Linguistics 103 Summary of English and Hayes/Thatte General Winter 2007

I. Consonants

Place:/ Bilabial Labio- (Inter-) Alveo- lar Palato- Retro- Palatal Velar Labial- Glottal Manner: Dental Dental Alveolar flex Velar 1 STOPS voiceless p pot t tot k cot (/) voiced b bot d dot g got voiceless f font T thought s sot S shot h hot voiced vVons ð though z zot Z vision voiceless tÉS chalk voiced dÉZ jot NASALS (voiced) m Mott n not N song 2 5 3 central ®,r , rot (”) j yacht w watt (voiced) lateral l lot 4 TAP (voiced) (R) otter

1 Not a phoneme of English, but commonly pronounced before vowels in emphatic speech; an apple [ən ˈʔæpl]. 2 Correct IPA for central alveolar is [®]. Ladefoged uses a very broad transcription instead, namely [r]. In strict IPA, [r] is a tongue-tip trill. 3 In some English dialects, the “r” sound is a retroflex approximant, made by curling the tip of the tongue upward and backward. Check to see how you say this sound. 4 Occurs as the normal variant (allophone) of /t/ and /d/, when the preceding sound is a , diphthong, or /®/, and the following sound is a stressless vowel; as in butter. Linguistics 103 Summary of English Consonants and Vowels 2

II. Vowels (where the relevant English vowel is a diphthong, it is so transcribed)

Front Central Back (unrounded) (unrounded)unrounded rounded High (upper) i beat u boot (ˆ) Rose’s (lower) I bit U foot Mid (upper) eÉI bait ´ about oÉU boat

5 (lower) bet √ but ç bought 6 Low Q bat (a) A bot

Diphthongs:

eÉI bait oÉU boat aÉI bite aÉU bout çÉI boy also: Œ’ Bert = stressed retroflexed mid , also called “syllabic r” ɚ butter = same as , but stressless

Diacritics: » = primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable) « = secondary stress. (placed before the stressed syllable) « = syllabic (placed under [l] and [n] when they are syllabic)

[«æl´»geIS´n] allegation [»æl´«geI ə] alligator [»Er´s«tl] Aristotle

5 Bought has [ç] only in some American dialects; many speakers have no [ç]; they use [] in bought and similar words. 6 Occurs only as the first element of the diphthongs [aI] and [aU].