad transcription instead, namely [r]. In strict IPA, [r] is a tongue-tip trill. 3 In some English dialects, the “r” sound is a retroflex approximant, made by curling the tip of the tongue upward and backward. Check to see how you say this sound. 4 Occurs as the normal variant (allophone) of /t/ and /d/, when the preceding sound is a vowel, diphthong, or /®/, and the following sound is a stressless vowel; as in butter. Linguistics 103 Summary of English Consonants and Vowels 2 II. Vowels (where the relevant English vowel is a diphthong, it is so transcribed) Front Central Back (unrounded) (unrounded)unrounded rounded High (upper) i beat u boot (ˆ) Rose’s (lower) I bit U foot Mid (upper) eÉI bait ´ about oÉU boat 5 (lower) E bet √ but ç bought 6 Low Q bat (a) A bot Diphthongs: eÉI bait oÉU boat aÉI bite aÉU bout çÉI boy also: Œ’ Bert = stressed retroflexed mid central vowel, also called “syllabic r” ɚ butter = same as , but stressless Diacritics: » = primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) « = secondary stress. (placed before the stressed syllable) « = syllabic (placed under [l] and [n] when they are syllabic) [«æl´»geIS´n] allegation [»æl´«geI ə] alligator [»Er´s«tl] Aristotle 5 Bought has [ç] only in some American dialects; many speakers have no [ç]; they use [] in bought and similar words. 6 Occurs only as the first element of the diphthongs [aI] and [aU]. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription English Vowels
Ling 230/503: Articulatory Phonetics and Transcription Broad vs. narrow transcription. A narrow transcription is one in which the transcriber records much phonetic detail without attention to the way in which the sounds of the language form a system. A broad transcription omits those details of a narrow transcription which the transcriber feels are not worth recording. Normally these details will be aspects of the speech event which are: (1) predictable or (2) would not differentiate two token utterances of the same type in the judgment of speakers or (3) are presumed not to figure in the systematic phonology of the language. IPA vs. American transcription There are two commonly used systems of phonetic transcription, the International Phonetics Association or IPA system and the American system. In many cases these systems overlap, but in certain cases there are important distinctions. Students need to learn both systems and have to be flexible about the use of symbols. English Vowels Short vowels /ɪ ɛ æ ʊ ʌ ɝ/ ‘pit’ pɪt ‘put’ pʊt ‘pet’ pɛt ‘putt’ pʌt ‘pat’ pæt ‘pert’ pɝt (or pr̩t) Long vowels /i(ː), u(ː), ɑ(ː), ɔ(ː)/ ‘beat’ biːt (or bit) ‘boot’ buːt (or but) ‘(ro)bot’ bɑːt (or bɑt) ‘bought’ bɔːt (or bɔt) Diphthongs /eɪ, aɪ, aʊ, oʊ, ɔɪ, ju(ː)/ ‘bait’ beɪt ‘boat’ boʊt ‘bite’ bɑɪt (or baɪt) ‘bout’ bɑʊt (or baʊt) ‘Boyd’ bɔɪd (or boɪd) ‘cute’ kjuːt (or kjut) The property of length, denoted by [ː], can be predicted based on the quality of the vowel. For this reason it is quite common to omit the length mark [ː].
[Show full text]
Part 1: Introduction to The
PREVIEW OF THE IPA HANDBOOK Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet PARTI Introduction to the IPA 1. What is the International Phonetic Alphabet? The aim of the International Phonetic Association is to promote the scientific study of phonetics and the various practical applications of that science. For both these it is necessary to have a consistent way of representing the sounds of language in written form. From its foundation in 1886 the Association has been concerned to develop a system of notation which would be convenient to use, but comprehensive enough to cope with the wide variety of sounds found in the languages of the world; and to encourage the use of thjs notation as widely as possible among those concerned with language. The system is generally known as the International Phonetic Alphabet. Both the Association and its Alphabet are widely referred to by the abbreviation IPA, but here 'IPA' will be used only for the Alphabet. The IPA is based on the Roman alphabet, which has the advantage of being widely familiar, but also includes letters and additional symbols from a variety of other sources. These additions are necessary because the variety of sounds in languages is much greater than the number of letters in the Roman alphabet. The use of sequences of phonetic symbols to represent speech is known as transcription. The IPA can be used for many different purposes. For instance, it can be used as a way to show pronunciation in a dictionary, to record a language in linguistic fieldwork, to form the basis of a writing system for a language, or to annotate acoustic and other displays in the analysis of speech.
[Show full text]
The Origin of the IPA Schwa
The origin of the IPA schwa Asher Laufer The Phonetics Laboratory, Hebrew Language Department, The Hebrew University, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel [email protected] ABSTRACT We will refer here to those two kinds of schwa as "the linguistic schwa", to distinguish them from what The symbol ⟨ə⟩ in the International Phonetic Alphabet we call " the Hebrew schwa". was given the special name "Schwa". In fact, phoneticians use this term to denote two different meanings: A precise and specific physiological 2. HISTORY OF THE "SCHWA" definition - "a mid-central vowel" - or a variable The word "schwa" was borrowed from the vocabulary reduced non-defined centralized vowel. of the Hebrew grammar, which has been in use since The word "schwa" was borrowed from the Hebrew the 10th century. The Tiberian Masorah scholars grammar vocabulary, and has been in use since the th added various diacritics to the Hebrew letters to 10 century. The Tiberian Masorah scholars added, denote vowel signs and cantillation (musical marks). already in the late first millennium CE, various Actually, we can consider these scholars as diacritics to the Hebrew letters, to denote vowel signs phoneticians who invented a writing system to and cantillation (musical marks). Practically, we can represent their Hebrew pronunciation. Already in the consider them as phoneticians who invented a writing 10th century the Tiberian grammarians used this pronounced [ʃva] in Modern) שְׁ וָא system to represent pronunciation. They used the term Hebrew term ʃwa] and graphically marked it with a special Hebrew), and graphically marked it by two vertical] שְׁ וָא sign (two vertical dots beneath a letter [ ְׁ ]).
[Show full text]
Organised Phonology Data
id11101609 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 Organised Phonology Data ára Language [TCI] W Western Province Linguistic Classification (according to Wurm): Tonda Sub-Family, Morehead and Upper Maro Rivers Family, Trans-Fly Stock, Trans-New Guinea Phylum. Note: In the Tonda Sub-Family there is a dialect chain situation. Therefore, it is difficult ára language (as defined by to establish precise language boundaries. The W ’s Upper Peremka (Rouku) Language the present writer) comprises Wurm and, in part, Tonda Language Population estimate: 800 ékwa, Tékwa, Réku, Wámnefér, Ufaruwa Major Villages: Y Linguistic work done by: S.A. Wurm; SIL Data checked by: Risto Sarsa, March 2001 Data is based on 7 years of fieldwork. PHONEMIC AND ORTHOGRAPHIC INVENTORY (In parentheses: only in loan words) z ŋ ŋɡ۽ɑ æ (b) (d) e ə f (ɡ) i k (l) m mb n nd? nG / < a á (b) (d) e é f (g) i,y k (l) m mb n nd,nt nj, nts ng nḡ < A Á (B) (D) E É F (G) I,Y K (L) M Mb N Nd Nj Ng Nḡ / s u ʉ w j۽o ʌ œ (p) r s t? ð W o ó ô (p) r s t th ts u,w ú w y > O Ó Ô (P) R S T Th Ts U,W Ú W Y > Page 1 of 12 File: Wara (Convert'd)2 ára OPD Risto Sarsa W Version 3.0, 3 December 2001 CONSONANTS Simple Consonants Bilab LabDen Dent Alv PsAl Retr Pala Velr Uvlr Phar Glot Plosive W ݽ k Nasal m n ŋ Trill r Fricat f ð s j Approx Complex Consonants mb (prenasalised voiced bilabial stop) nd? (prenasalised voiced dental stop) ŋɡ (prenasalised voiced velar stop) (s (voiceless alveolar grooved affricate۽W (z (prenasalised voiced alveolar grooved affricate۽nG w (voiced labio-velar approximant) The phonemes / b / , / d / , / g / , / l / and / p / only occur in loan words.
[Show full text]
Volume 26, Number 1,1997
Studies in African Linguistics Volume 26, Number 1,1997 AGAINST VOWEL LENGTH IN TIGRINY A * Eugene Buckley University of Pennsylvania The premise of this paper is that vowel length plays no role in the synchronic phonology of Tigrinya: processes affecting vowels should be treated in quali tative terms only. The evidence in favor of synchronic vowel length is weak, and stronger evidence favors an analysis in which vowel length is phonologi cally irrelevant. While some researchers have made use of contrastive vowel length in the modern language to account for ostensible closed-syllable shortening, the analysis presented here shows that the relevant alternations are very limited in scope and represent at best the residue of historical vowel length. The evidence presented includes word minimality, vowel coalescence, word final fronting, guttural lowering, and low dissimilation, with analyses of these phenomena in purely featural terms. o. Introduction The analysis of the Tigrinya vowel system raises basic questions of abstractness and productivity. While the inventory, on the surface, consists of seven vowels well distinguished by quality, this system developed from an earlier one based partly on length. The issue that I address in this paper is whether the residue of alternations which date from the time of contrastive vowel length requires a synchronic analysis which continues to make reference to length. Most traditional accounts of Tigrinya [Leslau 1941, Ullendorff 1955 J consider length non-contras- * This paper is based on a talk presented at the 25th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, Rutgers University, 25-27 March 1994. Data sources, with page numbers, are indicated by the following abbreviations: B [Berhane 1991], D [Denais 1990], dB [Bassano 1918], dL [Leonessa 1928], FP [Palmer 1955], GD [Groupe Dictionnaire Tigrigna 1990], L [Leslau 1941], P [Pam 1973J; unreferenced examples can be found in any dictionary, or are from consultation with native speakers Tesfai Haile, Medhane Measho, Aida Nigussie, and Abraham Yemane.
[Show full text]
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell InfoTmation Company 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 T he R epresentation o f V o w el H eig h t in P h o n o lo g y D issertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By- Frederick Brooke Parkinson, B.A., M.A.
[Show full text]
Download Article
International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2016) Some Features of English Fricatives Spoken by a Chinese Speaker* Shaofan Wang English Department of North China Electric Power University Baoding, China Abstract—Variation in interlanguage (IL) phonology is an In view of L1 transfer, the different syllable structure important field for researching SLA. Generally speaking, the between Chinese and English must be taken into factors constraining the Chinese learners’ pronunciation consideration. One major difference is that in Mandarin include “L1 transfer, markedness, margin length, sonority and Chinese only /n/ and /ŋ/ can occur in the final position of a linguistic environment. This paper will focus on the influence syllable. Another difference is English not only has voiced of L1 transfer on the English sounds produced by a Chinese consonants but also voiceless consonants while the Mandarin speaker. Certainly, there are wide variations of pronunciation Chinese has no voiced fricatives. So some speakers from spoken by different people from different regions because China sometimes avoid producing such voiced fricatives /ð/, China is a huge country and there exist many dialects /z/, /v/, or /ʒ/. In summary, Chinese is more restricted in throughout the whole country. Because the participant is a syllable structure than that of English. This paper aims at Mandarin Chinese speaker the research will mainly involves the effect of Mandarin Chinese on English sounds. The paper providing a detailed analysis and trying to give a reference aims at providing a detailed analysis and trying to give a on the feature changes of English fricatives produced by reference on the feature changes of English fricatives produced Chinese English learners.
[Show full text]
Using Phonetic Knowledge in Tools and Resources for Natural Language Processing and Pronunciation Evaluation
Using phonetic knowledge in tools and resources for Natural Language Processing and Pronunciation Evaluation Gustavo Augusto de Mendonça Almeida Gustavo Augusto de Mendonça Almeida Using phonetic knowledge in tools and resources for Natural Language Processing and Pronunciation Evaluation Master dissertation submitted to the Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação – ICMC- USP, in partial fulﬁllment of the requirements for the degree of the Master Program in Computer Science and Computational Mathematics. FINAL VERSION Concentration Area: Computer Science and Computational Mathematics Advisor: Profa. Dra. Sandra Maria Aluisio USP – São Carlos May 2016 Ficha catalográﬁca elaborada pela Biblioteca Prof. Achille Bassi e Seção Técnica de Informática, ICMC/USP, com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a) Almeida, Gustavo Augusto de Mendonça A539u Using phonetic knowledge in tools and resources for Natural Language Processing and Pronunciation Evaluation / Gustavo Augusto de Mendonça Almeida; orientadora Sandra Maria Aluisio. – São Carlos – SP, 2016. 87 p. Dissertação (Mestrado - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional) – Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação, Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. 1. Template. 2. Qualification monograph. 3. Dissertation. 4. Thesis. 5. Latex. I. Aluisio, Sandra Maria, orient. II. Título. SERVIÇO DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DO ICMC-USP Data de Depósito: Assinatura: ______________________ Gustavo Augusto de Mendonça Almeida Utilizando conhecimento fonético em ferramentas e recursos de Processamento de Língua Natural e Treino de Pronúncia Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Ciências Matemáticas e de Computação – ICMC-USP, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências – Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional. VERSÃO REVISADA Área de Concentração: Ciências de Computação e Matemática Computacional Orientadora: Profa.
[Show full text]
Vowel!Length!In!Da.Ang!Dialect!Of!Palaung!! Spoken!In!Shan!State,!Myanmar!
Dialectologia!12,(2014),!1)22.!! ISSN:!2013)2247! Received!14!August!2012.! Accepted!30!November!2012.! ! ! ! ! VOWEL!LENGTH!IN!DA.ANG!DIALECT!OF!PALAUNG!! SPOKEN!IN!SHAN!STATE,!MYANMAR! Supakit"BUAKAW" Research"Institute"for"Languages"and"Cultures"of"Asia" Mahidol"University,"Thailand" [email protected]" " " Abstract" DaIang" is" a" dialect" of" the" Palaung" language" which" belongs" to" Palaungic" branch" of" MonIKhmer" of" AustroIAsiatic"language"family."This"paper"aims"to"examine"central"vowel"length"contrast"in"DaIang"dialect" of"Palaung"from"acoustic"perspective."The"vowel"duration"measurement"shows"that"the"duration"of"long" vowels"were"twice"as"long"as"short"vowels."For"the"mid"central"vowels,"the"short"vowel"has"higher"F1"and" F2"values"than"the"long"counterpart."For"the"low"central"vowels,"on"the"other"hand,"the"first"two"formants" (F1,"F2)"are"lower"in"the"short"vowels."The"results"of"the"experiment"confirm"the"phonological"analysis"of" this" study." DaIang" vowel" length" is" contrastive" for" nonIhigh" central" vowels." Although" the" differing" in" duration"is"accompanied"by"vowel"quality"differences,"the"vowel"duration"is"the"main"cue"for"distinguishing" between"short"and"long"vowels"in"DaIang." " Keywords!!! MonIKhmer,"Palaung"dialect,"DaIang,"phonetics/phonology,"vowel"length" " " LONGITUD!DE!LAS!VOCALES!EN!EL!DIALECTO!DA.ANG!DEL!PALAUNG.WA!HABLADO!EN!EL!ESTADO!DE! SHAN,!MYANMAR! Resumen" El" DaIang" es" un" dialecto" de" la" lengua" palaungIwa" que" pertenece" a" la" rama" Paláunguica" de" MonI Khmer"de"la"familia"de"lenguas"austroIasiática."Este"trabajo"tiene"como"objetivo"examinar"el"contraste,"con"
[Show full text]
Index Next: Table 03 Submission 12-Mar-1998
Page: 1 Monday, March 16, 1998 Prev: Table 00 Up: Index Next: Table 03 Submission 12-Mar-1998 ISO 10646 block 02 Unicode Glyph Class STIX Name Description Synonyms lower-mid central unrounded 0250 A inva vowel 0251 A ascr /scr a, script letter a 0251 A open back unrounded vowel opena; ScriptA 0252 A open back rounded vowel iopena 0253 A bilabial implosive pbb 0254 A half-open back rounded vowel openo 0255 A voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative loopc 0256 A voiced retroflex plosive phookd Page: 2 Monday, March 16, 1998 Unicode Glyph Class STIX Name Description Synonyms 0257 A dental or alveolar implosive pbd 0258 A upper-mid central unrounded pde vowel 0259 A schwa schwa 025A A r-colored schwa hkschwa 025B A half-open front unrounded vowel eh 025C A a variety of schwa backeh 025D A rhotacized lower-mid central vowel hkbkeh 025E A lower-mid central rounded vowel pie Unicode Glyph Class STIX Name Description Synonyms 025F A voiced palatal plosive invf 0260 A implosive velar stop pbg 0261 A voiced velar plosive openg 0262 A voiced uvular plosive smcapg 0263 A voiced velar fricative swirlv 0264 A half-close back unrounded vowel = pswirly rams horns 0265 A bilabial-palatal approximant invh 0266 A voiced glottal fricative hokh Page: 3 Monday, March 16, 1998 Unicode Glyph Class STIX Name Description Synonyms 0267 A voiceless fricative simultaneously pdh palato-alveolar and velar 0268 A close central unrounded vowel bari 0269 A close-lowered front unrounded vowel pci 026A A close-lowered front unrounded vowel smcapi (old form) 026C A voiceless
[Show full text]
Department of English and American Studies the Schwa Sound in Two
Masaryk University Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies English Language and Literature Bc. Gabriela Marková The Schwa Sound in Two Speeches by Elizabeth II Master’s Diploma Thesis Supervisor: PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph.D. 2017 1 I declare that I have worked on this thesis independently, using only the primary and secondary sources listed in the bibliography. …………………………………………….. Author’s signature 2 I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor PhDr. Kateřina Tomková, Ph.D. for her guidance, advice, and support. 3 Table of Contents List of figures ............................................................................................................. 6 List of tables ............................................................................................................... 6 Notations and conventions ....................................................................................... 7 List of phonetic symbols ........................................................................................... 9 Introduction ...............................................................................................................13 Reasons for research ..............................................................................................15 Preliminary research questions ................................................................................16 1 Schwa - origins of the term and symbol ...............................................................18 1.1 Origin of the term ...............................................................................................18
[Show full text]
Computer-Coding the IPA: a Proposed Extension of SAMPA J.C.Wells, University College London
Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA J.C.Wells, University College London 1. Computer coding. When an ASCII file (a DOS text file) is sent as an e-mail message, the only characters that are sure to be properly transmitted are those with ASCII/ANSI numbers between 32 and 126. These comprise upper-case A..Z, lower-case a..z, numerals 0..9, punctuation marks ! " ' ( ) , - . / : ; ? [ ] { }, other marks # $ % & * + < = > @ \ ^ _ ` | ~, and space. If we want to transmit phonetic symbols, we must therefore recode them using only these characters. It is not even the case that all the 'other marks' mentioned will necessarily reappear correctly at the receiving end: on my own British screen, for example, an incoming character originally transmitted as a hash mark (#) appears as pound sterling (£). But at least there is a consistent one- for-one substitution, so that information is not lost. On the other hand an outgoing character falling outside the range 32..126 is very likely to be converted into something else: a pound sterling sign (£, ASCII 156, ANSI 0163) transmitted from a British keyboard may be received (even in the UK) as an exclamation mark (!), hash (#), or other substitute. 2. The SAM Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) conventions were drawn up in 1988-1991 (with subsequent minor revisions and extensions) by the SAM (Speech Assessment Methods) consortium, comprising speech scientists from nine countries of the European Community (Wells et al, 1992). The purpose of SAMPA was to form the basis of an international standard machine-readable phonetic alphabet for purposes of international collaboration in speech research.
[Show full text]