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HISTORY-. OF ··:: - • - ' - - ..> -

K~ P. PAD!rlANABHA ...

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~'").-)t...q_ A..:..:..-. THE L ATE lVIn. . P . PADJVIANABHA MENON.

F rontispiece.] HISTORY· op::KERALA...... :. ' ~ ' . .

Oowright and right of t'fanslation:. resen;e~ witk ' Mrs. K. P. PADMANABHA MENON. Copies can be had of . '. Mrs. K. P. PAI>MANABHA MENON, Sri Padmanabhalayam Bungalow~, Diwans' Road;-!Jmakulam, eochin state, S.. .

A HISTORY OF KERALA.

WBI'l!TEN, IN THE FOBH OF NOTES ON VISSCHER'S LETTERS FROM MALABAR,

BY

K. P. PADMANABHA MENON, B.A., S.L, M.~.A.S., ' . Author of the History of Codzin, anti of severai P~p~rsconnectedwith the early History of Kerala; Jiak•l of the H1g-k Courts of Madras 0,.. of Travam:ore and of tke Ckief Court of. Cochin, ~ . • r . AND .EDITED BY SAHITHYAKUSALAN. "T. :K.' MENON, B. A.;~. . • ' "'•.t . fl' Formerly, a Member of Jhe Royal Asiatic Society, and of the ~ocieties of Arts and of Aut/tors, 'anti a Fellow of the .Royal Histor~cal .Soci'ety. Kun.kamhu NamfJiyar Pr~sd:ian. For some ti'me, anE:cami'n.er for . to the Umverfities of Madras, Benares and Hydera­ bad. A Member (Jf the .Board of Stzediet for Malayalam. A fJUOndum Editor of Pid,.a Vinodini. A co-Editor of tke ., .Sciene~ Primers Seriu in Malayalam. Editor of .Books for Malabar Bairns: The Author &- Editor of several works in Malayalam. A Member of the, Indian Women's Uni'r,ersity, and · · a .Sadasya of Visvn-.Bharatki, &-c.

VoL. I.

1924.

PRINTED AT THE COCHIN GOVERNMENT PRESS. . DEDICATION

TO

i\Ins. K. P . PADII1ANABH A MENON. CONTENTS.

YAGES. Dedication v List of Illustrations. xi Foreword, by the Editor tiii-zxiii 'Letter I. Malabar-Name. Topography. Coloniz­ ation. Letter II. 4-9 Indigenous disorders. Seasons of the year. Letter 111. g-14 Description of Cochin and of ·calicut. Con- duct of English. Letter IV. 14,-u Description of Quilon, Cranganur, Paliport, etc. Dutch fortresses in Malabar. English pos- sessions. A war narrative - Letter v. De~>cription of Canara, , etc., and of Portuguese Customs. Letter VI. 27-32 Malabar, ·an expensive settlement to ·the Dutch Company, Its importqnce. 's Administration,' and estates belonging to it. Letter VII. 33-36 English trade in Malabar. Letter VIII. '36-43 Dissensions among royal families ·an4 tonse· quent wars. Funeral ceremonies. Dutch Government and ruling houses. viii CONTENTS

NOTES

PAGES. On Letter 1. 1 to u21 (r) Malabar, I to 7· (.2) Cape Comorin, 7 to 13. (3) Mount Delli, 13 to r6. (4) Legend about the origin of Malabar, 17 to 20. (s) Descent of Namburi , 2o to zz. (6) Origin of Malabar, 22 to 28. (7) Kerala, 28 to 42. (8) Advent of Brahmins, 42 to 76. (9) Backwaters, rivers and canals, 76 to 83. (ro) Quilon coast, 83, (n) Building stone, 83. (12) Limestone and Lignite, 83 to 8s. (r3) Rice, 8s to roo. (14) Prices of the period, roo to ror. (IS) Animal food, 101 to 109. (r6} Natural divisions of Malabar, 109 ·to no. (17) Mineral productions, no to uo. ( 18) Seismic influences, 12o to 122. On Letter 11. 123 to 16o {I) Indigenous disorders1 I 23 to I 30. (2) Mal- de-terre, 130 to 133. (3) Other diseases, · I34 to IS7· (4) Seasons.·rs7 to r6o. On Letter Ill. 161 to 269 (r) Cochin, :6r to 183. (2) Decline of Portu­ guese power, 183 to 207. (3) Founders of Cochin, 207 to zio. (4) Episcopal see 210. {s) Restrictions on Commerce,. 210 to 212. {6) Residences and gardens, 212 to 213. C7.) Fortifications, 213 to 215. (8) Heathens shun towns, 215. (9) Narakkal mud banks, 215 to 227. ho) Calicut, 227 to 239. (n) English in Malabar, 239 to 248. (u) Moors in Malabar, .248 to 249. (13) Dutch and English jealousy, 249 to 250. (14) Malabar National Assemblies, 250 to 269 .. On Letter IV. 270 to 357 (r) Quilon, 270 to 292. (2) Signati, 292. (3) Aiwike, 292 to 293. (4) Kulli Quilon, 293 to 2.94· (S) Porcad, 294 to 297. (6) Cranga­ nur, 297 to 328. (7) Paravur, 328 to 329. ' ~ CONTENTS·. ix PAGES. 7.a) Palliport or Pallippuram, 329 to 330. (8) 's Capture of Dutch fort at Chett. waye, no to 331. (9) Pagger, 331 to 332. (to) Mangatta Achen, 332. (n) , 33 z. ( 12) Some places and names identified, 332. (r3) Treat}" with Zamorin, terms, 332. {14) Kolattiri, 332. (IS) of Can. nanore, 332 to 334. (I6) Dutch and Portu­ guese relation.s, 334· (I7) Anjengo, 334 to 3H· (18) English at Tellicherry, 354 to 356. (19) Danes, 356 to 357· On Letter VI. 358 to 383 (I) Malabar, an expensive settlement, 358 to 365. (z) Retain Malabar for pepper trade, 365 to 368. (3) Portuguese eye on Malabar, 368 to 369. (4) Figurative , 369. ls) Rules for managing country, 369 to 372. (6) No hasty wars, 372. (7) Selfish wars, 372. (8) Dutch rule of Malabar, 372 to 374. (9) Native , 374 to 378. (Io) Punish­ ment for crimes, 378 to 38o. ( u) Judicial tribunals, 380. (Iz) Orphanage, 380. (13) Acquisition c-f , 38o to 383.

1>n Letter VII. 3~4 to 414 (x) English trade in Malabar, 384 to 393. (z) Incidents at and at Anjengo, 393 to 406. (3) Reprisal on Attingal, 406 to 407. (4) Madagascar Pirates, 407 to 408. (s) Marauders of Angria, 408 to 414. On Letter VIII. 415 to 540 (x) Multiplicity of Kings and party hatred, 415 to 4I8, (2) Pandelakoers and Chod· derakoers, 418 to 419. (3) Origin of the above two factions, 419 to 420. (4) Partition by last Perumal, 420 to 431. (s) Cheraman Perumal: His alleged conversion to and Meccapilgrimage, 431 to467. (6) Zamorin's title to the , 467 to 468. (7) Perumal's , 468 to 469, (8) Perumal's shield, 469. (9) Martial spirit of the Nayars, and their , 469 to 476. (to) Zamorin·s supremacy, 476 to 478, (n) Two Pagodas, 478 \Q 4H· (n) P.lrk:d a'li Paw!, B!~'nrk<> or X CONTENTS PAGES. and Mangatti, 479 to 480. (13) Succession to Cochin throne, 480 to 483. (14, xs) Wars between Cochin and Calicut, 483 to soB. (16) Death of three Cochin Princes, so8 to S09· (17) Custom of Retaliation, sog to SIO. (18) Dignities, sn. (19) Olas, sn.(2o) Keep· ing the full number, sn. (21) Exclusion from administration, sn to su.(22) Paliyath Achen, 512 to 522. (2-3) Funeral and coronation ceremonies, 522 to S39. (24) ­ kanoer, S39· (2s) Vanneri, S39 to s4o. List of books referred to. 541 to S47 TransliteraUc;»n Table 548 lndes: 549 to s6z LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

To face page. 1. Mr. K. P. Padmanabha Menon Frontispiece. z. Mrs. K. P. Padmanabha Menon v 3. Two views of Cape Comorin (ol;l one page) ..• 7 k u 4. ;Kingdom of Ely in Malabar • IS s. N ambutiri Brahmins 21 6. A canal view 77 7· A River View: The Alwaye River} ( ) & { Harvesting Paddy · on one page • .. 8 1 98

s. Two typical Forest Sceneries (on two pages) ••• uo & 111 9· Persons suffering from Elephantiasis 123 10, Views of Portuguese Cochin f67 II. Plan of Portuguese Cochin ~68 12. Plan of the Dutch Fort in 'cochin 174 13. Views of Cochin 176 14· Dutch Palace in Cochin 192 IS. Bolghatty Residency 246 16. Where Kuttams meet 2SI 17· Tiruvanchikulam Temple 309 18. Views of Portuguese Cranganur 316 :19, Ruins of Cranganur Fort 317 20. The Cranganur Temple 326 21. { Ruins of Pallippuram Fort Anjengo } (on one page) ... 329 & 336

22. Weapons of old Nayar Warriors 472 23. King of Cochin with his Nayar Military

attendants 499 INDEX TO THE NOTES.

A. Abdur Razak, 86, 232, 248, 437, Animal food, note on, 1or-1o9. 438, 440. 44'· 450, 454· melvaram, 257. , 1, 2, n, 15, 271, 281, Anjengo, 78, 256, 264; note on, 313, 315, 437• 334-354; chiefs of, 351-353 ; Adams, Mr. Robert, 249, 250, 330, note on quarrel with people of 331, 349o 356, 394o 401. Attingal, 393-40S. Agastya, 43, 69. Anstey, Mr. Chisholm, 16r, 180. Ahi Desam, 83; see Aioi. •• Antge Caimal ", see Anchu Aioi, 4, Jo, 30, 68, 83, 292. Kaimals. Aiwike, note on, 292. Arian, 30, 294; see Periplus. , Yead as Alengad. Aryaka, (writing), 68. AI Biruni, 1, 2, 5, 312, 313, 437. Aryaneluttu, 4f.l!-469. Albuquerque, Alphonso de, 209, Perumal, 41. 295· 453. 482, 483. 487-483. Asan, z6o, 472. Albuquerque, Francisco, 209, 487. Ashtangahridayam, 126. Alengad, 366, 480, 491, 5o6, 5c8. Ashta Vaidyanmar, 151. Aleppey, Mud Banks of, 24, 215- Asoka alphabet, 301. 216, 217-227. Asoka, edicts of, 29, 30, 66 7 J, Alldrisi, 1, 2, 437· 4$9. 462. Alingana Danam, 526. Assemani, 313, 315. Ali Raja of Cannanore, note on, Astly, 477· Atavi Attulli Panikkar, 490. 332-333· 334· Attingal, note on the relations AI Kaswini, '• 2, 276, 437. with the English at Anjengo Almeyda, 194, 482. of the of, 334-346; grant Aluka, 35· of to the English Ly, 357 ; Alum, production of, 114, note on quarrels with Anjengo of, Ambalappulay, raja of, 366, 418, 393-406. 479. 480, so6. Attingen, see Attingal. "Amucos, " 510. A vi, Yead as Aioi. Anagundi, 453; see Vijayanagara. Aybicca Bar, 292, 293. Anchu Kaimals, 381. Aycotta, 190, 321 323. Angelbeck, van, 290,367, 376, 377, JRI, B. Babylon, intercourse with Malabar Barbosa, IC\ 107, 165, 235, 271, of, 299· 293• 294, 313, 315, 467, 476, 477, Backwaters, note on, 76-Sz. 510, 522. Bakare, '1· Bardela, 502, 503. Bakui, 2. Barkari, 23. Bakur, 16. Barros, De (or D'), 15, 165, 293. Baladevapattanam,see Valarpatla· 294· .{77· nam. Barth, Mr., 462. Bartolomeo, Padre Paolino da Baldeus, 167, 172, 297, 312. San, 1, 12, 13, 23. 79• 105, 107, Baliapatam, 16; see Valarpattanam Jo8, 115 121, 130. 132, 13J• 134- Bana Perumal, 423. 445, 459· 139, 140o 141- 149• 151o 161 Banavasi, Stalamahatmya of, 44• ( note) ; 175• 198, 264 293, 48, 49· 5'· 416. 417t 418, 430· Bannerman, Major, 323, 324. BR. 550 LETTERS FROM MALABAR 8.-:ont. Beal, Mr., 3· Brabourne, John, 336, 395· Beliartes, 374· Braddyl, John, 250, 356. Benjamin of Tudela, 271, 274, 275 oligarchy of Malabar, 276, 31 3· 437. 25C, 483, sox. Berkenkoor, 480, see Vatakkenkur. Brahme, 69. Bettat, branch of Cochin royal Bramagara, 68. family, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, Brathwaite, Col, 412. so8. Breekpot, C., 320, 3ZI. Bhandarkar, Prof, :zg, 36. Broach, 22. Bhargava , 22. Brown, Mr. C. P., 4· Bhaskara R.avi Varma, Syrian Brown, Mr. Murdoch, of Anjara copper plate grant of, 32, 253, kandy, 266, 267. 308, 310-3II, 426. Brown, Mr., Walter, 393, 3Q7· Biddulph, Col. John, 31·h 336, 394, Bruns, Prof, 43r. 408, 410. Buchanan, Dr. Claudius, 114, 266, Bilhana, 37. 314, 450- Birdw_ood, Sir George, 262, 354, , 46, 47, 73, 74, 75, 456, 394· 457, conversion of Cheraman Bitter, Admiral Peter Van, 198. Perumal to, 459-460. Bluteau, 133. Buddhist vihara, 15 Bolghotty, 212, 38o. Buhler, Dr., 61. Botany, study of, in Malabar, 149, Burnell, Dr., 29, 30, 31, 35, 46, 6o, 151- 83, 3CI, 304, 308, 3C9, 428, 448, Bothlingk, 4fr. 449. 461' 469. Burnett, re.zd as Burnell. c. Cabrel, 287, 481. Chaliyur princes, 191, 480, sos, Cabral, Jorge, 503. 507. Caldwell, Dr., 4, g, 12, 30, 3I, 32, Changanaseri, 23. s6, 6s, ss, 27I, 272, 2So, ::98, 300, Chaver, 510. 304, 30S, 428. Cheling, 163, see Kling. Calicut, 24, mud bank of, 215, note ,. Chembu, 23. on, 227-239, English at,; Chenganad, see Signati. 2f6. Chennamangalam, rgJ, 192, 507, Calobotras, 29, 30, 33· 517, 518. • Camoens, 12, 429, 442. Chera, 31, 33, 35, 64, 263. Canarians, Ig6. Ch@l'aman Perumals, 32, 33, 34, Candle Island, 2I2, see Raman· 38-41, 61, 252, 263, 272, parti· turuttu. tion of Malabar by the last, note Cannanore, Dutch factory at. 77, on, 42D-431, his alleged conver· 2:J7, 361. sion to Islam, note on, 431-467. Capitalia, III. Cheraman , 466 (foot-note). Carletti, 132. Cheru Vaippu, Kaimal of, 486. Carneiro, Emmanuel, I5o. Chettwa, rt'ad as Chettuwaye. Carta Catalana, 16. Chettvaye, re-.d as Chettuwaye. Castunheda, Herman lopez de 24, Chettwaye, 77, 81, 8z, 238, 249 235· 468, SIO. 250, 32C, 321, 322, 330-331, 332, Census R.eport of , 31!6, 486, sos, 507, 509- 123, 124, IZ8, 12<).· Chilappadhikaram, 305, 306, 308. Ceylon, 64, 69, 7':>, 75· Chimola, 3· Chakko, Mr. T. c., 84. Chinese, 277, 278, 287. INDEX 551

Chinkali, 313. 502-504; fifth war, 504; sixth war, Chittis, 163. 504-505; seventh war, 505-5o6; Chittrakutam, 208. eil!hth war, 5o6; ninth war 506- Cbola Kingdom, s. 29, 35· 36, 43, 508; junior members of royal 57, 6o, 64, 66, 70. family excluded from administra­ Cholera, see !·de-terre. tion, sn-su. Cbovur, read as Chovvur. Cocoanut tree, 172. Cbovarakur, ;:;ee Chovvur faction. Coc:ym, IfiS. Chovvur fac:tion, s6, 59. 6r, 417, Coel, 5· 418-420, 479. 483. Coilon, 271. Christians, JI0-3II, 456, see un­ , Danes at, 357· der Nestorians, Roman Catholics, Colam, 271. St. , Syrian Christians, Collins, Rev. Richard, 326. and Native Christians. Coloen, 165, 271. Cbrongalor, 313. Colon, 271. Cbulam, 271, 274. Colonbio, 271. Cocbi, 167. Colour, 271. Cochin-leg, see elephaatiasis. Columguria, 313. Cochin town, note on, 161·183 ;. Columbum, 271. Portuguese rule at, described, Comari, 10, II, r6. 188; capture by the Dutch of, Comori, rz. 191-207 : note o~ the founders of, Comorin,Cape,note on, 7-13, 69,113. :!07·210j construction of the fort , 4, 5- of, by the Portuguese, 209·210 ; Coronellis' Atlas, 16. episcopal see at, 210: restrictions Cornwallis, Lord, 267, 325. on commerce at, by the Dutch, Correa, Gasper, 14."131, 132, 277 21o-212; Dutch fortification of, 4.S2. zi3 zzs; do, J6z; sack of, by the Correa, Ferdinao, 490. ' Zamorin, 487. Cosmas lndikopleustus, read a.r Cochin, Rajas of, early relations Kosmas Indikop!eustus. with the English, 175-177; dio:;· Cosma Annes, 187. putes of, regarding succession, , , 7. 188-189; in alliance with the Coulam, 271. Portugue&e against the Zamorin, Couto, 132. 209, 244, 263, 265, 320; relation.:; Cowse, Mr. Simon, 395, 396, 397, with ; 321; and with 398.399· Tippu, 323, 324; tributary of the Cranganore, read as Cranganur. English East India Company, 325;, Cranganur, 22, 2?, 190, 191, 2o6, assist the Dutch against the Za­ 242, 245, 246 ,:nate on, 297-328, morin, 330; war wit!l the Zamorin 361, SOl. and Travancore, 370-371 ; jurisdic­ Crang3nur Rajas,J20,322, 49r,so1. tion over Christians of, 374-378; Crawford, Mr., 217, 223. early hostility towards the English, Crimes, punishments of the Dutch 389; claim'i to over-lordship in for, 378-380. Kerala of, 417 418; territories of, Crocodile ordeals, trial by, 329. annexed by Travancore, 418; "'Cruz de Milagre ", 381. legendary descent of, 423; attacks Cullen, , W., 83, zr8. by the Zamorin against, .476-478; Cunningham, General, 3· 292, 459• note on succession to the throne Curuva Koil, 491. of, 48o-483; note on continual Customs, observPd at deaths and warfare with Calicut of, 483 485; accessions of Malabar kings, note the lir'it war with the Zamorin of, on, 522-539· 485--soo; second war, soo--501; Cyngilin, 313. third war, 501-502; fourth war, Cynkall, -3'3· 552 LETTERS FROM MALABAR D. Damurike, 30, 304. , 470. Danes in Malabar, note on, 356- Dutch, the, 77, 162, 172, 184; Con· 357· quest of the by, Dantidurga, ~6. 19o-2-:>7:; rapacity of, 210-212 ; Danvers, Mr., 408, -lO:J, 454• 493- fortification of Cochin by, 21.)­ 496, 497-500, so2-504. :!IS; note on the jealousy between Davidson, 129. the English and, 249-250; at Day, Dr., 24, IZJ, 125, qo, 188 Qailon, 28!!- 291; at Cranganur, (foot-note), 210, 217, 221, 223, 316-324; at Palliport, 329-330 ; 226, 328, 329, 367, 378. 379· 380, war of, with the Zamorin, 33o- 427, 445· so::. 331; terms of the treaty of, with De Jong, 368. the Zamorin, 332; reiations with Della Vella, Pietro, 235, 236. the Ali Rajas, 334; relations of, Deily, Mount, note on, 13-16. 77· with Anjen!l'o and Attingal, 336; Dely, 16, see Mount Deily. jealousy of the English at Anjengo Desavalis, 251, 471. towards, 346-347; note on the Desinganad, see Signati. occupation of Malal~ar of, being Desoms, 251. expensive,358-365; policy regard· Dharmapattanam, 77. ing trade of, 365-368; note on Diamper, Synod of, 470. author's rules for managing count· Dib Monte, 16. ry by, 369-372; note on rule in Dionysius, geographical poet, 12. Malabar of, 372-374; jurisdiction Dipavamsa, 64. over Native Chri~tians of, 375- Diseases of Malabar, see elephan­ ,178; note on punishment for tia~is; see Mal-de·terre; note on crimes of, 378-:-380; judicial tri· other diseases, 134-157; account bunals of, 3So; landed properties of, bv Bartol•), ,134-13y. of, 382-38.3: rivalry towards the D'Lenoy, General, soS. English of, 384-393; loss of all Douep, Herma .. Van, 150. Indian possessions of, 390; rela· Downing, Clement, 408. tions with the Cochin Rajas and Dowson, Prof., 32, 428. the Zamorin, 484; do sos-507 ; Draper, Mrs. Daniel, 349-350. relations with the Paliatt Atchen, Dravida, 30, 6g. 513-518. Drury, Major Heber, 83, 84, 216, Dutt, R. c., zsr 27, 101, 102. 217, 430, 445· 465. E. ,. Edatturutti, 380. Elphinston, 468. Edava, Danish factory at, 77• 357; Ely, Mt. D', ~.see Deily, Mount; the English at, 357· Kingdom of, 14, I6, 49, '17, IIO. , intercourse with Mala· English, the, 162; Cochin under, bar of the, 29\Jo 302. · 175-178; vandalism of, in Cochin, Elayadattnad, 366; see Kottarak· I8t-I83, in Malabar, note on, kara. 238-248; note on the jealousy Elaya Tavazhi, 480, 481. between the Dutch and, 249 250; Elephantiasis, note on, 123-130. at Quilon, 291-292; operation~ Elikkara, 25. ::tgainst' , 323-325; !11 Eli Kovilagam, 14. alliance with the Zamorin, 33o- Eli Maidu, 14. 1 331 ; relations of with the Ali Eli Mala, see Deily,! Mount. Rajas, 334; at Anjengo, 334-354; Elliot, Sir Walter, ;J09. at Tellicherry, 354-356; note on Ellis, Mr., 430• trade in Malabar of, 384-393; INDEX 553 E-evlfa. English, intervene in war between Etapilli, Raja of, 48~; captured Cochin and the Zamorin, so6 ; and plundered, 487-488 489, 490; relations CJf, with the Paliatt Raja of, 491, 492, 493, 494, 496 Atchen, 519·5zz. 498, SOl, $02. Etapally, l"ead ar Etapilly. Ettuvittil Pillamar, 256, 337, 338, 339· 341· 393· 4::.6. F. Fanam, r6s, 231, Z43· Fleet, Mr., so. Fandereina, 15. Foote, Mr. Bruce, III, 217. Faria-y-Sousa, ,e,zd .u Faria-y· Forbes, 10:>, ros. 107, IZJ, us. Souza. 130, 158, 174, 238, 348, 349, 470•• Foulkes, Rev., 31. Faria-y-Souza. 8, zro, 235, 41 s. Franciscans, Church of, in Cochin, 4]0, 444• 45Z, 456, 457, 467, 484, 487, 502- I78-r8o. Fawcet, Mr., 21, 454· Francisco de

Jacobtz, William Bakkar, 331, sos. , deed of settlement at Cran· Jails of the Dutch, 380. ganur of, 44, 47, 195, 196, 298, Jains, 46. 3ID-3II, 312, 313. , conversion of the last Jinkali, 313. Cheraman Perumal to, 461-463. John De Marignolli, z, 271, 278, James, King of England, letter of, 284, 313, 315. to the Zamorin, 245-246. John of Monte Corvino, ::, 281. Jangli, 313. John XXII, Pope, 27I,283. Jesuit College, 312. , 130. Jesu Jabu of Adiabene, 271. · Jordanus, Friar, z, 271, 281, 282, Jewish Copper Plate, 308-309, 283, ~84, 313, 315, 415, 437· 425· 468, 469. of Cranganur, 287. Jewish tank, 15. Judicial tribunals of the Dutch, Jews, colony of, at Payangadi, IS; 380. K. Kadakkara, 24. Kaye, Sir, '\V., uR. Kadamakkudi, 25. Keeling, Captain, 240, 241, 245, Kadattanad, 47 5· 3?.5. Kaimal, meaning of word, su. Keilhom, Dr., 309. Kakkat Kandan Nambiti, 490. Keprobotras, :19, 30, 308. Kakkat Karanavappat, so8. Kerala, note on, z8-42 ; notices in Kala Danam, 527. , 28-29; refer· Kalakams, 38, 310; .see Talies. red to by early Greek trave!lers,z•r Kalaries, 472-476. 33; under the Chalukyas, 34-36 ; , 65. referred to by Bilhana, 37; divid Kalingas, kings of the, 57· ed into Kalakan.s, 38; Perumals , 29,16z, 293, 304. ,of 38-41; divisions of, as given in Kanakasabhai , 307, 309. the Keralotpathi, 41-42, 49; Kanchipura, 3· national assemblies of, 25o-269; Kannetti, 49· political condition of, at period Kanya Kumari, 7· of copper plate srants, 425-429; Kantan Koru, 490, 491. origin of rule by the Perumals, Karappuram, so6. 431-433· Karanavers, 251, 259. Keralacharittram, 469. Karoha, 2. Kerala Kalpam, 88. Karoura, 29, Jz, 33· Kerala · Mahatmyam, 422, 423, , 32, 33· 427. 429 457' 458. Katalundi, 30, 162. Keralapalama, 453, 490, 500 Katyayana, 28. Keralaputra, 29, 30, 66, Kaulam, 2, 12, 79• 271. Keralavakasakramam, 464 , 79• .366, 418, 1oee Keralotpatti, 4, 15, 35, 37-42, Kulli Qadon, 227, 228, :zso, 252, 255. 282, 309· INDEX 555 K-cont. Keralotpatti, (~ont.) 4tC, 422, 423, Kottappanam, 257. 435. 4SZ, 453· 458. 513· , 366, 41!!. Kem, Prof., 34· Koulam Malay, 271. Kerobotras, 29, 30, 33, 308. Krishna R.aja of Vijayanagara, Kmir, u. 10, 453· 454· King, Mr., 83, 84, uz, u6-uo, Krittivarma I, 35· 217, 222 1 223, 225, 227. Krittivarma II, 36, 49, so. Kirkpatrick, Col., 463. Ktesias,. the Knedian, 299. Kiulan, 271. Kublai Khan, 270, 27I, zSo, 314. KJing, 163, (foot-note). Kulli Quilon, note on, 293-294. , 165. Kukal Kelu , 309, · 46o-461, Kolatiri, / as Kolattiri. 463. Kolattunad, 354, 4 rs, 428, 471!, see Kulam, :Z71. Kolattiri Rajas. Kumahri, 2, II, rz. Kolattiri R.aias, 15, 250, 263, 272, Kumari, z, 3, 7, !!, 31. 332, 333• 354> 356, 423, 476, 486. Kumaria Akron, 7· Kole cultivation, 97· Kumarikkodu, 25. Koleluttu alphabet, 469. Kumarila Bhatta, 460. Kolings, 163. Kumbalam, Kaimal of, 486; battle Kolkboi, 7, 83. off, 489-494. , 271. Kuntala, country of, so. Kollam era, 270, 2;11, 272. Kuntsman, 5· Kollenkode, 49I. Kupa Kingdom, 4r. Komar, 7, 162 Kuruswarupam, 481. Komi Atchen, SI3. Kutippaka, 47o-471, 509· Kongu, 31. KuttaDIS, 251, 252, 258, 260, see Konkanies, I96, see Canarians. note on, National assembly of Kory, 12. the Malabars. Kosmas lndikopleustus, I, 48, Kuts, 258. :!71. Kuvala Country, 42, Kotaparamba, sos. Kwalam, 2. Kotesseri Kaimal, so6. Kydd, Captain, 336. Kothur, 23. Kyffin, John, 395, 396. L. Lake, Mr. Philip, 20, 83, II I, 225, Lignite, 83, 84, 85, rr4. 226. Linxhoten, Z35· R.oqua, 133· Logan, Mr. W., 14. 43-63, no, Lassen, s. 9, so. 68, 46I. 227, 249· 251, 253· 254· 269, 273· , 83. 332, 333· 334· 419, 423, 424, 427, Lawson, Sir Charles, 140, 178. 428, 446, 447· 448, 450 451, 455· Limestone, 83, 84, 85. 462, 463, 468, 469, 470; 476. 477. Limurike, 10, 29, 30, 33, 68, 304. 478. Limyrike, read as Limurike. Lukes, Sir Pardey, rsz. Lingayets, .:82. - Lusiad, 452, see Camoeus. M. Ma'abar, s. 1 I. Mahe, 77· Macauly, Col., 519, 520, 521. Mahomedans, r62, 281, 287, 3ro, Mackenzie, MSS., 278. 3II 451, 452, 454• 455, ~ee Maclean, Dr., 429. Moplas, see also Moors. Madai, 15. Ma Huao, 162, 16;J-165, 229, 230, Madars, 46, reari o•· Madras. 232, z8o. .Mabavamsa, 64. Mak()tal, 32, 303, 304, 308• 666 LETTERS FROM MALABAR M.-cont. Malab~r, note ~n, 1-7, various Marumakkattayam, zSz, 46~. 480. forms of the name as used by old Marutwa Mala, 13, u3, geographers and travellers, 2, ex· Massilamani, Mr., 84. tent of, as given by them, 2-s. Matattenkur, 480 . legendary origin of, I]-zz, note .Mateer, Rev. Samuel, 4z8, szs. on the origin of, 22-42, burial .Mathews,, Thomas, 407, 408, 411,. 'lf the dead in, sz-s6, rivers of, 412, 413 . So-82, note on the natural divi· .Mayura Varma, 44, 45, 48, 49, so. sions of, I09-IIO, mineral pro· .Max Muller, 298, 300. ducts of, no-uo, effect of the .Me Crindle, 25 (foot note), 68, Mysorean conquest on, z66-z69, 83, 292, 2~4. 307. note on kingdoms and party .Me Culloch, z8z. hatred in, 4Is·-418. Medicine, indigenous systems of, • Malabars', 4• I51-157. borrowed by the Malabaresa, 4· 152. and by the , 152, the Malakotta, 3· ideas underlying, ISJ-IS7· Malakuta, 3· Megasthenes, zs, 65, 85. Malanadu, r, 3, 41, 49· Melibar, 2. Malankara, 307, 3II, Melibaria, z. Malavaram, 6. .Melkinda, 30, see Nilcynda. Malaya, 3· Mello, Simon de, 16. Malayaja, 3• .Meneses, Archbisbol!. 374. Malayakuta, 4, 292. ..Middleton, Bishop, 171. Malayalam, 6. Midford, Mr., 403, 404. Mal·de·terre,~note on, 130-133· .Mineral productions of Malabar, Male, r, 271. note on, IID-120. Malibar, 2. .Minibar, :z. Malik Kafur, S· Mitakshara, 6o, 61. Maltby, Mr., zts. .Misra, Dr.Rajendra Lala, 102, 104, Mamankam, 248, 2s1, z6s, 476. Moens, Adrin van, 1is.:u3. 368, Mangalesa, 3S· 37S• 381, 449, 519. Mangatta Achan, 31:1. Molandis, 294. Mangat Mutta Kaimal, 494· Molebar, :z. Mangatti, 480, see Alengad. Molo·kiu·, 3· Mangatty, 3f.6, see Alengad. .Molo·kuch'a, 46. Manibar, 2. Monsayde, 443, 444· Mani.Mekalai, 3C5· .Moors, 229, 238, note on. 248-z.49 Manjarur, IS. 48(), S04- Manning, Mrs., 127, Moplas, :z67, z68, 486, 491. Mapowvane, 332, see Mapranam. Mordechin, see mal·df'·terre• Mapranam, 332, sos. .Mordexi, see do , z, s. u, 14, rs, 140, Mordexim, sf'e do 271, 277, 278, z'.lo, :.e81, 437• 476. Mordexy,see do Marlchipattanam, 34, see Muzi· Mort-de-chien, see do ris. Mouro, Fra, :z. Marriage, forms of, among Nam· .Muabbar, 4· buris 71, .Muchiri, 303, 307, 308, see Muzi· Martin, Pierre, 173. 'ris. .Mud banks, :ZJS-227, see under Marttanda Varma, of Travan• Aleppey, Quilandi, and Calicut. core, zs6, 264, 265, 337, 338, .Mukhyasthans, see Karnaven. 366-367,369, 372, 417, so6·-so8, Mukwas, 164 . S34· .Mulanturuttu, 483. Marttaoda Pillal, lyappan, so8, Muauours, 377, INDEX

M,-e.,~t. Sir Thomas, 471. Munro, MuyrJkkodu, J03· 3::.8; see Murlanad Namplar, so6. . Murinnur TavaU, 48o. Muziris, 23. 29, 30, 33, 34· 162, Mushaka, 2, 35, 41, 42. JOI, 303, 304 1 305, Jo8. Mussatus,62. · Mynjbar, 2. Mutta Tavall, 18\), 191, 19z, 196, 201, :zo6, 480 N. Nads, 251, 252. Nayan, 163, 171, 19:2, 193, zoo, 251, Naduvalls, 251, z65,471. national assemblies of, zso-2tl9, Nagas, 4· 267, 282, 463, note on \ae martial Nalcka rulers of Madura, 256, 34:1:. spirit of the, 469-476. SO'J, sro. Nalr.s, read as Nayars. Naykar Vittil Atc:hen, 5t3. " Nayar war ", 347. Neacyndon, JO. Nambia Darim, 486, 488, 491, 493, Nelkancla, 304. 494· 495· 496, 497· Nestorians, 270, 283, 293. Nambiatiri, see Nambia Darim. Neuberger, Dr. 152. Namburi Brahmans, note on the Nicolo Conti, 2, 16, r6z, 165, rC.C•, descent of, zo-22; Note on the 233, 271, 287. 313, 315, 437· advent of, into Kerala, 42-76. Nieuhoff, John, I'J3• 278, 288, 316. of Trichur invite the Zamorin: 318, 329, 364. 507. Nikiten, Athanaseus, ZJ3· Nanjanad, 256-258. Nilc:ynada, nad as Nilcynda. Narakkal, note on the Mud Banks Nilcynda, 10, 29, 301. of, 215-227. Nilkanda, 301 ; see Nilcynda. Narasinga, 8, 9, 454, 477 ; see Nircomban, see mal-de·terre. Vijayanagara. Nirgrantha, 461. Nareae, r 1 1. Noronha, Alfonso de, 504. Nasanga, 457-451!. North-East , rs~. National Assembly of the Mala! Northern Reg-ent, 354-3;6. bars, note on, 25o-269. Nouro, 29. Nfttive Christians, not~ on, 374- Nuno, 483. 378. 0. Odoric, Friar, z, zj>r, 281,313, 314, Orme (the hislorian). 4, 349- 4.'17· 0rme, Dr. Alexander, :1:64, 318, J)Q, Olas, what they are, su. 357· 404, 401". festival, 470, 472. Orphanage, 3So. Oppert, Dr. 2r,; (foot·note), !!6, Ourganur, 332. 3'?1, 303, 306, 452. P. Pacheco, Duarte, 194, 48~soo. Palignard (Palangad); hattie of, Pac:hu Muttatu, -464. 494-495· Pagger, 331. Pallavas of Kanchi, 57. Pahrull, 25. Palli Bana Perumal, 4::3· Palghat Rafa, 266. Palllport, 190, 198, JfZ, 316, 317; Paliat Achen, r~nd as Paliatt note on, 3Z9"-J3C. Atchen. Pallippunm, 23, 304, 483 ; s~e PaUatt Atchen, t'J6, •n. 1S9, •

Paralia, 71 10, 83. of AnP.ria, 11ote on, 4o8-414. Parasikas, 36. Plague, 494, 4·JS· Parasu R.ama, 17-19, z6, 33, 3&, Pliny, 29, 30, 33, 66, 294, 29s. 303, 43· 4S· so, st. €3, 67, 418, 479· 304,326. Paravens, 473. Poenc:toar Namburi, 332. Paravur, see Parur. Polnad, 227 ; see Porlaliri. Paroe, see Parur. Ponnarippu, 112. Parrakkad, 297 ; see Poracad. "Poola Venjamutta ·', 337, 395, Parur, 328, 479• 4So, 481, so8. 397· 398. 403. Patan)ali, 28. Porc:a, see l'oracad. Patirl , 332. Porac:ad, 24, 193, 195, :zoo, 201, zo6, Patiyettam, 534· 22S, 227, 293; note on, 2~4-297• P11ttrac:otti, 332; see Patiri Kotta. 479· Pauthler, 270. Porac:aud, read as Poracad . Payangadi, 15. Porakud, same as Poracad. Pentingerian Tables. ned as Porannttukara RaJa, 4<;1. Peutingeriar. Tables. Porlatiri, 227. Pepper, 16o, 170, 171, 244; wisdom Porqua, see Poracad. of the monopoly of, 367-368. Portuguese, the-importance of Pepper Forest, 314. Cochin under, 162; Cochiu un· Pepwell, Captain, 240, a.p. der, 167-172; nott' on the de· Perc:atti, 297 ; see Poracad. cline of the power of, 183·-207; , Diogo, 489. rt!ations with the Zamorin, 238 • Periplus, 7, 10, 29, 30, 69, 8.1. us, relations with the En~tlish, 243; 162, 29So 302, 303, 304. at Quilon, 287-288; relation3 Perlmpadappu, 2o8; ·nad as with tht: Syrian Chriqtians of Perumpatappu. Cranganur, 3H-312; at Cranga· Perlya Puranam, 464. nur, 316; at Palliport, 3Z!I, rela· R, So, 307, 308, 3•5· tions with the Ali Rajas, 334; Perron, Anqllt.!il Du, roo, 174, one of the reasons for the fall of; :zu. 364; rumoured attempts of, to Perumal's shield, note on, 469 re·establish themselves in Mala· Perumal's sword, note on, 468- bar, 368-369; interference with 469. the rule of succession to the Perum Korw, 490o 491. Coch:n throne, 482-483; in alli­ Perumpatappu Muppustanam, ance with the Cochin Raja against 481, so6. the Zamorin, 48J-S04· PerumpuJ11, 49· Powaey. Mr. 377· Petnl, Dioao, 490, Pramaals, see Karnavers, INDEX .. P.-:.,nt. Precious stones, ns-uo. Punnattur Raja. zso. , 4, 7, 10, 12, ZJ, :IC), 30, Purall, 83. JJ, 68. I6z, zgz, Z94· Purchas, IZ, 105, 107, 240, 4'~· Pulayas, 99· 478, 510, 524· Pulakesi I, 34· Puthuvaippu erll, uo, 161 • . Pulakesi II, 35, 57· Putupattanam, 49. Punishments, Iof the Dutch for Pyrard de Lavel, ZJS crimes, see crimes. Pyrbos~ 7• 83. Punnattur Nambldi, 332. Q. Qllilandl, 'Mud Bank of, :us. 190; note on, Z7o-:zt:z; annexa· Qailon, Capture of, by the Dutch, tion by Travancore of, 418, ~. R.ar;iadorr, meaning of, su. Rheede, Hendrik Adrian Daron van, ~agozin, M. Zenaide A., zqg, 300. lSOo 193. ~ainfall, 158. Rhode. Mr., 24, 217, 220, zzz. ~aJendra. 11 •• 37· Rice, of Malabar, note ~abhapurusban, .)8, 6z, 310, on 85-100. ~aman Point. z6. . Ris Marabla, IS· ~amanturuttu. 2n. Ritter, s ~ameswaram, z6. Rivers, principal of Travancore: So; Ramlen Delava. 418, 5o6. do of Cochin, 81 ; rio of Briti.sla Raphael, Pero, 490 Malabar, 82. Rashidu'ddin. 2, s. 15, z71, 313, ~obertson, Dr., I. 3'4· 437· , Sir Thomas, 240, 3~"4· Rasbtrakutas, 36, so, s6, sg, 59· ~eman Catholics, 270, 312, 376, Raulln, Fr., I. 377; see Native Christians. Rayanal. Abbe, 21z, 2~4. 357, 364, Roman intercourse wltb Mala 36s. ,3oz, ,306. Rer;io Pandienis, to. R th, Dr.. 51. 461. Renaudot. sog. Rottler, Dr., 31. Rennefort, Sieur de, 173· Rowlandsen, Lieut., 448; 5ee T•ls Replim, 488, 489, 498, soz; see fu ~·ul· . Etappilli. s. 11 Sacred Stone ", 487, 501-soz. Sequera, 471, soo. Salt, manufacture of, 115. Seringapatam, 267. Samudra Oupta, 34• 57, 58. Sewell, Dr•. 15, 49, 57, Jo6, 456. Sangunn;y Menen. ,Mr. P., 309, Shemseddin Dimilihqui, 313, 315. 464. Sbenkala, 313. Sankaracbarya, 47, 460. Shinkali, 313. Sapta Salla. 14. Signati, note on, 292. Sastrangakar, 6z. Simon, Patriarch of Babyloa, 271. Seasons, of Malabar, note on, 157- Sindabur, z. 16o, 164. Singuyli, 313. Schroeder, Dr., 104. Slpuram, u. Scbastoni Fe. ]o9eph, 192. 194• Sirdar Khan, 321, 3zz. 197, ZOI, ZOJ, 204, §.13• " Six Hundred ••, 251 , :152, 253, Sepulchral urns, sz, 67. 256. Seismic Influences Ia Malabar, Slavos, 378, 319· Nota on, IZ-Ie.:, , Mr.- :l•sw•rtla, Jpli, 5&0 LETTERS FROM MALABAR s.-cotzt. Smiriti ; 6o. Steme, 34

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