DOCSLIB.ORG

The Rock Art of Kondoa District, Tanzania

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Rock Art of Kondoa District, Tanzania The Rock Art of Kondoa District, Tanzania: Approaches Toward Understanding Authorship and Meaning Emmanuel James Bwasiri Thesis submitted to fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies at the University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Declaration I declare that this research is my own and independent work. It is being submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any examination or degree in any other University. Emmanuel James Bwasiri December, 2016 ii Dedication To my parents Masanje Bwasiri and Nyawahega Charamba. Their commitment to my education helped me to achieve my dreams. iii Acknowledgments There are number of institutions and individuals who made this thesis possible. It would take half the pages of this thesis to thank them all properly, but allow me to use the first two pages to bid a fitting acknowledgement to them. I start by thanking all those who supported me financially: the Africa World Heritage Fund (AWHF); the Rock Art Research Institute and the School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand; and the Antiquities Division of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism in Tanzania. I cannot overemphasise how I feel today, but suffice it to say I feel permanently connected to them all. Thanks go to my supervisor Prof. Benjamin W. Smith and Prof Sarah Wurz for their time, energy, criticism as well as the encouragement in the final stages of this thesis. I am extremely thankful to Mr. Dario Fanucchi who is a PhD student and Assistant Lecturer, in the Mathematics Department, University of the Witwatersrand for developing the mathematical model I used for my data analysis. My sincere gratitude goes to the people of Kondoa District, particularly the Kondoa District Authority, the local communities and village authorities for the precious support I received from them during my fieldwork. I would like to mention the names and villages of the people of Kondoa who participated in my field survey: Mbayo Khoti, Alli Kisoyi, Juma Mlaku and Hussein Idd (Pahi); Habibu Msakati, Shaibu Salum and Jolo Nchonkoro (Kinyasi); Gulo Sanda, Pili Salum and Shaban Said (Bukulu); Mwalimu Abu (Kiteo); Mwamedi Hindo, Abushee Mbuva, Bakari Kutu, Idd Salimu, Alli Hassani Nyama, Ramadhani Mbuva, Juma Mahondi, Alli Abushee and Salumu Kemo (Kingale); Mohamed Hussein Gongo and Ramadhani Himayi Moha (Thawi Juu); Mayu Kwahayi, Mashaka Idd Khari, Idd Omari Kidima and Labai Kidima (Thawi Chini); Amadi Bakari and Bashiru Isele (Kisese); Mohamed Alli, Matei Lubuva and Abuu Mkerya (Itololo); Inyasi Petter, Rajabu Athumani Mbaruku and Yahaya Hussein (Kandaga); Mohamed Shaban and Alli Juma Athumani (Masange); Mohamed Issa Lwavu and Juma Alli Kibahi (Itundwi-Cheke); Zuhura Kemo, Alli Mohamed Msuri and Nchora Ismail Nchora (Mnenia); Joseph Sadala Yahe, Jema Thomas and Maria Robert (Goima) and Albert German iv Sabai, Hatibu Yusufu, Hassani Mpakani, Juma Kwaya, Omari Abdalah Kepa (Mrijo). I would like to tell the people of Kondoa that the rock paintings and their associated heritage are a precious heritage left to us by their ancestors and they should protect them, especially by refraining from: illegal excavations, deforestation, grazing and cultivating near the rock paintings sites. The human activities listed above damage and destroy the paintings and their associated heritage. I extend my thanks to the Antiquities Division Staff at the Kolo office in Kondoa for accompanying me to some of the site visits. I thank my lovely wife Shavonne Mfangavo for her unwavering support and encouragement throughout my PhD programme. I extend this thanks to my Son Bright who because of studies has never stayed with me for more than a month since he was born. Both my wife and Son have been feeling loneliness because of my absence. Lastly, I thank particularly the staff of the Rock Art Research Institute, University of the Witwatersrand and my fellow students in the Department of Archaeology whom we shared the office and office facilities. They motivated me in countless times and ways; and made this project an enjoyable one. v Abstract The Kondoa rock paintings sites are situated in Kondoa District, located in Central Tanzania. These sites were collectively declared National Monuments by the Antiquities Act of Tanzania, enacted in 1964 and its amendments of 1979. In July 2006, the World Heritage Committee inscribed the Kondoa rock paintings as World Heritage Sites, acknowledging that local people continue to use the sites for traditional ceremonies. Research on Kondoa rock painting was begun in the 1920s by colonial administration staff and continued by local scholars in the 1970s. These two groups have divided the rock paintings according to style and pigments. Red pigment was considered older while white was considered younger, signifying a recent date. Researchers have failed to establish clearly which among the four ethnic groups who have existed in Kondoa District produced the rock paintings. Some scholars have managed to connect some Sandawe beliefs to some of the paintings. Yet, various methods and many styles of the art suggest that the Kondoa rock paintings have multiple authorships. The Sandawe cannot be the only authors of all paintings. Using a multi-stranded approach that includes the history of the area, the location and distribution of the rock painting sites, oral traditions from local people and published materials, and statistical analysis, this thesis establishes the existence of three rock painting traditions. It then determines the authorship of each tradition and suggests approaches towards understanding the symbolic meaning of the paintings. The study points out that without a clear understanding of the cultural sequence and who made which rock paintings no understanding of meaning can be achieved. vi Table of Contents Declaration..................................................................................................................................... ii Dedication ..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iv Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... vi Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. xv Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................... 5 Environmental Setting and Archaeology ................................................................................ 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 5 Location ................................................................................................................................... 5 Geomorphological features ..................................................................................................... 6 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 7 Vegetation................................................................................................................................ 8 Soil erosion .............................................................................................................................. 9 Land use planning.................................................................................................................. 10 Demography .......................................................................................................................... 11 Archaeology .......................................................................................................................... 12 Neolithic ................................................................................................................................ 16 Pastoral Neolithic .................................................................................................................. 18 Pastoral Iron Age (PIA) ......................................................................................................... 21 Early Iron Age (EIA) ............................................................................................................. 22 Later Iron Age (LIA) ............................................................................................................. 23 Archaeological research in Kondoa....................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................ 39 Lifestyle and Settlement Distribution of the People of Kondoa .......................................... 39 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Here Referred to As Class 18A (See Hyman 1980:187)
    WS1 Remarks on the nasal classes in Mungbam and Naki Mungbam and Naki are two non-Grassfields Bantoid languages spoken along the northwest frontier of the Grassfields area to the north of the Ring languages. Until recently, they were poorly described, but new data reveals them to show significant nasal noun class patterns, some of which do not appear to have been previously noted for Bantoid. The key patterns are: 1. Like many other languages of their region (see Good et al. 2011), they make productive use of a mysterious diminutive plural prefix with a form like mu-, with associated concords in m, here referred to as Class 18a (see Hyman 1980:187). 2. The five dialects of Mungbam show a level of variation in their nasal classes that one might normally expect of distinct languages. a. Two dialects show no evidence for nasals in Class 6. Two other dialects, Munken and Ngun, show a Class 6 prefix on nouns of form a- but nasal concords. In Munken Class 6, this nasal is n, clearly distinct from an m associated with 6a; in Ngun, both 6 and 6a are associated with m concords. The Abar dialect shows a different pattern, with Class 6 nasal concords in m and nasal prefixes on some Class 6 nouns. b. The Abar, Biya, and Ngun dialects show a Class 18a prefix with form mN-, rather than the more regionally common mu-. This reduction is presumably connected to perseveratory nasalization attested throughout the languages of the region with a diachronic pathway along the lines of mu- > mũ- > mN- perhaps providing a partial example for the development of Bantu Class 9/10.
    [Show full text]
  • Scripture Translations in Kenya
    / / SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA by DOUGLAS WANJOHI (WARUTA A thesis submitted in part fulfillment for the Degree of Master of Arts in the University of Nairobi 1975 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY Tills thesis is my original work and has not been presented ior a degree in any other University* This thesis has been submitted lor examination with my approval as University supervisor* - 3- SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA CONTENTS p. 3 PREFACE p. 4 Chapter I p. 8 GENERAL REASONS FOR THE TRANSLATION OF SCRIPTURES INTO VARIOUS LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS Chapter II p. 13 THE PIONEER TRANSLATORS AND THEIR PROBLEMS Chapter III p . ) L > THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSLATORS AND THE BIBLE SOCIETIES Chapter IV p. 22 A GENERAL SURVEY OF SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN KENYA Chapter V p. 61 THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCRIPTURES IN KENYA Chapter VI */ p. 64 A STUDY OF FOUR LANGUAGES IN TRANSLATION Chapter VII p. 84 GENERAL RESULTS OF THE TRANSLATIONS CONCLUSIONS p. 87 NOTES p. 9 2 TABLES FOR SCRIPTURE TRANSLATIONS IN AFRICA 1800-1900 p. 98 ABBREVIATIONS p. 104 BIBLIOGRAPHY p . 106 ✓ - 4- Preface + ... This is an attempt to write the story of Scripture translations in Kenya. The story started in 1845 when J.L. Krapf, a German C.M.S. missionary, started his translations of Scriptures into Swahili, Galla and Kamba. The work of translation has since continued to go from strength to strength. There were many problems during the pioneer days. Translators did not know well enough the language into which they were to translate, nor could they get dependable help from their illiterate and semi­ literate converts.
    [Show full text]
  • Rift Valley Bibliography Version 1.3
    Griscom, Richard, Andrew Harvey, and Anne Kruijt (eds.). 2020. Rift Valley Bibliography Version 1.3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4300224 Rift Valley Bibliography Version 1.3 December 1st, 2020 1 Introduction This document is a bibliography of the languages of the Rift Valley Area of Tanzania, which is home to dozens of distinctive ethnic groups and languages. Uniquely, it is the meeting place of languages from three of the largest language families in Africa—Nilo-Saharan, Niger-Congo, and Afro-Asiatic—as well as Sandawe, a language with possible affinity with the so-called 'Khoisan' group, and Hadza, a language isolate, which means that it is not known to be related to any other languages currently spoken. The Rift Valley Bibliography is compiled by members of the Rift Valley Network and is hosted on the network website at the Rift Valley Bibliography page. This is a text version of the bibliography, but other formats of the bibliography are available on the website for those who use reference manager software (e.g. Zotero, EndNote, or Mendeley), and a Zotero Group is used to make additions and changes to the bibliography. A PDF Collection of selected entries is available for members of the Rift Valley Network only, and release notes are made available for each release. For comments or questions related to this bibliography, please send an email to [email protected]. 1 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care in a Long-Term Conflict Setting: Observations from the AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in the Teso Region Emma Smith SIT Study Abroad
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection SIT Study Abroad Spring 2008 HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care in a Long-Term Conflict Setting: Observations From The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in the Teso Region Emma Smith SIT Study Abroad Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection Recommended Citation Smith, Emma, "HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care in a Long-Term Conflict Setting: Observations From The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in the Teso Region" (2008). Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection. 99. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/99 This Unpublished Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Study Abroad at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Independent Study Project (ISP) Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HIV/AIDS Treatment and Care in a Long-Term Conflict Setting: Observations from The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) in the Teso Region Emma Smith Advisor: Alutia Samuel Academic Directors: Charlotte Mafumbo and Martha Wandera Location: TASO Soroti SIT Uganda Spring 2008 Dedication To all the people living with HIV/AIDS in Teso, who continue to live strongly despite decades of suffering from continuous war, displacement and neglect. May the world come to recognize the struggles that you live with. Acknowledgements There are so many people to whom thanks is owed, it would not be possible to acknowledge them all even if time and space allowed. Primarily, I would like to thank the clients of TASO Soroti, who so willingly welcomed a stranger into their communities and allowed so many questions to be asked of them.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in African Linguistics Volume 31, Numbers 1/2,2002
    Studies in African Linguistics Volume 31, Numbers 1/2,2002 DERIVATIONAL PROCESSES IN RANGI Oliver Stegen SIL The main object of research described in this paper is Rangi, a scarcely investi­ gated Bantu language of Northern Central Tanzania. Rangi phonology and morphonology are briefly sketched, including a classification with regard to both Vowel Height Harmony and Advanced Tongue Root activity. The main body of the paper consists of a detailed description of Rangi derivational processes, which follows the pattern established in Maganga and Schadeberg's description of Nyamwezi, a closely related language. Both verbal derivation, which exclusively uses the extensional slot of the verb structure, and nominal derivation, which employs noun class prefixes and a few suffixes, are covered. 1. Introduction It is no secret that despite decades of thorough linguistic work on Bantu languages, there are still a great many descriptive gaps. The aim of this paper is to address one such gap explicitly mentioned in the literature: "little public information is available on Langi" [Nurse 1999:11]. Rangi1 is a North-Eastern Bantu language, classified as F.33 [Guthrie 1967-7111:48], spoken by 310,000 people [Grimes 2000] in the Kondoa District of Northern Central Tanzania. The data on which the observations reported herein are based was collected during the 1 While the self-referent of the language is KIla:I]gi, it is usually called Rangi in both English and Swahili. As this paper is written in English, the language will be refered to as Rangi throughout. 130 Studies in African Linguistics 31 (112), 2002 author's stay in Rangi-speaking country.2 Of course, any language description has to be selective, and this one is no exception.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa
    Arts 2013, 2, 6-34; doi:10.3390/arts2010006 OPEN ACCESS arts ISSN 2076-0752 www.mdpi.com/journal/arts Review Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa Robert G. Bednarik International Federation of Rock Art Organizations (IFRAO), P.O. Box 216, Caulfield South, VIC 3162, Australia; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-3-95230549; Fax: +61-3-95230549 Received: 22 December 2012; in revised form: 22 January 2013 / Accepted: 23 January 2013 / Published: 8 February 2013 Abstract: This comprehensive review of all currently known Pleistocene rock art of Africa shows that the majority of sites are located in the continent’s south, but that the petroglyphs at some of them are of exceptionally great antiquity. Much the same applies to portable palaeoart of Africa. The current record is clearly one of paucity of evidence, in contrast to some other continents. Nevertheless, an initial synthesis is attempted, and some preliminary comparisons with the other continents are attempted. Certain parallels with the existing record of southern Asia are defined. Keywords: rock art; portable palaeoart; Pleistocene; figurine; bead; engraving; Africa 1. Introduction Although palaeoart of the Pleistocene occurs in at least five continents (Bednarik 1992a, 2003a) [38,49], most people tend to think of Europe first when the topic is mentioned. This is rather odd, considering that this form of evidence is significantly more common elsewhere, and very probably even older there. For instance there are far less than 10,000 motifs in the much-studied corpus of European rock art of the Ice Age, which are outnumbered by the number of publications about them.
    [Show full text]
  • With Caps Lock Key on Type Title
    Examining Spatial and Socioeconomic Differentiation of Drought Coping Strategies among the Border Communities of Njukini, Taveta, Kenya A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Alvin Maingi Solomon August 2011 © 2011 Maingi Solomon. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Examining Spatial and Socioeconomic Differentiation of Drought Coping Strategies among the Border Communities of Njukini, Taveta, Kenya by ALVIN MAINGI SOLOMON has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by Thomas Smucker Visiting Assistant Professor of Geography Howard Dewald Interim Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT SOLOMON, ALVIN MAINGI, M.A., August 2011, Geography Examining Spatial and Socioeconomic Differentiation of Drought Coping Strategies among the Border Communities of Njukini, Taveta, Kenya Director of Thesis: Thomas Smucker This study examines the spatial and socioeconomic variations of drought coping strategies among border communities in Njukini, Taveta, Kenya. Through the use of mixed methods, the study utilizes a political ecology approach to demonstrate the nature of spatial and socioeconomic differentiation in livelihoods and drought coping strategies in a dryland community in southern Kenya. The study results suggest that livelihoods are dynamic and change with broader shifts in livelihood. These changes reflect social processes and greater climatic uncertainty. It shows that access to certain types of livelihood capital such as natural capital is an important determinant of coping capacities. The study also provides evidence of the role of local and national institutions to show how these institutions mediate differential access to different forms of capital on which coping is based.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Arts & Humanities
    Journal of Arts & Humanities Volume 07, Issue 11, 2018: 58-67 Article Received: 06-09-2018 Accepted: 02-10-2018 Available Online: 23-11-2018 ISSN: 2167-9045 (Print), 2167-9053 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v7i10.1491 Pioneering a Pop Musical Idiom: Fifty Years of the Benga Lyrics 1 in Kenya Joseph Muleka2 ABSTRACT Since the fifties, Kenya and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) have exchanged cultural practices, particularly music and dance styles and dress fashions. This has mainly been through the artistes who have been crisscrossing between the two countries. So, when the Benga musical style developed in the sixties hitting the roof in the seventies and the eighties, contestations began over whether its source was Kenya or DRC. Indeed, it often happens that after a musical style is established in a primary source, it finds accommodation in other secondary places, which may compete with the originators in appropriating the style, sometimes even becoming more committed to it than the actual primary originators. This then begins to raise debates on the actual origin and/or ownership of the form. In situations where music artistes keep shuttling between the countries or regions like the Kenya and DRC case, the actual origin and/or ownership of a given musical practice can be quite blurred. This is perhaps what could be said about the Benga musical style. This paper attempts to trace the origins of the Benga music to the present in an effort to gain clarity on a debate that has for a long time engaged music pundits and scholars.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Maize Post-Harvest System at Kongwa and Kondoa District in Tanzania
    Vol. 12(1), pp. 7-18, January-June 2020 DOI: 10.5897/JABSD2019.0360 Article Number: B80A0C563237 ISSN: 2141-2340 Copyright ©2020 Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JABSD Sustainable Development Full Length Research Assessing the impacts of climate change and variability on maize post-harvest system at Kongwa and Kondoa District in Tanzania Namkunda Johnson1, Agnes Nyomora2 and James Lyimo3* 1Centre for Climate Change Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 2Department of Botany, College of Natural Resources and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 3Institute of Resource Assessment, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Received 11 October, 2019; Accepted 24 February, 2020 This study attempted to investigate the pattern and trend of climate change, its influence and interaction with maize post-harvest system and established the current status of maize post-harvest losses at Kongwa and Kondoa district in Tanzania. Participatory rural appraisal technique and household survey methods were used to collect primary data. Secondary data for the study area including rainfall and temperature data from the year 1982 -2017 were collected from Tanzania Meteorological Agency. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically using Nvivo software. Quantitative data from household survey were cross tabulated using SPSS software version 20 and the results were confirmed using canonical correlation test while pattern and trend of rainfall and temperature data were analyzed using trend lines and was confirmed using Mann-Kendall trend test. Findings indicated that annual temperature increase and monthly rainfall pattern changes influences maize post-harvest losses with significant losses denoted more during harvesting and storage with a positive correlation of R2= 0.014 and R2 = 0.121 respectively, while statuses for the maize post-harvest losses are below the threshold value of 40%.
    [Show full text]
  • Surrogate Surfaces: a Contextual Interpretive Approach to the Rock Art of Uganda
    SURROGATE SURFACES: A CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETIVE APPROACH TO THE ROCK ART OF UGANDA by Catherine Namono The Rock Art Research Institute Department of Archaeology School of Geography, Archaeology & Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 2010 i ii Declaration I declare that this is my own unaided work. It is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or examination in any other university. Signed:……………………………….. Catherine Namono 5th March 2010 iii Dedication To the memory of my beloved mother, Joyce Lucy Epaku Wambwa To my beloved father and friend, Engineer Martin Wangutusi Wambwa To my twin, Phillip Mukhwana Wambwa and Dear sisters and brothers, nieces and nephews iv Acknowledgements There are so many things to be thankful for and so many people to give gratitude to that I will not forget them, but only mention a few. First and foremost, I am grateful to my mentor and supervisor, Associate Professor Benjamin Smith who has had an immense impact on my academic evolution, for guidance on previous drafts and for the insightful discussions that helped direct this study. Smith‘s previous intellectual contribution has been one of the corner stones around which this thesis was built. I extend deep gratitude to Professor David Lewis-Williams for his constant encouragement, the many discussions and comments on parts of this study. His invaluable contribution helped ideas to ferment.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. KONDOA DISTRICT COUNCIL No Name of the Project Opportunities
    1. KONDOA DISTRICT COUNCIL No Name of Opportunities Geographic Location Land Ownership Ongoing activities Competitive advantage the Project for investors 1. BUKULU Establishment Bukulu Industrial Area is Bukulu Industrial plot There is currently no Bukulu Industrial Area will serve Industrial of Located at Soera ward in area is owned by Kondoa established structure the growing demand for areas Area Manufacturing Kondoa District, Dodoma District Council at Bukulu Industrial to invest in manufacturing Industries Region Future ownership of the Area plot (green The plot is designated for The size of Bukulu land will be discussed field). No demolition manufacturing and located Industrial Area is 400 between the Developer work is needed by about 220km from the Acres and the owner Investor proposed dry port of Ihumwa Bukulu Industrial Area is Investors will be Manufacturing is aligned with located 47km from required to remove Government Five Year Kondoa Town and 197km some shrubs and Development Plan – II (FYDP – from Dodoma Town. conduct other site II) which promotes The Plot is located just off clearance activities industrialisation the main highway from The prospective Industrial Area Dodoma to Arusha is set to enjoy all the necessary The Area is closer to all infrastructures since it is just the necessary 197km from Government infrastructures Capital – Dodoma (electricity, water and The plot is located along the communications) Dodoma – Arusha highway Bukulu area is designated which is the longest and busiest for manufacturing Trans – African transportation Industries corridor linking Cape Town (South Africa) and Cairo (Egypt) 2. PAHI Establishment Pahi Industrial Area is Pahi Industrial plot area There is currently no Pahi Industrial Area will serve Industrial of Located at Pahi ward in is owned by Kondoa established structure the growing demand for areas Area Manufacturing Kondoa District, Dodoma District Council at Pahi Industrial Area to invest in manufacturing Region plot (green field).
    [Show full text]
  • Maasai Demography
    Maasai Demography Ernestina Coast Department of Anthropology University College London Submitted in fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of London 2000 7c\ (i \ y Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Research Questions 3 1.2 Study Context 5 1.3 Thesis Structure 6 Chapter Two Ethnography and Demography 2.1 Ethnographies of the Maasai 10 2.2 Ethnography 11 2.2.1 Ethnography as method 12 2.2.2 Ethnography as a type of data 14 How should an ethnography be used? 17 2.3 Demographers and ethnography 20 2.4 Anthropologists' critiques of demographer's use of ethnographies 23 2.5 2.6 Ethnography limitations 25 2.7 Cultural proxies 26 2.7.1 Ethnic group as cultural proxy 27 2.8 Discussion 30 Chapter Three Maasai and Maasailand 3.1 To be Maasai? 31 3.2 Maasailand 32 3.2.1 Extent of Maasailand 32 3.2.2 Physical geography and climate 33 3.3 Maasai structural organisation 35 3.3.1 Sub-household! House 36 3.3.2 Household 38 3.3.3 Enkang 39 3.3.4 Neighbourhood 42 3.3.5 Section 42 3.4 Non-spatial social organisation 43 3.4.1 Clan 43 3.5 Individual roles 44 3.5.1 Males 44 3.5.1.1 Herdboy /Child 44 3.5.1.2 Warrior 45 3.5.1.3 Elder 47 3.5.2 Females 47 3.5.2.1 Pre-circumcision girls 48 3.5.2.2 Circumcised girls 48 3.5.2.3 Married women 49 3.6 Maasai total population 50 3.6.1 Historical estimates of Maasai totals 50 3.6.2 Post-1960 estimates of Maasai population 54 3.6.2.1 Kenya 55 3.6.2.2 Tanzania 59 3.6.2.3 Ngorongoro Conservation Area 60 3.7 Maasai socio-economic conditions 61 3.7.1 Transhumance 62 3.7.2 Tounsm 63 3.7.3 Cultivation 64 3.7.4
    [Show full text]