Map 5 India Compiled by M.U

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Map 5 India Compiled by M.U. Erdosy, 1995

Introduction

The map spans territories that form the modern states of India (minus the Punjab), Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Nepal and Sri Lanka. It overlaps with Map 6 in several areas. All of these are treated here, with the exception of southern Sindh and Baluchistan, which enjoy much stronger geographical and historical links to the regions of Map 6, and the Himalayan regions, which feature far more extensively on Map 6. The territories spanned by Map 5 experienced only limited contacts with the classical world, and represent the easternmost reaches of reliable Greek and Roman geographical knowledge. Until the first century A.D., they were known almost exclusively through the account of Megasthenes, a Seleucid envoy to the Mauryan imperial court. Even at the peak of commercial contacts with the West, they showed few traces of Greek or Roman settlement, and– with the exception of Menander’s brief foray into the Ganges Valley c. 175 B.C.–none of conquest. Moreover, by the second century A.D. Western knowledge of their geography reached its zenith, since later works neither added new information nor even reproduced more than a fraction of the knowledge previously accumulated. By the third century, to judge by this trend as well as by the pattern of coin finds, contacts were declining in step with the fortunes of the Roman empire; by the fourth century, contact appears to have been confined largely to Sri Lanka. Conversely, it should be stressed that while contacts with the West may have contributed to the first flowering of civilization in South India during the first century A.D., their overall impact on the cultural and political evolution of the subcontinent appears to have been minimal. This applies particularly to the kingdoms of the Ganges Valley, which enjoyed their peak periods of power and prosperity precisely at times (such as A.D. 300-450) when contacts with the West were at their lowest ebb. So it is hardly surprising that many of the great cities of Northern India (Śrāvastī, for example) are either totally absent from, or seriously misplaced by, even Ptolemy’s Geography. Such unique historical circumstances pose challenges for the compilation of the map. First, I have interpreted chronological attribution strictly in terms of the period during which a place was known to Greeks and Romans, regardless of its longer history. For example, even though the city of Ujjain (ancient Ozene) has been occupied since the eighth century B.C. (EIA 447-49), its relevance to the classical world stems from its role as an important inland emporium mentioned in PME and Ptolemy’s Geography; consequently, it is assigned only to the Roman period. The Directory does, however, include references that touch on the longer history of such sites. In addition, the map marks major kingdoms and their capitals of the Hellenistic, Roman and Late Antique periods, even if they are never mentioned in classical sources. Exceptionally, the map marks all findspots of Greek and Roman artifacts, principally coins, terra sigillata, amphorae and occasional sculpture. While toponyms recorded by classical sources show a distinct bias in favor of coastal sites, findspots of Greek and Roman artifacts coincide to a significant degree with important trade routes in the interior, where most of the larger cities are located. Consequently the findspots do more to convey the impact of contacts with the West. Tracing the actual trade routes, however, lies beyond the scope of the map. Despite some fine studies of the epigraphic, historical and archaeological evidence (note Chandra 1977), our knowledge rarely extends beyond recognition that there were long-established routes between certain places. Sites yielding objects produced under classical influence, such as Rouletted Ware, are omitted because of their tenuous connection to the overseas trade of South Asia. The references given in the Directory to Greek and Latin toponyms and ethnonyms normally include an ancient source in order to present information that is not always easily accessible, as no complete catalog of this kind has been published before (the closest comparable works to date are Renou 1925, 75-89 and André 1986, 429-53). Where possible, the modern treatments cited are ones that explicitly link ancient names to modern locations, discuss alternative solutions, and provide additional bibliographic references. It is a further advantage if they also take MAP 5 INDIA 59 account of archaeological evidence, since historical references in indigenous textual sources are trivial at best, as well as difficult to date (Erdosy 1988). Fortunately, there are several excellent works of reference for archaeological, historical and topographical data (Law 1976; Casson 1989; Pollet 1990; EIA). Several translations of the relevant classics are also copiously annotated, and these are cited whenever reference works fail to provide adequate information. In general, given the way in which South Asian words have been garbled, it is not surprising that several Greek and Roman names remain totally unidentifiable, while serious disagreement persists about numerous others. In listing variant toponyms and ethnonyms, I have attempted to give precedence to the one which is closest to its presumed indigenous source (usually Sanskrit, Prakrit or Tamil). In spite of its vast size, the subcontinent was frequently fragmented, and thus no settlement matches the Mauryan (and later Gupta) capital of Pātaliputra (Palibothra) in significance; it was the only city with imperial pretensions until the advent of the Mughals. Sites of the second rank include ancient regional capitals, which formed the principal nodes of the settlement lattice between c. 500 B.C. and A.D. 300, as well as major trading posts, whose economic strength and overseas contacts made up for their lack of political power. Sites of the third rank include the capitals of lesser communities, as well as trading stations that may have mattered to Greeks and Romans but had no indigenous political significance. As for lesser sites, given the sorry state of historical archaeology in India, the classical texts are often the only source of information. In such instances, sites described as “emporium,” “harbor” or “metropolis” are assigned the fourth rank, and the rest are given the fifth (lowest) ranking. It may be objected that places finding their way into classical sources had to be more than just ordinary villages; the fact is, however, that much Greek and Roman geographic information came from traders who simply listed stopping-places on major routes without concern for their importance (Vogel 1952a). In general, the authors of relevant classical texts fall firmly into the Hellenistic or Roman period. In spite of the danger of interpolation by later authors, any passage that can be attributed to the Seleucid envoy Megasthenes (whose account survives only in quotations) is treated as belonging to the Hellenistic period. A full list of such quotations was compiled by E. Schwanbeck in the mid-nineteenth century (cf. McCrindle 1926), and these afford us our earliest glimpses of the world that fell just beyond the grasp of Alexander. Changes to the physiognomy of the South Asian subcontinent have affected coastal areas and river courses above all. Both the gradual extension of river deltas (especially those of the Ganges, Mahanadi, KṛaandGodāvarī; Spate 1954, 9) and subsidence (Spate 1954, 256) have been noted, although little precise information exists on the ancient coastline of South Asia. I have therefore followed Schwartzberg (1992) in altering the coastline only in the Indus and Ganges deltas, since historical information about their ancient aspect is available. As for river courses, while those in peninsular South Asia are generally stable, the same cannot be said of those in the North. The Ganges itself appears to have shifted gradually southward, leaving several oxbow lakes in its wake, whose banks were seasonally inhabited from at least the third millennium B.C. onward (Sharma 1973). By the Early Historic period, however, the Ganges had stabilized within a band of about three to five miles, since ancient settlements can be located all along prominent bluffs marking the limits of its movement (Erdosy 1988, 29-33). The same is true of the Jumna (ancient Iomanes), whose movements were even more constricted. Lesser rivers, however, have behaved far less predictably, in particular the Son (Erannoboas), Ghaggar (Sarabos), and Kosi (Casuagus) (Spate 1954, 197, 133, 195 respectively). Once again, given all the uncertainties surrounding the precise courses of these rivers, I have not adjusted them except for the Son; according to both historical and archaeological sources, in Megasthenes’ time it clearly flowed by the city of Paṭaliputra (Palibothra). For discussion of the Indus and its tributaries, see the Introduction to Map 6. 60 MAP 5 INDIA

Directory All place names are in India unless otherwise noted

Abbreviations

CosmasInd Cosmas Indicopleustes, in W. Wolska-Conus (ed.), Topographie Chrétienne,3vols.,Paris, 1968-73. EIA A. Ghosh (ed.), An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology. Volume 2: a gazetteer of explored and excavated sites in India, New Delhi, 1989 IAR Indian archaeology: a review (Annual Report of the Archaeological Survey of India) Skt. Sanskrit

Note: For commentary on Arrian references, see Bosworth 1980 (Books 1-3); 1995 (Books 4-5); and Hinüber 1985 (Book 8). For commentary on PME references, see Casson 1989.

Names

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

E2 Abali See Map 6 B1 Aberia PAK See Map 6 C2 Abiria See Map 6 D4 Abour R Vaḷuvur? (contra Ptol. 7.1.91 Schwartzberg 1992, 330 Ambur) D2 Adam R Turner 1989, 46 F2 Adamas? fl. See Map 6 C3 Adisathron M. R Sahyādri hills Ptol. 7.1.23, 35, 68, 75; Law 1943, 379 F2 Aganagara? See Map 6 F2 Agoranis fl. BAN See Map 6 C3 Aigidioi R Goa region PME 53; Casson 1989, 294-99 C3 Aigidion Nesos R Goa Ptol. 7.4.11 D5 Aioi R S Kerala coast Ptol. 7.1.9, 87; Law 1943, 93 C2 Ajabpura See Map 6 D4 Akhilandapuram R Turner 1989, 47-48 D3 Akkenpalle R Turner 1989, 47 C3 Akkialur RL Turner 1989, 48 Akota = Minnagara? D5 Akour R Kannākkūr? Ptol. 7.1.89 D5 Alagankulam RL Begley 1991, 193 (n. 51); Raman 1991, 129 B1 Alexandria/ PAK See Map 6 Rhambakia B2 Alexandrou Limen/ PAK See Map 6 Portus Macedonum D4 Aloe R Alwaye Ptol. 7.1.86; Kanakasabhai 1904, 20 E3 Alosygni R Vilasa? Ptol. 7.1.15 E3 Amaravati R Wheeler 1951, 375 inset Ampitiya L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 F2 Amystis fl. See Map 6 E3 Andarae R people in Kṛṣṇa-Godāvarī Pliny, NH 6.67; Majumdar 1951, 192-94 § Andre Indi L delta, prior to their ItMiller 627 expansion under Śātavāhanas Skt.: Andhra F2 Andomatis fl. See Map 6 inset Andrisimoundou (Akron) R Mannar Is. / promontory Ptol. 7.4.3; Berthelot 1930, 365 (map 13) SRI E1 Aninacha See Map 6 D4 Annamalai R Turner 1989, 48 MAP 5 INDIA 61

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference inset Anourogrammon/ R Anurādhapura SRI Pliny, NH 6.85; Ptol. 7.4.10; Palaesimundum? Berthelot 1930, 363 G2 Antibolei fl. BAN See Map 6 C2 Apokopa M. See Map 6 B1 Arabis fl. PAK See Map 6 B1 Arabitai PAK See Map 6 E4 Arasankuppam REIA B1 Arbita M. PAK See Map 6 D4 Argarikos Kolpos R Palk Bay Ptol. 7.1.11, 96; Schwartzberg 1992, 24a, 359 D4 Argarou R inland region of Pandya Ptol. 7.1.11 §Argalou kingdom, centered PME 59 around (but not identical with) Orthoura Argenuus? = Kokala G2 Argyra Chora RL Arakan coast? BRM RE ’Αργυρᾶ Χώρα C3 Ariake Sadenon R Konkan coast and Ptol. 7.1.6, 82; Schwartzberg 1992, 24, 331 hinterland C2 Ariake/ See Map 6 Larike Arikamedu = Podouke D1 Ārjunāyanas See Map 6 D4 Arouaia M. REGḥāṭsasfarNasR. Ptol. 7.1.25, 36, 75, 79; Renou 1925, 84; §OroudiaM. Kṛṣṇa Vogel 1951, 149-53 D4 Arouarnoi R people on Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.14, 92; Vogel 1951, 151-52 coast C2 Astakapra RHathab PME 41; Ptol. 7.1.60 § Astakanpra Skt.: Hastakavapra PME 43; Renou 1925, 76 E1 Asthagoura See Map 6 A1 Asthala/ PAK See Map 6 Solis?/ Karmina? Ins. D4 Athirala R Turner 1989, 48 inset Attikuli L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 C2 Automula See Map 6 inset Azanos? fl. R Gin Ganga SRI Ptol. 7.4.4, 8

A1 Bagisara PAK See Map 6 C2 Baiones Ins. R Piram PME 42 D5 Bakare R Pirakkād PME 55, 58; Pliny, NH 6.105; Ptol. 7.1.8; Malayalam: Vaikkarai Casson 1989, 297 inset Balapitiya L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 D5 Balita/ R Viliñjam PME 58; Ptol. 7.1.9; Casson 1989, 294-99 Bambala F2 Bamanghati See Map 6 Bambala = Balita D4 Banabasi R Banavasi Ptol. 7.1.83; Law 1976, 199; EIA D4 Bangalore R Turner 1989, 54 B2 Barake Inss. See Map 6 B2 Barakes Kolpos See Map 6 B1 Barbarikon PAK See Map 6 E1 Bargysoi See Map 6 D5 Baris fl. R Pāmbiyār Ptol. 7.1.8, 34, 86; Casson 1989, 219 Malayalam: Pālai A1 Barna PAK See Map 3 G5 Barous(s)ai? Inss. R Ptol. 7.2.28 C2 Barygaza See Map 6 C2 Barygazon Kolpos See Map 6 inset Bassa Ins. R Great Basses (island SE Ptol. 7.4.12 Sri Lanka) SRI D4 Bata R Pudukkottai? Ptol. 7.1.90; Turner 1989, 74; Schwartzberg 1992, 333 D1 Batankaisara? See Map 6 62 MAP 5 INDIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D4 Batoi R Kaverī Delta Ptol. 7.1.12, 74, 90 inset Batticaloa L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 G3 Bazakata? Ins. R Rambre BRM Ptol. 7.2.26 E3 Benagouron R Pedda Vegi? Ptol. 7.1.79; Vogel 1948, 123 Skt.: Vengīpura C3 Bendas fl. R Ambā Ptol. 7.1.6, 32, 82, 83; Johnston 1941, 209 G1 BepyronM. SeeMap6 Bessadae = Sesatai E3 Bhagavanpavam R Turner 1989, 49 D3 Bhatkuli REIA D2 Bhokardan REIA B2 Bibakta Ins. PAK See Map 6 E2 Bilaspur See Map 6 D4 Bishopsdown R Turner 1989, 50 D4 Bittigo M. R Malayagiri Ptol. 7.1.22, 33, 65, 68, 74; Law 1976, 23 § Bittigoi R Tamil: Podigei Ptol. 7.1.66; Law 1943, 97 D1 Bolingae See Map 6 inset Boragoda L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 inset Boreion Pr. R Pt. Pedro SRI Ptol. 7.4.2, 3, 7 §Boreum L Orosius 1.2.18 D4 Brahmagiri REIA D4 Budinathan R Turner 1989, 50 B2 Butae See Map 6 C3 Byzantion? R Vijayadrug PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.7; Casson 1989, 294-99

D4 Cabirus fl. R Kāverī Pliny, NH 6.94; Law 1976, 162-63 § Chaberos fl. R Ptol. 7.1.13, 35; Renou 1925, 89 E2 Cainnas? fl. See Map 6 E4 Calamina L Mylapore André 1986, 396 (n. 364), 433; Raman 1991, 130 E3 Calingae H inhabitants of Mahānadī Pliny, NH 6.64, 7.30; Law 1976, 156-59 § Modogalingae R and Godāvarī Law 1976, 173 Skt.: Kalinga Telugu: Muḍukalinga E3 Calingon Pr. R Cape Koringon, at mouth Pliny, NH 6.72; McCrindle 1926, 144 of R. Godāvarī F1 Campā See Map 6 C2 Capitalia M. See Map 6 F1 Casuagus/ IND / NEP See Map 6 Kossoanos fl. D4 Chaberis Emporion R Tranquebar Ptol. 7.1.13; EIA Kāveripūmpattinam § Kamara R Skt.: Kaveripattinam PME 60 E2 Chakerbedha See Map 6 D4 Chandravalli REIA D1 Charmae See Map 6 C2 Chatriaioi See Map 6 D4 Chavadipalaiyam R Turner 1989, 52 C4 Chersonesos R Karwar? PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.7; Schwartzberg 1992, 348 F1 Chirotosagi/ NEP See Map 6 Kirradai D4 Choromandae H people of Coromandel Pliny, NH 7.24 coast? D1 Chrisobora/ See Map 6 Kleisobora B2 Chrysoun Stoma PAK See Map 6 E1 Chunar See Map 6 D4 Coliacum/ R/ Point Callimere Pliny, NH 6.86; André 1980, 116, 162 Kalligikon Pr. R Tamil: Koṭikkarai / Ptol. 7.1.11 § Caligarda L Kaḷḷimeṭu GeogRav 2.5 § Caligardamana L Janvier 1982, 74-75 § Colis RL Mela 3.67; André 1986, 295 § Kory Akron R Ptol. 7.4.1; Renou 1925, 83 MAP 5 INDIA 63

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference inset Colombo L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 D5 Cottonara R Pāmbiyār valley Pliny, NH 6.105; § Kottanarike R Malayalam: Kuḍḍanādu André 1980, 138; 1986, 163 PME 56; Renou 1925, 82 inset Cydara fl. R Arevi-ārSRI Pliny,NH 6.86; André 1980, 116 § Palaesimundus? fl. R Pliny, NH 6.86; André 1980, 115, 161 § Phasis? fl. R Ptol. 7.4.7-8

D2 Dachinabades R Deccan; in PME denotes PME 51 domain of Śātavāhanas Skt.: Dakṣiṇā-patha inset Dagana R Tangalla? SRI Ptol. 7.4.5 E3 Dandagula/ R/ Dantapura Pliny, NH 6.72; Law 1976, 149, 159 Paloura R Ptol. 7.1.16; Renou 1925, 85 C2 Dari PAK See Map 6 C3 Deopalli R Deolali? Ptol. 7.1.82; EIA Deolali E2 Desarene R Orissa PME 62 C3 Dharphal R Turner 1989, 53 C2 Dhatva REIA Diardines fl. = Oidanes fl. C4 Divae L inhabitants of Lakshadwip AmmMarc 22.7.10 Is.? E2 Dosara See Map 6 F2 Dosaron fl. R Brahmani Ptol. 7.1.17, 40; Casson 1989, 232-33 C3 Dounga R Salsette Is. Ptol. 7.1.6; Johnston 1941, 209 Skt.: Dhenukātaka

C2 Eirinon IND / PAK See Map 6 B2 Eiron M. PAK See Map 6 D5 Elankoros R Vilayankod Ptol. 7.1.9; Kanakasabhai 1904, 20 § Alcon? L ItMiller 788; Renou 1925, 80 Eorta = (H)Eorta Eous Oceanus = Orientale Mare D1 Eragassa See Map 6 E2 Erannoboas/ See Map 6 Sonus fl. B3 Erythr(ae)um/ See Map 4 Indicum Mare D4 Eyyal R Turner 1989, 55-56 Iyyal

C2 Gallitalutae See Map 6 F2 Gangaridae BAN / IND See Map 6 E1 Gange See Map 6 E1 Ganges fl. See Map 6 inset Ganges? fl. R Mahaweli Ganga SRI Ptol. 7.4.6, 8; Berthelot 1930, 257 (map 7) Gangeticus Sinus = Orientale Mare D1 Gatasmira See Map 6 A1 Gedrosia IRN / PAK See Map 3 inset Gintota L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 C3 Goaris fl. R Ulhas Ptol. 7.1.6, 32; Johnston 1941, 209 C3 Gondaloi R Kuntalas, people in Ptol. 7.1.66; Law 1976, 169 Mysore D3 Gootiparti R Turner 1989, 53-54 E3 Gumada R Turner 1989, 54 B2 Gynaikon Limen/ PAK See Map 6 Morontobara inset Hendala L SRI Codrington 1924, 32, 261 E1 (H)Eorta/ See Map 6 Sageda 64 MAP 5 INDIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

C2 Herone Ins. R reefs offshore from Suvali PME 43 Point inset Hikkaduwa L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 C3 Hippokoura R Brahmapuri Ptol. 7.1.83; EIA Brahmapuri inset Hippuri Pr. RL Kudrimalai Point, on Pliny, NH 6.84; Puttalam Bay André 1980, 113-14; 1986, 159 Tamil: Kutiraimalai, “horse-mountain” SRI Horaia?=Kokala PAK

A1 Ichthyophagoi IRN / PAK See Map 3 D2 India HR Renou 1925, 81; André 1986, 441 Indicum Mare = Erythr(ae)um Mare B1 Indoi PAK See Map 6 B1 Indoskythia PAK See Map 6 B1 Indus/ See Map 6 Sinthos/ Phison fl. D1 Iomanes/ See Map 6 Iobares fl. inset Jaffna L SRI Codrington 1924, 33 C3 Junnar REIA

C4 Kadmat R Turner 1989, 57 C4 Kaineiton Nesos R off Karwar PME 53; Casson 1989, 294-99 F1 Kakouthis See Map 6 D4 Kalaikaris R Chalakkuḍi Ptol. 7.1.8; Kanakasabhai 1904, 17-18 A1 Kalama Kolpos PAK See Map 6 D4 Kalindoia R Periyakalandai? Ptol. 7.1.90 D4 Kaliour/ R/ Uraiyar? Ptol. 7.1.91; EIA Uraiyar Orthoura R Ptol. 7.1.68; Law 1976, 148 §Sora R Turner 1989, 58 D4 Kaliyamputhur R Turner 1989, 58 D4 Kallakinar H Wheeler 1951, 376 C3 Kalliena RL Kalyan PME 52-53; CosmasInd 11.15, 16; EIA Kalyan E3 Kalliga R Mukhalingam Ptol. 7.1.93; Law 1976, 156-58; EIA Mukhalingam D4 Kalligeris R Kallukeri Ptol. 7.1.83 Kalligikon Pr. = Coliacum Pr. inset Kalmunai L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 inset Kalpitiya L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 F2 Kamberichon Stoma BAN See Map 6 F2 Kambouson Stoma See Map 6 B1 Kamigara PAK See Map 6 C2 Kammoni R Kim PME 43 § Kamani R Ptol. 7.1.5; Renou 1925, 81 inset Kanathra Ins. R Delft SRI Ptol. 7.4.11 inset Kandy L SRI Codrington 1924, 32 E3 Kannagara? R Kanukollu Ptol. 7.1.16; EIA Kanukollo D1 Kanogiza See Map 6 inset Kantarodai HRL? SRI Wheeler 1951, 381; Begley 1991, 180-82 E3 Kantakossyla R Ghaṇṭaśāla Ptol. 7.1.15; EIA Ghantasala; Schwartzberg 1992, 341 C2 Kanthi See Map 6 inset Kapuhenvala L SRI Codrington 1924, 33, 46, 50 D5 Kareoi R fishing people on Gulf of Ptol. 7.1.10, 88; Kanakasabhai 1904, 22 Mannar D4 Karige R Karaikadu / Nattamedu? Ptol. 7.1.92; EIA Karaikadu; Raman 1991, 128-29 MAP 5 INDIA 65

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D5 Karivalamvandanallur R Turner 1989, 58 D4 Karmara R Tiruvarur Ptol. 7.1.91; Kanakasabhai 1904, 27 Karmina? Ins. = Asthala Ins. D4 Karoura R Tirukkarur, often confused Ptol. 7.1.86; Majumdar 1951, 233; with Karur Law 1976, 199 D4 Karukkakkuriochi R Turner 1989, 74-77 D4 Karur R often confused with Turner 1989, 59-60 Karoura E1 Kāśī See Map 6 F2 Katadoupe See Map 6 D4 Kathanganni R Turner 1989, 60 D3 Katriyal R Turner 1989, 60 E1 Kauśāmbī See Map 6 F2 Kelydna See Map 6 D4 Kerobothros R Chera kingdom in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.86; Casson 1989, 217-18 § Caelobothras R Skt.: Keralaputra Pliny, NH 6.104; Renou 1925, 82 E1 Kindia See Map 6 Kirradai = Chirotosagi inset Kitalagama L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 Kleisobora = Chrisobora E3 Koddoura R Koḍūru Ptol. 7.1.15; Law 1976, 154 D2 Kognabanda See Map 6 B1 Kokala/ PAK See Map 6 Horaia?/ Argenuus? D5 Kolchikos Kolpos R Gulf of Mannar Ptol. 7.1.10; Vogel 1952a, 230 D5 Kolchoi R Korkei PME 59; Ptol. 7.1.10 inset Kolugala L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 D5 Komar(ei) Pr. R Cape Comorin PME 58-59; Law 1976, 160 §Komaria R Skt.: Kanyākumārī Ptol. 7.1.9; Renou 1925, 82 E1 Kommenases fl. See Map 6 D3 Kondapur REIA E1 Kondochates fl. See Map 6 D4 Koneripatty R Turner 1989, 61 D5 Koniakoi HR Cape Comorin Strabo 15.1.14 Korandakaloi = Orumcolae D4 Koreoura? R Guruvayur Ptol. 7.1.8 D3 Korounkala R Warangal Ptol. 7.1.93; Schwartzberg 1992, 350 inset Korunegala R SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 D5 Kory Ins. R Rameshwaram Ptol. 7.1.95; Schwartzberg 1992, 350 Kossoanos fl. = Casuagus fl. E3 Kotpad R Turner 1989, 61 D5 Kottayam R Turner 1989, 62-63 D5 Kottiara R Kottarakara? Ptol. 7.1.9; Schwartzberg 1992, 350 § Cotiara L ItMiller 790 E3 Kottis R Kottapattinam? Ptol. 7.1.14; Berthelot 1930, 333 E3 Kottobora R Guḍivāḍa Ptol. 7.1.16 Skt.: Godāvarī D4 Kourelloura R Karavallur? Ptol. 7.1.86 D4 Kouroula R Karikal? Ptol. 7.1.12 D3 Kudavelli L IAR 1978-79, 39 D4 Kulattupalaiyam L Wheeler 1951, 377 D1 Kuṣāṇas See Map 6

Lamnaios fl. = Namades fl. Larike = Ariake C4 Leuke Ins. R Pigeon PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.95 D4 Limyrike R Malabar coast PME 51; Ptol. 7.1.8, 85 E3 Lingarajupalem R Turner 1989, 63-64 66 MAP 5 INDIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B1 Lonibarai? Stoma PAK See Map 6 inset Maagrammon R Tissamaharama? SRI Ptol. 7.4.10; Codrington 1924, 33; Skt.: Mahāgrāma Allchin 1995, 172 E2 Mactocalingae See Map 6 E1 Madyandinoi See Map 6 F2 Magaris RL Nagari? Ptol. 7.1.79; ItMiller 798 E1 Maghas See Map 6 F1 Magon fl. See Map 6 G2 Maiandros M. BRM See Map 6 C2 Mais fl. See Map 6 D3 Maisolos fl. R Kṛṣṇa Ptol. 7.1.15, 37; Schwartzberg 1992, 350 inset Malaia M. R S mountain ranges SRI Weerakkody 1997, 91 B1 Malana Pr. PAK See Map 6 D4 Malanga R Kanchipuram Ptol. 7.1.92; Law 1976, 162; EIA Kanchipuram C1 Mālavas See Map 6 F2 Maleus M. See Map 6 E3 Mallayapalam R Turner 1989, 65 F2 Malli See Map 6 F2 Mallus M. See Map 6 D1 Maltecorae See Map 6 E4 Mambalam R Turner 1989, 65 E2 Mandaei See Map 6 C3 Mandagara? R Bankot Ptol. 7.1.7; Casson 1989, 294-99 § Mandagora R PME 53; Renou 1925, 83 E3 Mandas fl. R Godāvarī Ptol. 7.1.16, 38 § Paleris? fl. L ItMiller 846 G4 Maniolai? Inss. RL Andaman, contra André Ptol. 7.2.31; André 1986, 301, 413-14 D4 Mankada R Turner 1989, 67 inset Mantai R SRI Carswell 1991 C1 Maroae See Map 6 F1 Maroundai See Map 6 D3 Masalia R Masulipattanam region PME 62 § Maisolia R Ptol. 7.1.15; Renou 1925, 83 inset Matara L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 D1 Mauryas IND / PAK See Map 6 F2 Mega Stoma See Map 6 inset Megisba Stagnum R source of R. Cydara Pliny, NH 6.86; André 1980, 161 (Arevi-ār) SRI E4 Melange R Krishnapattinam Ptol. 7.1.14; Chandra 1977, 122 D2 Memadakhedi See Map 6 B1 Mesae PAK See Map 6 D1 Methora See Map 6 inset Mihintale L SRI Codrington 1924, 32 C3 Milizigeris?/ R Jaygarh PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.95 Sigerus? Pliny, NH 6.101; André 1980, 134 Minnagar = Patala C2 Minnagara?/ See Map 6 Akota E1 Mirzapur See Map 6 D3 Modogoulla R Mudgal Ptol. 7.1.83; Sircar 1971, 135 D5 Modoura R Madurai Pliny, NH 6.105; Ptol. 7.1.89; Law 1976, 170; Turner 1989, 64-65 inset Modoutou Emporion R Mullaitivu? SRI Ptol. 7.4.7; Berthelot 1930, 359 (map 13) § Modoutoi Ptol. 7.4.9 D3 Modubae R Mūtibas, people in S India Pliny, NH 6.67; Law 1976, 176 C2 Monoglosson Emporion R Māngral? Ptol. 7.1.3; Sircar 1971, 122 Morontobara = Gynaikon Limen A1 Mosarna PAK See Map 6 B1 Mousikanoi PAK See Map 6 MAP 5 INDIA 67

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D4 Musiris? L. L Bay of Indian Ocean, ItMiller 790 behind Cranganūr D4 Muziris RL Cranganūr Pliny, NH 6.104; ItMiller 790; EIA Tamil: Muciri Cranganore § Mouzeris PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.8 §Zmiris R Andre 1986, 162 D4 Mysore R Turner 1989, 67-68

B1 Naagramma PAK See Map 6 inset Nagadiba R Trincomalee? SRI Ptol. 7.4.7; Berthelot 1930, 359 (map 13) § Nagadiba Nesos R Ptol. 7.4.13 § Nagadiboi R Ptol. 7.4.9 D2 Nagagoura R Nagpur Ptol. 7.1.83 C2 Nagara REIA D3 Nagarjunakonda R Turner 1989, 68 C2 Nagdhara R Turner 1989, 69 D4 Nagour R Nangur? Ptol. 7.1.91 C2 Namades/ R/ Narmadā Ptol. 7.1.5, 31, 62, 65; Law 1976, 324 Lamnaios fl. R PME 42 C2 Nanagounas fl. R Tapti Ptol. 7.1.7, 32, 66; Law 1976, 330-31 D3 Nandyal R Turner 1989, 69-70 E3 Nanigaina R Nandigama? Ptol. 7.1.16 C4 Naoura/ R Honavar? (contra Casson PME 53 Nitriae 1989, 298) Pliny, NH 6.104; Ptol. 7.1.7; Renou 1925, 84 C2 Nareae See Map 6 C3 Nasika R Nasik Ptol. 7.1.63; EIA Nasik D3 Nastullapur R Turner 1989, 70 Nearti = Oreitae D5 Nelkynda R Nirkunnam PME 53-55 § Melkyda R Ptol. 7.1.9; Renou 1925, 83 § Neacyndon R Pliny, NH 6.105; Renou 1925, 83 D4 Nellore R Turner 1989, 71 C3 Nevasa REIA D4 Nikama R Nagapattinam Ptol. 7.1.12; Chandra 1977, 122 Nitriae = Naoura C2 Nousaripa R Nausari Ptol. 7.1.5; Schwartzberg 1992, 357 Skt.: Navasārikā inset Odoka R Galle? SRI Ptol. 7.4.4 G1 Oidanes/ See Map 6 Diardines fl. C4 Olochoira R Udipi? Ptol. 7.1.84; Schwartzberg 1992, 371 E3 Ongole R Turner 1989, 72 C1 Oratae See Map 6 B1 Oreitae/ PAK See Map 6 Nearti F3 Orientale Mare/ HRL Bay of Bengal; also entire André 1986, 344 (n. 54), 445 Gangeticus Sinus/ ocean surrounding Asia Renou 1925, 79 Eous Oceanus L Andre 1986, 255 inset Orneon? Pr. R Dondra Head SRI Ptol. 7.4.4 Orthoura = Kaliour G2 Orumcolae/ BAN See Map 6 Korandakaloi inset Ouangana? Ins. R Punkudutivu SRI Ptol. 7.4.11 D2 Ouindion M. See Map 6 inset Oulippada? RL town, or possibly “sacred Ptol. 7.4.10; Wheeler 1951, 381; footprint” on Adam’s Weerakkody 1997, 91-92 Peak SRI E2 Ouxenton M. See Map 6 inset Oxeia Pr. R S cape of Koddiyar Bay Ptol. 7.4.6 SRI F2 Oxymatis fl. See Map 6 68 MAP 5 INDIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D2 Ozene See Map 6 D1 Ozoana See Map 6

B1 Pagala PAK See Map 6 D3 Paithana R Paithan PME 51; EIA Paithan § Baithana R Skt.: Pratiṣṭhāna Ptol. 7.1.82 C2 Pakidare See Map 6 inset Palaeogoni/ HR/ inhabitants of Sri Lanka AmmMarc 27.7.10; André 1986, 396 Serendivae L SRI (n. 365); Weerakkody 1997, 33-35 Tamil: Palaiyakalam Palaesimundum? = Anourogrammon C3 Palaipatmai? R Dabhol PME 53 § Balepatna R Ptol. 7.1.6; Renou 1925, 77 Palaisimoundou Ins. = Taprobane Ins. F1 Palibothra See Map 6 D4 Paloura R Pallavur? Ptol. 7.1.85 Paloura = Dandagula D5 Pandion HR Pāṇḍya kingdom in S Arrian 8.8.7; Renou 1925, 85; India Tarn 1951, 511-12 § Pandae RL Skt.: Pāṇḍyas Pliny, NH 6.76; André 1986, 149 § Pandiones R Ptol. 7.1.89 E4 Pandipatna R Mamallapuram? Ptol. 7.1.92; Wheeler 1951, 377 inset Pandirippu L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 C2 Papike Pr. R Kuda Point PME 41 D5 Paralia R Travancore region PME 58; Ptol. 7.1.13, 91; Schwartzberg 1992, 337, 359 A1 Pasirae PAK See Map 6 B1 Patala/ PAK See Map 6 Minnagar B2 Patalene PAK See Map 6 C2 Paunar REIA D3 Peddabunkur R Turner 1989, 73 G2 Pentapolis BAN See Map 6 C3 Perimula Pr. R Pliny, NH 6.72, 9.106; McCrindle 1926, 144-45 D5 Perinkari R Perungari? Ptol. 7.1.89; Law 1976, 181 F2 Pertalis See Map 6 Phison fl. = Indus fl. D4 Phrourion R Gingee? Ptol. 7.1.92; Pollet 1990, 50 C1 Phyllitai See Map 6 inset Pidarikulam L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 E3 Pitoura R Dharanikota Ptol. 7.1.93; Law 1976, 150; EIA Dharanikota § *Pityndra? L ItMiller 789 D4 Podoperoura R Perur Ptol. 7.1.8 D4 Podouke/ R/ Virampatnam PME 60; Ptol. 7.1.14; EIA Arikamedu; Arikamedu RL Begley 1993; 1996 D2 Porouaroi? See Map 6 Portus Macedonum = Alexandrou Limen D2 Poulindai See Map 6 C2 Poulipoula R Bilimora? Ptol. 7.1.5 D5 Pounnata R Poonjar Ptol. 7.1.86; Kanakasabhai 1904, 20; Turner 1989, 74 C2 Prabhas Patan REIA B1 Praesti PAK See Map 6 D2 Prapiotai See Map 6 B1 Prasiane Ins. PAK See Map 6 E1 Prasii See Map 6 E2 Prinas fl. See Map 6 G2 Pseudostomos BAN See Map 6 MAP 5 INDIA 69

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

D4 Pseudostomos fl. R Periyār Ptol. 7.1.8, 33 F2 Puṇḍranagara BAN See Map 6 D5 Pyrron Oros R “Red mountain,” peak PME 58 near Varkkallai

F1 Rājagṛha See Map 6 D1 Rarungae See Map 6 Rhambakia = Alexandria E1 Rhappha? See Map 6

G2 Sada R Akyab? (contra Berthelot) Ptol. 7.2.3; Berthelot 1930, 257 (map 7b) BRM D2 Sadenoi R Śātavāhanas, dominant Ptol. 7.1.6; Sircar 1971, 227-29 political power in Deccan Skt.: Śātavāhana B2 Sagapa Stoma PAK See Map 6 Sageda=(H)Eorta B1 Sakai IND / PAK See Map 6 E3 Salakenoi R people between Kṛṣṇaand Ptol. 7.1.79; Vogel 1948, 123 Godāvarīdeltas Skt.: Śālankāyana G2 Salariga BAN See Map 6 E3 Salihundan R Turner 1989, 77 Salike Ins. = Taprobane Ins. G3 Saline? Ins. R Cheduba BRM Ptol. 7.2.26 E1 Sambos fl. See Map 6 D2 Sanpewada R Turner 1989, 78 C1 Sarabastrae See Map 6 E1 Sarabos fl. See Map 6 C2 Sardonyx M. R Satpura range Ptol. 7.1.20, 65; Law 1976, 20 C2 Sauarabatis See Map 6 F2 Selampoura See Map 6 D4 Selour R Sevaloor Ptol. 7.1.11; Kanakasabhai 1904, 22-23 C3 Semylla R Chaul PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.6 Serendivae = Palaeogoni G1 Sesatai/ BAN See Map 6 Bessadae C3 Sesekreienai? Inss. R rocks offshore from PME 53 Vengurla Sigerus? = Milizigeris? inset Sigiriya L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381 B1 Silae PAK See Map 6 C1 Singae PAK See Map 6 B2 Sinthon Stoma PAK See Map 6 Sinthos fl. = Indus fl. E3 Sippara R Chipurupalla? Ptol. 7.1.16 E2 Siripalla See Map 6 F2 Sisupalgarh REIA B1 Sofera PAK See Map 6 D5 Solen fl. R Tāmraparṇi Ptol. 7.1.10, 34; Law 1976, 192 Solis? Ins. = Asthala Ins. Sonus fl. = Erannoboas fl. D4 Sopatma R Marakanam PME 60; Chandra 1977, 118 D4 Sorai R Cola dynasty of S India Ptol. 7.1.68; Law 1976, 148 §Soringoi R Ptol. 7.1.13, 91 F1 Souannagoura BAN See Map 6 D4 Souboura R Cuddalore Ptol. 7.1.13; Chandra 1977, 122 C3 Souppara R Sopara PME 52; Ptol. 7.1.6; Sircar 1971, 226 Skt.: Sūrpāraka D1 Sourasenoi See Map 6 E1 Śrāvastī See Map 6 70 MAP 5 INDIA

Grid Name Period Modern Name / Location Reference

B1 Stobera PAK See Map 6 B2 Suarattaratae See Map 6 E2 Suari/ See Map 6 Uberae D2 Śuńgas See Map 6 B1 Surae PAK See Map 6 C2 Surat R Wheeler 1951, 375 B2 Syrastrene RSaurāṣṭra, peninsular PME 41; Ptol. 7.1.2, 55; Law 1976, 298 § Saraostos region of Gujarat Strabo 11.11.1 Skt.: Saurāṣṭra

D2 Tadali R Turner 1989, 78 D3 Tagara R Ter PME 51; Ptol. 7.1.82; EIA Ter D5 Tainour R Tenur Ptol. 7.1.89; Kanakasabhai 1904, 22-23 F2 Tamalites See Map 6 D5 Tangala R Tangalaccheri? Ptol. 7.1.89 inset Taprobane/ HRL/ Sri LankaPāli: Schwartz 1974; André 1986, 451-52; Palaisimoundou/ R/ Tambapaṇṇi Weerakkody 1997, 17-25 Salike Ins. R Skt.: pāra-samudra? § Silenfantine L André 1986, 277 § Simoundou R Ptol. 7.4.1 inset Tarachoi R E coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 D4 *Templum Augusti L temple in Muziris ItMiller 790 D4 Tennagora R possibly Tiruchengodu Ptol. 7.1.91 B1 Terabdon Kolpos PAK See Map 6 D4 Thanjavur R Wheeler 1951, 378 C2 Thorax See Map 6 C2 Tiagoura R Chandor? Ptol. 7.1.63; Schwartzberg 1992, 336 B1 Tonberon fl. PAK See Map 6 D4 Tondamanathan R Turner 1989, 78-79 C3 Toparon? R Devgarh PME 53 F2 Tosale R Dhauli? Ptol. 7.2.23; Law 1976, 195 D2 Tripuri See Map 6 D5 Tropina R Tiruppunitura Pliny, NH 6.72; McCrindle 1926, 144-45 D4 Tyndis R Ponnāni PME 53; Ptol. 7.1.8 E2 Tyndis fl. R Mahanadi Ptol. 7.1.16, 39 D4 Tynnas fl. R Pennar Ptol. 7.1.14, 36; Vogel 1951, 149 C3 Tyrannosboas? R Malvan PME 53

Uberae = Suari inset Udappu L SRI Wheeler 1951, 381

C3 Vadgaon REIA F1 Vaiśālī See Map 6 inset Valaicchenai L SRI Codrington 1924, 33, 36 D4 Valuvaly R Turner 1989, 79 E4 Vasavasamudram REIA E3 Veeravasaram R Turner 1989, 80-81 D4 Vellalore R Turner 1989, 81-84 D2 Vidiśā See Map 6 E3 Vidiyadurrapuram R Turner 1989, 84 E3 Vinukonda R Turner 1989, 84-85 D1 Virāta See Map 6

D2 Waghoda R Turner 1989, 85 D3 Weepangandla R Turner 1989, 86

D4 Yashwantpur R Turner 1989, 86 D3 Yelleshwaram R Turner 1989, 86 inset Zaba? Ins. R Little Basses SRI Ptol. 7.4.13 MAP 5 INDIA 71

Unlocated Toponyms

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Adarima R settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.86 Adisamon R settlement in interior of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.10 Adisathra R settlement on R. Nanagounas Ptol. 7.1.67 Adisathroi R people in central India Ptol. 7.1.71 Agara R settlement in N Mysore (contra Ptol. 7.1.67; Law 1976, 63 Law) Agathou Daimonos Ins. RL Indian Ocean Ptol. 7.2.27; StByz Ἀγαθοῦ δαίµονος Agrinagara R inland settlement of Maharashtra Ptol. 7.1.63 on R. Narmada Alaba Ins. R S Sri Lanka (i.e. Sri Lanka) Ptol. 7.4.12 Amaraththa R settlement on E coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.6 Ambastai R people in Mysore? (cf. Abastanoi, Ptol. 7.1.66; Law 1943, 97 Map 6) Ammine Ins. R S Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.11 Anarta R settlement in N Mysore Ptol. 7.1.67 Aninachai/ R people in N India Ptol. 7.2.18 Nanichai Anoubartha R settlement on SW coast of Sri Ptol. 7.4.4; Berthelot 1930, 365, Map 13 Lanka Anoubingara R settlement on SW coast of Sri Ptol. 7.4.4, 7 Lanka Arana Ins. R S Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 Arembour R settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.86 Armagara R settlement on Konkan coast Ptol. 7.1.7 Aspathis R settlement in Kerala? Ptol. 7.1.71 Aunes fl. L in W Ghats? (contra Eggermont) ItMiller 846; Eggermont 1993, 59-62

Badiamaioi R people in W Ghats Ptol. 7.1.75 Balaka Ins. R S Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 Balantipyrgon R settlement in Kerala? Ptol. 7.1.71 Barakes fl. R E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.8 Barakoura R trading post on Arakan coast Ptol. 7.2.2 Bardamana R inland settlement in Andhra Ptol. 7.1.93 Pradesh Bardaotis R settlement in Mirzapur region Ptol. 7.1.69 Bere R settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.91 Bideris R settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.86 Bitala Ins. R E Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.13 Bizala R settlement on E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.6 Bokana R settlement on E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.5 Bokanoi R people on E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Boranga R settlement in Bihar / Bengal Ptol. 7.2.14 Boumasanoi R people in SW Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Bramagara R settlement on Kerala Coast Ptol. 7.1.8 Bramme R settlement in inland Kerala Ptol. 7.1.74 Bridama R settlement in central India? Ptol. 7.1.70

Calissae H people in NE India Pliny, NH 6.67 Callinipaza H settlement on R. Yamuna, often Pliny, NH 6.63; McCrindle 1926, 130 mistakenly equated with Kanogiza / Kanauj Carsania L settlement on E coast of India? ItMiller 798 Chrysei R people in central India? Pliny, NH 6.73; Law 1943, 87-89 Skt.: Kārūṣa Crenacca fl. H tributary of R. Ganges Pliny, NH 6.65

Dionysoupolis R settlement on S coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.5 Drilophyleitai R people in Orissa Ptol. 7.1.76

Eikour R settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.91 Eirene Ins. R SW Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 72 MAP 5 INDIA

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Empelathra R settlement in Rajasthan / Malwa Ptol. 7.1.54 Eoae L peopleinEAsia?(contra Renou André 1986, 257 1925, 75) Errenesis fl. H E India Arrian 8.4.5

Gabaliba R settlement in Maharashtra Ptol. 7.1.82 Galiba R region in N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.3 Galiba M. R N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.8 Galiboi R people in N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Gammogoura R settlement in Malwa, NE Ptol. 7.1.63 Barygaza Goumara Ins. R SE Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12

Hierakos Ins. R NE Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 Hippokoura R settlement on Konkan coast Ptol. 7.1.6

Iatour R inland settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.92 Ikarta R inland settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.92 Inde R inland settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.83 Iogana R settlement in N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.3

Kalandadioua Ins. R S Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 Karikardama R settlement in Orissa on Ptol. 7.1.80 R. Brahmani Kartasynar R settlement in R. Ganges delta Ptol. 7.1.78 Kartinata R settlement in R. Ganges delta Ptol. 7.1.78 Kassida R settlement in N Bengal / Assam Ptol. 7.2.22 Kastra R settlement in Orissa Ptol. 7.1.79 (S Mahanadi?) Katabedas fl. R in Arakan Ptol. 7.2.2 Katikardamma R settlement in coastal Andhra Ptol. 7.1.16 Pradesh Kerange R inland settlement near source of Ptol. 7.1.92 R. Pennar Ketaion Akron R SE coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.5 Koanka R settlement in N Bihar Ptol. 7.1.53 Kondota R settlement at confluence of Ptol. 7.2.14 Ganges and Brahmaputra Konga/ R settlement in Mathura area? Ptol. 7.1.51 Konta Korindiour R settlement in S Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.89 Korounda R inland settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.87 Korygaza R settlement on R. Ganges in Bengal Ptol. 7.2.14 Kosa R settlement in Narmada valley Ptol. 7.1.65; Vogel 1952, 80 Kosamba R settlement on Orissa coast Ptol. 7.1.17 Kouma R inland settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.85 Kouraporina R settlement in Malwa? Ptol. 7.1.54 Koureour R settlement in S Mysore? Ptol. 7.1.86 Krokobara R settlement on S coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.5

Malaita R settlement in Mirzapur area? Ptol. 7.1.70 Maliarpha R settlement on Tamil Nadu coast, Ptol. 7.1.14 NR.Pennar Maliba R settlement between R. Ganges and Ptol. 7.1.71 R. Son? Manippala R settlement in Bundelkhand Ptol. 7.1.82 Mantitour R settlement in inland Tamil Nadu, Ptol. 7.1.88 S Madurai Mapoura R settlement on Orissa coast Ptol. 7.1.17 Skt.: Mahāpura Margana R settlement in N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.3 Margara R settlement in R. Ganges valley? Ptol. 7.1.51 Mendela R inland settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.88 MAP 5 INDIA 73

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Mentanour R settlement in S Mysore Ptol. 7.1.86 Minagara R settlement on Orissa coast Ptol. 7.1.17 Mordoula R settlement on E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.5 Mordouloi R people on E coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Mousopallis R inland settlement in Mysore Ptol. 7.1.84

Naadoubada R settlement in E Vindhyas Ptol. 7.1.54 Nakadouma R settlement in interior of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.10 Nalloura R inland settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.85 Nanigeris Ins. R off Cape Comorin Ptol. 7.1.95 Nanigiroi R people on S coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Nygdosora R settlement in S Mysore Ptol. 7.1.67

Omenogara R inland settlement in Maharashtra Ptol. 7.1.82 Opotoura R settlement in Orissa, near source Ptol. 7.1.76 of R. Mahanadi Orbadarou R settlement in Gujarat-Sindh Ptol. 7.1.60 Oreophanta R settlement on R. Ganges in Bengal Ptol. 7.1.73 Orneon Ins. R S Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.11 Ostha R settlement in central India Ptol. 7.1.65

Paloura R settlement in R. Ganges delta Ptol. 7.1.18 Panassa R settlement near R. Damodar in Ptol. 7.1.71 Bihar Pangipoleis R settlement in inland Kerala Ptol. 7.1.86 Pasage R settlement in Bettigo / Malayagiri Ptol. 7.1.86 range Passalae/ H/ people in Bengal (contra Hinüber Pliny, NH 6.67 Passadai/ R/ 1985, 1095, not to be equated Ptol. 7.2.15; Renou 1925, 85 Passyadrae/ L/ with Pancālas, since Pliny is Orosius 1.2.46 Pazalai H discussing E India) Arrian 8.4.5 Pausi R bay on E coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.7 Pedouke R settlement in interior of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.10 Peperine Ins. R W Kerala Ptol. 7.1.95 Petirgala R settlement in S Mysore Ptol. 7.1.83 Phagytra R inland settlement in Andhra Ptol. 7.1.93 Pradesh, S Maisolos fl. Philekos Ins. R NW Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.12 Pikendaka R settlement in inland Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.92 Poleour R settlement in inland Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.92 Praeti H people in E India Pliny, NH 6.67; André 1980, 97 Prasodes R bay on SW coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.4 Priapios R harbor on W coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.3 Prokouri R settlement on E coast of Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.6

Rhodopha fl. H in R. Ganges valley? Pliny, NH 6.63; André 1980, 91

Sados fl. R in Arakan Ptol. 7.2.3 Sagantion R settlement in Gujarat, on Ptol. 7.1.63 R. Narmada Salariga R settlement on or immediately Ptol. 7.2.14 N R. Ganges delta Sannaba R settlement on R. Ganges, Ptol. 7.1.52 S Allahabad Sapolos R settlement on R. Sarabos / Ptol. 7.2.13 Ghaggar Sarisabis R settlement N Narmada Ptol. 7.1.82 Sarkana R settlement in Gujarat / Sindh Ptol. 7.1.60 Sasuri H people in E India Pliny, NH 6.67 Selour R settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.11 Semne R settlement in Kerala Ptol. 7.1.8 Semnoi R people in E Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Sibrion R settlement in inland Orissa Ptol. 7.1.76 74 MAP 5 INDIA

Name Period Probable Location Reference

Sigerdis H region in Gujarat Strabo 15.1.11 Sinapatinga R settlement E Aravallis Ptol. 7.1.64 Sindokanda R settlement in W Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.3 Sindokandai R people in W Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.8 Siramnai R people in W Vindhyas Ptol. 7.1.65 Sirimalaga R settlement in Kolhapur region Ptol. 7.1.83 Sittokatis H tributary of R. Ganges in Arrian 8.4.3; Hinüber 1985, 1093-94 NBengal Skopeloura R settlement in inland Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.92 Soanas fl. R central Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.8 Soanoi R people in central Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.9 Solomatis fl. H N India Arrian 8.4.3; Hinüber 1985, 1094 Skt.: Sārāvatī? Souara R settlement in S Mysore Ptol. 7.1.67 Soubouttou R settlement in Kolhapur region Ptol. 7.1.83 Sousouara Ins. R NE Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.13 Spatana R port on E coast Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.6 Stagabaza R settlement in Vindhyas Ptol. 7.1.69 Storna R settlement on upper R. Sarabos / Ptol. 7.2.13 Ghaggar Symbras R settlement on Arakan coast Ptol. 7.2.3 Syrastra R settlement in Saurashtra Ptol. 7.1.3

Tabaso R settlement at N end of Bettigo Ptol. 7.1.83 range Tabasoi R people in S India Ptol. 7.1.65 Tallara R inland settlement in Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.90 Tamagis R settlement in Malwa? Ptol. 7.1.54 Tarakori R settlement in N Sri Lanka Ptol. 7.4.7 Tasopeion R settlement in Orissa Ptol. 7.1.80 Tathilba R settlement in inland Andhra Ptol. 7.1.75 Pradesh Thellyr R settlement on Tamil Nadu coast, Ptol. 7.1.12 S Podouke Theophila R settlement on Patala-Ujjain trade Ptol. 7.1.60; Tarn 1951, 147 route Tholobana R settlement E Vindhyas Ptol. 7.1.70 Tilogrammon R coastal settlement in R. Ganges Ptol. 7.1.18 delta Tiripangalida R settlement in Kolhapur region Ptol. 7.1.83 Tittoua R settlement in S Tamil Nadu Ptol. 7.1.88 Tokosanas fl. R Arakan Ptol. 7.2.2 Touana R settlement at confluence of Ptol. 7.1.52 Ganges and Ghaggar Trikadiba Ins. R off Kerala Ptol. 7.1.95

Xerogerei R inland settlement in Maharashtra Ptol. 7.1.63 MAP 5 INDIA 75

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