National Defence College - Kenya

VOLUME II NewsletterCOURSE 21 - 2018/19

THE CHALLENGERS!! Pulling Beyond Gravity Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary for Defence, Ambassador Raychelle Omamo, with NDC leadership and Course 21 participants on 2nd July 2018 National Defence College - Kenya NewsletterCOURSE 21 - 2018/19 Contents VOLUME II From the Commandant’s Desk ...... 3 Message from the Sponsor ...... 4 Message From The Chairman – Editorial Committee ...... 5 Science, Technology and Blue Economy in Kenya ...... 6 Security in Traditional Kenyan Communities ...... 8 Has Libya Become The New Gore’e Slave Trade Market? ...... 9 Multi-Agency Cooperation In National Security Coordination ...... 10 Burundi Forest Protection ...... 11 THE CHALLENGERS!! Pulling Beyond Gravity Debt Trap ...... 13 The Marshall Plan ...... 14 Cohesion and National Security in Kenya ...... 15 Stress Management ...... 17 Publisher: Kenya’s Hidden Tourism Gem: Samburu County, Kenya ...... 18 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE Impact of Technology on Warfare and the Media ...... 20 P. O. Box 24381- 00502, Traffic Congestion Management within Nairobi City ...... 21 NAIROBI, KENYA Achieving Regional Security ...... 22 Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230 Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 The Importance of Communication/Mass Media and Kenya National Email: [email protected] Security ...... 23 Website:www.ndc.go.ke Radicalisationof Youths into Terrorism: An Analysis of Kenya ...... 25 Zimbabwe Presidential and Harmonised Elections 2018 ...... 26 Designed & Printed by: Tourism and its Impact on National Security in Tanzania ...... 28 Perspective House Ltd P.O BOX 75002, 00200 Nairobi The First Fruit in the Family ...... 29 Tel: 020 2044338, The Coconut/Palm Tree at the Coastal Strip of Kenya ...... 30 Cell: 0721 689 070 The Machinga of Tanzania ...... 32 Email:[email protected] Social Economic Impact of Ieds In Kenya ...... 36 Environmental Degradation: Causes, Effects and Remedy in Kenya ..38 Editorial Board: Col S O Ondiro (Chairman), Military Job Evaluation: The Complexities Mr M Katungi (V-Chairman), of Comparing Military and Civilian Jobs ...... 39 Mr S Mwambire (Secretary), Ethnicity Politics in Kenya and The Role of the Media ...... 43 Mr M Ogonji, Col C N Mathenge, Col S K Saeed, Mr M Gicheru, Brig S Jain, Harnessing Youth Bulge Into National Development In Africa: Botswana ...... 45 Col B Korir & CP L Opicho Fragility and State-Society Relations in South Sudan ...... 47 Copy Right © 2019 Should Staple Food Be Securitized? ...... 48 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by means without written permission of Evaluation of Early Warning Systems in Kenya ...... 50 the publisher. Sport for Sustainable Peace in Kenya ...... 52 Leadership, A Diminishing Quality ...... 54 Cultural Security ...... 56 DISCLAIMER New Scramble for Natural Resources in Africa ...... 58 The views and articles contained in Factors Influencing the Implementation Of Hiv/Aids Policy this newsletter are solely those of the In The Work Place ...... 60 participants concerned. They do not Crop Intensification Through Land Consolidation: in any way reflect the official position A Tool To Fight Food Insecurity In Rwanda ...... 62 of the Ministry of Defence or that Toxic Leadership ...... 64 of the National Defence College. The Concours D’elegance: The Kenyan Experience ...... 66 Environmental Conservation through Plantation Establishment and Livelihood Improvement Scheme in Kenya ...... 67

PB NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 1 EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Editorial Board from L to R: CP L Opicho (Team Photographer), Col B Korir , Brig S Jain, Mr M Gicheru, Col S O Ondiro (Chairman), Mr M Katungi (V-Chairman), Mr S Mwambire (Secretary), Col S K Saeed, Col C N Mathenge & Mr M Ogonji.

2 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 3 FROM THE COMMANDANT’S DESK

MAJ GEN A K IKENYE CBS ‘ndu’ (China) ‘psc’ (K) DEPUTY COMMANDANT NDC

he summer of 2018 witnessed a seasoned exceptionally well done reflecting upon the Course 21-2018-19 back after their regional awareness levels of its contributors. I am confident Tstudy visits and now approaching the tail that the readers will find it an interesting read that end of the course. The “Challengers” have set enriches experience. new benchmarks in the course of their journey at For our readers, National Defence College is a the National Defence College. We were privileged Premier Institution of the Nation. It trains Senior to witness active participation by the Allied Officers of the security forces and Civil Servants, Participants, adding to the richness of the learning in order to prepare them for higher responsibilities experience for all. In fact at the National Defence in the Strategic direction and management of College, Peer Learning is an important component security and other related areas of Public Policy. of the overall erudition process. The College also serves as a Regional Center At the outset let me begin by congratulating all for Policy and Strategic Studies. Further it is a the participants for producing such an interesting government “Think Tank” for all national security Newsletter. I also compliment the editorial team related policy formulations. for coordinating this effort. The Newsletter serves I conclude by wishing all the participants the very multiple purposes: it informs about the ongoing best for the balance part of their stay at National activities in the National Defence College, brings Defence College. I am certain that this Newsletter out the creativity of the participants, remains a is but only the beginning of the creative journey historical record as it brings out certain issues and will serve to imbibe the culture of creative as of topical interest. The instant edition has been also scientific writing. HAPPY READING!

2 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 3 MESSAGE FROM THE SPONSOR

BRIG J M WAWERU ‘MBS’, ‘ndc’, ‘psc’ (K) SPONSOR

he Editorial Board of the National Defence College is pleased to launch the second edition of Tthe Newsletter for Course 21/2018-19. The “Challengers” comprising of 38 participants from nine different countries, put their shoulders together for this effort. The excellent compilation of this Newsletter makes me believe that the participants will let their creativity flow towards the end of the course while formulating the Grand Strategy. This edition of the Newsletter focuses on contemporary issues which makes it an interesting read and yet serves to inform. Readers will also find snippets of College activity giving an insight into the College life. The purpose of encouraging the participants to contribute to such Newsletter is to hone their skills and inculcate reading habits. Once they step out of the portals of the National Defence College, each one of them will be expected to take up positions of responsibility in the Armed Forces as well as in the Public sphere. Thus the aim of writing is to encourage an all-round, well informed personality. I would like to take this opportunity to thank all our resource persons, eminent speakers and others for their valuable contributions to National Defence College. Their knowledge, coupled with the rich experience that the participants carry, makes National Defence College truly a “Temple of Higher Learning”. I thank the editorial team as well as all the participants for their tireless efforts in producing articles of good quality. I take this opportunity to invite the alumni to connect with their Alma Mater by contributing to our various publications. I also express my gratitude to the Commandant for his invaluable guidance in preparing this publication.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 5 MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN EDITORIAL BOARD

COL S O ONDIRO CHAIRMAN

he “Challengers” rose to various challenges during the course with Tequanimity and ensured that the Newsletter was ready in record time just like the first one. The indomitable spirit of the Course 21/2018-19 has been demonstrated time and again including during the cultural day. I am sanguine that the readers will find. this last edition of our publication interesting. The creativity demonstrated by the participants reflects upon their writing acumen. We have tried to produce a blend including bits and pieces of our campus life, issues of topical relevance and even some serious topics.

I wish to thank my colleagues on the Editorial Board who worked tirelessly, the Seminar leaders who were the interface and all the participants. The expectations raised during the first publication have again been fully met. The Newsletter is a reflection of the high standards set by the“Challengers”. I sign off wishing all of us a happy and memorable stay and A LIFELONG ASSOCIATION.

4 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 5 SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND BLUE ECONOMY IN KENYA

cience is a methodical enterprise that for progress in Africa. The Vision 2030 drives and puts together knowledge in intents to upscale the application of science, Sform of logical explanation. Technology technology and innovation so as to raise is the total collection of methods, processes and productivity and efficiency levels across the techniques that are utilized for the generation three pillars of national development. of services and or goods in the attainment The first Medium Term Plan (MTP) of specific objectives, such as scientific 2008-2012 was developed resulting from investigation and other consumer demands. the problems revealed in policy documents Science and Technology are key activities and strategies, together with Vision 2030 and processes that lead to the generation of preposition. It was implemented through a information and knowledge on the material coordinated action plan in the context of vital world and its application in the general pillars that include economic, cultural and enhancement of human welfare. Promotion of socio-political. To fast track competitiveness scientific development and knowledge enables in international technology market, the one to create the required conditions for socio- COL S O RADINA government intends to develop capacities for demographic and socio-economic advancement KENYA ARMY national innovation from targeted projects and of countries. Technology is vital to enhance programs short listed from identified sector ways to find solutions and means of solving areas. The Ministry of Education, Science societal challenges. Developments in Africa over the last twenty and Technology and its stakeholders have developed the second MTP years have generated fresh attention to Blue economy issues. for 2013-2017 for the Science, Technology and Innovation sector. Economy is the careful management of available resources Enactment of the Science and Technology Act, Cap. 250 in 1977 where people get their living whereas blue economy is a system by changes took place specifically in the international and national fronts which people get their living through ecosystems by preserving the that had serious potential to boost the pursuit of national science and environment, ensuring sustainable development and overcoming the technology. problem related to climate change, and carbon dioxide emissions. In the Kenyan context, the principles and goals of Blue economy The oceans and their floors contain a wealth of resources which have are quite ambitious. At present, global experience in implementing benefited mankind greatly foreign policy initiatives for Blue resources is scant and varied. The The Blue economy provides great unexploited potential in social main objective of Kenya’s foreign policy (2014) is to maximize her and economic development of countries globally. national interest, maintain her sovereignty, and enhance its national Blue economy has recently gained attention as an avenue for capacity. development in Africa. Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I) The Blue economy provided a perfect avenue for the country to play a pivotal role in the industrialization, sustainable growth and actualize all its national aspirations and it represents a new frontier development of nations. Investments and integration of ST&I into for development. Kenya is rightly positioning itself to exploit the social, economic and governance policies will increase Kenya’s Blue economy resource in a sustainable manner through the use of global competitiveness, create employment and increase productivity. science and technology. Intensified science technology application is important in upstaging The supply explanation that the consumption of newly connected efficiency and productivity cascading all through political, cultural, to the grid consumers is small compared to the previous consumers, and socio-economical pillars. Kenya enacted the Science and Technology Act in 1977 and all these are key attributes to achieving the overarching Kenya Vision 2030 goals (Ministry of Transport, 2017). The Blue economy is a marine-based economic development that seeks to improve human well-being and social equity while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological vulnerabilities. Blue resources cover oceans, rivers, lakes and other form of water bodies and water related activities. The Blue economy recognizes that ocean ecosystem and health freshwater is a pathway for aquatic and oceanic based economies and can guarantee those islands and other beach front nations, to benefit from maritime assets. It also requires an integrated, holistic and participatory approach which includes sustainable management of Blue economy resources

6 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 7 results in a decline of the per capita consumption. The expansion of the grid should refocus on redefining consumers with real demand for electricity before connecting them. Otherwise, the actual demand could mainly be unsatisfied as production has increased at a too slow pace. This pushes for reallocation of the resource toward electricity generation to the detriment of grid expansion in order to better match the advancement of many ST&I programmes. African countries must challenge themselves to adapt, develop, exploit and share scientific and technological solutions relevant to their special needs to break overdependence on more advanced states. They must put proper mechanisms and infrastructure for training and full utilization of knowledge enabling them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order to adequately address local needs and participate in the international community on S&T knowledge in its development. disseminate industrial technologies is weak science and technology issues. Investment The opportunities to harness the Blue and its awareness of the technological needs in a country’s own science capabilities Economy are conditioned by complex of the industrial sector low. Inadequate and development of merit-based processes national and international interests, which and unreliable infrastructure services are and institutions are most crucial for proper can either favour partnership building and common in the majority of rural communities exploitation in policy making, industrial collaborative engagement or create tensions in Africa; raising the transaction costs of development and good governance. between interested parties. Piracy and other business in most African states. The protection of intellectual property criminal activities at sea, competing uses and The role of technology cannot be overstated is still patchy in many African countries. scarcity of water and other natural resources. in the industrialization, sustainable growth Many innovators are therefore discouraged On the one hand, if too little investment is and development of the Blue economy. by the expensive, onerous affair of having to undertaken, the continent will lag behind on African encounters differ from one region to register their services and products. They find the long term. When too much investment another. To advance science and technology it easy working in the shadows, struggling occurs, the continent risks an intensification in institutions; monitoring and evaluation without feedback for the concern and fear of of the brain drain phenomenon and, will still of organizational culture is a determinant having their ideas poached. Extending from be lagging behind. So the right investment to technology implementation effectiveness. mobile applications, mobile phones (Mpesa (in quantity and orientation) in S&T is thus Technology framing, innovation environment in Kenya) banks, electronics to mechanical, the relevant practical question in developing attributes were found to be underlying issues technology startups in developing countries countries like Kenya. in technology implementation. Cultural have traditionally sought solutions in The main institution in charge of issues pose greatest challenges that vary technology and entrepreneurship to their science and technology policy-making is widely in Africa. Kenya is faced with many day-to-day challenges. Experts say it usually weak and or unable to influence skilled informational personnel problems, has not been easy due to problems facing the government agencies that conduct tampering and theft, corruption, and science and technology development in scientific research and development (R&D). illiteracy. The responsibility for achieving Africa. Morocco had 54 filings, Nigeria Much of the R&D is mostly irrelevant to government support, capacity building, and Kenya had 7 each. Africa accounted for industrial needs in developing countries. training, infrastructure, and funding rests on about 500 patents applications last year, less Some Standards Bureau in developing scientists. than one percent of more than 205,000 made countries, much as they seem well staffed The Blue economy can contribute to the globally (UN, 2017). and motivated, is severely underfunded and positive transformation of Africa. This is a The Blue economy provides great lags in technological competence. None of strategic area for policy makers to utilize unexploited potential in social and economic its laboratories is internationally accredited. foreign policy strategies in promoting development of Kenya. A growing consensus The overall picture of the technology development in Kenya, through the Blue seems to be developing over the continent, reality in the East African region especially economy. In this regard, the lack of clear recognizing that scientific research rather in Kenya is that of a small and largely resource science and exploitation policy in than being a luxury is a requirement to ineffective infrastructure. It is poorly funded the African region is best manifested in the create the necessary long term potential for and motivated, hardly directly linked with underutilization or exploitation on marine sustainable economic development. A critical industry. Its ability to develop, adapt and resources. challenge for Africa is how to integrate the

6 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 7 SECURITY IN TRADITIONAL KENYAN COMMUNITIES and ivory among other valuables as units of Pokomo, a watchtower where the young exchange. men slept was positioned at the entrance of At the communal level, societies were the gate. The Pokomo were also conscious wary of the arrival of strangers in their midst, to construct eco-friendly homes made of particularly groups which looked stronger ‘makuti-thatch’ as protection against the militarily. They would thus send emissaries prevailing environmental conditions with gifts and peace offerings. Save for presented by the hot, humid coastal weather, the Wanga community of Western Kenya as did other Kenyan communities which which had a King, known as ‘Nabongo’ and thatched the roofs of their huts for this the ‘Sultanates’ along the Kenyan Coast, purpose most traditional Kenyan communities were In many homesteads, the grandmother’s governed by a systems of chieftainships. hut was also positioned at the gate, due to Perceived hegemons extracted tributes in perceptions that elderly people sleep light stock and kind from subdued communities, and are thus more likely to hear the sounds of MS M MING’ALA which more or less served as ‘protection intruders. The cattle sheds were placed either MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - KENYA money.’ Over time, they sought to cement at the centre or to the back of the homestead ecurity as a concept was for a long time peaceful and harmonious relations through under secure watch. Maasai women built looked at narrowly in the traditional intermarriage. shelters no taller than their heights, for sense of military security. However, The communities were keen to preserve purposes of camouflaging themselves from S the moral fabric of society, and thus strived detection at a distance, while the Maasai the Special United Nations Advisor Mahbub Ul Haq first drew global attention to the to protect their cultural values. Religion morans (young unmarried warriors) did not concept of Human Security in the United and Devotion played a pivotal role. They have shelters, but rather grazed their cattle Nation’s Development Programme (UNDP) would appease their deities and ancestors, by day and maintained vigilance by night. 1994 Human Development Report. By the who were regarded as intercessors in the Diplomacy and etiquette were not only year 2003 the concept of Human Security spirit realm, through sacrifices, offerings and observed at inter-communal levels but also had grown to encompass economic security, libations. Departed relatives were ‘re-born’ in inter-personal relationships. Among food security, health security, environmental thorough naming rituals or ceremonies the Maasai, subtlety was employed by security, personal security, community for infants. These acts of devotion served male suitors during courtship by planting security and political security. as insurance for their health, wealth and a spear outside the maiden’s shelter to Traditional Kenyan communities had safety, as they forged on in the land of the grasped the concept of human security long living, whilst looking forward to an after-life before the term was officially coined in 1994. beyond death. They endeavoured to preserve their human Harsh punishment was meted out to those security through their leadership, socio- who broke societal norms. Elders in the economic activities, cultural practices, mores community were key to adjudicating justice. and norms. Save for a few communities In the traditional Kikuyu community, thieves which remained as hunters and gatherers, were rolled down the slopes in a beehive. many communities gradually evolved into Other deterrent measures administered agricultural, pastoral communities, and to a against deviant behavior included fines of lesser extent, fisher-folk. wealth in produce or livestock, servitude to Granaries were found in majority of the the offended victim or family, lashings of homesteads, as were herds of livestock. the cane, ostracism from the community, After stocking up grain reserves to last subjection to dreaded oaths or curses, and until the next harvest season, communities the penultimate death sentence. engaged in barter trade with surplus stock, or The set-up of traditional homesteads used cowrie shells, beads, salt, bark cloth or yields interesting insights into the concept of tools for payment. Contact with sophisticated personal or communal security. Communities traders from beyond, most notably Akamba gave due consideration to security issues long distance traders and Arab merchants, in positioning huts of members of their further introduced the use of coins, cotton large polygamous households. Among the

8 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 9 warn off intrusion by potential rivals and thus avoid conflict. The Nandi man too HAS LIBYA BECOME THE NEW was said to make a tactical return home at day’s end with loud elaborate greetings, or admonitions to children, for all and sundry GORE’E SLAVE TRADE MARKET? within vicinity ahead of actual entry, so as to Says Othman Belbeis, the head of the avert the possibility of finding their wives in mission in Libya. After buying, you become uncompromising situations. responsible for that person, some of them The centrality of human security escape, others are kept in bondage, adds the notwithstanding, the quest by traditional official. Kenyan communities for military security The martyrdom of migrants does not and domination of rival communities more end there. Sub-Saharan migrants were sold often than not reigned supreme. Cattle raids and bought with the help of Ghanaians and were a regular activity and successful ones Nigerians who work for them. On the road yielded the spoils of war, which included to migration between Niger and Libya, women, children and livestock. As such, notably in Sbaha, Misrata or Tripoli, most traditional communities valued their warriors sub-Saharan immigrants are victims of and ensured a steady supply by initiating and unscrupulous smugglers who subsequently commissioning boys to take up the role of deliver them to Libyan buyers. protection, through circumcision and other M M KATUNGI The kidnappers subsequently sequestered rites of passage. UGANDA PEOPLE’S DEFENCE FORCE the migrants, who were freed after convincing The impact of symbolism and imagery their families to pay between 300,000 CFA was not lost on the psyche, as warriors ith the intervention of NATO francs (about $480) and 600,000 CFA francs were well adorned from head to toe, often and its allies and the killing of (about $970) via western union or money in elaborate animal skin or hide, the most WMuamar Gaddaffi, Libya which gram. Migrant women are victims of physical striking being the lion mane and colobus used to host thousands of migrants from sub abuse and forced into the domestic work of monkey skin. This was accompanied by Sahara Africa, has degenerated so much that their “buyer” when they are not reduced to sexual slaves. bodily applications of ash, ochre and other it has become a slave market. It is scandalous and in human treatment that exhumes African In the face of the disaster described by forms of ‘war paint’, ostensibly for purposes distant and painful memories arising from the UN-affiliated organization, a silent and of camouflage, as well as, to enhance the the past that was believed to be long gone. immobile international community faced ferocity of their appearance and ability to Had the position of African Union with open and grave violations of human strike fear and awe in the hearts of the enemy. position on Libya been respected, this chaos rights. Later, IOM’s denunciation brings Ideology complemented preparations for and mayhem would have been averted. back memories of a painful past in Africa. war, through praise songs, myths and legends African problems deserve African solutions. The “slavery” practices under way in which served to boost the ego, bolster The International Organization for Libya and the trade they are going to help confidence, dehumanize and disparage Migration (IOM) staff in Niger & Libya create are almost comparable to those of the enemy. This further served to reduce reported in communiqué issued on 11th time of slavery. The island of Gore’e off the enemy into seemingly hapless prey in April 2017 that there was a trade in sub Dakar, still bear the vestiges with its very the eyes of the warriors. Among the Luo, Sahara migrants, sold as pecuniary slaves of much visited “House of the slaves”. The tales are told of legendary warrior ‘Lwanda “markets” in Libya. Libyan slave markets that flourish in Libya Magere’ who was invincible. In a narrative An immoral trade that proliferates in are trampling on human dignity. If nothing similar to the biblical story of “Samson and total indifference in a Libya devastated by is done, this Libya devastated by war and Delilah’, the enemy sent a beautiful maiden war and which tends to become asort of new undermined by instability is on the way to to discover the secret of his strength which Gore’e for migrants. become the new Gore’e. happened to lie in his shadow. When his Sub Saharan migrants exchanged for shadow was subsequently speared upon between $200 and $500 and then assigned According to discovery of his secret, legend has it that to work in Libyan homes. Others are he did not die but rather turned into a rock sequestered, tortured and forced to call their testimonies created ‘which can still be sighted today’. families to pay for their release. during an investigation Cattle raids have since been abandoned In Libya, denunciation that IOM, said by most, if not all Kenyan communities. in a statement are hundreds of sub-Saharan by IOM staff of rescued Similarly, culture and practices have evolved migrants and migrants are publicly sold in migrants, you go to the with modernity and the passage of time. market or garages. However, their shadows and echoes live According to testimonies created during market, pay between on in Kenya’s ‘communal values’, songs, an investigation by IOM staff of rescued $200 and $500 to folklore and the traditional regalia adorned migrants, you go to the market, pay between $200 and $500 to have a migrant. during cultural festivals and performances. have a migrant.

8 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 9 MULTI-AGENCY COOPERATION IN NATIONAL SECURITY COORDINATION “A focus on a multi-agency approach, as opposed to the traditional silo approach, has paid dividends in detecting, preventing and disrupting the operational aims of terrorist groups and networks,” His Excellency President Uhuru Kenyatta

Mombasa County Command Centre on 19th clear and focused leadership designed to March 2015, and was closely followed by provide command, control, communication “Operation Linda Boni”, a Multi-Agency and coordination; it also implies that the Operation designed to restore normalcy in synergies of the participating agencies Lamu County and its environs. are also brought to bear. As such multi- Some of the traditional obstacles to agency cooperation would no doubt ensure inter-agency coordination include, each prompt and effective crisis response and agency seeking to preserve its autonomy management thereby contributing to and independence, inadequate resources sustenance of peaceful society towards and energy invested in developing and national development. maintaining relationships between During His Excellency President Uhuru organizations. In some instances inter- Kenyatta’s address to the Kenya National agency coordination does not clearly Defence College Course 19 participants in reflect tangible potential returns on the May 2017, he underscored that cooperation COL N MUHINDI investment, organizational culture, routines between agencies which has seen the KENYA ARMY and procedures are yet another challenge. government put an end to many forms of Besides organizational goals are at times crimes including terrorism, He further stated very element in the system of in conflict among collaborating agencies that the multi-agency approach had been government is expected to work while different components bring different validated in several joint counter terrorism in unison towards common good. E expectations, biases and pressure to bear on operations and other threats. Given that the operators of the institution of each agency. The words echoed by H.E President government are human, it is not unexpected The need for synergy cannot therefore Kenyatta is a clear indication that the that frictions could sometimes arise to be over emphasized and as advanced concept of multiagency cooperation really hamper the delivery of the desired services by some scholars, where synergy fails, does work. It is evident that the success of to the public. However, developments in the security is bound to fail. Therefore, joint this form of mechanism is more pronounced recent past indicated a lack of coordination efforts enable development of strategies for in areas where existing security structures and cooperation between security agencies crises management with focus on effective are already in place with established links to a worrying level. The security challenges preparedness and response. Bringing to the National Security architecture. The and crises resulted in the loss of lives, together agencies to plan jointly eliminates successes realized by the Mombasa Multi- displacement of persons and destruction conflicts amongst agencies and creates Agency Coordination Center is a case in of property. These security threats are numerous and very often interrelated, and therefore tackling them requires an inter- sectoral collective approach. In an effort to ensure these challenges are dealt with in a coordinated manner, Kenya’s National Security Advisory Council (NSAC) directed that Multi Agency Command Centres are established where incidents of insecurity are on the increase. This was an acknowledgement that cooperation and collaboration by institutions of the government with clear cut jurisdiction but shared responsibilities are no longer a peripheral but a key in ensuring success in their different areas of responsibility. This resulted in the standing up of the

10 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 11 point, which was further evidenced during the 2017 National General Elections. During this period structures that ensured multiagency cooperation were put in BURUNDI FOREST place in support of the existing security apparatus from the regional level down to PROTECTION the lowest level (Sub County). Training to bring together the agencies coupled with forested lands (central government owned) regular coordinating meetings with clear and (2) private “boisement” or woodlots and focused leadership which provided (private ownership). Broadly speaking, the command, control, communication and former can be further subdivided between: coordination was used and remains the a) The colonial and postcolonial era planting key principle to successful security related of exotic tree species and hilltops and steep operations. slopes, and b) The national protected areas and other remaining natural forested areas. The national non-natural plantations were It is evident that the planted during the colonial era and then success of this form another similar large-scale push took place in the 1970s-80s through World Bank projects of mechanism is in which 55,000 ha were planted. These more pronounced in COL A NDUWIMANA plantations were intended for the primary purpose of fuelwood for local consumption, BURUNDI NATIONAL DEFENCE FORCE areas where existing soil stabilization, as well as for paper fiber to security structures he Kibira National Park is a national supply a national paper industry. are already in place park in northwestern Burundi. TOverlapping four provinces and Opportunities with established covering 400 km2, Kibira National Park lies Despite the significant challenges that atop the mountains of the Congo-Nile divide. include limited donor/NGO/government links to the National It extends north from the provincial town of attention on the forest, a certain number Security architecture. Muramvya to the border of Rwanda where of opportunities to address the previously it is contiguous with the Nyungwe National mentioned threats emerge. Promotion of Park. It is estimated that around 16% of the community tree nursery development and Other than security agencies, how well park consists of primary montane rainforest, financing. Many Burundians are involved are other government ministries, agencies the only montane forest in all of Burundi, and seemingly skilled at tree nursery and institutions coordinating their efforts? and is adjacent to two large tea plantations, management and out planting of trees. In order for the country to reduce waste one in Teza and the other in Rwegura. The Additionally, over the short term, many and promote a culture of coordination and Park exceeds 1,100m in elevation. Dominant projects are creating the need/market for cooperation across the government, it is vital saplings of some native tree species as well that the concept of multi-agency cooperation tree species include Symphonia lobulifera, as exotics. Regardless of what led to this be promoted and enforced. This will ensure Newtonia buchananii, Albizia gummifera synergy within government; coordinated and Entandrophragma excelsum. efforts will guarantee increased efficiency The forest contains areas of montane bog A clear need was in service delivery to the people while and bamboo stands. A total of 644 plants observed to support at the same time allowing coordinating grow in the park. There are 98 species of mechanisms that promote jointness to mammal in the forest and 200 species of the comprehensive eliminate waste in government occasioned birds have been recorded here. Although the by duplication of efforts. Kibira has not been as thoroughly studied as development of a It may also be desirable that security some of its neighboring protected areas, it forest management agencies extend cooperation to include still is considered ‘the most important site regular multi-agency training at Regional in Burundi for the conservation of montane- authority that is and County level in order to ensure forest birds’. trained, staffed, and cooperation and coordination is extended from leadership level down to subordinates. Forest Tenure and Management equipped to tackle This will ensure agencies appreciate and Regimes the threats to the learn from each other’s strengths, thereby Currently, there are two primary functional promoting and building trust across forest tenure regimes governing the remaining forest resources agencies. natural and artificial forests: (1) National in Burundi.

10 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 11 volunteers through their local group, Association Dukingiribidukikije have worked diligently with Bird Life’s partner to protect and maintain the natural environment to prevent soil erosion and members of this association also helped people to build 2,000 efficient fireplaces in their homes to reduce the frequency of women going into the forest in search of firewood. This local group also raises awareness about the importance of the Kibira National Park and activities that threaten its conservation. Members of the group have benefited from training and sensitization sessions, after which they generated and shared information with members of their community about the importance of preserving the Kibira Park. Many people living in and around Kibira do not have reliable sources of food and income to support themselves and their families, but the national park presents opportunities to reduce poverty and improve their livelihoods. The Association is aware of this and promotes sustainable income generating activities in the communities. They have introduced local farmers to agroforestry technics particularly the planting of fruit trees and helped Association Dukingiribidukikije’s work communities to build and maintain beehives for the production and commercialization of apparently widespread or at least common natural forests in and out of formally honey. skill, there appears to be an opportunity to protected areas remain intact and are benefit from this capacity to achieve multiple respected by local communities against all objectives (reforestation, fuelwood/charcoal odds (see “threats” above) suggests that provision, environmental protection, small going forward, there is something upon business development, etc.). which to build. It is likely a result of a whole A clear need was observed to support host of complicated and interdependent the comprehensive development of a forest social, cultural, historical, and economic management authority that is trained, factors. Something keeps people from staffed, and equipped to tackle the threats to completely converting the forest, which the forest resources in Burundi. Once the clearly presents an opportunity to learn legal and regulatory framework is updated from in future engagements around forest to be responsive to the current realities and resource conservation, management, and constraints, a specific opportunity exists reforestation. to work on a suite of actions, including: The local group known as Association law enforcement, plantation management Dukingiribidukikije was created in 2012 by for fuel and fiber, national forest inventory local volunteers with the aim of protecting to understand the status of the resource, their environment as well as seek local monitoring to understand the trends of solutions to some of the problems facing the resource in view of adopting adaptive their communities like poverty and domestic management strategies, fire management, conflicts. Bird Life recognizes communities boundary demarcation, and other actions. as champions for the conservation of nature Foster community involvement in forest and engage them through Site Support resource conservation, management, and Groups (SSGs) in key priority conservation reforestation efforts. The fact that some areas. At the Kibira National Park, these Growing trees to support reforestation

12 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 13 DEBT TRAP ountries generally borrow both dumping of cheap goods, further reducing externally as well as internally for exports from recipient countries. This in turn Cinfrastructure development and for widens the current account deficit. Moreover, funding of various projects or schemes. The instability and insecurity coupled with lack of combination of the two types of borrowings is infrastructure also drives away investors thereby called public debt. In certain cases, specially in depriving the developing countries of both developing countries, there may be instances forex as also manufacturing and technological when the quantum of repayments of this debt capacities. Developing countries also have a low exceeds the capacity of the country. This leads technological threshold as also limited capacity to a situation where the country may have for government led investments. As they do not to accrue even more debt to make interest have the capacity to invest outside the country payments. This situation may be called a debt their investments do not beget forex returns. trap. There have even been situations where The only saving grace may be remittances from nations have to sell national assets to a foreign diaspora in many cases. country in order to make debt repayments. Case Costly infrastructure projects which do not in point is Hambantota port where the Sri Lanka BRIG S JAIN have the capacity to start generating revenues government had to give away the port to the INDIA DEFENCE FORCE immediately are often the cause of debt trap. Chinese on lease. Many such projects are often not even needed There are certain developing countries or cheaper alternatives may be available. which even with a small quantum of debt, both in real terms as also Yet in democracies many a times such projects are contracted due to as percentage of GDP, struggle to pay their yearly installments. On the populism as also in a rush to become “First World”. In the long run other hand many developed nations have huge public debts and yet they such debts produce quite the opposite effect. Corruption may also be the are economically doing very well. USA in fact has one of the largest inducement for politicians to contract bad debt of such nature. public debts amongst all countries. The reasons for this disparity are The above analysis does not mean that loans are bad. After all almost varied and often interconnected in a complex manner. The foremost all the countries of the developed world have borrowed heavily to boost being the quality of debt. Many multilateral institutions provide long their economies. Yet countries with low GDPs, weak currencies and term low interest loans. In certain cases the interest rates may even be fiscal and current account deficits, have to be careful with respect to as low as 1%. Thus a country can repay the interest as well as principal the type of debt as also the accompanying strings being attached by component in easy installments. On the other hand bilateral donors may the donors. In most cases the country should try to borrow internally as even provide loans at interest rates as high as 6%, with short or medium also try to enhance public private partnership, specially through internal term repayment plans, which puts the recipient economy under stress. investors. It also goes without saying that sound economic policies in Certain donor countries also insist on infrastructure development being any case will boost the economy, the exports as also enhance capacity done by their firms, using their raw material and labour. The payments of the government to invest in critical infrastructure. A stable security to the firms or labour may even be made in the donor country itself, environment may also act as a force multiplier. thereby depriving the recipient country of forex. The loan also does little to stimulate the economy of the recipient country as even though the infrastructure may get created the spin off benefits such as job creation are not accrued. The second factor is the exchange rates of the local currency of the recipient country. Any currency devaluation artificially inflates the loans. Moreover, a country with a weak currency has to earn much more in purchasing power parity terms to be able to pay back the loan in reserve currencies. This is a paradox as the purchasing power of the reserve currency is also more at the time of loan receipt. Yet it makes repayments difficult. Another factor is fiscal deficit. While most developing countries do run a fiscal deficit, a sustained high fiscal deficit, say above 3%, also impacts debt repayment capacity of a country. The debt repayments in turn lead to further fiscal deficit. Prudent government spending is therefore a must. Quite often developing countries end up spending large sums on government apparatus specially on defence. A current account deficit further leads to strain on repayments as all repayments have to be in international reserve currencies. The exports in developing countries are normally less than the imports due to lack of industrialization and dependence upon foreign energy supply in most cases. External borrowing often complicates this situation further. The donors many times extract favorable terms for trade and

12 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 13 THE MARSHALL PLAN contradictions came to light. Although there American interests was agreement on the necessary punishment The German reconstruction was increasingly of Germany in the form of war reparations, in the interest of the US and the states of their amount was as controversial as post-war Europe. As a central economic regulations for the uniform administration powerhouse, Germany was an indispensable of the occupation zones. The administration buyer of raw materials and a supplier of of Germany was the responsibility of the finished goods for both the (Western) Allied Control Council, headquartered in European and the American markets, in Berlin-Schöneberg and whose work was addition, Germany played a key role in the increasingly difficult due to the growing beginning of the “Cold War”. At the borders mutual distrust. between the United States and British zones of occupation, united in 1947 as “Bizones”, A new policy for Europe to the Soviet occupation zone, the two The harsh winter of 1946-47 forced the power blocs and their different interests met. Americans and Britons to fundamentally An economically and politically unstable LT COL (GS) S HASLER rethink their occupation policies. People (West) Germany could have unforeseeable GERMANY DEFENCE FORCE throughout Europe were starving, but the consequences - not only for Germany, but situation in Germany was particularly bad for the whole of Western Europe. n discussions in Germany about the need because of the destruction and the large to support African countries to develop number of refugees and displaced persons “Truman Doctrine” Itheir economies, the German government from the former eastern territories. The On March 12, 1947, US President Truman explored for new approaches to package its desired re-education of the population was declared his support for all “free peoples” support activities for Africa. Therefore, the hardly feasible under these circumstances. against totalitarian forms of government. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation The situation was also difficult for the The American Declaration was generally and Development (BMZ) has taken a occupying powers. For example, the cost of understood as opposing the further spread new direction in its cooperation with the occupation proved to be an extreme burden of communism and “people’s democracies.” countries of Africa, called “Marshall Plan for the UK’s own household. The very The Marshall Plan thus became a key with Africa”. Main idea of the new concept high expenditure in Europe (aid programs element of American policy of containment to tackle the global challenges that the world and support of the former allies) was also of Communism in Western Europe. A is facing today is to join forces with strong increasingly controversial in the US. Quite unified, economically sound Europe that African partners. The basic assumption a few US voices called for the withdrawal shared similar values to the US would be being that Africa offers unique opportunities of traditional isolationist positions - the equally immune to both left and right-wing and the continent has huge potential and, original core of US power politics. This populists. As communism appeared to the therefore, must be supported. attitude was confirmed by the victory of the US as the main challenger, this argument for To name the new concept a “Marshall”- Republicans in the congressional elections. the implementation of the Marshall Plan in Plan has a deeper sense. Germany itself President Truman, a Democrat, on the other the USA became more and more important. benefited massively by the so - called hand, represented the policy of America’s In addition, the US economic policy Marshall - Plan after World War II. To responsibility for the world, as expressed considerations remained effective. understand which level of engagement a later in the “Truman Doctrine”. Nevertheless, For West Germany, the implementation plan could have and how extensive the the costs for different programs such as of the Marshall Plan meant a quicker end to development under the new concept should GARIOA (Government Aid and Relief in the reparation payments and the continued be, it is useful to look at the original Marshall- Occupied Areas) were very high, without dismantling of German industries and the Plan. Why did Germany was a recipient of showing the desired results. Therefore, it was dismantling process would be stopped finally help? Who spent money and what was the agreed that further uncoordinated assistance in 1951. However, the size of the reparation outcome? to the Europeans should be terminated and payments was lower than originally intended be replaced. because of the Marshall Plan in the Western End of war occupation zones. During the Second World War, Britain, the Another concession in favor of German United States of America and the Soviet The German and European reconstruction meant Union fought together against the “Axis reconstruction was exceeding the industrial capacity laid Powers” Germany, Italy and Japan. This down in the Potsdam Agreement: it had alliance between the democratic states increasingly in the decided to freeze German industry at its and the USSR was, from the beginning, 1932 level. In view of the European and an alliance of purpose in which the interest of the US American demand for German products, this systemic contradiction was consciously and the states of restriction was lifted at the insistence of the pushed into the background. Already at the USA. Above all, the beginning of the “Cold Potsdam Conference in summer 1945, the post-war Europe. War” did not allow the deliberate economic

14 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 15 weakening of a partner. The absurdity of European market goods produced here, in fact, akin to free parallel construction aid and disassembly A very important meaning of the Marshall trade. In 1951, however, it came to the brink positively ended for the Federal Republic: Plan extending beyond Germany lay in of insolvency, as a result of the Korean War, Often obsolete plants were disassembled and the development of the European market. when commodity prices increased extremely replaced by modern variants, which could In September 1950 an important step was and could not be covered by export revenues. be acquired, inter alia, with Marshall Plan taken with the agreement on the “European However, this crisis was only temporary: In funds. This was the basis for the upcoming Payments Union” (EPU). The EPU was the second half of the year, it was followed “economic miracle” of West Germany. provided with Marshall Plan funds to help by strong demand for German industrial individual states in case their national products. In 1952, the Federal Republic first Issue of effectiveness currency ceilings were inadequate. It was achieved a balance of payments surplus and The actual economic results of the Marshall thus intended as an instrument of aid for made its way from there to becoming an Plan are still controversial. The later Minister free trade up to the point when the European “export world champion”. of Economics Ludwig Erhard denied its currencies would be convertible. This far-reaching consequences for Germany. Conclusion However, this probably also had to do with was the case in 1958. In addition to the In Germany the concept of the “Marshall”- the fact that the politician did not want to establishment of a multilateral system, the see his own performance diminished. In basic definition of a free trade system was Plan is truly connected with the idea that fact, the upswing without the Marshall Plan important. This had been a major claim of the devastated and hopeless country was would have taken longer to come. Without Marshall, which had to be at the creation of supported successfully from outside by the previously introduced currency reform long-term markets for American products. former enemies and later allies and friends, of June 1948, however, the Marshall Plan In intra-European exchanges, this meant even if they had their own national interests could have done little. In addition, it must the successive reduction of quotas for certain in doing so. Therefore, the idea of a “Marshall be considered that considerable financial categories of goods until the complete free Plan with Africa” has a huge similar in its resources had already flowed into the western trade between them. The Federal Republic background. The implementation process occupation zones. The US gave between was the only non-sovereign member forced of the Marshall Plan for Africa within the 1948 and 1952 more than 13 Billion US$ to lead the way in this question - but was EU context may now show this project direct aid – converted into todays buying fearful because of the demand for the capital could have the same impact or could only power appr. 130 Billion US$. borrowed out of history. COHESION AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN KENYA he concept of national security can of being members of the same nation engaged be traced to the Westphalian Peace in joint ventures, facing challenges and shared TTreaty of 1648 which made states the opportunities. Cohesion is an elusive concept key actors in the international order. However, that is easier to recognize by its absence the aftermath of the post-cold war era has than by definition. Its absence culminates not only witnessed the widened definition of in increased social tension, violent crimes, the national security but also the threats and insecurity, human rights violations, and vulnerabilities attributed to it. One of the ultimately, violent conflicts that undermine the major challenges states continue to face is the national security. achievement of sustainable peace and security. National cohesion is about tolerance, Kenya like any other Africa country respect for diversity, fostering peace and experiences many challenges; some of which social inclusion. Social inclusion refers to the are governance-related or intra-state conflicts degree to which all citizens can participate based and national borders. In defining MR W A LUGONZO in economic, social and political affairs of National Security, there has been a departure the country. Conflicts arising from resources NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - KENYA from the state centric view that focuses on undermine integration. A cohesive society is sovereignty, territorial integrity, and aggression one where people are united with no glaring from external threats to consideration of internally generated threats mistrust, among neighbors. The institutions of the state work towards associated with ethnocentric dynamics and governance related issues, a better future for the citizens. National cohesion is therefore vital that undermine national cohesion and render the state vulnerable. for a country that seeks to fast track its development agenda and National cohesion and integration are both a result of inculcation incorporate a rights based approach to development. of values that allow all citizens to have a sense self-actualization and Threats to Country’s security are largely internally generated

14 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 15 and often borne of lack of social cohesion resolution and support for Commercial sectarian interests of the dominant ruling and economic under-development. This Social Organizations (CSOs) to encourage class. A cohesive society works towards realization emphasizes the need to undertake sustainable local initiatives aimed at social the well-being of all its members, fights a recalibration of a State’s security in order cohesion. Banners designed by the NCIC exclusion and biases on marginal lines, to reflect current realities, and by ensuring are displayed across the country to promote creates a sense of belonging, promotes trust that economic security is integrated into peace and unity in diversity. and offers its members the opportunity for the national social security framework It should be appreciated that the NCIC upward mobility. Africa on the other hand of the state. Kenya’s national security is has played a critical role in addressing faces a myriad of security threats that cannot increasingly threatened by ethnic intolerance. hate speech during election campaigns. be mitigated unless the continent jointly This is common during the electioneering NCIC developed guidelines on responsible under the African Union demonstrates the periods when politicians mobilize their journalism for journalists and media outlets, will for integration to fight the scourges from ethnic communities into political tools conducted awareness training on hate a common ground. Kenya’s prosperity across at times generating hatred among other speech, issued warnings to perpetrators all sectors of development will be informed Kenyans. investigated and heard complaints regarding by strategic measures to ensure a cohesive The 2007-2008 post-election violence in hate speech and initiated prosecutions. These society that can work together through the Kenya heightened, the awareness, arising measures coupled with other programs, regional, national and local communities. from lack of cohesion in Kenya. In 2012, prohibited public intolerance between ethnic The National Cohesion and Integration ethnic clashes in Tana River County, an protagonists. The international community Commission should partner with others to area that for a long time had experienced has given financial support to NCIC in its promote diversity and national cohesion. peace among the groups, caused widespread programmes and has called on the Kenyan It is intended that the proper coordination displacement of the population. In 2014, government to undertake wide-ranging of national cohesion and national security the security forces intervened in clashes in reforms to curb the menace. policies will promote prevention, mitigation the County of Marsabit, in northern Kenya. The fact remains that since the onset and preparedness against national cohesion. Cattle rustling activities among pastoralists of colonialism, power in Kenya has been It will facilitate better coordination and build communities in Kenya among them the associated with some particular ethnic synergies among stakeholders involved Turkana, Pokot, Marakwet and Samburu groups which, amongst other internal cohesion building. had heightened insecurity through use of dynamics, is widely believed to be a cause for It should be noted that the famous lethal weapons. These social conflicts are ethnic intolerance, low levels of inclusivity, handshake between President Uhuru connected to lack of cohesion and culminate lack of trust and community stereotyping Kenyatta and opposition leader Raila Odinga in security concerns in Kenya. that undermine national cohesion. It is has been an enabler to the attainment of The democratisation process also changed based on the justification that the intra and National security and has contributed the security concept from traditional state- interclass struggle between the factions of immensely to the national cohesion centred to people-centred where the people the Kenyan elites has manifested itself in culminating in peace and economic growth are a key reference for security. This calls the manipulation of the ethnic groups as following minimized political tension. for a national cohesion and integration an instrument to promote the parochial and process to allow citizens feel part of the same community engaged in a common enterprise, and facing shared challenges and opportunities. The formation of the National Cohesion and Integration Commission and other bodies mandated to enhance national cohesion has achieved some strides in social intergration. The situation calls for a policy review in order to achieve the social pillar of vision 2030. Similarly, The National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC) has emerged as the main bureaucratic institution spearheading the national efforts to change the attitudes of ethnic communities and build a more cohesive and peaceful national identity. The NCIC conducts and funds multiple programs, including national television dialogues, peace education to promote non-violent forms of conflict

16 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 17 STRESS MANAGEMENT

irritability, angry episodes, and significant d. Catnap or Power Nap - Take a quick weight gain or loss. There are two basic nap, its nature’s way of recharging and instinctive reactions to stress, which may re-energizing. A quick nap of 10 to 30 also happen simultaneously. These are the minutes’ is very helpful for stress relief. “fight or flight” response, and the General e. Make a Cup of Tea - Making the tea Adaptation Syndrome (GAS). and preparing the ingredients, itself, The “fight or flight” reaction is a basic, takes your mind off your problems. short-term survival response, which is f. Crying - Whatever the science behind triggered when there is a shock, or when crying, a good bout of sobbing and something is perceived to be a threat. The weeping does seem to release tension General Adaptation Syndrome, on the other and stress for many people. hand, is a response to long-term exposure g. Emotional Intelligence - This is the to stress. It espouses that helps to cope ability to absorb high levels of stress with stress in three distinct phases namely; and pressure governed by maturity and the alarm phase, the resistance phase and, personnel wellbeing. Accepting the COL T BANDA lastly, the exhaustion phase. The alarm phase situation in a mature and composed ZAMBIA DEFENCE FORCE happens when one reacts to the stressor while manner would help to work out the resistance phase occurs when one adapts resilience. tress is a normal psychological and to and copes with the stressor. However, the h. Watch Television - Ensure that you physical reaction to the demands of body cannot resist indefinitely. Gradually, watch a film that will uplift your low Slife. It can be from within or without if the stress is persistent, the physical and mood. This will detract your attention the individual concerned. It can be acute or emotional resources get depleted. At that on what is stressing you. Positive images chronic. Acute stress is a short-term stress stage, one is worn out and therefore cannot and sounds have a corresponding effect and the most common form of stress. It deals function normally. It is at that stage when the on your physical health and wellbeing. with the pressures of the immediate, future or exhaustion phase is reached. j. Be More Organized - Reduce the the very recent past. As a result, it does not The first step in managing stress is to generation of clutter by setting priorities pose meaningful danger to human health. On understand where the stress is coming from. in all your work and tasks. Take control the other hand, chronic stress has a wearing There is need to keep a stress diary and of your tasks by beating deadlines and down effect and can become a very serious identify the causes of short-term or frequent learn when to say no to some demands health risk if it continues over a long period stresses in life. As one writes down events, from others. of time. The severity of stress varies from reflect on why particular situations stresses k. One-to-One Counseling - Training individual to individual and gender difference and identifies specific events that could put courses can convey anger management plays a role, with the female gender being the one at risk of long-term stress. These stressors and stress reduction theories and ideas, more resilient. should be listed in order of their impact. but one-to-one counseling is necessary Small amounts of stress can be good, The priorities are broadly grouped into to turn theory into practice. motivating one to perform well. The human two; those which affect one’s health and l. Exercise - Exercise increases blood flow brain comes well-wired for protection well-being most and those which affect one’s to the brain, which is good for the human against stress. Unfortunately, the nonstop work and productivity. Once this is done, brain. and multiple challenges of modern life such consideration is given to the approaches These are but some of the techniques for as waiting in traffic, paying bills, meeting listed below. One is likely to use a mix of the stress management. Everyone has to develop deadlines can push one beyond his/her ability techniques. his or her own responses to stress. During to cope. This would also be true for students a. Humour - Humour gets one’s brain the short-term or acute stress situations, or course participants at military institutions thinking and working in a different the brain releases certain chemicals within like Senior Command and Staff College or manner. Laughter itself, which results the brain to cause a reaction to potentially indeed National Defence College as the case from hummer produces helpful harmful stressors or warnings. When the may be. This is so because most military chemicals in the brain that assist in stress threat subsides, the body returns to normal. training/learning programmes are tailored to management. The relaxation response among people varies. be pressure intensive. b. Brisk walk and Self-talk - Going for Some recover from acute stress fast while Some common signs and symptoms of short quick and brisk walk outside, others take long. The key is to learn to monitor stress include; frequent headaches, cold or stimulates one’s senses with new things. your own stressors and become aware of sweaty hands and feet, frequent heartburn, c. Rehydrate - Take 4-8 glasses of water when they are indicating unmanageable stress stomach pain, nausea, panic attacks, daily. If you starve your body of water levels so that appropriate remedial measures excessive sleeping, or insomnia. Others you will function below your best and get are taken timely to avoid calamity. These are persistent difficulty in concentrating, stressed, as all of your organs, including tress management techniques are suggested obsessive or compulsive behaviors, social your brain, are strongly dependent on to equip all with stress coping mechanisms. withdrawal or isolation, constant fatigue, water to function properly.

16 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 17 KENYA’S HIDDEN TOURISM GEM: SAMBURU COUNTY, KENYA and water based tourism, conference tourism the east and Barrier Volcano to the north. and home stay tourism. Fault escarpments bound its sides while Hundreds of kilometers north of the red clays, boulders and gravel fans cover capital Nairobi, lies the vast remote arid lands the floor. The valley is characterized by of northern Kenya. In the northern part of the beach terraces which give evidence that it country, Turkana County (Lake Turkana) was once part of Lake Turkana. High-level is the cradle of mankind, making Kenya plateaus built by repeated floods of lava a leader in heritage tourism. In this case, from the Rift Valley dominate the eastern Kenya is therefore the ultimate destination part of the valley. Kirisia Mountains rising offering unparalleled variety of travel and to 2,500m above sea level is the highest holiday experiences. The landscape in point of the plateau. The lava fields make a northern Kenya is still pretty much ‘virgin’. very thin layer of soil which hardly supports Unlike in urban areas where there are far too any vegetation. The volcanic hills on Loroki many obstructions in the guise of buildings; Plateau are covered by shallow dark to dark COL J L LEMAKARA the horizon here is uninterrupted. brown rocky and stony soils especially to the KENYA ARMY Samburu County on the other hand, is north. In the South West and high altitude the Northerly gem globally reputed and areas of the county, rainfall is above 600 mm enya is considered an “economic associated with Born Free film, Camel per annum and the soils are comparatively powerhouse” within the East racing, breathtaking tourism sites, the Great deep suitable for arable farming. Generally, African Region. The Country K Rift Valley, colourful cultures among other the topography, soil and rock types and comprises of beautiful savannahs, lake lands, attractions. vegetation cover influence the population amazing coastal strip, the dramatic Great Samburu County constitutes three distribution and settlement patterns in the Rift Valley and mountain highlands. It’s also constituencies; Samburu North, Samburu county. The soils are mostly well-drained home to wildlife like lions, elephants and East and Samburu West. Samburu borders phaeozems although some parts are covered rhinos. From Nairobi the capital city, safaris five counties; Marsabit to the north and by shallow lithosols, including areas around may visit the Maasai Mara Reserve, known northeast, Isiolo to the east, Turkana to the Suguta Marmar where the risk of flooding for its annual wildebeest migrations, and west and northwest, Laikipia to the South is classified as medium. The lithic phase of Amboseli National Park, offering views of and Baringo county to the southwest. The the soils encourage run–off during periods of the 5,895m Mt. Kilimanjaro. Maasai people, in reference to the colourful high precipitation. In addition, the Country has diverse adornments worn by Samburu people, used Samburu County has several trading attractions to offer to both local and the name Samburu, which means ‘butterflies’ centres such as Wamba, Kisima, Suguta international tourists. It is only a few in the Maasai language, to name the area. The Marmar, Baragoi, South Horr and Maralal. countries around the world where one can Samburu are a Nilotic people that are related Maralal town is the headquarters of Samburu relax on pristine sandy beaches and be able to but distinct from the Maasai. They are County. Located about 350km North of to see wildlife in all forms within a short semi-nomadic pastoralists who herd mainly Nairobi and 150 km north of Nyahururu, distance. Kenya has 60 National Parks and cattle but also keep sheep, goats and camels. Maralal is a cultural rich centre for the Reserves all with abundant wildlife. The The County consists of several highlands, Samburu people. It is a transit town for spectacular wildebeest migration that occurs plateaus and lowlands including the famous tourists looking to explore northern Kenya every year in Kenya’s most visited Maasai Suguta Valley. Suguta Valley drops from through Baragoi to Loiyiangalani ashore Mara National Reserve is referred to as the southern tip of Lake Turkana to the west of Lake Turkana. The town is a thriving trade 7th new wonder of the world. The scenery Baragoi town, Malaso (Losiolo Escarpment centre with men trading their livestock of Kenya is unique, the Great Rift Valley View Point) extending southwards. The and women selling baskets and jewellery. and the snow capped Mount Kenya, lying valley registers searing temperatures as high Maralal is quickly becoming a popular astride the equator, are breath-taking. There as 50 C (122 F), it is best described as an international attraction thanks to the Maralal are myriads of activities which visitors can unforgiving landscape, stark and desolate International Camel Derby - an annual camel enjoy including rock climbing, white water terrain is why the valley is branded as the race held mid-year near the town that attracts rafting, bird watching and adventure. “Valley of Death.” The floor of the valley many locals and international camel racing Kenya is also a land endowed with is broken only by occasional volcanic cinder enthusiasts. cultural diversity, pleasant weather all the cones and geological features to the east The Samburu Members of the moran age year round and more importantly, hospitable and west that rise to elevations of 3300 feet. grade, which is “warriors” typically, wear people. The diversity of Kenya’s tourism The surreal landscape is dominated by two their hair in long braids, which they shave products further includes, ecotourism, sports distinct geological features Mount Ngiro to off when they become elders. They rely

18 NDC NEWSLETTER III COURSE COURSE 21 21 - - 2018/19 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 19 on sheep, goats, cattle and camels as their of the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Point), Suguta Valley and Maralal National source of livelihood. Their traditional food and increasing support from County Reserve. Samburu National Reserve is consists of meat, milk and blood. They prefer governments, which is allowing wildlife situated along the Ewaso Ngiro River about meat barbeque (nyama choma) on special numbers in many conservancies to flourish. 350km from Nairobi. The 165 Sq Km occasions such as during circumcision Samburu culture and traditions are being reserve is home to a thriving population ceremonies, marriage and birth of a child. practiced and enhances the preservation of of wildlife including elephants, cheetah, Other ethnic groups living in Samburu their heritage. Majority of Samburus beliefve leopard, gerenuk, wild dogs and many other County include Rendile, Turkana, Elmolo in the African traditional religion although species. A variety of over 450 bird species and Borana. These are nomadic pastoralists a few have converted to Christianity. are also found in this park. To the south of who rear cattle, donkeys, camels and goats. They greet each other by saying ‘Supa’ Samburu National Park is the 131Sq.Km Both Samburu men and women dress in or ‘serian ake’ meaning peace be with Buffalo Springs National Reserve, an animal brightly coloured traditional shukas, which you. The Samburu believe in a god called sanctuary that supports many rare species of they wrap loosely around their bodies. Nkai - a distant creator who lives on top of wildlife including the endangered Grevy’s Samburu men also dye their hair with red mount Nyiro East of Lake Turkana. Nkai zebra, Beisa oryx and the reticulated giraffe. ochre, while the women adorn themselves in is the protector of the community against Shaba National Reserve, also located to the beautiful, multi-beaded necklaces and other all calamities. Samburu are close cousins south of Samburu National Park, supports a traditional jewelry. to Maa speaking communities in Laikipia, huge population of wildlife as well as over The Samburu also live atop Mount Kulal, Jembs of Baringo, Kajiado, Narok, Kilgoris 350 bird species. The little known Maralal Mt. Kulal is an eroded-down extinct volcano County and Northern part of Tanzania. National Reserve situated in the heart of located in northern Kenya, just east of Lake The Samburu language is similar to that Samburu County is an ideal destination for Turkana. The mountain has an elevation of of the Maasais, although Samburus usually wildlife viewing Safari. Some of the animals 2,285 metres (7,497 ft). Mount Kulal is the speak with a faster tongue than Maasais. They that can be spotted here include zebra, hyena, centre piece of the Man and the Biosphere are renowned for their traditional dancing of buffalo, leopard and eland. (MAB) reserve of the same name, which jumping high dressed in brightly coloured The Samburu County government is one of six MAB reserves in Kenya. The garment ‘shukas’, which they wrap loose is committed now than ever to tackling United Nations Educational, Scientific around their bodies. They use traditional insecurity and cattle rustling, creating and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) songs to inform the world about their culture, jobs and employment opportunities for designated it as a MAB reserve in 1979. livestock and beautiful landscape. Cattle are the youth. Efforts are put in place to boost Mount Kulal forest is part of the reason that an essential feature of the Samburu culture, the tourism industry by establishing more Mount Kulal has been deemed a UNESCO especially because milk is an important wildlife conservancies, engaging the Man and the Biosphere Reserve. Surrounded part of the Samburu diet-a mixture of blood young-unemployed people as rangers, and by deserts, this unique forest traps moisture, and milk. Traditionally, men are supposed incorporating the youth in policing forest- contributing to the humidity and cool to protect their villages and the livestock, cover. The county government is also evening temperatures on the Mountain. whereas the women are tasked with looking developing livestock farming, establishing When it comes to wildlife in Samburu after children and performing domestic abattoirs, improving infrastructure and County, many communities are realising duties such as cooking, fetching water and education, constructing early childhood the importance of wildlife to their local gathering firewood. development centres, constructing economies, and through community Tourist attractions in Samburu County polytechnics, providing clean drinking water conservancies are developing strategies to include Samburu National Reserve, Shaba and medical services, equipping farmers protect their flora and fauna in ways that National Park, Buffalo Springs National with knowledge on drought resistant crops complement pastoral livelihoods. It is Reserve, Malasso Community Eco-Tourism and modern farming methods and water this attitude shift, together with the efforts Conservancy (Losiolo Escarpment View harvesting.

18 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDCNDC NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER II I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 19 IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON WARFARE AND THE MEDIA

information dissemination has been enhanced of mass communication has made the world tremendously by the present global trend of a global village. Technology had given the press freedom and media independence. media the enormous ability to bring graphic Modern information technology including realities of conflict almost instantaneously satellite communication, real time data into peoples’ living room. Thus, battles can transfer and Internet have rendered both the now be analyzed by everybody, not just the electronic and print media powerful. While military and the politicians. Today the impact the military arsenal contains the latest stealth of the media on military operation has been and smart technology, journalist’s arsenal enhanced considerably through technological contains lap-top computer, a satellite phone advancement in media recording system. and a portable up-link, satellite dish the “Satellite transmissions of television, size of a large umbrella. Today, real time telephone and radio transmission of video are television, newspaper or news magazine the major innovations.” pictures and stories can be quickly and Similarly, satellite borne voice and data COL G M MUSYOKI simply transmitted down a telephone.” This systems and Remote Area Network Data KENYA AIR FORCE technology has improved the capacity of the (RAND) system allow both voice and data to media to disseminate information within and be transmitted over standard high frequency dvancement in technology has outside areas of military operations. radio. This system is capable of being linked generally impacted on all spheres of About three decades ago, one major into national and international circuits. human endeavours. In specific terms, A limitations of the battlefield among others This allows communications access to and technological advancement has impacted was the inability of the troops to concentrate coverage of the remotest part of the globe to tremendously on warfare and the media, maximum fire on target. This was due to the which a journalist may be assigned. Other thereby affecting the relationship between absence of sophisticated target acquisition advances in compressed video signal and military commanders and journalists. The systems. Today, the advancement in satellite technology now enable a sea borne media, in turn assumes greater importance technology has impacted so much on warfare transmission to be made from anywhere on in times of conflict because it potentially that modern battlefields are not easily the globe. The multibeam single antenna is becomes a free and independent player. With demarcated. Image intensifiers and other capable of picking up signals simultaneously the ability to influence both the conduct of night fighting aids have made the display of from up to 20 satellites. This enables the hostilities, particularly through its impact targets on screens seemed as if it is daylight. media to undertake live coverage of events on popular sentiment and the direction of Indeed, technology has transformed modern from all parts of the earth. government policy. It has the capacity to warfare to a push button business, with The impact of technology on warfare and analyze critically not only government’s various machines and concepts of delivering the media has necessitated close relationship objectives but also the military strategy being deadly weapons across international between military commanders and the pursued. Among many factors that affect boundaries. journalists covering conflict situations. military – media functions in operations, Furthermore, modern warfare has been In conflicts situations, the media plays a technology is dominant. shaped by new technologies in various formidable role in intimating the society Rapid advancement in weapon technology, areas such as weapons, communication and on the situation in the combat zone. The avionics, microelectronics and computers logistics. The use of sophisticated weapons, military in turn censors the media to ensure have fielded more modern weapons and including command, control and computer objectivity in its reporting. The interplay of battle support systems thereby changing the systems have also added additional strains or the roles of the military and the media if not dimension of 21st Century Warfare. Wars eased the conduct of war today. As warfare properly handled could breed tension and are now executed in rooms by the use of becomes increasingly technology-driven, so escalate conflicts. This is because war could buttons and remote control mechanisms. also is the attendant problems of managing have global implications. The two could Similarly, technological advancement has the complex battlefield. Greater information work together to agree on the modalities impacted tremendously on the media and is required to direct and control forces in the for reporting events in the battlefield. Since its functions. The speed and reach of the theatre. Messages travel faster than one can media coverage cut through the spectrum international media nowadays is almost imagine and this at times compromises the of the society, objectivity in the reporting limitless. The capacity for independent need to know. There is therefore the need for of events may enhance early resolution of assessment and reporting has been reinforced commanders to update themselves with new conflicts. This is because the international by an increasingly sophisticated modern trends in the execution of modern warfare. community and the stakeholders would be means of communication. Furthermore, Technological advancement in the field better informed.

20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 21 TRAFFIC CONGESTION MANAGEMENT WITHIN NAIROBI CITY

on week days and on Saturdays from 9.30am using technology in the name of Integrated to noon. Studies have also shown that, when Command Control Centre (IC3). For any very important persons are using our roads, country to grow and develop, it has no the capital city being a global destination, choice other than investing heavily in challenges emerge since facilitating them technology especially in this 21st Century to move to their preferred destinations is where economy is globalized and hence our paramount. Thus, in order to achieve this country is in the forefront to ensuring that position, it definitely leads to closure of its operations and policies are competitive some roads resulting to traffic jams. by meeting the global standards. The Additionally, weather conditions affect deployment of the Surveillance Cameras the movement of vehicles. For instance, is a government’s strategy of ensuring that when it is rainy, the movement of vehicles the City is policed electronically. This new is very slow and hence traffic jams are approach is an international practice where witnessed. Similarly, pedestrians will technology is deployed for the purpose slow the movement of vehicles especially of making work easier as well as being a MS R S KURARU-CP when they cross the roads at undesignated reduction of the workforce. NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE - KENYA points, for instance where there are no foot It has also become a practice that, traffic bridges or zebra crossings. Some other lights at all roundabouts and junctions are t is in the public domain that there are unavoidable situations such as broken down installed with synchronized traffic lights with several types of traffic and all of them motor vehicles cause traffic jams before the a view to ensuring that the number of Police need to be managed with a view of I obstruction is cleared. Officers manning these points is reduced. ensuring that there is free flow of traffic The fact that upgrading of the roads is The Officers who will be offloaded from along the roads within the city. We have both a continuous undertaking means that at manning the said roundabouts and junctions vehicular and human traffic which largely are any given time and point there must be will be deployed elsewhere, a strategy that a major concern in any developing economy. either a diversion or regulating of motorists will ultimately result to enhanced security For the purpose of ensuring that the during the period a given stretch is under within the city. Therefore, the government government of Kenya mitigates the traffic construction. This is a situation that requires of Kenya has invested heavily in the jam that appears to hinder the growth of our the presence of enforcement officers for the infrastructural aspect as far as management economy, it has ensured that its agencies purpose of ensuring that there is free flow of congestion is concerned in the city of which include the Kenya Police Service in of traffic in spite of the long queues that Nairobi. We have seen the government its Traffic Department undertakes traffic eventually result. partner with some globally leading firms for management duties. Together with the In view of the above, the government the purpose of ensuring that we attain the enforcement officers drawn from Nairobi’s of Kenya has prioritized the decongestion required international standards, and also County government, the two have been keen of the Nairobi City. It has ensured that implementing the key pillars of vision 2030 to address the citys’ traffic jam challenge. it has introduced the surveillance of the which is our National Vision. The roads network is well done from the movement of both vehicles and pedestrians engineering perspective making it easy to manage traffic jam. Naming of major roads has also assisted in identifying where an accident has occurred or a traffic snarl up for immediate action by Traffic Officers. It is the government’s policy to have a seamless flow of traffic as studies have shown that people waste a lot of money while sitting on traffic jams, an aspect that translates to loss of millions of money on monthly basis and hence affecting our Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Therefore, it is very important to understand the nature of our roads as well as the time when the traffic jam is at its peak. Research carried out has indicated that the rush hours in the City are between 6.30am to 9.00am and between 5.00pm to 7.00pm

20 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 21 ACHIEVING REGIONAL SECURITY to deal with regional issues. By then the Sudan in 2011. Many other command and region had different Regional Economic field exercises have been conducted with Communities notably the East African the latest one being a Field Training Exercise Community and the Common Markets for code named Mashariki Salaam II held in Eastern and Southern Africa but neither of Port Sudan in the Republic of Sudan. These communities had the mandate of dealing exercises focus on possible scenarios that with security issues. Owing to its level of could emerge in the region thus challenging involvement in the peace and security area the force to come up with possible solutions. and its inclusion of majority of states of the EASF attained its full operational capacity in region, the task of organizing the brigade 2015. was assigned to the Inter-Governmental Since its inception in 2004, EASF has Authority for Development (IGAD). In 2007, undertaken several conflict prevention EASTBRIG changed its name to Eastern activities in the region. These activities Africa Standby Force (EASF). The member range from fact-finding missions, observer states of EASF are Burundi, Rwanda, Sudan, missions and military advice. Prior to the COL T N MUTISO Kenya, Uganda, Djibouti, Somalia, Ethiopia, deployment of African Mission in Somalia Seychelles and the Islands of Comoros. in 2007, EASF sent a fact-finding mission to KENYA ARMY EASF is composed of four components Somalia on the request of the AU to observe ollective Security refers to a political namely; Eastern Africa Standby Force the situation and inform on the decision to and security arrangement in a region Secretariat (EASFSEC), Force Headquarters deploy a Peacekeeping force. EASF has or globally. Member states in the (EASF Force HQ), Planning Element also worked as part of the United Nations C (PLANELM) and the Logistics base Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), which system accepts that their security is the concern of all, and therefore commit to a (LOGBASE). The EASFSEC serves as the is mandated to prevent conflict in Somalia collective response to threats or breaches to executive secretariat for the organization. It through facilitating negotiations between peace. In theory and practice states, pledge was established in March 2007 and it is based key political actors. In addition, EASF to defend one another in order to deter in Karen, Nairobi Kenya. The Force HQ has played a key role in the AU Mission aggression or to defeat transgressors to any functions as the command headquarters for in Somalia (AMISOM) Peacekeeping member states. Collective security seeks both preparation and operational command operations to stabilize conflicts in the to encompass the totality of states within a of the military arm of the multidimensional country. EASF has also conducted the force region or indeed globally, and to address a force. It is situated in Addis Ababa in generation workshop involving its member wide range of possible threats. Ethiopia and is co-located with the Standby states to increase the AMISOM’s forces. The idea of establishing a Pan-African Brigade Headquarters. Moreover, EASF has assisted the military force dates back to the early 1960s The Logistics Base functions as the AMISOM operations through providing when Kwame Nkrumah proposed the central base for all logistic procedures of Command and Staff officers. EASF, has establishment of African High Command the Force - that is to maintain, store and to a very lesser degree, contributed to UN for the primary purpose of safeguarding the manage the logistical infrastructure It is Peace Support Mission in South Sudan. sovereignty and territorial integrity of newly composed of military and civilian staff EASF provided pre-deployment training independent African states. The proposed seconded by the EASF Member States. for United Nations-African Union Mission force would intervene in intra-state and The PLANELM is constituted as a “multi- in Darfur (UNAMID) in collaboration with inter-state conflicts in Africa. However, national and multidimensional full-time other trainers. AU Mission in Sudan (AMIS) due to suspicion of its impact on states’ planning headquarters. Based in Nairobi and UNAMID also received command and sovereignty, the proposal was objected to Kenya, the PLANELM’s main function is to control assistances from EASF). Besides, by many African states. The continental establish a Force that is capable of planning some trained women police officers were military force, thus, was not realized during and preparing for Peace Support Operations. also deployed from EASF to United Nations the age of the Organization of African Unity In order to attain the requisite operational Mission in South Sudan (UNMIS). (OAU). capability, EASF has conducted various types EASF faces several challenges that hinder With the transformation of the OAU into of training in different member countries its institutional development. The process of African Union (AU) in 2003, the concept for all its components namely: the civilian, developing and operationalizing the EASF of an African Standby Force was revisited military and the police components leading to has been a daunting task characterized by a with the formulation of policy framework attainment of the Initial Operating Capability multiplicity of interrelated challenges. Firstly, document on the establishment of the by 2009. In 2008 the Force conducted an Eastern Africa lacks a clear hegemonic power African Standby Force and the Military Staff indoor Command Post Exercise in Nairobi, unlike the case of West Africa and Southern Committee which was approved by heads of Kenya while in 2009 it held a Field Training Africa where Nigeria and South Africa are. states in 2004. With the establishment of ASF, Exercise in Djibouti. In 2010, the force Secondly, the region has experienced most Eastern Africa leaders decided to establish conducted a Logistics Mapping Exercise in tragic conflicts. Conflicts in the region, a standby brigade named Eastern Brigade Addis Ababa, Ethiopia followed by a second including interstate and intrastate conflicts, (EASTBRIG) in the region specifically Command Post Exercise in Khartoum, have detrimental effect on the development

22 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 23 of strong regional standby. Thirdly, despite the emergence of EASF as The first case was the power stand-off crisis in the Island of a regional peace and security architecture, IGAD and EAC continue Comoros which climaxed in the period between 2007 and 2008. to take their own actions in the same domain of peace and security. On March 25, 2008, military forces of the Union of the Comoros, Therefore, there are three regional security organizations in Eastern supported by African Union (AU) troops from Tanzania, Sudan and Africa, namely the EAC, EASF and IGAD. Senegal intervened and defused the crisis. It was expected that the Fourthly, all member states of the EASF are not actively EASF would have taken the lead in this mission considering that participating in the organization. Some member states resigned their Comoros is a member of the EASF. The second case was during membership to EASF. Tanzania, Madagascar and Mauritius have the political crisis in Burundi in 2015 where the AU authorized a since become active in Southern Africa brigade. Eritrea is not also deployment of a 5,000 strong intervention force but it did not deploy active in EASF due to its past unfriendly relations with some member as the Burundi government did not consent to the deployment, raising states, principally Ethiopia. The breaking away of these states led issues of the AU’s resolve to execute Africa Stand by force’s mandate. to financial loses, military and other contributions hence a negative Again, Burundi falls within the EASF and despite EASF’s achieving effect on the development of EASF. Fifthly, The EASF is operating its full operational capability in 2014 it was unable to intervene in with a weak legal basis. EASF only has the MoU and a Policy Burundi owing to issues of sovereignty. The third case was the crisis Framework. These documents are not binding among members and, in South Sudan in early 2014 where the EASF showed lack of resolve hence, have relatively low legal basis. Due to the absence of binding to deploy, prompting Uganda to intervene alone to take care of its legal document, EASF member states have little commitment to national interests and managed to momentarily stabilize the situation. support the organization. EASF is an important security arrangement that has capability to Therefore, despite extensive training to harmonize operational deal with conflicts within the region having attained full operational procedures among the EASF which comprises different troops from capability by 2014. The member states need to deal with the diverse member states and having participated in various on-going challenges facing the organization with a view to engaging it more UN and AU missions, EASF has not participated in an intervention proactively and robustly to respond to conflicts in the region. EASF mission which is the most important task in its mandate. There have member states need to revisit the issue of legal framework and the been three occasions where the member states within the region have right to intervene as per EASF’s mandate. If utilized well, EASF has been faced with serious threat to security but EASF did not take the the capability to not only deal with conflicts as they occur but more chance to test its capability. importantly to deter them from escalating.

THE IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION/MASS MEDIA AND KENYA NATIONAL SECURITY

ational Security, as a concept in the shape. The press ought to tread wearily and contemporary structure of a Nation exercise discretion if it is to preserve its NState, is highly entwined with the freedom. In the light of this, National culture, facilitation of governance, which is the religion, security and tradition should be effective management of national affairs. A treated with utmost care more as Kenya is a country at all levels of its functioning and multi-ethnic state. It is in the light of this that execution, aims at maintaining the integrity the study discusses the role of the media in of the nation and the security of its people. national security in Kenya. To achieve good governance, it becomes The primary focus of the media is on essential for the authorities to exercise issues that benefit the general public. The political, economic and judicial procedures media has a responsibility to uphold fairness, in a manner that ensures the people are justice, national unity and international given their freedom to fulfil their duties, and cooperation. The traditional role of the media resolve their disputes as is allowed in the in any society is to inform, educate, entertain, written constitution. COL E P LOPOKOIYIT publicize and most importantly correct the Kenya’s national security means the excesses in any society. The media is a means KENYA AIR FORCE protection of the lives, rights, dignity and of communication that reaches or influences property of citizens. It also means the interest of defense, public safety and public people widely. It has a significant place in protection of resources, cultural integrity, morality. The freedom of expression and the the statecraft machinery especially in the age territory, sovereignty and lawful institutions press is an aspect of national security and it of information revolution. It is the source of of the country. The aim of national security is necessary for a true democracy. information for a society regarding any issue, is to secure the just and equitable living The freedom of expression and the press is be it local, regional or global. People rely and conditions for all the citizens of the country. crucial ingredient of democracy. The greatest even trust what is presented to them by the Security includes the means at the disposal challenge to the mass media in Kenya today media. The media as the Fourth estate and of the government for protecting the state is how to make itself relevant to the Kenyan watchdog of the society plays crucial role in and its citizens from external aggression and society particularly where democracy is on national development. The media shapes the internal insurrection. The state exists for the trial, and national institutions are taking perceptions of government, and influences

22 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 23 public opinion, promotes democracy, good justice, national unity and international fallen under the influence of king makers, governance as well as influencing peoples’ co-operation. The function of the press in quota system, ethnic bias, religious bigotry. behaviour and support people- oriented any given society includes surveillance of the The media has over the years been colored, policies. The media is a strong instrument for environment, correlation of the component shaped or influenced by emotions, sentiments national sovereignty and is also referred to of society in responding to the environment and other extraneous forces at work. This has as the vanguard for political, economic and and transmission of the social heritage. made it difficult for the media to truly float social development. As stated earlier, the The media functions as watchdog capable its own programme and agenda. dynamics of how media impacts on National of blowing the whistle to call attention to Although politicians employ the newsmen Security varies from country to country and serious national issues. This implies a clear to give them publicity, the newsmen are cannot be underestimated. In developed recognition of the fact that the media plays an expected by the members of the public to do countries, the attention and support people important role on issues of National Security. what is right. Indeed, the media is expected give to issues is in direct proportion to The power of the media to decide what the to play the watchdog role of the five ‘W’s’ the amount media coverage. American people should read, see or hear has never and ‘H’ i.e. what, who, where, when and how. government has engaged in several wars been in doubt. What has been in the centre of The media is expected to keep the electorates with different countries, for example in (Gulf controversy is the capacity of those in whose abreast of events to ensure free and fair War 1991) Iraq, the media was embedded hands reside such enormous powers to use elections. However, the Kenyan media has in the operation “Iraqi freedom war”. This that power judiciously and in public interest. not done well in political coverage because enabled a constant flow of braking news Media professionals have the options to of political cleavages and by proprietorial report to both American and international use the power of media instruments in their inclinations. Sadly, the level of coverage audiences through television cable channels hands either to serve the nation or indulge given to a particular event by Kenyan media and their internet web sites. The integration in self-propelled interest. The media ought practitioners is determined by the amount of of the media in the execution of the Iraqi to be objective as it carries out its functions. money channeled to a particular media by a war greatly influenced the opinion of the Mainly because of its social role in sponsor. For instance, private media houses Americans. It is on record that the media informing and educating the masses the give more coverage to political parties that coverage swayed options in favor of the Kenyan press is always made to be seen at pay for adverts which make it difficult for American Government. the centre of any National Crisis. This has media houses to divorce themselves from In carrying out the onerous reportage caused the Kenyan media in some cases to partisanship. task, journalists face an inner dilemma that is The Kenyan press is yet to grow in evident as a conflict between professionalism The traditional role of maturity. Issues that affects the general well- and responsibility to report the truth no matter being of the people of the country but which how it reflects on one’s country. The main the media in any society can cause disaffection and disunity should issue regarding National Security in media is to inform, educate, be de- emphasized or played down. The relation is the problem between secrecy reverse has been the case in many Kenyan and free society. This is not only peculiar to entertain, publicize publications wishing to make quick sales on Kenya, for example in 2008, the government the platform of sensationalism and journalist of the former Prime Minister of United and perhaps most scoops. The media could serve as a threat to Kingdom, David Cameroon was reported importantly, correct the security by way of espionage, by which a to have classified Journalist as a threat to nation, organization or individuals employ to national security, treating and placing them excesses of society. procure information concerning the interest routinely as terrorist and criminal hackers of another country to which they are not, by in its threat indices. However, in Kenya, the law entitled. The information sought pertains relationship between the media and security be reduced overtime to mere tools in the to the secret affairs of the target country in agencies is of mutual suspicion. In fact, the hands of the governing class to legitimize strategic areas including military, industries, main issue regarding the National Security- and perpetuate Governments interests. politics, technology etc. for hostile purpose. media relation is the problem between Such challenges/interests include issues Thus, the Kenyan media and the Secrecy and Free Society. The media has such as civil service remunerations, Terms Government needs to develop a common had several issues with the Military, National and conditions of service, job insecurity, understanding of our core values and national Police Service (NPs) and the National at times supposed nepotism, exposure to interests, which focus around the preservation Intelligence Security (NIS) over what the hazards, inadequate facilities for research and strengthening of the core values of the security agencies term “Official Secret” or” and development and so on. nation and the understanding, pursuit and National Security Breach”. Journalists have The traditional role of the media in any protection of these interests. Any dilution been invited for questioning just because society is to inform, educate, entertain, or violation of the core values enshrined certain key persons or Government Policies publicize and perhaps most importantly, in our preamble threatens Kenyan security. have been criticized by the media. correct the excesses of society. But Comprehensive national development, Security is part of public interest and unfortunately, the Kenyan media has not compatible with the guiding principles of our a mass media professional must have a lived up to expectation in keeping to the path Constitution and fundamental goals of our genuine interest in people. The primary focus of honour. The media has not lived above democratic Government strengthen broader of a mass media is on issues that benefit nepotism, bribery or monetary inducement national commitment and build adequate the general public and uphold fairness, and blackmail. The media has in some cases power to achieve national goals of security.

24 NDC NEWSLETTER III COURSE COURSE 21 21 - - 2018/19 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 25 RADICALISATIONOF YOUTHS INTO TERRORISM: AN ANALYSIS OF KENYA

2015 while on the way to Somalia to join the outside Somalia. Al Shabaab is an indication that females are The process of radicalisation is intricate recruited to serve as spouses for terror group and remain at the basis of recruitment. members. It has been shown that the reasons for Youths are increasingly targeted by joining terrorist groups vary between social terrorist organization, due to vulnerabilities groups. Youths from poor neighbourhoods like poverty, ignorance and unemployment are attracted by the promise of money and Many of them, have become very susceptible material reward, others believe in the jihadist to the offers of recruiters. Regardless of their ideology, some have lost faith in dysfunctional religious affiliation or ethnic background, a politics and feel disillusioned,while others number of young men living in the slums are look for adventure. often approached by al-Shabaab recruiters. With a slim chance of getting any However, the Garissa University attacks of education or jobs, young slum dwellers in 2015 in which one of the attackers was a Kenya are easy prey for terrorist recruiters MR T ANYIM University of Nairobi law student, suggested from al-Shabaab and ISIS. It is incumbent that the Al Shabaab and ISIL recruiters were STATE DEPARTMENT FOR IMMIGRATION - KENYA upon political class to address the social also targeting well educated young men and development aspect of poor neighbourhoods adicalization refers to the process women from rich families.The arrest of some and specifically target the youth. by which people are made more medical students from North Eastern Region Issues of ethnicity, religion, access to willing to consider new and different who had been planning an attack further power, lack of social justice and protection R confirmed that the Al-Shabaab was targeting policies and ideas including social and as well as violation of human rights cultural beliefs. It is also the process by educated youths for terror activities. easily become intertwined in a manner which an individual or group adopts extreme The escalation of terror attacks in Kenya that fuels tensions and threatens national and the continued recruitment drives by political opinions and religious beliefs. security. Failure to build a cohesive state Al-Shabaab’s agents arguably is connected Radicalization is a preliminary step towards that has shared values and goals may to the involvement of the KDF in Somalia. terrorism and involves indoctrination, lead to destabilization of the state.In It may be pointed out that the increase of the brainwashing, isolation, extreme ideology, addition, competition for power, impunity Al-Shabab attacks involving Kenyan recruits rejection of status quo, and denial of freedom and corruption, lack of participation in began from 2011 when KDF intervened in of expression. governance by the marginalised groups, Southern Somalia. However, it should be Radicalisation of young people and their unequal distribution of resources and land, noted that Kenya was already a major area recruitment to violent extremism or terrorism all add to feeling of discontentment by of recruitment for al-Shabaab long before the has been taking place in Kenya for some time. the people. This social fragmentation and KDF crossed into Somalia in 2011. Kenyan Religious extremists from the conflict prone constant aggressive competition for power fighters have been recruited from Garissa, Somalia recruit youths particularly from between communities is causing people, Isiolo, the coastal regions and Nairobi’s the bordering regions of North Eastern and particularly youth, to be disillusioned.In Coast and parts of Nairobi. The recruiters are Eastleigh and even further. A number of the perpetrators of terrorist attacks in Kenya this kind of environment, it is easy to turn normally smuggled into the country through individuals against their fellow countrymen, the porous borders that are poorly policed. have been Kenyan citizens. These Kenyan as the continued recruitment of Kenyans by The refugee camps of Dadaab and Kakuma born and bred terrorists assist al-Shabaab’s terrorist organisations sadly shows. have also been recruitment grounds for the leadership in organizing and carrying out Al shaabab operatives attacks for example the recently witnessed It has been observed that radicalization Dusit D2 Complex attack. Given their With a slim chance of and recruitment in Kenya, target people with citizenship, it is easier for them to cross from similar demographics and characteristics. Somalia unnoticed into Kenya since they getting any education Religion has been a significant factor know it well and can easily melt into society, or jobs, young slum preferred by recruiters. A recruit adheres to to evade arrest. Islamic faith at the onset or has to convert According to reports in the East African dwellers in Kenya to Islam before joining the terrorist group. Standard newspaper of November 5, 2015, are easy prey for The youth in most instances males, have the Al-Shabaab, was actively engaged in been the target however a number of females recruiting Kenyan youths in retaliation to terrorist recruiters from have also been recruited by the Al Shaabab. Kenya’s involvement in Somalia. Such Reports on the arrest of three females in Kenyans are trained to fight within and al-Shabaab and ISIS.

24 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDCNDC NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER II I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 25 ZIMBABWE PRESIDENTIAL AND HARMONISED ELECTIONS 2018

Elton Mangoma, Joice Mujuru, Thokozani Egypt and Senegal amongst others use this Khuphe to mention just a few who led system. In the 2008 elections in Zimbabwe, breakaway factions of the MDC after falling the then opposition leader, the late Morgan out with Nelson Chamisa. Tsvangirai won the elections but did not reach the 50% plus mark hence the country The Zimbabwe Electoral System had to go for an election rerun. In any democracy, elections are held to Zimbabwe uses the first past the post ensure that people choose their leadership. (FPTP) principle when voting for the 210 Good governance therefore entails people members of National Assembly (MPs) involvement. Elections are held in most meaning that the candidate with the highest democratic countries and Zimbabwe is number of votes is the winner of the seat. no exception. Anyone above the age of What is interesting is that when one votes eighteen can register to vote as long as they for an MP he/she will be indirectly voting COL C P MUCHERO CZM, PSC, ZW are having full citizenship in Zimbabwe. for any of the 60 Senators (plus 16 others Voting is by way of secret ballot. Political are traditional Chiefs two from each ZIMBABWE DEFENCE FORCE parties are allowed to campaign and any province excluding Harare and Bulawayo eneral elections, were held in person can belong to a party of their choice. metropolitan provinces who are elected by Zimbabwe on 30 July 2018 to elect However, the Electoral Act (Chapter 2:30) their peers plus Chairperson and Deputy of Gthe President and members of both is specific on the preparation, conduct and the Traditional Chiefs Council. Two other houses of Parliament and local government. post-election guidelines. The article will seats are reserved for people with disability On 30 May 2018, President Emmerson not dwell much on the Act but pick on which makes 80 members), 60 women seats Mnangagwa released a Government Gazette important aspects of the electoral system in and six provincial council members as well. revealing that Zimbabwe was to hold its Zimbabwe. The Nomination Court seats at specified 2018 elections on 30 July 2018. According The two round system also commonly period after the proclamation of the date of to the Constitution of Zimbabwe, the referred to as a runoff is used in Zimbabwe. the elections. Political party’s candidates elections must be held before the official The first round of elections if none of the and independent candidates submit their expiry date of the current parliamentary candidates garner 50% plus of the total votes, papers including their curriculum vitae term, which was due to end on 21 August a second round is called for. The runoff will and police clearance that shows they 2018. be between two candidates with the largest have no criminal history. The Nomination In 2015, long-term President Robert number of votes. This system was used in Court has powers to disqualify an aspiring Mugabe announced that he would run for Germany Weimar in 1925, and continues candidate. All the candidates that you will another term in 2018, and was fronted as being used in other advanced jurisdictions see on the ballot paper will have been the ZANU–PF candidate despite the fact such as Italy, Russia and Canada amongst vetted and qualified during the sitting of that he was 94 years by the time of the others. African countries such as Ghana, the Nominations Court. Any registered elections. Following the events of a military intervention in November 2017 and his deposition as leader of ZANU-PF, Mugabe resigned amidst parliamentary impeachment hearings on 21 November 2017. His successor, Emmerson Mnangagwa was chosen as the ZANU–PF candidate shortly after taking office. Morgan Tsvangirai, the long-time Zimbabwe opposition leader would have run in the elections but subsequently died on 14 February 2018. Nelson Chamisa replaced Tsvangirai as the MDC candidate. Other candidates included E D Munangagwa Nelson Chamisa

26 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 27 voter can inspect all the papers filed at the fact that women voters constitute a larger Nominations Court. Polling station population than males. Dr Nkosana Moyo ZEC is the Constitutional body who served as a minister at one point also mandated with organizing and conducting performed dismally together with former national elections in Zimbabwe. It is deputy minister Thokozani Khupe . formed in terms of Section 100B of the It is important to note that the elections Constitution of Zimbabwe which provides were held in a free and fair environment. for nine Commissioners who hold office for International observers were able to monitor a term of six years. Current Chairperson is elections as well as other regional and local Justice Priscilla Chigumba (former High bodies. Cde Emmerson Mnangagwa won Koffi Annan and other observors Court Judge) and Deputy Chairperson Mr. the elections. It was interesting to note Emmanuel Magade (former Dean of Law at the popularity trends between the two MDC Alliance lost the court challenge due the University of Zimbabwe Law School). candidates. Nelson Chamisa appealed to to lack of evidence to support their claims The body is also mandated to register the urban populace whilst Cde Mnangagwa and Comrade Mnangagwa was declared voters. ZEC is mandated to provide voter garnered more votes in the rural areas. winner and went on to be inaugurated as the education, register local and international Whilst ZEC was still in the process of President on 26 August 2018. election observers and journalists that cover consolidating votes for the elections, the elections. The Chairperson and staff of ZEC MDC Alliance led by Nelson Chamisa went Koffi Annan and other observors are expected to be apolitical and discharge on to declare that they had won the election The elections were historic in Zimbabwe their duties without fear or favor. and would not accept any other results because they were the first to have the The Zimbabwe Presidential and which would be to the contrary. This was highest number of Presidential Candidates Harmonised elections 2018 surprised many a going a little overboard and this incited (26). Ever since Zimbabwe got independent in Zimbabwe because of the number of their supporters to go on to stage an illegal in 1980, these were the first election presidential candidates. There were 26 demonstration. The demonstration started without Mr Robert Mugabe running as registered candidates compared to less than peacefully but later on turned chaotic. a candidate. They were also the first 10 in the previous elections. This could be The demonstrators started attacking other elections to be contested by more women attributed to the former Robert Mugabe pedestrians demanding that they join them. as aspiring Presidents. The only woman to prolonged rule, everybody longed for a They attacked motorists and proceeded have contested the election as a presidential change. However, in the aftermath of his towards the ZEC offices. The police tried to candidate was Margret Dongo back in removal, many people saw an opportunity to contain the situation but due to their limited the 90’s. It was also the first time that the contest the elections since the government manpower they asked for military backup. Constitutional Court sat to determine had opened doors for democracy. Out of the Innocent people were caught up in the an application to set aside results of a 26 candidates, only 4 were female. It will ensuing fracas leading to loss of seven lives. Presidential election. Of importance is the take long before women find the political Finally, Cde E D Mnangagwa was declared fact that the elections were free and fair space level for them and Zimbabweans the winner for the Presidential elections. and people managed to express their will in general are yet to embrace female The Chamisa led MDC Alliance went in choosing their President. Sub regional, politicians. Prominent candidates included on social media to announce that they regional and international observers Emmerson Dambudzo Mnangagwa who would challenge the election results endorsed the Election which was however went on to win the election. Nelson which they later did. They submitted a dented by post-election violence on 01 Chamisa emerged second. The results constitutional court challenge seeking August 2018. were quite interesting and indicated a the court to nullify the results and order tight contest between the two. The female a rerun. It was interesting that in their It is important to note candidates performed dismally despite the application they were not challenging that Comrade Mnangagwa won the elections that the elections but were citing irregularities within the V11 were held in a free forms which contained information on the number of voters per each polling station. and fair environment. Their argument was that numbers were not International tallying. It was a battle of the crème de la crème of Zimbabwe’s legal minds. The court observers were proceedings were screened live on television able to monitor and made news in the international media. Young lawyers representing both the MDC elections as well Alliance and ZANU PF exhibited great as other regional skill and diligence in their research. The Polling station and local bodies.

26 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 27 TOURISM AND ITS IMPACT ON NATIONAL SECURITY IN TANZANIA The government, through the ministry desired outcome. The strategies are initiatives responsible for tourism ministry, coordinates for the industry entail monitoring, technology the implementation of articulated tourism and compliance mechanism. Tanzania is sectoral development entailing policy endowed with natural wealth, in all parts of issues, strategies and plan of action. The the country but the flora and fauna remain tourism industry is run by private airlines, underexploited. Although the potential is tour operators, travel agency and private there, not all areas can be developed in the investors. The industry is also supported by foreseeable future because of problems of the public and civil societies, though their role inadequate access, poor infrastructure and in sustainable development have sometimes luck of utilities. Despite these drawbacks, been overlooked. tourism is currently one of the leading Tanzania offers a wide range of tourist economic sectors in Tanzania and has products. The strength of Tanzania tourism unlimited potential to contribute even more to product lies in the abundance, diversity, the development of the country. reliability, and visibility of wildlife and Though we look at the tourism sector COL C C MZENA beaches. The flora and fauna of Tanzania as one of the potential sources of income TANZANIA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCE includes conserved environment, spectacular to the nation, it is also important to view it landscape and beautiful scenery. Other in terms how it can negatively impact on ourism may be viewed as activities features include water bodies, beaches, national security? The government had involving personal travelling to authenticity and unique Africa experience stationed its multi sectoral security agency at places outside usual environment for T (culture diversity) and friendly people in all entry points to the country. These officers continuous duration not exceeding a year for a very safe surrounding. Despite these responsible for safeguarding the interest of the leisure, business and other purposes. Tourism attractions, for many years, the country nation should make sure no visitor jeopardises also is, in essence, sensual, emotional and economy is heavily dependent on wildlife national security either by bringing in driven by desire for adventure. According tourism until very recently. However the need prohibited items like narcotics, or entering the to social literatures there are various criteria to diversify has received support by both the country with dangerous virus such as Ebola used to characterise tourism. Such include public and private sectors. or Zika are not allowed entrance. If these tourist characteristics (income and lifestyle), Tourism management is predominantly personnel do not perform their duties well, tour characteristics (duration and number concerned with design, operation and visitors could be source of insecurity. In order of countries to visit), organisation mode control of organizational resources requisite to make the industry contribute more to the (individual or packaged tour), types of customers’ satisfaction. It focuses on growth of national economy, there is a need facilities used (transport and accommodation) managing the operation on day to day basis to make sure that there is a strong relationship and motivation of trip (business, vacation, and to ensure long term sustainability. or partnership between the tourism trinity (ie visit or pilgrimage). UN article on Tourism Tourism management in Tanzania can be public, private sector and civil societies). This of 1994 points out that, there are three categorized into different strategies which is good for peace and national security and classification or forms of tourism; domestic must act simultaneously to bring about the sustainability. tourism which involves residence of a given country travelling only within their country; in bound tourism, where non – residents travel in a given country and outbound tourism where residents of one country travelling to another county.. In Tanzania, soon after economic liberalization emanating from the World Bank’s Structural Adjustment Program, the government prioritized private investment (local and foreign) as the engine for economic growth. In line with the new dispensation, the government gradually pulled out of the productive and commercial activities in order to concentrate on its traditional role of governance which entails among many other aspects the regulation, facilitation, and control the industry.

28 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 29 THE FIRST FRUIT IN THE FAMILY

I was introduced into Sunday school and master the use of these weapons of traditional therefore grew up going to church when I warfare. They are also made to take vows that was very young. I remember I used to get bind them to their age set and community. “saved “every Sunday when at the end of the In the Kalenjin Community, the covenant lessons the Sunday school teacher asked us was seen as the foundation for a community. who wanted to get saved then I would always Each of the individuals that make up that raise my hand until one day she told me that community is responsible for abiding by its I was already saved. I was young by then and provisions. The blessings of abiding by the did not even understand the purpose. I don’t covenant are both individual and communal. remember much about my childhood except While the penalty for breaking the covenant that I used to attend church service every are potentially communal, it usually falls Sunday under the guidance of my mother upon the individual involved, because the who was a staunch Christian. There also community is bound to forcibly reject him. used to be house fellowships on Saturdays After being circumcised, my life took a which we used to attend. But I must confess different turn. I was no longer that young, COL J K KORIR that all this time I never experienced the true humble child that I was before. I was salvation – I was just a good church goer. KENYA ARMY now a man, meant to protect and defend However, I really thank God for my mother the community and I was referred to as a he journey to my destiny began even who made sure that I attended the church all murenik (protector) or warrior. In my culture before I was born. We are brought that time and for her numerous prayers for I was no longer allowed to do some chores into this world to fulfill a specific our family. Parents can shape the future of that were generally relegated to the ladies. T their children by laying a strong foundation. Our customs clearly separate roles that men purpose that God has destined for us because He knew us even before we were conceived. My father was a middle class Civil and women can do, therefore those roles that In the Old Testament, God tells Jeremiah Servant and therefore we used to reside in young boys perform and are considered for that before I formed you in the womb I knew Kisumu town which is Kenya’s third largest women ceases immediately a boy is initiated. you before you were born I set you apart; town. The lifestyle in town is different Before I was initiated into manhood, my I appointed you as a prophet to the nations from that in the village. In town, most of mother used to make me do house chores (Jeremiah 1: 5). I am the first born in a family the traditional practices were not observed, like, sweeping, cleaning utensils, cooking of seven, therefore the responsibilities of the therefore my mother taught us values and tea, washing clothes for my siblings. As a first born was borne upon my shoulders from virtues based on Christian foundation. Infact first born, one is bound to do a lot of house the first day. As the firstborn, my siblings I was subject to her since children spent most chores even as a boy. This in a way made look out to me as their role model, therefore of the time with the mother. I was raised up us develop a bond based on respect and my standards have to be high and this is a very humble, obedient and disciplined boy understanding and also brought us very the challenge faced by many who are in the and at no time did I ever question or refuse to close like a son and mother. It however, did do what my parents asked me to. In my entire same position. Parents demand a lot from not prepare me for my future role as a man juvenile period, my parents were alpha and the first born unlike the other children who which I would have learnt if I were in the omega! Whatever I was told was like law are favored and may at times not bare any village, where boys go out to the field to look and had to abide. I never had an opportunity responsibility in the family. My birth name after cows and goats. While in the field they to grow in the village whereby a child is Kiprotich (‘Kipro’-coming home of ‘tich’- play a lot and hunt wild animals. My initial belongs to the clan and the community. So cows) which literally means I was born in lifestyle therefore worked against me when I did not have any external influence (from the evening when cows were returning home in seclusion, because my relatives considered my extended family). My exposure to our from grazing. Customarily I should have me a softie (somebody weak) because of been named after one of my late ancestors culture therefore began the day I travelled and arrived in village with my father. I was my background and therefore gave me very which meant inheriting that spirit but I was hard tasks compared to my fellow initiates lucky I was not, since my mother was a left in the hands of my grandparents as I was required to prepare for the great day-the day in order to harden me. The entire period of Christian. It normally involves calling out seclusion to me therefore was like the period the names of dead relatives until the child of my circumcision - since my father had to go back to work in the town. of oppression and persecution. My father sneezes signifying acceptance of the dead visited only twice before I finished, therefore relative’s spirit. Ironically this was a way I come from the Kipsigis tribe which is a branch of the larger Kalenjin community. I was left in the hands of my relatives. I was of binding one with evil spirits because in required by culture to be brave and face the the Kalenjin Community the ceremony was In my culture, a boy has to be circumcised to take up varied responsibilities as a man challenges as a man or risk shame on my called kurenetab oik which actually means name, my father’s and my clan! This changed summoning the evil spirits. which includes marriage. Kipsigis men my perspective of life and I became a strong Symbolically, the first born is like the undergo circumcision at about 14 years of and bold person. When I now analyze what first fruit in the family and therefore as we age. Afterwards, the boys live in a seclusion was happening, the picture unfolding is like are required to bring into the house of the “menjo” near a forest or away from the that of a lamb taken out into the bush and left Lord the first fruits of our harvest, the first main community while they heal. The boys to fend for itself in an environment full of born should be dedicated to serve the Lord. are allowed to venture out into the forest for hunting. It is at this point in time that they hungry hounds .

28 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 29 THE COCONUT/PALM TREE AT THE COASTAL STRIP OF KENYA

he coconut palm tree could be kernel. Once the coconut fruit is harvested considered indigenous over a very from the tree, the husk are removed using Tlarge area at the Kenyan coastal an iron bar, the whole shell is thus broken strip.Since my prime days growing up into two pieces thereby exposing the white as a child at the coast apart from the tall fleshy part. This white part is skillfully wide mango and baobab tress, the coconut grated by a traditional grater known as palm tree is all I knew about trees. The “mbuzi”. The grated coconut is thus pressed tree is revered at the coast by the various with a traditional presser that has been ‘indigenous’ population. woven from coconut leaves/reeds called The first written reference to the coconut the ‘kifumbi’ the coconut milk is used for palm in East Africa is thought to be in the preparing meals like coconut rice, coconut “Periplus of the Erythraean Sea,” written source to spread on fish. Coconutchutney about A.D. 60. The Periplus mentioned that and many more. The extracts also has some the town of Rhapta, believed to have been A H JILLO aromatic benefits too. The milk can be used located somewhere on the coast of present to produce virgin coconut oil by controlled MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION OF day Tanzania, traded in coconuts. Thus the NATIONAL GOVERNMENT heating and removal of the oil.A proteinrich coconut tree existed for many generation. powder can be processed from coconut milk The coconut tree has many values and immature coconut fruits. The immature fruit for preservation for future use. benefits to the coastal people.Infact none of is known as ‘Madafu’ while the mature fruit The grated coconut can be used to the parts to the tree is wasted. Each part has is known as ‘Nazi’ in Swahili language.The prepare snacks for children. The grated some use. coconut water or juice is said to have some coconut is mixed with aromatic spices The coconut fruit is huge and oval shaped, potent value for men, it increases libido, flavored with natural food colors cooked in covered with a hard husk. Inside the husk that is why it is consumed in plenty. While sugar syrup to produce snacks. Snacks like is the coconut shell,further the white flesh the coconut water can be fermented to ladu, kashata are a delicacy for the young at part can be consumed raw. Within the white produce coconut vinegar or tapped from the heart and children at the coastal strip. fleshy part the coconut juice is contained. fruit while the fruit is still attached from the As indicated earlier there’s nothing The juice is consumed throughout the humid coconut tree itself, fermented to produce the from the coconut tree that goes to waste. tropics at the coastal areas in Mombasa, coconut traditional brew known as ‘mnazi’. Remember the grated coconut pressed to Malindi, Kilifi. Tourists visiting the coastal Cocunut milk/cream is obtained primarily produce the coconut milk? The residue is area find the water refreshing. The mature by extracting juice by pressing the grated thus dried out in the sun, this dried residue fruits have significantly less liquid than coconut white fleshy part inside the coconut is used to clean traditional mats by rubbing

30 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 31 around for ages.It also helps in treating Furniture various skin problems including dermatitis The stem of the coconut oil serves as a and eczema and other skin infections. It’s source of timber. In the present day the for this reason, coconut oil forms the base coastal people have discovered its properties. ingredient of various body care products Furniture and other wood carvings made like soaps, lotions, and creams that are used from coconut timbre is very beautiful and for skin care. Furthermore, it also delays the therapeutic to the eyes. The wood is not appearance of wrinkles and sagging of skin, easily attacked by insects. which normally accompany aging. The The long leaves are sown together for credit to this benefit goes to its well-known roofing. Roof tops from the leaves is known antioxidant properties. as ‘makuti’ in Swahili is attractive and smoothly on the old mats, and it makes the Apart from the massage property homes are cool from the hot and humid air mats glow clean. The outer covering that indicated earlier, pure coconut oil is known a characteristic feature of the tropics. The was earlier peeled thus uncovering the inner for its aromatherapy. It is very soothing same leaves are tactfully woven to produce shell, the husk has been traditionally used and helps remove stress. Applying it to mats, hats, hand fun and even toys .The as a dish scourer; known as ndifu in the the head, followed by a gentle massage, sticks from the leaves are stuck together to coastal local language. It serves better with helps eliminate mental fatigue. According make brooms for cleaning. ash to clean cooking pots. The hard shell/ to research, virgin coconut oil gives The list is endless. The coconut tree has a kernel has for many years used as a source relief from stress .It is coconut oil that is lot of uses and so far in my life I have never of firewood or used as soap dish, fixed with used to massage babies and toddlers on known of any negative effects from the use a wooden stick to serve as a ladle. The shell a daily basis. My grandmother was fond of any product from the coconut tree. Unless also is used to make ornaments for women of massaging my baby with coconut oil the palm wine, of which it is recommended like armlet’s, earrings, necklace, hairclips whenever she perceived signs of stress; to consume in moderation just like any other and even toys for children. in fact it soothed the baby into deep sleep wine. Do you know the reason for long and and later on into a very play full one. Two With all these benefits, it is sad to shining hair of women in tropical coastal to three drops of coconut oil was dropped realize how urbanization has threatened the regions? Yes, you guessed right it is coconut into the ears of infants and within hours all existence of the coconut tree. The Vast land oil. Women in tropical coastal regions of the dirt is cleared from the baby’s ears and that was covered with coconut trees at the Kenya use this oil for their hair almost daily. thereby soothing babies from stress too. coastal strip have been cleared and instead This oil helps in a healthy growth of your The same oil mix well with herbal houses and industries have sprouted. The hair and gives a shine to those strands. It extracts when mixed into it. It is easily cool breeze at the coast is no more. There is is also highly effective in reducing protein absorbed through the skin’s pores and thus need for the adoption of an affirmative action loss. I can remember my grandmother is used as a carrier oil for medicinal value. to ensure massive planting of the coconut tree admonishing us not to use any kind other Furthermore, being one of the most stable is done at the coast .I think the government than the coconut oil.Even at old age her oils, it doesn’t go sour nor does it let the should gazette public land to ensure once hair was strong long and healthy. This other oils, herbal extracts, or medicines spoil again the forest of coconut trees is preserved. is the reason why it is used as a hair care inside of it. It does not alter the properties The benefits of the tree outweighs the oil, and in the manufacturing of various of the oils and herbs mixed with it. It also urbanization process. The effects of climate conditioners and dandruff relief creams. It’s protects the herbs and oils from microbial change are here with us. The effects of the the best variety for healthy hair because it’s or fungal interactions. Coconut cost is low scorching sun at the beach is evident with the organic and chemical free and does not dry enough to make it affordable as a carrier oil. rise of skin cancer therefore action is required up to dandruff. I can remember traditionally now and not later. Just like the famous slogan we used to add some flowers petals like “Kama si sasa basi ni sasa hivi” jasmine and ‘lua’ extracts to the coconut oil for aroma. Pure cold-pressed organic coconut oil is an excellent massage oil that acts as an effective moisturizer for all types of skin. There is no chance of having any adverse side effects on the skin from the application of this oil. Therefore, it has been safely used for thousands of years for preventing dryness and flaking of skin. Yes, thousands of years! Coconut oil usage could be considered a recent fad, but it has been

30 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 31 THE MACHINGA OF TANZANIA

he term ‘Machinga’ is not new to human fulfillment, the economic security Tanzanian citizens, It refers to small takes precedence since it provides the basics Tbusinesspersons who move with their for survival. Economic security or financial commodities for sale either in hand, bicycle security is viewed as the condition of having or wheel barrow. The term emanates from stable income or other resources to secure the two words “marching” and “guy” where current and future living standards. It includes ‘marching’ implies walking while ‘guy’ means likely solvency, predictability of future cash person, then was shortened to ‘Machinga’. flow for an individual or economic entity. During 1980s, the economic system in Some of the unemployed have to create Tanzania changed from socialist and self- means to self-employment. Since there is no reliance to a capitalist economy in response agricultural land available within the precincts to the pull forces of the international system. of most towns and cities, one of the alternatives At the time, most African countries introduced for most individuals is venturing in small-scale free trade, opened borders, liberalized business. The starting capital for ‘Machinga’ is their economy and removed restrictions COL P N SONGEA around Tanzania shillings 20,000/= which is on importation of goods and services from TANZANIA PEOPLES’ DEFENCE FORCE equivalent to ten (10) US Dollar. abroad. This liberalization of the economy For many years the ‘Machinga’ primarily contributed to the collapse of local industries, engaged in the selling of second-hand clothes, since imported goods were cheaper than locally produced goods. they have now diversified to other goods like household stuff such as In particular, the importation of second hand clothes killed the utensils amongst others, majority of the products are now new. The collapse of the local textile industries. The collapse of local industries ‘Machinga’ are now partnering with wholesale shops who provide contributed to an increase in unemployment; the government could trusted ‘Machinga’ with goods on credit, they pay after sale. More not afford to provide employment to all of its citizens who were laid often than not, the wholesalers and the ‘Machinga’ have informal off. To muddle through the situation, the unemployed in town plus agreements. This sector continues to grow in Tanzania, it is credited those migrating to town from rural areas hustled for other sources of with providing employment to many people in urban areas, the trend income with most opting to establish small enterprises. In order to is now moving to the rural areas. get an edge over established shopkeepers, the ‘Machinga’ went for It is appreciated that this informal sector has largely contributed in the customers within the streets and residential areas. It is therefore the reducing of crime. It is also credited with providing employment indisputable that as a result of globalization of the economy, the to over 20% of otherwise unemployed youths who ordinarily may ‘Machinga’ of Tanzania emerged. have engaged in illegal business like drug trafficking, joining terrorist The free imports, including second-hand clothes, have opened groups, amongst other crimes. In this era of globalization that is new economic opportunities for the urban poor and revitalized the characterized by interconnectedness and free exchange of information, small-scale commercial sector. Machinga are the street traders and it is easy for youth and the unemployed to be manipulated into acts hawkers selling these imported goods. The exact number of street that would jeopardize the security of the country and the region. traders across all districts of Dar es Salaam is unknown. However Globalization increases interdependence of countries; according to Lyons and Msoka (2010: 1082) it estimate the number interconnectedness and regional integration has increased the free to range between 700,000 in 2008 and over one million traders in movement of capital, goods and labour. Due to the level of development 2014 (Mramba 2015a: 120). Although it is impossible to verify those and the gap between developed and developing countries, developing numbers, in a city of 4.5 million residents (United Republic of Tanzania countries will continue to face unemployment problem, therefore, 2013), this means that around 15-20 per cent of the population depend there is need to ensure that the youths are equipped with the requisite on street trade for an income for themselves and their families, even knowledge and provided with access to finance/capital to establish when considering that actual residence numbers might be much and develop small scale enterprises. Such strategies will enhance their higher than in the official census. Despite street traders’ decade-long financial security and therefore discourage them from being easily presence in the city, their work falls outside the boundaries of existing manipulated to join illegal groups, and on the most part be patriotic laws and regulations, as it is not covered by either commercial or to their people and countries. The initiative that Tanzania government labour laws. While the constitution guarantees the right to work, it has taken to register all ‘Machinga ’with the aim of having their status do not specify whether this includes the operation of small-scale, recognized formally while establishing proper work areas for them unregistered business in lieu of other income opportunities. is a step towards ensuring the youth are utilized well since they are Human security is a right for all individuals; the pursuit of the main energetic group in any society. It is imperative that every economic security has primarily driven an upsurge of the ‘Machinga’. society, including the private sector working towards solving the The Commission on Human Security defines Human Security as growing youth bulge challenge to ensure that instead of the youth the need to protect the vital core of all human lives in ways that being regarded as a liability, they be seen as capital; this will make enhance human freedoms and human fulfillment. In order to achieve the whole society secure.

32 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 33 PICTURE SPEAK

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1. Head of delegation team Congo, Brig Buluma, exchanging gifts with Congolese Military Chief. 2. Kenyas’ Auditor General, Mr. Edward Ouko receiving a present after lecture of opportunity. 3. Cse. 21 - 2018/2019, participants during the Course official opening ceremony. 4. Cutting of the cake during Ugandas’ Independence Day. 5. Visit to the Two Rivers by Allied Participants on social outing. 6. Participants orientation tour of USIU Library.

32 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 33 PICTURE SPEAK

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1. A visit to Children’s home by Course 21 participants. 2. Course 21 participants during sports. 3 - 6. Course 21 participants during Cultural Day.

34 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 35 PICTURE SPEAK

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1. Team A visit to Ghana Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 05 Dec 18. 2. Team A visit to Akosombo Hydroelectric Project - Ghana on 07 Dec 18. 3. Comdt NDC-Kenya inspecting Half Guard Mounted by Ghana Air Force during courtesy call at Ghana Armed Forces HQ on 03 Dec 18. 4. Team A visit to Gede Ruins - Watamu on 26 Nov 18. 5. Team Algeria at the shores of Mediterranean, Tipasa the ancient Algerian fort. 6. Pick head of delegation TEAM BOTSWANA Brig Waweru exchanging gifts with Botswana Ministry of Defence official.

34 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 35 SOCIAL ECONOMIC IMPACT OF IEDS IN KENYA bombs. Larger vehicles enable larger amounts hazardous materials used within a building, of explosive that can be used, resulting such as radioactive material from medical in a greater effect. Functioning of these devices, or incorporated within the structure devices can vary within the same methods of a building, such as asbestos insulation. as the package types and can have the same An IED attack may cause disruptions in common characteristics or indicators as other municipal services such as electricity, water, IEDs.VBIEDs have increasingly used larger communications, and transportation, which amounts of explosives, and the explosive may continue for days to weeks after the charge has ranged anywhere from 100lbs attack. The explosion of a bomb can cause to well over 1000 pounds. The explosive secondary explosions if gasoline, natural charge has included items such as mortar gas, or other flammable material is ignited. rounds, rocket motors, rocket warheads, Secondary hazards that result can include TNT explosives, and artillery rounds. fire with possibly toxic smoke, disruption of electric power, ruptured natural gas lines and Definition of terms water mains, and debris. There can be loss MR E K LAGAT 1. Improvised Explosive Device (IEDs); of traffic control in the area of the blast with NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE - KENYA An improvised explosive device (IED) is possible traffic accidents involving fleeing a homemade bomb designed to kill, injure citizens. Introduction and incapacitate people. They consist of mprovised Explosive Devises (IEDs) are conventional military ammunition or bombs 2. Health Effects the most used yet least understood tool but are normally designed from non-military Explosions create a high-pressure blast that Iof today’s terrorism worldwide.Tens of components. sends debris flying and lifts people off the thousands of civilians are killed and injured ground. The type of injuries and the number every year by explosive weapons, such as 2. Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive of people hurt will vary depending on: the Mortars, artillery shells and improvised Devices (VBIED); physical environment and the size of the blast; explosive devices used by non-State armed Vehicle borne IEDs (VBIEDs) are devices the amount of shielding between victims groups.According to bomb experts in the that use a vehicle as the package or container and the blast; fires, or structural damage Kenya Army Corps of Engineers, an IED has of the device. These IEDs come in all shapes, that result from the explosion; and whether four components including a firing system, colors, and sizes which vary by the type of the explosion occurs in a closed space or an such as a mobile phone or two parallel vehicles available, small sedans to large open area. Injuries common to explosions metals, a power source, such as battery or cargo trucks. include: Overpressure damage to the lungs, any electrical charge, initiators, which is a ears, abdomen, and other pressure-sensitive small but highly sensitive explosive and the Socio-economic impacts of IEDs organs. Blast lung injury, a condition caused main charge which is mainly an explosive The extent of damage caused by an IED by the extreme pressure of an explosion, is the material like bomb, fuel, metal or chemicals. depends on its size, construction, and leading cause of illness and death for initial IEDs can be remote detonated. Such are placement, and whether it incorporates a survivors of an explosion. Fragmentation triggered using a remote control or a mobile high explosive or propellant. Vehicle bombs, injuries caused by projectiles thrown by the phone. Military bomb experts believe that also known as vehicle-borne IEDs, can carry blast material from the bomb, shrapnel, or some of the explosions that have been seen in significantly more explosive material, and flying debris that penetrates the body and the country are of this type. IEDs can also be therefore do more damage. The following causes damage. Impact injuries caused when packed into vehicles which are then rammed are some of the socio-economic impact of the blast throws a victim into another object, into targets to explode. They can be carried IEDs in Kenya. i.e. fractures, amputation, and trauma to the by suicide bombers when they strap them in head and neck. Thermal injuries caused by jackets around their torso. Once they reach 1. Damage to structures and to burns to the skin, mouth, sinus, and lungs. their target, they set off the bomb by pulling Infrastructure Other injuries including exposure to toxic on a trigger usually held in their hands. An explosion in or near a building or public substances crush injuries, and aggravation They can also be made from military grade transportation venue may blow out windows; of pre-existing conditions such as asthma, ordinance such as grenades, mortar bombs destroy walls; and shut down building systems congestive heart failure, etc. Some health and projectile. Time based IEDs explode at such as power, ventilation, fire suppression, effects caused by IEDs, including eye a certain time in order to achieve maximum water/sewage, and others. Exit routes may be injuries and abdominal injuries, may not be impact. disrupted or destroyed, and smoke and dust apparent initially, but can cause symptoms Vehicle borne IEDs have also been found may travel upward through stair-ways and and even fatalities hours to months after in Kenya.The Mombasa and the resent Merti elevator shafts, making navigation difficult. the event. Psychological effects in attack VBIED are true examples of these types of Building failure may result in the release of survivors, first responders, and others are not

36 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 37 unusual in the after-math of a high-casualty by the United States, Britain and a number fully trusts hisneighbor, brother or son.Also, event. While most symptoms diminish with of European countrieshave been issuing some countries have been blamed to support time, in some cases assistance and guidance travel advisories to all their citizens against terrorism. Other countries regard others as from mental health professionals may be traveling to Kenya. This has triggered fears insecure and hotbed for terrorism. Terrorism required. in the hospitality industry, with tourism has changed the landscape of global politics suffering a setback due to a drop in the to that of mistrust and accusations. In Kenya, 3. Damaging the Tourism Sector number of incoming tourists. Kenya has some terrorism activities have been linked to Tourism, one of the foundation blocks of suffered a decrease in tourist arrivals. This politicians and have been used on political Kenya’s economy, constitutes 25% of the has had a ripple effect on all sectors of the platforms to shift public view. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and has industry.The cancellation of leisure trips been adversely affected by the repercussions and business conferences are rapidly on the Conclusion of explosions and bombings.Tourism has rise. Kenya’s reputation has plummeted and It is equally important to look to political been one of the leading industries as well as this lead to the loss of its competitive value. and social history to understand why Kenya, a major contributor towards the countries’ Tourism used to cater for the employment not Tanzania for example, is being used as a economy (Gitu, 2003). Kenya has relied of 500, 000 Kenyans ranging from tour base for Islamic extremists. Kenya’s history heavily on international tourists in the operators, tour guides, travel agencies, safari of aligning itself with the US and Israeli past. The influx of tourist in this country driver, dancers, hoteliers, restaurateurs, interests also explains the frequency of can be estimated to over 500,000 visitors small business operators to airport and bombing attacks on its soil and the ostensible each year. Europe and the United States of airline personnel. Subsequently due to disregard for Kenyan life. Kenyans have America (USA) represent Kenya’s traveller constant threat of bombing and explosions, been commonly categorized as the innocent, generating region with 70% of the market there has been a significant increase in unfortunate bystanders in the war waged by being Europeans such as Switzerland, Italy, unemployment as many Kenyans lose their Islamic militants on US interests. Popular Belgium France and Britain account for jobs since tourists have declined. wisdom will suggest that poverty, weak the bulk of tourists. In addition, visitors borders, corruption, inept police and rising come from Japan, Asia, Scandinavia, and 4. Disintegration of Societies disillusionment among young Islamists other African countries.Following acts of Bombing and explosions poses serious have made Kenya and other African nation’s terrorism, such as the bombing of the United law and order problems and leads to easy targets and potential havens for global States embassy in Nairobi, the capital city of disintegration of the society. This has terrorists. It is difficult to refute any of these Kenya; the bombing of Paradise beach hotel increased the level of mistrust. Efforts such arguments; however, any understanding of in Mombasa, a major city; consequently, the as “NyumbaKumi”and community policing bombing and terrorist attacks on Kenyan soil tourism industry has suffered a great blow. have not produced tangible results due to this must put the events in their correct historical While the government has taken several disintegration. Police have been recovering context.Kenya foreign policy strategists preventive measures, it is still necessary explosives and other explosive materials must calculate the political, economic and for the Kenya Tourism Board to develop a in East Leigh, Garrisa and Mandera, where security costs of certain policy positions crisis management strategy in orderto reduce the Somali community has always been especially given the religious and cultural the aftermath of such horrendous acts in the criticized for being in the wrong since most heterogeneity of the country. The final future (Redfern, 2003).Following these acts of these explosive recoveries have always foreign policy decisions must be in line with of bombing, and due to imminent terror alerts been found in their environs. The result is a the most favorable long-term interests of the from intelligence, Western governments, led fearful, disintegrated society in which no one country.

36 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 37 ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION: CAUSES, EFFECTS AND REMEDY IN KENYA furniture, food, fodder, fruits, charcoal, herbs saw millers has led to land degradation and and walking sticks among others. Services contributed to some the factors that cause are intangible values which includes; shades climate change. Rapid industrialization and aesthetic values, ecotourism, and more numerous vehicles in Kenya have increase and importantly they act as carbon reservoirs, these air and noise pollution are some the reasons why professor Wagari was courageously crusading about the conservation Effects of environmental degradation of environment. in Kenya Plants stabilizes the environment besides The depletion of forests especially water towers manufacturing foods, which are utilized by has led to suffering of Kenyans in most parts both human beings and animals; they are of the country. First and foremost, kenyans called producers in the ecological language. have suffered from droughts which has led to Plants also observe carbon dioxide from the crop failures, drying of rivers and food scarcity. atmosphere which otherwise cause global Drought became a disaster which affected the warming, through a process of carbon country’s economy. After the droughts, came MR A C SOI sequestration, plants convert carbon dioxide rainy season which caused flooding in most KENYA FOREST SERVICE and water (H2) into sugar molecules (C6 parts of the state. This destroyed crops, brought H12O6) and Oxygen (O2)through oxidation landslides, destruction of building, roads and Introduction and reductions during the photosynthesis, communication structures. The worst part was nvironment is described as the process, the general equation is express as: the loss of lives to human and animals. The interaction of biotic and abiotic living 6CO + 6HO + sunlight C6 H12 O6 +6O2. Part challenges caused by the droughts and heavy Eand non (living things respectively) of the sugar is stored, while most is used by the downpour made people to realize what professor factors together with their surroundings as well plants for energy and structural development. Wangari Mathai had kept on preaching when as atmosphere. Elements of surroundings are An example is where sugar is linked together she was campaigning for conservation and given air, water and land. Fresh environment to form simple form (monosaccharide) and management of forest cover. provides quality and quantity water that complex sugar (polysaccharides) celluloses that Deforestation is one of the major causes sustains all living things, regulate unpolluted air form a structure of a tree. of climate change. Charcoal burning, and conserve land fertility, which sustained the illegal logging, overharvesting, and human life flora and fauna. Plants are part of the living Causes of environmental degradation settlements are its major catalysts, but the things that exist in the environment. in Kenya question still remains what is the root cause Environmental degradation is the corrosion Human activities plays major role in of deforestation? It is important to understand of the surroundings and the depletion of natural environmental degradation, these are caused the cause so that remedy is developed. The resources such as air, water, land, destruction by poverty and unemployment. Large section drivers of deforestation are typically, poverty, of wildlife habitat, loss of biodiversity for both of Kenyan population are youths who are unemployment and corruption. This summarize plant and animals and the pollution the some of unemployed and poor, most of them dwell in in problem tree. the consequences of environmental degradation. rural areas. Majority of them burn charcoal, Source: Author (2018) Problem There are two types of environmental carry out brick making activities, wash vehicles tree for environmental degradation degradation, natural and human impact a long riverbanks, dams and lakes and those degradation. Natural degradation concerns who lives adjacent to the forests do business of Environmental conservation and natural disasters that affects the environment selling fuel wood, sourced from forests to urban management in Kenya such as earthquake, land slides, hurricanes areas. Increase in urban settlement puts pressure Environmental conservation and management is and fires caused by natural phenomenon. on housing and consequently raise the demand the planting, tending, conserving and sustainable Anthropogenic (human activities) is the major for land and natural resources products like use of numerous conservation fundamentals. It causes of environmental degradation in Kenya. timber. Urbanization increases water demand involves the activities that enhance favourable for domestic and commercial uses. conditions such as extensive afforestation and Importance of the environment Poor farming activities have caused huge reaforestation campaign, water management The ecological units of environment are known environmental problems in Kenya. Land like protection of catchment areas and water as ecosystems, they form important water clearing to pave way for agricultural activities bodies, improve waste management by towers, which are complex forests that form has made the land to be bare, thus exposed it converting garbage into compost manures that fastidious land scape, thank God for creating to water and air erosion. Poor farming practices use together with organic manure to replace these stunning sceneries using plants. Plants and the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides chemical fertilizers. The government should (trees) play a vital role of providing economic and insecticides has polluted the environment. introduced improved houses in slums in order to and ecological functions. Goods are tangible Deforestation due to illegal cutting of trees and reduce sewerage menace. Smarting agricultural values such as structural timber, fuel wood, over exploitation of the same by authorized practices should be boosted. The government

38 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 39 should strictly implement all laws that deal with nursery layout, seed sowing, potting, pricking government through the respective agents who environmental conservation and management. and tending. All these operations require should regulate tree harvesting and provide The solution to the above problem is to manpower and can be obtained from the local guidelines to forest officers and saw millers who manage its root cause. Such solutions include community thus reducing dependency on collude to abet illegal activities. Reforestation tree nursery establishment and management forests. The government should establish an is the answer to deforestations; all stakeholders practices which is a huge industry that not effective mechanism to deal with corruption. must take part during the exercise and the event only employ people, but also yield profits. The second root cause of environmental should be mandatory in all parts of the country. The activities in tree nursery include; seed degradation is illegal logging and charcoal All counties should have 10% tree cover as the procurement, soil digging and transportation, burning. It should be controlled by the standard minimum.

MILITARY JOB EVALUATION: THE COMPLEXITIES OF COMPARING MILITARY AND CIVILIAN JOBS ‘’The army ages men sooner than the law and philosophy; it exposes them more freely to germs, which undermine and destroy, and it shelters them more completely from thought, which stimulates and preserves’’. H. G. Wells (1866 - 1946), British writer.

comparisons across organizations. Subtle Although the ranks were equated and placed differences and nuances exist in the features, at respective job groups, it was not very eligibility and characteristics of the nature justifiable to equate these ranks with the and work environment and terms and civilian job groups. This is because a number conditions of service between military and of service personnel join the military when other civilian organizations. The Military they are diploma holders and/or above and is a service involving a range of sacrifices, upon completion of basic training, they hazards and risks and is therefore, not are indoctrinated and trained to handle COL M A NDERIH practicable to have an absolute comparison sophisticated equipment and weaponry, a and place its value with other jobs in the training that may not be simply compared KENYA NAVY society. or equated in terms of diploma, certificate or Introduction Despite these complexities and difficulties otherwise in the civilian jobs. everal attempts have been made to in comparing military and civil service jobs, To evaluate the military jobs or even compare military jobs with the civilian in Kenya, the Kipkulei Harmonization attempt to understand them, it is imperative jobs. However, absolute comparison Commission of 1998/99 was mandated to and crucial to make certain considerations S harmonize military jobs with those of the pertaining to various attributes and factors has not been possible because of the unique nature of the military service in general, public service. This was aimed at alligning that are necessary in the jobs. Some of and the working conditions in particular. It military salaries and allowances with those these factors include, psychological and has been quite challenging to make direct of other public officers in the civil service. philosophical aspects, cultural practices,

38 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 39 and Changing Organizational Culture, organizational culture refers to “the taken- for-granted values, underlying assumptions, expectations, collective memories, and definitions present in an organization.” These values and assumptions are learned as people in the organization deal successfully with problems of external adaptation and internal integration. That is, how the organization responds to the environment and its internal organization to accomplish goals or address challenges. As new members enter the organization, the assumptions and values are taught as the correct and acceptable way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to problems and issues faced by the organization. Culture can therefore be diversely understood as shared beliefs and values of a group; the beliefs, customs, practices, and social behaviour of a particular nation or traditions, military organizational culture on duty at all times, are subject to military people. It therefore implies that, culture is applied as a fundamental basis for job discipline and conduct themselves according shared by collectiveness of people: nations, assessment and evaluation among others. It is to specific rules. In many countries Kenya regions, organisations, schools, churches important to attempt to address the dynamics, included, military personnel are challenged and families. Organizations are from a rationale, and impact of job evaluation on in changing jobs at will and are prohibited sociological point of view – goal-oriented command and control ideals, bureaucratic by law to join trade unions and thus unable cultural systems. The task of an organization ethos, classification system, morale in the to negotiate for pay and other terms of is the key to the understanding of its specific military and consequent comparability service. A soldier is not only human but function, structure and culture. The primary complexity with the civilian sector. Further, when combined with the special training, reason for military existence is war fighting understanding the relative demands and skills, weapon and tactics is a complete war as a projection of enforcing political will disadvantages inherent in military service machine and must be viewed, compensated on other states and non-state actors. War jobs, and inherent conceptual, theoretical, and evaluated along that line. Military fighting thus, “determines the central beliefs, and psychosocial aspects applicable to the Service is a voluntary calling. Soldiers must values and complex symbolic formations framework and its structure is necessary. therefore be and remain prepared to serve that define military culture” (Burk, 1999). Consideration and exploration of other and die for their country with dedication, Functionally, the use of focused and massive global factors, practice and approaches sacrifice and selflessness not just as an macro–violence calls for a high degree of on job evaluation and remuneration to the employment opportunity. After all, a soldier coordination. The organizational culture of uniformed personnel. is charged with protecting the country the military is therefore based on a leadership Decisions made by a Military Commander and failure would result to jeopardy in the strictly structured from top to bottom with are meant to prevent death and an error country’s security. a closed chain of command organized would result to fatality to life and jeopardize according to the principle of centralization. the countries security; no comparability Understanding the military This assures that the central forming of factor can therefore satisfy or justify such a organisational culture, functions willpower and planning processes can comparison. The choices of deployment in and social ideals. develop into the actions of the organization as the military are limited; a senior manager in Turning to the literature of organizational a whole. The information relevant for action a civilian organization may be deployed at behavior, organizational culture appears moves from the top down, the competence the headquarter outfit while in the military to be a context-free version of the context- to initiate action is strongly limited at the one would still be deployed outside their specific military culture. The advantage bottom of the hierarchic structure (Feld 1959; headquarters and in the operation areas-of of using the construct of organizational Lang 1965 Snider, 1999). In the military, course away from their loved ones. culture, however, is that there is a rich culture is a group phenomenon, hence Thus, military lifestyle carries much more literature providing models for assessing, leaving the impact of personality structures responsibility and is less flexible. There is diagnosing, and aligning the organizational outside further complicating individual job always threat of being in a combat zone or culture to environmental demands. evaluation verses group output assessment. life-threatening situations or being engaged According to (Kim Cameron and Robert Functionalism interprets each part of in hazardous duties. Service members are Quinn, 1999), in their book, Diagnosing

40 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 41 society in terms of how it contributes to the The military is probably the only a professional ethos, a high corps spirit and stability of the whole society. Society is organization that is ready to risk its partial discipline (Soeters et. al. 2003:242). more than the sum of its parts; rather each destruction and to put the lives of its part of society is functional for the stability members wilfully at risk when aiming to Training and Indoctrination of the whole society. The different parts are reach its goals. Expectancy of violence The purpose or primary orientation of the primarily the institutions of society, each of is therefore constantly prevalent in the military, as an institution, is defense of which is organized to fill different needs and organizational rationale. Consequently, the the society or sovereign is true and too each of which has particular consequences preparation of force operations is aimed at abstract. More concrete and useful is the for the form and shape of society. The parts including as many uncertainties as possible. assertion that the primary orientation of all depend on each other. When one part of The harrowing episodes experienced even the military as an institution and as a set of the system is not working or is dysfunctional, as close as in Somalia by Kenyan Defence organization is to take raw materials such it affects all other parts. Military organization Forces is an absolute testament to the as recruits, weapons, systems and doctrine can only be defined as a comprehensive consequences of combat warfare and its and work with them to produce capable societal or social system and analyzed anatomy. An extreme degree of formalization, combat units ready to engage the enemy on by means of institutional and social- reutilisation, and standards of procedure the battlefield. The development of leaders psychological categories. The importance of are supposed to guarantee calculable and and small unit cohesion and performance maintaining a sub-field of military sociology coordinated behaviour of the members of would be clearly within the scope of that is due to the centrality of the military to the organization under conditions of extreme orientation at the individual and small any society’s long-term viability and to stress and in case of the destruction of parts group levels of analysis. The centre for the unique characteristics of the military of the organization. the military sociology in this area could be derived from its functions and traditions. a theory that addresses how the orientation Military sociology therefore focuses on the As a rule, soldiers are to produce combat units dominates the permanent structure indispensable to the institution and organizations of the military. conduct of organized welfare. accommodated The Military training must aim at producing The social environment of the military in barracks and professionals with a definite military cultures bears an overly strong inward corporate identity and professional ethos. orientation. This promotes a tendency garrisons separated The professional ethos implies a “set of towards ritualization of behaviour. normative self-understandings which for the Functionally, ritualization serves to “guide from the civilian members define the profession’s corporate individual conduct” and to “provide a world enhancing identity, its code of conduct and, for the semblance of order to the harsh reality of officers in particular, the professional work” death and destruction that often threatens the quality of social (Burk, 1999). to be overwhelming” (Snyder, 1999; Lang cohesion. Members Morale and cohesion are vital ingredients 1965:838). are taken care of in for combat motivation and are part of the soldier’s education and training. Discipline The team concept and sociology of a totalitarian fashion. combat means that the organization members can be forced to set back their individual interests A whole team approach recognizes that in in favour of the collective goal. It serves order for the team to be successful, members As a rule, soldiers are accommodated as an instrument of control in extreme risk cannot operate in isolation. Each team in barracks and garrisons separated from exposures and “to minimize the confusion member must know and appreciate every the civilian world enhancing the quality of and disintegrative consequences of battle other team member’s strengths and skills. social cohesion. Members are taken care of Military personnel the world over tend to in a totalitarian fashion. Soldiers generally by imposing order on it with a repertoire of develop deep pride in their units and service. live in “total institutions” (Goffman 1961). patterned actions” (Burk, 1999). Therefore, Traditionally every soldier thinks of himself For functional needs the community is extrinsic motivational instruments, such as as belonging to his regiment, his service valued higher than the individual, there is money, are usually insufficient incentives. and then his country’s military forces in thus a clear primacy of the collectiveness. As a rule, intrinsic motivational elements that order. This is deliberately encouraged In military culture the individual is play a role as well (Lang 1965; Geser even at the unit level. The soldier is made instrumentalised and de-individualized in 1994). The military culture, while highly to feel that if he cannot die with and for the favour of the group, i.e., it is expected that bureaucratic, has therefore strongly man, with whom he eats and lives, then he the soldier sacrifices his individual freedom communitarian and even authoritarian can hardly be expected to work for the larger and, if inevitable, his life for a collective features (Soeters et. al. 2003:240). This body called Armed Forces which is big and goal he may not be able to enjoy anymore. only reinforces the tendency towards impersonal and far removed from his day to This “Social Dilemma” (Olson 1965) is inward orientation, or even “castellation” day life. solved by a specific socialization oriented at (Huntington 1964).

40 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 41 Command, authority and orders maintain the necessary mix by year groups, applicants, i.e., offer pay that seems overly Military organizations are, according to grade, and skills and to retain the number in generous in light of the organization’s entry- their internal rationale and culture, top- each group. The compensation package is an level requirements. down organizations. In order to be capable important management tool in the effort to The factor to keep in mind is that the to apply collective force they are structured accomplish this. different parts of the military compensation along the principles of centralization and (Rosen, 1992), contends that, “if rewards system cannot be examined in isolation from formalization, and they traditionally rely are skewed too much, a kind of cut-throat one another. One must look at the system as on socialization procedures based on moral competition arises. Then competitors take a whole. Military compensation system must and repressive means of behaviour-control. steps to make others look bad rather than be designed to support a closed hierarchical Traditional management is hierarchical and making them look good.... Some happy personnel system with little lateral entry. directive oriented. Military organizations medium must be struck here.” Without lateral entry, individuals in the are without doubt the expert in this. The Lazear (1989) develops the formal organization are valuable for what they military train their officers and men in the analytics of this argument. A prediction produce in their current grades and for what management of time, space and resources from his analysis is that pay differentials they are capable of producing in higher both human and physical in the most will be narrower the greater the team aspect grades in the future. traditional sense. In the Forces the setting of production is, since the greater the team The compensation package spent on of objectives is the responsibility of the aspect is, the more opportunity co-workers military personnel plays an important role officers. Men are executors. Consequently, have to direct effort toward sabotaging others in managing force readiness. After all, it is a military cultures are based inherently on anti- rather than contributing positively to output. major factor in persuading service members individualistic and anti-market ideologies These arguments assume that supervisors and women to remain in uniform. Military and differ therefore in a principal way from are unable to observe malfeasant behavior compensation is a salary in the classic the civilian democratic culture and the social and discipline it. Clearly, the proper sense with a total package of pay, tax-free organization of modern societies. skewness of the pay system is an empirical facilitations, allowances, and benefits both Of course, the topic of the military as a matter. The management of personnel immediate and deferred. It includes money social institution, overlaps to some degree flows provide reasons that tend to reduce (or provision in kind, such as housing or with the topic of the military as a profession. intergrade pay differentials. Without lateral subsistence); various services, including On the flip side, the military can be studied as entry, recruits must be able to fill both entry- medical care; and deferred compensation, any other primary social institution. System level positions and higher-level positions in such as retirement and survivor benefits. of roles are based on beliefs and norms, the future. Recruits’ abilities must exceed the To maintain force readiness, military structures, functions, patterned behavior, productivity requirements of their current compensation must provide a level of and adaptation for change. The Military entry-level positions and the abilities of remuneration to service members that is is a large organization in terms of such entry-level workers in other organizations in line with contemporary standards and features as bureaucracy, intra-premiership that do allow lateral entry. Consequently, the perceived as being fair and equitable in light and innovation, and management. However, closed personnel system necessitates that the of the hardships and risks. the goal is to concentrate on that which organizations “cream” the pool of eligible is relatively unique to the military as an institution rather than what is has in common with other institutions or large-scale organizations.

Military compensation. The primary purpose of the military compensation system is to support mission readiness by ensuring the overall manning objectives of the Armed Forces with the numbers and quality of personnel needed to achieve force objectives. The spread of service personnel by numbers, age, and grade reflects a large input at the bottom with heavy attrition in the early years and continuing attrition. Only a modest percentage remains in uniform long enough to qualify for retirement compensation. It is essentially a closed system in which lateral entry is very limited. The challenge is to Salaries & Remuneration Commissioners during their Job Evaluation visit to the Kenya Defence Forces Camp in Afmadhow, Somalia

42 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 43 ETHNICITY POLITICS IN KENYA AND THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA

The diversification of radio broadcasting According to the Communications in Africa has enhanced political and economic Commission of Kenya, CCK (2005), there liberalization with the development of local, were over 200 licensed broadcasting services community, and commercial radio.In the in Kenya including private/commercial, face of these considerations and inevitable community, religious and international radio changes, the time has therefore come for stations, but not all were operational. The African leaders to come to terms with realities stations were dominated by the state owned that Africans of the 21st century need access Kenya broadcasting corporation (KBC), to information, and are henceforth willing and two privately owned media groups - the and ready to defy authoritarian regimes that Nation and the Standard. Today, Media in block the free flow of that information. Kenya includes more than 90 FM stations; more than 60 free to view TV stations and an The Media Landscape of Kenya unconfirmed number of print newspapers and Media liberalization and transition period magazines. Publications mainly use English MR L S OPICHO in Kenya started in 1992 following the as their primary language of communication, NATIONAL POLICE SERVICE - KENYA restoration of multi-party pluralism with some media houses employing Swahili. permitted by former President Daniel Arap Vernacular or community-based languages The Media Landscape of Africa Moi. President Moi was always reluctant to are commonly used in broadcast media; he African media was initially the liberalize the airwaves and to particularly mostly radio. brainchild of colonial masters and allow radio stations to broadcast in their Tso legacies from the colonial era tribal languages other than English and Ethnicity and ethnic groupings in were inherited and nurtured by post-colonial Kiswahili, the two national languages, Kenya African administrations. The media was fearing the spread of ethnic tension, division, Our knowledge on the various Kenyan primarily established to serve the needs and violence. ethnic communities in the pre-colonial and of colonial administrations, and so at Back in 1982, KANU was deeply post-colonial period has been enriched by independence, African leaders brought them concerned about the involvement of a multiplicity of sources, including oral under state control to sing praise songs in community radio in encouraging ethnic traditions, archaeology, historical linguistic the name of national unity and development. tensions and violence in Kenya especially and cultural anthropology. Pioneer scholars, Until recently, the state has had a firm control on the basis of using a particular tribe to including Ogot (1967), Were (1967), of the media, allowing it only to speak in a broadcast to a multiethnic community Muriuki (1977), Ochieng (1974), Mwanzi way that is acceptable to the government in outside the national languages. In fact the (1977), Aseka (1989) among many others power; using it as an instrument to influence first community radio in Africa established have enriched our historical knowledge on decisions and pass on propaganda to the by UNESCO in Homa Bay in the Luo individual ethnic communities that occupy public. heartland of Nyanza province in Kenya was present Kenya. Considering the vitality of the media shut down after broadcasting for two and half The process of interaction was underway in the exercise of political power, African years. The government said, the radio was with the arrival of colonialists. What perhaps leaders have always ensured that the use of broadcasting contrary to the official policy of needs to be emphasized from the contributions media is closely controlled so that they do making Kiswahili and English, the national of the pioneer historical studies is that, first, not propagate views and promote interests languages, but was bent on exalting only the the evolutionary process in Kenya pre-dates that are at variance with those of the state. good values of the Luo ethnic community in the histories of the present day inhabitants. However, over the past decades, the wave the midst of other tribes. Secondly, the ethnic composition of Kenya of democratization, liberalization, and However with the coming of democracy is as a result of a crystallization of many globalization has increasingly impacted on and liberalization, President Moi finally centuries of interaction between the various the African media landscape and governance permitted the first private Kikuyu tribal radio peoples and ethnic groups. policies, thereby encouraging greater station known as Kameme to be inaugurated According to the population census of diversity and plurality of broadcasting. They in 2002, opening the floodgates to the 1999, the country has about 43 ethnic groups back their actions with the argument that establishment of more tribal stations in the and each group has its own language and state institutions are fragile and criticism country. Not satisfied with Kameme’s ethnic culture that define it. The country is divided may be interpreted as a challenge to the inclination, Moi established Coro, a parallel into three large linguistic groups. The largest legitimacy of the government, and therefore Kikuyu station at the state broadcaster to is the Bantu, followed by Nilotes and the the media should refrain from every attempt counter its influences on the majority Kikuyu smaller group includes the Cushites. Kenya’s to scrutinize its affairs. tribe. ethnic languages are prominent at the national

42 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 43 level and are related to levels of interpersonal and intrapersonal journalists, establishments; process public complaints create and communication. The ethnic languages symbolize a group identity for publish the freedom of the media in Kenya. During accreditation, users. This ethnic distinction has sometimes led to clashes between journalists agree to adhere to the Code of Conduct and journalism in ethnic groups. The major ethnic groups in Kenya include: Kikuyu Kenya, which was created by media professionals.The stakeholders (Agĩkũyũ) 20.78 %; Luhya (Bakhayo, Banyala, Banyore, Bukusu from the point of view of journalism in Kenya are more professional Idakho, Isukha, Kabras, Kisa, Marachi, Maragoli, Marama, Samia, and respectable field. Tachoni, Tiriki, Wanga) 14.38 %; Luo 12.38 %; Kalenjin ( Kipsigis, Political parties in Kenya are usually along tribal lines, rather than Marakwet, Nandi, Pokot, Sabaots, Sengwer, Terek, Turgen) 13.46 %; political ideology. This is the perception that the party offers the best Kamba 11.42 %; Kisii 6.15 %; Ameru (Achuka, Aigembe, Aimenti, hope for one within the tribe to assume power and then share state Amuthambi, Amwimbi, Atharaka, Atigania) 5.07 %; Maasai 1.76 resources with tribal members.Tribalism or prejudice between tribes %; Turkana 1.52 %; Embu 1.20 %; Taita 0.95 %; Swahili 0.60 %; and favoritism within the tribes. Kenyan culture is deeply tribal. Samburu 0.50 %; Somali 2.29 % (1999, Census report). The average person identifies with the tribe and the values of the The percentage indicates the ethnic groups proportion of the tribe. In addition to this, Kenyans are an inherently agricultural. This population of Kenya. The country also has minority ethnic groups means that the land is very important. In fact, land has been a major which include: the Aweer, Bajuni, Kore, Kuria, Miji Kenda, Ogiek, issue in most of the conflicts since independence. Conflicts in Kenya Orma, Pokomo, Rendille, Sengwer, Suba, Taveta, Watha, Yiaku, are informed by the fact that owners were forcibly removed to give Dorobo, Elmolo, Malakote and Sanye. Ethnic minorities here are way to large-scale agriculture for white farmers. After independence, distinguished by the small size of their populations. Other non- the land was never returned to the rightful owners; thus, communities Kenyan ethnic groups resident in Kenya for many generations continue to claim ancestral lands as part of their identity and political are: Gujaratis, Baluchs, Punjabis and Goans from India, Britons, rights. Hadhrami and Omani Arabs and Italians, plus a number of Africans One of the key factors of conflicts in Kenya is the dimension who have become citizens of Kenya. of the identity politics and is closely linked to the problem of land, borders, and the associated historical claims challenge the regional Kenyan perspective of the media on political and ethnic environment and political transition. With different language and conflicts culture. groups and a sparse geography, the region has had difficulty The Kenyan media includes more than 90 FM stations, more than developing Communication channels that serve the region. 15 TV stations, and an unconfirmed number of print newspapers According to the Kenyan Daily Post, in March 2013, foreign and magazines. Publications mainly use English as their primary journalists came to Kenya to cover the general elections and language of communication, with some media houses employing expect violence like 2007/2008 but the Kenyans maintained peace Swahili vernacular or community-based languages are commonly throughout the election period. CNN had sent numerous journalists used in broadcast media; mostly radio. and had published a story about Kenyans preparing for violence The media in Kenya are regulated by a statutory body called the somewhere in the Rift Valley and then published aVideo clip with Media Council of Kenya. three characters armed with rough weapons rolling on the floor. The Media Council of Kenya is an independent national The Kenyan government ordered CNN to provide evidence of institution set up by the Media Law, 2007 as a leading institution violence and apologize to Kenyans. Kenyans condemned the CNN in the regulation of the media and in the conduct and disciplines video that said, the Kenyans were heavily armed before the general of journalists. It is a mandate from others to register and accredit elections on March 4th 2013. The reporter, of CNN’s international correspondent Nema Elbagir said the Kenyans were arming themselves for self-protection in post-election houses such as those that were seen after the 2007 general election. Many Kenyans have taken “Armed as Kenyans” the vote approaches the “video”, rejecting it as a negative and incorrect representation of reality in Kenya. Most Kenyans condemned the video; they were convinced that there would be a repetition of chaos. In Kenya after the 2007 general election, media was also engaged in the form of political propaganda based on ethnicity. In the report of the workshop based on a comparative framework of election experiences of Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Somaliland, Tanzania and Sudan; (2009) discussed the situation in East Africa on the competitive nature of elections in the region. The discussion is on the engagement of both mainstream media and some new media such as mobile phone in spreading of hate messages against a certain ethnic tribe in Kenya. In short, politicians and some citizens of Kenya utilized media for political violence mobilization. In addition, the mushrooming of local vernacular media stations in Kenya was another additional source of problem. The vernacular media’s programs targeted the ethno-political communities; meaning Pioneer scholar, Grace Ogot. that the media practitioners in such media were favoring the ethnic

44 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 45 tribes that they (journalists and broadcasters) Message Service (SMS) was spreading very into Swahili or English. Secondly, ethnicity belonged to. Local language media was a tool fast like a virus. is very central in the Kenyan election used by politicians for ethnic mobilization The viral nature of SMS was capitalized process. Political language is translated and and political control in a certain area. Also on by the political parties for political interpreted using ethnic background and most of the journalists who were working in marketing and thereafter the elections history as such any political communication local language media were not professionally as a tool for spreading ethnic hatred and must be codified into relevant vernaculars for trained. organizing ethnic violence. The political it to leave an impression in people’s mind. On In Kenya, as in the rest of Africa, Short marketing experts as well as independent the one hand, these messages focused intense Message Service (SMS) is the most widely mobile phone users, bloggers and the owners attention on the competing presidential used digital application. Prior to, and after of the e-mail accounts, generated these candidates from both the Party of National the 2007 elections the new media and messages. Significantly, most of the ethnic Unity (PNU) and the Orange Democratic specifically mobile phones, e-mails, and based jokes, humor and hate speech were Movement (ODM) in a way that promoted a blogs emerged as significant communication written in Kenya’s vernacular language. healthy debate through providing new space tools. This new technology was perceived Very few were written in English while the relevant for democratic strengthening never to be efficient and a cost effective way rest were in Swahili. witnessed before. On the other hand, these of mobilization of voters by the Kenyan The reason for using vernacular language new media devices led to negative political politicians prior to the elections. Mobile was, first, that some of the messages lose campaigns that also became extremely telephony and more specifically the Short their weight and meaning when translated ethnic based after the elections.

HARNESSING YOUTH BULGE INTO NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: BOTSWANA

have more often than not demonstrated an and innovation of youths are assets that can ability as well as willingness to contribute be tapped to boost Africa’s development. to the development process. Africa, over the National development ought not to be past decade, has seen its economic growth institution oriented but rather needs be man bounce back greatly. oriented. This means that the development Africa’s population for 2011 was should be based on collectiveness and estimated by the United Nations (2010) to individualism. The youth bulge of a country be 1.05 billion and that expectations were it has a very important impact on national be double that figure by 2050. With roughly growth. 70 percent of its population being 30 years Youth participation in Africa is often of age or younger; Africa is the youngest taken as the engagement of young people in continent in the world. In 2011, youths; making decisions on issues that may affect defined here as those in the age bracket 15 them. Nonetheless, these youths believe that COL S L JANSEN to 24 years of age; made up 21 percent of the young people should be treated as citizens more than 1 billion people in Africa. Another of the moment (as opposed to the citizens of BOTSWANA DEFENCE FORCE 42 percent was discovered to be less than 15 the future) and as a result should be involved he youth are the foundation and years old. Females consist slightly more than in every decision made regarding their bedrock that every nation in pursuit half of the African youth population. It also community and society. This explains why Tof development and improved is observed that there are more rural dwellers it is important to examine their influence standard of living of her citizenry builds than urban dwellers. on community development. It is therefore upon. Hence they serve a key role and also Numerous and varied challenges for necessary to understand the influence act as an important tool to political, security youths that are central to Africa’s economic of youth involvement in community and national development. According to development do exist. Some of them development projects and their attitude on a new United Nations’ report, the global include health, political participation and crime in urban informal settlement areas plus population of young people; depending employment. The said issues differ among other challenges that affect them. on decisions made by present day policy groups within countries (by ethnicity, In Botswana, unemployed youths are makers; possess the potential of transforming education level, health status and gender), desperately looking for work, because economies for better or worse, according and even across countries and regions. young people between the ages of twenty to a new United Nations report. Africa has Conversely; with appropriate policies that to thirty years are three times more likely both the most youthful as well as fastest deal adequately with the issues facing them; than their older counterparts to be employed. growing population in the world. The youth the energy, size, enthusiasm, dynamism It in fact has led to under-employment,

44 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 45 both in the short term and long term. It is important to note that as a way to harness on the youth potential, the Botswana government offers free primary up to tertiary level education. A young population can also be a resource that leads to innovation and supports governance and political reforms. Botswana must prioritize such measures to harness the potential pre¬sented by the youth population and to mitigate their risks. The agribusiness has great potential for youth employment because formal skill requirements are typically low at the beginning, which allows youth to learn by gradually moving from sim¬ple tasks to more sophisticated production. In regards to improving conditions for entrepreneurs, policymakers need to provide incentives for financial institutions to innovatively find ways to deliver both financial and social capital to self-employed youth. Even though industrialization has been a big challenge in Africa, Botswana created the Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES) which was set up as an umbrella programme in 2012 to support a wide range of initiatives aimed at encouraging employment, entrepreneurship and skills development amongst the youth. The scheme interfaces change of behaviour, empowerment, poverty eradication and skills development. It is designed for young people aged between 18 and 35 years who are unemployed and out-of-school. The youths of Southern and Eastern African regions are conjoined by an integral social, economic and political history, hence the need to continuously engage more regularly. Harnessing the youth potential also entails focusing on youths marginalization and inequality, it is vital to come up with strategies and their role in political life in Botswana so that they can actively to tap into the incredible power that comes with youth dynamism and participate in the democratic process through the ballot and the inventiveness so as to foster economic growth and employment. electoral process. In the changing political cycle in Botswana, young Youth employment has without any doubt been a catchword people are seen to have the greatest numbers that can be able to for political actors but there is a rising urgency to re-contextualize move political agendas for national development. In the context of unemployment and also employment. According to Human Needs Botswana youth potential can be harnessed through many internship Theory (HNT), humans need a number of essentials to survive. In projects and step-up efforts to building the capacity of young the 1970s and 1980s, HNT was developed as a holistic or generic people to create an enabling environment for them to menacingly theory explaining human behavior. Abraham Maslow came up with a participate in all stages of decision making and implementation of hierarchy of needs. Need for water, shelter and food came top of the rights based programs and this will strengthen the professional and list with the other needs coming in the following order: need for safety personal capacity of young persons. In addition the same youths can and security, belonging or love, self-esteem and, finally, personal be promoted by upstaging development policies that advance gender fulfillment and self-actualization. Every society’s development is a equality and social protection, including the elimination of all forms result of the interplay between man and his environment. Given that of gender based violence against young persons. it ensures self-discovery, the interplay plays a key role in motivating, In conclusion it is vital to appreciate the fact that Botswana can mobilizing and energizing people towards a common objective. greatly harness the potential of the youths, so as to benefit from the The youth in nation play a key role as veritable tools through which demographic divide. Therefore deepening the human capital base, development becomes a success and thus not a single society can creating job opportunities and encouraging entrepreneurship will neglect her youth in the scheme of things in her quest for national, provide a great potential for the State, and enable it to adequately social, economic and political development. address some challenges facing youths. When one adopts the expanded definition of security, it becomes apparent that long-term unemployment is a security threat. It follows that the xenophobic attacks reported and seen in South Africa meted on When one adopts the foreigners are largely an unemployment issue. Some South Africans, unfortunately and erroneously, blame the foreigners for ‘stealing their expanded definition of security, jobs’. Attacks of xenophobic nature on foreigners and other violent it becomes apparent that acts in South Africans due to the effects of long-term unemployment; it is apparent that unemployment is a security problem. It must be long-term unemployment appreciated that the youths in Botswana must be engaged in national is a security threat. issues, especially because the lack of employment poses major threats

46 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 47 FRAGILITY AND STATE-SOCIETY RELATIONS IN SOUTH SUDAN

impression that government officials see viewed as disparaging ethnic communities their role as one of self-enrichment and of rebel militia groups—such as the Murle maintaining power rather than provision of population in Jonglei state as well as the Nuer services to citizens. Ethnic divisions, long population in Warap state, The Government exploited by Khartoum during the war, have as well has been blamed for its failure to hold been deepened by the perception of Dinka security services accountable for attacks on dominance since independence. civilians and other unarmed persons and this Hundreds of innocent civilians have has had a negative effect leading to erosion/ been killed during these recurrent periods destruction of the much desired social of conflicts, particularly in Jonglei state but cohesion among communities. also in pockets of rising insecurity around To improve state-society relations in the the country near term, the government must cease actions The new country is not without assets, it that alienate society from the state and focus took control of developed oil fields that are on three critical tasks: building inclusive COL S J MUTUKU estimated to yield over 350,000 barrels per coalitions to support key institutional KENYA ARMY day and annual net oil export revenues.The reforms, protecting space for independent population in South Sudanis resilient, having voices in order to foster a national dialogue he youngest state on the globe, the endured years of hardship, isolation, and war. over the priorities for the new state and Republic of South Sudan is facing Much of the expansive territory is highly achieving some tangible development Tdaunting challenges. The world’s fertile for agricultural production, though progress to demonstrate the government’s newest nation is also one of the poorest: less than ten percent of the total land mass responsiveness to citizen expectations. the result of negligible investment in its is currently under cultivation. Moreover, Investment in public infrastructure to link people and infrastructure over many decades South Sudan enjoys international good will, disparate regions of the new nation is crucial by the erstwhile governing authority of with key partners in East Africa, Europe, and at this time as it will spur economic growth. Khartoum. War has ravaged the country the United States having provided extensive Central to this as well is investment in health almost continuously since 1955, costing over humanitarian assistance throughout the and education for the populace. 2 million lives. South Sudan’s state-building war and overwhelmingly endorsed the The foundation of the state cannot be effort, moreover, started from a rudimentary new state’s quest for independence and an afterthought. It must come before the institutional base, having inherited few membership at the United Nations. The structure is built. Generating renewed functional governance systems. What country isalso the newest member of the East confidence in state-society relations through governance structures existed were confined African community. these opportunities will provide the social to former garrison towns such as Juba, Efforts to meet the young state’s many capital needed to strengthen institutions most Rumbek and Wau among a few others. South challenges will fail, without trust and social central to ending violence: citizen security Sudan has an estimated population of about cohesion between the government and its (ensuring citizens’ freedom from physical 12 million people. Since its independence citizens. State-society relations provide the violence and from fear of violence), justice in July 2011 this new state has been foundation of any state. If this foundation (providing recourse to nonviolent dispute embroiled in un-ending cycle of conflicts, is strong, built on the principles of trust and resolution), and jobs (enabling livelihoods mainly occasioned by the power struggle legitimacy, then even poor countries can be without recourse to violence). South leading to the disappointment of itscitizens, stable and withstand intense external threats. Sudan’s leadership can set a new course neighboring states and theinternational Conversely, if the foundation is weak, toward legitimacy, stability, and sustained community. Corruption allegations have then instability will persist irrespective of development if it priorities’ building trust been pointed mainly at top government government revenue flows, the strength and social cohesion within the South’ officials, including members of the country’s of the security sector, or the maneuvers of Sudanese population. military. Perceptions are widespread of any external adversary. Strengthening state- When all is said and done, the recurrent senior government malfeasance, self- society relations, then, is an imperative for situation in South Sudan obviously needs to interest, and disregard for citizen priorities. state-building and stabilization agenda in be handled properly by the parties involved Meanwhile, state authority remains heavily South Sudan. It’s disappointing that this has in order to curtail the loss of lives and centralized with the executive branch, where not been the case ever since the much sought property. Until the parties to the conflict decisions are often made opaquely and for independence. show a greater political will to resolving without consultation or oversight. This has More troubling, the government of South the conflict, the situation will continue to been matched by regular reports of repression Sudan has on a number of instances been worsen. by the army and the police, conveying an

46 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 47 SHOULD STAPLE FOOD BE SECURITIZED?

fragile. It is not surprising therefore that food vitamins, or minerals. But why securitize has earned itself numerous expressions just food and what is securitization? to showcase its significance in the lives of Securitization is a construct of scholars not only humankind but even all the known of Copenhagen school and is a process- living organism. The following are just but oriented conception of security, which is a few: used in transforming subjects into matters • “Man must eat!”….Anonymous of “security”. This way issues that become • “We eat to live” …… Anonymous securitized receive disproportionate amounts • “An army marches on its stomach”,…. of attention and resources relative the Napoleon Bonaparte others. Food in certain specific aspects is • “The next best thing to eating food, is one such issue that is rife for securitization. talking about it”…… Julie R. Thomson In contemporary times, where projection of • “I have made a lot of mistakes falling power has taken an asymmetric angle, any in love, and regretted most of them, but evil minded group can easily focus on food COL S O ONDIRO never the potatoes that went with them.” as a target for attack to bring down a society. KENYA AIR FORCE - Nora Ephron All that has to happen is to ensure the sources • “The secret of success in life is to eat are depleted and an alternative source created ational security in its simplest what you like and let the food fight it out with higher financial implication. This way definition is the condition that inside.” - Mark Twain food suddenly becomes unaffordable leading Nresults from the establishment and • “Food is symbolic of love when words to a stage-managed famine. Alternatively, the maintenance of preventive and protective are inadequate.” - Alan D. Wolfelt enemy may also do the unimaginable; stage- resilience measures that ensures a state of Food, food, food and food. But, what is manage a shortage then avail the food from inviolability from threats and challenges. food and what is it about it that requires to elsewhere but laced with substances with One of the challenges that a sizeable part of be securitized? gradual killing capabilities – call it silent the developing world has to deal with in the Food is any substance consumed to genocide. This is however hypothetical, but post-cold war era is the challenge of food provide nutritional support for an organism. who knows? What exists in imagination insecurity. In the recent years a number of Food comes in form of plants or animal can acquire realism. Nevertheless, not all developing states have unrelentingly waged origin, and contains essential nutrients, food commodities should be securitized but battles to weed out this challenge at least requisite for healthy living and growth. there are those that require to be targeted to remain secure. Food occupies one of the Such nutrients may include all or some of for critical attention. The target should be central needs of all households world over. the following: carbohydrates, fats, proteins, this category that majority regard as staple In the famous Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, food alongside other three factors; rest, water and warmth form basic foundation of all human needs. It is not a wonder therefore that the leadership of Kenya has captured food security as a pillar in the “Big Four” medium term plan towards the realization of Kenya’s vision 2030. Matters food security occupies a very crucial aspect of human household planning. Top on the priority list of any household budget must always be feeding. Families have broken apart for reasons attributed to mishandling of food budgets. Clan and community feuds have been witnessed courtesy to misunderstandings arising from food sharing dilemmas. It is also known that majority of conflicts have a deep root towards food especially when paucity prevails. Issues pertaining to food are very

48 NDC NEWSLETTER III COURSE COURSE 21 21 - - 2018/19 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 49 food. Various categorizations for food exist. food for an active, healthy life. It includes at be clearly understood. In this globalized Food can be categorized by priority and a minimum: environment anarchic tendencies bordering popularity of usage such as staple, leisure, • The ready availability of nutritionally extermination of societies can be a probable medicinal etc. The other category can be adequate and safe foods and activity however evil it may look. Further the by form/state of availability which should • An assured ability to acquire acceptable investors of our current times have become include: adulterated, fresh frozen, canned, foods in socially acceptable ways (e.g., ruthless realist who knows no morals let live etc. For the purpose of this article, we without resorting to emergency food alone practicing it. Imagine the case of the will restrict ourselves to staple food. supplies, scavenging, stealing, or other military which feeds on loads of foodstuff A staple food, food staple, or simply coping strategies). annually. God forbid; what would be the a staple, is a food commodity that is eaten Every society (ethnic community, country, corollaries of an attempted food poisoning of habitually and in such quantities that it region or even race) has a preferred staple brigade in mission area, say Somalia? Thank constitutes a dominant portion of a customary food category. It is known that Uganda’s God, KDF is currently at the implementation diet for a given people. A staple food of a staple food combination comprises peanut stage of operationalizing a strategic self- specific society may be eaten as often as and bananas, Nigeria’s choice is pounded sustaining food processing plant that will every day or every meal. Most societies yams locally known as “fofo”, Botswana provide for the limitless feeding needs of live on a diet based on specific food staples. prefers fried caterpillars, Algeria’s preferred the troops in all diverse circumstances. But Specific staples vary from place to place, staple is “kuskus” and Kenya by popular concerns are still abound. There is this threat but typically are inexpensive or readily choice of majority is a combination of maize of adulterated food imports and if recent available foods that supply one or more of meal popularly known as ugali with either reported occurrences could be something the macronutrients needed for survival and tilapia fish in the case of the Luo community, to go by, then the society has a lot to worry health: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. meat for the central bantu communities about. Typical examples include tubers and roots, and spider leaves (saga) for the Abagusii Recently, concerns over cancer risk grains, legumes, and seeds. Societies are community. Even though other foodstuff on imported food have arisen. Is the food guided to choose food substances as staples exist among other communities in Kenya, Kenyans are consuming from overseas based on ease of local availability, nutrient ugali is commonly accepted as the staple safe? This question is in the minds of many capacity and the ability to withstand longer and its absence or threat of scarcity whether following concerns that tonnes of fish and periods of storage without degradation- call staged managed or natural constitutes famine other frozen foodstuffs being imported it non-perishability. Such nonperishable and widespread panic. into the country are being contaminated foods are the only plausible choice of staples In recent years, Kenyans have with cancer-causing radiation at the port of during seasons of shortage, such as periods experienced successive shortage of staple Mombasa. Further, no meaningful assurance of prolonged drought, against which times food both real and artificial. Real when the has been secured from the public health to harvests have to be stored. During seasons country experiences prolonged draughts give such food commodities a clean bill of of plenty, wider choices of foods may be and artificial when a bunch unscrupulous health going by the suspect sanitary standards available. merchants in the form of cartels decide to at the domicile locations of packaging. Still, Staple foods are derived either from either hoard or engage in massive imports in we cannot be sure that the preservation vegetables or animal products. Commonly order to make quick cash at the expense of accorded to such enormous caches of food preferred staples range from cereals (such local farmers. Based on the aforementioned import meets the threshold of what should as rice, wheat, maize, millet, or sorghum), desirable characteristics of staple food be safe for human consumption. The cancer starchy tubers or root vegetables (such as which is heavy on assured availability, a scare embedded in such foodstuff constitute potatoes, cassava, sweet potatoes, yams, or country must always put measures in place a credible security concern and something taro), to animal products meat, fish, eggs, to guarantee food reserves based on local that has to be addressed very urgently. milk, and cheese. Other staple foods include harvests to serve the local consumption both In conclusion, the foregoing proclamation pulses (dried legumes), sago (derived from in times of plenty and scarcity. It follows that on matters food is something requiring the pith of the sago palm tree), and fruits it would be incredibly preposterous that a (such as breadfruit and plantains). Staple country should engage in imports of staples urgent security attention. The vulnerabilities foods may also include (depending on the from sources with moot sanitary standards. identified coupled with the obvious lingering region): olive oil, coconut oil and sugar (e.g. Taking Kenya as a case study area, events threats can put any nation at unimaginable from plantains). It is noteworthy of mention of the immediate past have reflected exactly risk levels. A solution lies in identifying that such categorization resonates well such despicable status. Thanks to God our credible staple for the nation, ensuring that with the assertions of the broad conceptual beloved President has waged a sustained war it is locally produced in sufficient quantities definitions of food security and insecurity against corrupt officials in the agriculture and accorded suitable preservation and developed by the expert panel convened in sector, lucidity is now within reach. storage such that even in times of scarcity 1989 by the Life Sciences Research Office Based on the forgoing discourse, fears the nation shall be fed without the worry of (LSRO) which serves as the basis for the for both known and unknown about security seeking external assistance in form of food standardized operational definitions used for of the staple dawdles and is a matter that aid. Ultimately the staple must find its space estimating food security in the United States. cannot be overlooked. More so as already in the list of list of survival interest that a It so registers that food security according to alluded earlier war has gone asymmetric state should guard the most. And that is the LSRO definition means access to enough and intentions of trading partners may never securitization.

48 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDCNDC NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER II I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 49 EVALUATION OF EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN KENYA

responsible for facilitating the anticipation warning signals remain rather weak and and prevention of conflicts in Africa, works inadequate. very closely with the regional organisations The Kenyan National Conflict Early in information gathering with all the Warning and Response Mechanism has a information being submitted to the situation system of peace and conflict monitoring that room at the headquarters in Addis Ababa, allows it to receive and analyze information Ethiopia. from its peace actors (local peace structures) Eight Regional Mechanisms are arepart that operate across the country as well of the early warning system and includes as the media. Furthermore, the system the Intergovernmental Authority for uses innovative systems including SMS Development, the Economic Community messages and use of social networking such of West African States (ECOWAS), the as twitter, Whatsapp and Facebook to get Southern African Development Community information from the public domain that (SADC), the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), could be used to avert crises. In spite of MR D K MUSYOKA among many others. Katja Christensen these, there are still challenges with conflict NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - KENYA conducted a research in Ethiopia in 2009 early warning systems in Kenya. to understand how CEWARN responses The IGAD conflict Early Warning arly Warning (EW) involves of early warning are decided and acted and Response Mechanisms (CEWARN) provision of timely and effective upon by the actors. She, however, did not was established by a Protocol signed by information, through known E research on its effectiveness in addressing Member States during the 9th Summit establishments that permits people exposed perennial violence in the region. The meeting held in Khartoum, Sudan, in 2002. to hazard to require action to avoid or relevance of the project was to access The CEWARN is part of IGAD’s Peace and cut back their risk and harden effective CEWARN in addressing the Kenya post - Security Division, which connects them to response. Early Warning Systems empowers election violence of 2007/08. the Council of Ministers and the Summit individuals to require action once disasters The phrase “early warning and early of Heads of State and Governments, where or conflicts appear likely to occur. response systems” (EWERS) have become policy decisions are made concerning Globally, initial conceptions of Conflict the by-word of conflict prevention and conflict prevention measures in the region. Early Warning started forming in the 1970s conflict transformation processes in post- CEWARN is the regional coordinating and 1980s, but the field really emerged conflict contexts. It is regarded as a critical office taking the lead in implementing the strong during and after the atrocities after element and serves as the basis of peace- IGAD mandate and in consulting with the the end of the Cold War. Throughout the building, specifically as it helps to prevent various stakeholders, but in every member 1990s, practitioner organizations, both local the reoccurrence and relapse into conflict if state there are focal points which coordinate and international, became more interested fully implemented. Early responses to early the work. The establishment of CEWARN in getting early warning information shows that the regional leaders want to find and analysis to serve as a basis for their The phrase “early ways to bring stability and knowledge on programming. Such thinking gave rise to how to prevent conflicts from escalating. the emergence of various early warning warning and early The basic leadership groups of systems around the world. Some were CEWARN are the Technical Committee integrated with a capacity for early response, response systems” on Early Warning and the Committee of others with a mission to provide analysis (EWERS) have Permanent Secretaries as the senior strategy and recommendations for other actors. organs. The Technical Committee unites Therefore early warning systems allowed become the by-word the delegates of the part states, which are people to receive timely information on of conflict prevention the conflict early warning and response pending disasters and conflicts. units (CEWERU) heads and society agents. A growing realization of the importance and conflict The Country Coordinators are the ones of proactive measures to conflicts instead transformation accepting the early warning information of reactive measures and also the hindrance from the Field Monitors and connection it of conflict is found to be better in terms processes in post- to response channels through their analysis of cost and lives. This system, which is conflict contexts. and answering to CEWARN.

50 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 51 The CEWARN group meets once a year to offer proposals to the Committee of Permanent Secretaries, which are senior government authorities from the significant services taking care of CEWARN’s work, for example, the foreign ministry. They discuss policy guidelines and lobby for and assist in the implementation of CEWARN activities in the member states. Each CEWERU additionally has a National Steering Committee, which incorporates state and non-state actors like parliamentarians, police and military delegates and also community pioneers from civil society. The information from the Field Monitors goes both even to the Local Peace Committees and vertical to the CEWERUs on a weekly basis or at whatever point an emergency occurs. Along these lines the study uncovers a two- way information handle, which makes it conceivable to make a move for response at the local level and in addition for follow up on the early warning information received. nations inside IGAD would prefer not to National Research Institutes (NRIs) and In the Kenyan system CEWAN share. The vision of CEWARN is to engage Field Monitors (FMs), CEWARN attempts is facilitated at the National Steering partners to avoid violent conflicts. This its conflict early warning and response work Committee on Peace-building and Conflict vision will be acknowledged in peaceful, in three groups or pilot ranges. These are the Management (NSC). It likewise bends feasible resolutions to peaceful conflict Karamoja Cluster covering the cross-border over as the Conflict early warning and in the IGAD region. The Stakeholders ranges of Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and early Response Unit (CEWERU) under the include IGAD and its Member States, Uganda, the Somali Cluster covering the IGAD-CEWARN mechanism whose design local communities, civil society, non- cross-outskirt zones of Ethiopia, Kenya and is to get conflict early warning information governmental organizations (NGOs), Somalia and the Dikhil Cluster covering and start response activity. It is intended to scholastic and research institutions, the cross-outskirt territories of Djibouti and actualize the CEWARN Rapid Response Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Ethiopia. Fund for motivations behind guaranteeing the AU and other international organizations The CEWARN general mandate is to: (a) viable response to conflicts. The command and community based organizations and receive and share information concerning is to upgrade co-appointment and systems natives. potentially violent conflicts as well as their administration amongst State and non- The CEWARN is enabled by a mutual outbreak and escalation in the IGAD region; state actors in peace building and conflict intrigue and maintained exertion in (b). undertake and share analyses of that administration, elevate harmonization of straightforward joint effort, collaboration information; (c). develop case scenarios and approaches to peace building and conflict and cooperation at all levels from local formulate options for response; (d). share administration, to go about as a perspective to international. CEWARN will Prevent and communicate information, analyses for information on peace building and Violent Conflict using social, economic, and response options; (e). carry out studies conflict administration and identify and political and natural exercises and on specific types and areas of conflict in activate resources for peace building and occasions. It will evaluate their patterns the IGAD region. The sub-mandates of conflict administration. before accelerations of violence and define CEWARN shall rely for its operations on The information from the Field Monitors response alternatives that look for peaceful, information that is collected from the public is in this way given to the Country sustainable resolutions to pastoral conflict. domain, particularly in the following areas: Coordinators who feed it into the electronic CEWARN is mandated to get and share livestock rustling; nomadic movements; early warning system. CEWARN Report is information concerning conceivably violent refugees; landmines and banditry. In not open to all other than the Field Monitors conflicts and additionally their episode conclusion it is crucial to note that early and Country Coordinators because of and heightening in the IGAD region, to warning systems are extremely important security concerns and sensitivities on the attempt analysis of the information and to in averting not only conflicts, disasters and part of states. This is because of the way that develop case situations and figure choices calamities, but can also save both human life a portion of the information that CEWARN for response. Through its national system and property, and for this reasons needed to gathers concerning the numbers and of governmental and non-governmental be developed. EW can therefore reduce the collaborations of security staff, government partners, Conflict Early Warning and impact of hazards and conflicts. military, and group local armies, which the Response Units, abbreviated as CEWERUs,

50 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 51 SPORT FOR SUSTAINABLE PEACE IN KENYA

subsequent adoption of the National Sports sporting institutions are increasing in scope, Policy combined with the enactment of the power and appeal. Sport indisputably is Sports Act 2013 were meant to bring in new regarded as the most popular of leisure ways of running the sector in the country. activities in the world. This is the case This came after the country had witnessed not only for youth and children, but also mismanagement, corruption and waste in for women and men as coaches, players, sports over several years. The new legal leaders, spectators and administrators. regime was intended to assist the country Sport, in its conventional form, is not a harness sports as a natural resource. Physical conflict preventative instrument. Instead the activity and sports are increasingly gaining opposite is the case where sport’s nature is recognition as low-cost, effective and said to be “a physical contest between people simple means of attaining set development or teams with different goals”. To ensure goals. effective use of sport in peace building International sport federations, United practices and also to control both impact Nations agencies, grassroots organizations and results, it is a must that we are aware of COL E B WEKUNDA and international non-governmental whatever we are doing. It is not sport alone KENYA ARMY organizations (NGOs), over the past decade, but how sport is preserved and implemented have had sports as a tool for attaining peace that is key. The balance between using n a development context the definition and development. These efforts led the sport to attain peaceful coexistence and of the term sport usually includes United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force developing sport in its traditional form Ia broad and inclusive spectrum of on Sport for Development and Peace to can be managed only through increased activities deemed suitable to persons of conclude in 2003 that, in addition to sport’s training of field implementers, planned ranging ages and abilities, with an emphasis inherent benefits, well-designed sport- and conscious implementation, concept on the positive values of sport. Sport and based initiatives inclusive of the best values development and increased research. sporting institutions are increasing in scope, of sport can be practical, cost-effective and The widespread acceptance of games power and appeal. Governments, always powerful tools for achieving peace as well and sports by parents as well as the sport’s savvy to the whims of the public, are keen to as development objectives. popularity among children and youth, make curtail the growth in sport and the relevance Soft power according to Joseph Nye sport a low entry point for social change. of powerful non state actors such as FIFA (2008) is the ability to get what you want Projects can be labelled as leisure activities or sporting personalities David Beckham, through attraction rather than coercion and bring about a change of attitudes and Lionel Messi, James Lebron, Hussein Bolt, or payments. As such a country should behaviour. It all relies on how one plays. David Rudisha and others. seek to use sports to encourage peace and This is the reason why appropriate training Sport is regarded as one of the most promote their cultural heritage, history and of coaches is so crucial. popular leisure activities in the world; show their national prowess and economic During the post-election period, sports people from different background do play, success. In hosting the 2008, Olympic in played a key role in reinforcing the healing attend, watch, listen to, talk about and Beijing China, China, gained international process and national unity. experience sport at all levels of performance recognition for its great civilization and In early May 2008, the Kenyan Ministry from amateur to professional. Sports are rapidly developing society. Sport and of Youth Affairs and Sport indicated often described as a language that everyone in the world can understand and indeed sport can bring together and unite groups. On an individual level, sport possesses the capacity to develop people’s skills and faculties. Sports, in addition, plays a key role in passing positive cultural awareness messages involving key issues given its power of attracting large audiences. Kenya is Africa’s sports powerhouse and a global champion in athletics. Despite Kenya’s exemplary performance in athletics, there is a lot of untapped potential by government in instituting sports diplomacy. Sports diplomacy is capable of complementing other traditional ways of advancing Kenya’s national interests. In the Kenyan perspective the

52 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 53 that with the emergency reallocation of and that one would at no point dictate a should start early (also during conflict), basic government funds to help the hundreds single reason as to why conflict escalates security of people involved in the programs of thousands of displaced people staying to acts of hostilities or simply clashes. must be provided. Governments are tasked in camps in the entire country. The lesson Peace building practices involve a wide with the responsibility to demobilize former learnt in sports was that when children range of activities aimed at reconstructing combatants. However, it is often the NGOs from various backgrounds are playing the economic, legal and social fabric of a who are found instrumental when it comes on the same team, ethnic as well as other society after a conflict. A good number to establishing programs for handing differences which divide their older siblings of Non-governmental organizations are over weapons to prevent there further and parents become harder to sustain and actively involved in different sectors circulation hence more insecurity and also they are less inclined to hate the relatives of including areas of peace building where re-integrating former combatants into the the teammates passing the ball to their own they engage in signing accords aimed at society. children; that sports provides children and addressing poverty, enhancing security, Community-based rehabilitation projects the entire community with new and often strengthening the political institutions and are required when it comes to rehabilitating better role models in the community. building infrastructure. former child soldiers back to society as Sport does not primarily aim to prevent Sport as an international policy tool it enables them obtain education, create conflict but rather initiates conflict. originated from local diplomacy first opportunities for positive military careers Every sport is usually based on healthy evident between Zanzibar and Tanganyika. and help them heal from war or conflict competition bidding opponents each trying This was before the two united to form trauma. Sport, in its conventional form, to achieve a similar objective. Sport tries Tanzania. At that period, two parallel sports is not a conflict preventative instrument. to facilitate constructive conflict through clubs had developed during the inter-war Instead the opposite is the case where peaceful means, recognizing the fact that in years with one located in the islands of sport’s nature is said to be “a physical the end losers and winners have to exist. Zanzibar while the other was in Dar es contest between people or teams with In order to assess in a more productive Salaam. During these formative years, they different goals”. To ensure effective use of way the use of sport as a tool for building began to develop exchanges between the sport in peace building practices and also peace, there is the need to establish and two clubs. to control both impact and results, it is a interrogate the nature of the conflict in the The cultural exchanges that had at must that we are aware of whatever we are different geographical regions and cultural first involved football teams eventually doing. It is not sport alone but how sport is setups one chooses to work in. Reflecting on saw the exchanges evolve into an annual preserved and implemented that is the key. a number of principles and common values broad sport festival between the islands The balance between using sport to that seem to guide majority of development and the mainland. As these ties developed, attain peaceful coexistence and developing projects and sporting activities working to politicians came to handle these exchanges sport in its traditional form can be managed address conflict issues before the program to ensure their continuation when funding only through increased training of field implementation is also important. There became a hindrance. The exchanges implementers, planned and conscious exists several examples of sport (and achieved by virtue of sports came to implementation, concept development football in particular) actively being used represent the strengthening ties shared by and increased research. Sport has many as a means to create and to add fuel to liberation movements of the two countries. attributes that contemporary peace builders, conflicts. This was since there began to develop or conflict transformers, want to leverage. There is no single method for conflict links between the ruling parties and their It fosters social integration. It requires, in transformation or reconciliation since respective sports clubs. most cases, direct physical contact or at conflicts, it is said, are never one-sided Even though peace building efforts least direct communication.

52 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 53 LEADERSHIP, A DIMINISHING QUALITY

if these powerful qualities we are banking by being always being the sweet person. up on are not what will make the world go Hard love is called on of all leaders. One of round? What will? the basic qualities of any leader in seeking Academia may define leadership based success is precisely emotional intelligence, on common elements that we all agree on. that ability, often innate, that leaders put Leading explained as having a vision and themselves in the place of others, understand sharing it with others. Only when you get their concerns and solve problems. Leaders to inspire others, it is possible to share a know the secrets of their businesses and common goal towards which to direct the therefore can empathize with customers efforts and devotion of the entire team. and members of their teams: that empathy Non matter how remote that vision may gets to inspire and establish links that will be, sharing it, cuts off the rough edges ultimately lead to success. It comes with of thought to become a practical people some prowess in your work less you fall into MR A M KIMEGA friendly sense of progress. With a vision sympathy for your colleagues. Creativity is then you must drive yourself and knows how the art coupled with the need to be thorough KENYA PRISONS SERVICE to motivate better than anyone else; it is one will drive the business of any society or hen looking for what leadership of their main functions as people managers. organization. Should be able to create an is? This becomes a truly Through motivation, the leader channels environment that will encourage all the uncertain search of Compassion the energy and professional potential of members of their team to develop their W skills and imagination, and a demanding meanings and illustrations that you will their colleagues, in order to achieve the all agree can represent a classical to be objectives. The leader has to position them leader will achieve great results. This is so appreciated. None the less, we may try self at the right place and be service of the they contribute to the common project and wade off what we are certain it is not. Every team, and not the other way around. Group vision of the institution. If you want to lead sculptor is known to hew off chunks of members must have and feel the support of successfully, respect the creativity of others wood before polishing the final product with their leader, the tools needed to do their jobs and learn from the people around you; their a fine finishing. At least on this we may have properly must be available to them; they ideas will surely prove to be positive for a common sense of belonging. must have recognition for their efforts and you. The leader must know how to listen, in What that is leadership not. Leadership know that there is a person paying attention order to know the needs of the people, and has nothing to do with seniority or position in order to correct bad habits. That is all then provide the necessary in the hierarchy of an organization. We part of a leadership which serves the team, The leader must be at the forefront to lead often have much talk about a leadership and not the opposite. This does not come and guide their team throughout the whole referring to the senior most executives in the organization. Leadership doesn’t automatically happen when you reach a certain pay grade and position in society. Hopefully you find it there, but there are no guarantees. Oh how do we live on hope? Leadership has nothing to do with titles either, just because you have a title, doesn’t spontaneously make you a leader. In fact, you can be a leader in your place of worship, your neighborhood, in your family, all without having a title. Leadership has nothing to do with personal attributes. We often think of representations from history, but leadership isn’t an adjective. We don’t need loud charismatic traits to practice leadership. And those with charisma don’t automatically lead anyway. I am sure we can later search our near vicinities and find loads of traits that will equally fail. So then

54 NDC NEWSLETTER III COURSE COURSE 21 21 - - 2018/19 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 55 process until the goal is reached. But besides being that “torchbearer”, leaders also know when to step back and make their team take the initiative. In this way, the team gets the chance to develop, both personally and professionally. Pure management focuses on the tasks, real leadership focuses on the people. People management then remains what you need to tie up technical and learned skills that distinguish a good leader. Taking risks for the team is all in the game. Leaders are confident enough to make a decision, and if they make a mistake, the leader must have the courage to rectify, assume their guilt and take the right path, without blaming it on the team. Good leaders know how to get ahead of their time, they see opportunities where others can’t and know how to spread the enthusiasm for their vision. Leadership will and economic strength, as well as diplomatic greatly seek continuous improvement, and and soft power influence, which may cause have the ability to turn the people in their middle or small powers to consider the great teams into stars. Jim Yong Kim then said, powers’ opinions before taking actions of “No matter how good you think you are as a their own. While some nations are widely leader, my goodness, the people around you considered to be great powers, there is no will have all kinds of ideas for how you can definitive list of them. The unasked question get better. So for me, the most fundamental Success to of who then are small powers if they ever thing about leadership is to have the existed. As all states are sovereign! It will leadership is humility to continue to get feedback and to be understood that the sovereignty comes try to get better - because your job is to try however not rocket through to team members of none state to help everybody else get better.” Does then societies and the mechanics is the same. science as there leadership be the true aspiration of career The difference only found in publicity, and progress and the satisfaction of work well have been proven wider population interests. The sensitivity done and appreciated? and effect though remain the same. For us all tracts of individual In many incidences leadership around the then we should treasure that Do we then get world has been born of difficult situations. diligence that will to a situation of opportunity or situational The existence of a void to be filled in leadership? by high chances unplanned time nor event. When things go Success to leadership is however not wrong and there is no shortage of crises deliver favorable rocket science as there have been proven for effective political leadership. But faced tracts of individual diligence that will by results. Do we take with hard decisions about hard problems, high chances deliver favorable results. Do government officials in many countries are it. That will be the we take it. That will be the question best opting for easy rhetoric or actions that might buried deep in the history of times of most question best buried make them popular in the short term but now day leaders. The reason we keep this do little to help their citizens in the coming deep in the history dear secret then can only be of our ever future. What forms world powers then unending selfish desires, the very element of times of most and many among even the small teams we that should keep us away from leadership. belong. My guess is that societies are held now day leaders. Leadership is an innate, instinctive up by fabric immune to the excellence of its quality that you do or don’t have and as leadership and more for the serving of their leaders we dictate what needs to be done goal. and expect cooperation? How does the A great power is a sovereign state that is situation influence good leadership and what recognized as having the ability and expertise is the source of the leader’s power. We just to exert its influence on a global scale. Great may recover some remains of eminence of powers characteristically possess military governance.

54 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDCNDC NEWSLETTER NEWSLETTER II I COURSE 21 - 2018/19 55 CULTURAL SECURITY lobalization has spread in the and all elements that form its identity; and it whole world, over time and by the is responsible for protecting generations from Grapid technological development, disruptive intellectual penetrations. Unsettling hence the world turned to be a small village. cultural security may be a goal that enemies Sharing thoughts and information is done seek to achieve to weaken these homelands, instantaneously by one mouse click. Thoughts shred, and deprive them of what unifies and have been transmitted among different sects of gathers them. Within this open space existed people and communities. Globalization policy thanks to social media. Cultural security is and universal culture have prevailed over more endangered, so parents are required to ancient civilizations. give their sons more guidance, care, pursuance, Within this great technological development, and fortification, especially in their early ages. the concept of ‘’cultural security’’ appeared as The cultural heritage that is appropriate for one of the most important concepts to protect one community is not appropriate for another civilizations and peoples’ cultures. In addition, because of different historic and geographic such concept declares its significance within BRIG A A DERAR facts of societies; and that is what our youth the current events as an important method of EGYPT DEFENCE FORCE should be aware of. Cultural security is one countries’ policies such as economic, national, of guarantees of social, economic, political nutritional or even political security. It is security, and subsequently national security. considered as a strong weapon that encounters conservative terrorist groups that use disruptive thoughts, excessive violence, and endless Achieving cultural security depends on two main wars to fight peoples’ civilizations. Therefore, cultural security is elements the self-defense line for individuals and the whole community that confronts domestic destruction endeavors by exploiting some classes (i) Pride of civilized cultural presence that lack culture and thoughts to achieve external goals. It means that we should, in the beginning, achieve our own civilized and cultural presence, make it effective in our cultural and social Cultural Security Concept movement, and use such civilized and cultural effectiveness to As culture is the sentimental and intellectual result of historical and interact with other cultures. Our current problems are not because geographic facts of a specific community, cultural security means of the other cultures and their ability to get to us every time, but the to build a self-cultural ability that is able to resist and withstand wrong practices that lead to limit the cultural essence. Therefore, disruptive thoughts, cope with current era, and rush toward the best surpassing the dangerous and wrong effects of cultures that invade and effective acts in human community. our societies and peoples is through making our culture free to prove Cultural security is an interactive positive notion that establishes itself. Giving the chance to self-culture by its symbols and thoughts a new perception of security based on culture. Such notion is used is the strategic choice through which we can achieve cultural security as needed to provide community’s intellectual and sentimental notion. Hence, we allow self-culture to have its own natural prospect requirements by broadening understanding of individuals, increasing to defend its historical and social existence. collective awareness, gathering facts, being ready to accept the others, and mounting the notion of citizenship. Cultural security is the (ii) Openness and engaging in dialogue with right environment of peaceful coexistence that eliminates terrorism contemporary cultures and all forms of crimes, hence it is a set of procedures, thoughts, Cultural security does not mean being covered under the past cultures rules, and laws that should be followed to achieve the inclusive rather than the contemporary cultures. . On the other hand, cultural concept of human development, approach intellectual ripeness of the security means embracing the self-civilization with accepting community, and achieve safety and community stability. the civilized givens of the others, understanding human cultures movements, and benefiting of what suits us from the power elements. Culture and National Security because being introverted and inward-looking towards the a certain Culture has its own significance in peoples’ life, because it is the era, its cultures and achievements is degrading self-presence as we foundation of people’s unity and cohesion, and it links between live in the middle ages, and away from human’s achievements and community’s sentiment and its intellect, thoughts, and belonging. If science’s sequels and benefits. this connection is dissociated, therewith social relationships will be exposed to dissociation, and society is threatened by fragmentation, Cultural security and Fourth Generation Wars dispute, conflicts, and rupture. Hence, protecting culture, as alink The inclusive notion of cultural security has an extreme significance among society individuals, is a sacred national responsibility, which is in terms of the challenges that we face every day as a result of negative known by cultural security, which is never less important than political effects of globalization, the desire of major countries to control small and economic security. Cultural security is responsible for protecting states, or even the desire of modern countries that prepare themselves society’s values, concepts, doctrines, language, traditions, manners, with science and technology to control countries that have historical

56 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 57 Egyptian security forces stand guard in Tahrir Square, Cairo. (Source: Internet)

civilizations and aboriginal cultures for their belongs to Assyria in 9th century B.C, own interests. The significance of cultural Nineveh Wall in Mosul, which belongs to security is protecting identity and loyalty by Assyrian Age, Green Church in Tikrit, which achieving security and stability in all aspects probably belongs to 7th or 12th century by War between a of life whether in one country or among ISIS Moreover, Taliban destroyed Buddha country and cultures countries of various interests and different statues in Afghanistan in 2001. All these attitudes. events are a definite proof of a new type is not a traditional Therefore, there are several endeavors of wars that target effacement of identity, war by familiar throughout the history to efface monuments civilization, and the history of these and destroy civilizations that did not find countries, in addition to foisting sectarianism weapons, but it is a shield to protect it from destruction and and unjustified racism. effacement. Such disreputable behavior Working on stabilizing cultural security a war on human toward civilizations and peoples’ cultures became an urgent and necessary demand development, was one of the most important methods used to protect our existence and identity. War during wars in ancient times, and recently to between a country and cultures is not a a primarily gain desired victory and efface the other’s traditional war by familiar weapons, but it psychological war, identity, or seek a specific advantage till is a war on human development, a primarily the term (Fourth Generation Wars) came psychological war, and a war intending and a war intending into view. Such war is forcibly war that powerfully to demolish civilization, habits, defeats the country, unsettles its stability, traditions, and culture. Unsettling cultural powerfully to then finding conditions that serves foreign security became a method of the targeting demolish civilization, interests by using terrorist groups that countries that use such wars to impose its profiteered malformed thoughts believed own strategies and will and manage its habits, traditions, by some people, in addition to, poverty, resources so as to protect its people and and culture. illiteracy, and culture and ethics collapse assure its presence. Cultural security has its in order to achieve goals and interests of own ways of needed defense against violating several countries. So it demolished ancient countries’ material and human resources civilizations of the Middle East, such as to reduce danger that targets countries’ destroying Mosul Museum in Iraq, which sovereignty, existence, and development.

56 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 57 NEW SCRAMBLE FOR NATURAL RESOURCES IN AFRICA “These are features of a deepening process of globalization which has unleashed a new scramble for African resources and, to a lesser extent, markets.”

companies owned by their nationals. This sharing of resource rents between mining scramble is about the continent’s mineral companies and host country governments. wealth, for the benefit of the private foreign The emerging economies are competing corporations and their home governments in Africa for minerals, oil, and land. These and not for African governments. resources have accounted for the bulk of There is renewed interest in Africa’s place the trade growth between Africa and these in the global economy being influenced by countries, for example, China’s investment the global run on natural resources such in the extractive sectors have been facilitated as oil and metals, geopolitical and geo- by the Export-Import Bank of China, the economics’ shifts, and not least the recent China Development Bank (CDB), and framing of Africa as the last market frontier its specialized agency, the China-Africa in the business world. Africa’s political and Development Fund (CAD Fund). economic demographics are changing due to Sino-African trade and Chinese FDI in the rise of new powers such as China, India Africa have increased over the past decade in MR M M OGONJI and Brazil, who are offering stiff completion which they engage with the African continent NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE SERVICE - KENYA to old powers such as the United States, as exhibited in Sudan and Zambia through a Britain and France over resources, markets, hybrid and context-specific that combines he global scramble for natural trade opportunities and political influence on economic support with policies that contain resources is focused on the African the continent. both soft and realpolitik elements to ‘secure Tcontinent, a region considered Despite its rich natural resource the incumbency of African state elites’. Many endowed with abundance of strategic endowments, Africa is ravaged by poverty of the larger Chinese firms investing in Africa resources. The continent is estimated to hold and underdevelopment due to limited are part of China’s ‘Go Global Strategy’, about 30 per cent of the world’s mineral institutional, legal, and human capacities whereby Africa serves as a testing ground for reserves while producing more than 60 which affect development and structural Chinese transnational corporations. Whereas different types of minerals, metals, and transformation of the society. These China so far has mainly invested in the ores. At least 17 out of 53 African countries inadequate capacities are due to lack primary sector and regards Africa as a market produced and exported oil by end of 2010. of linkages between mineral resource for its products, India’s interests in Africa The recent discoveries of oil in Uganda, sectors and other sectors of economies, is mainly in manufacturing and services Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and Liberia underutilization of resource rents to catalyze sectors(e.g. information and communication have elevated the continents profile to broad-based development and inequitable technology), with less state involvement. new heights. While traditional Western However, India’s diaspora population development partners still dominate Africa’s plays a significant role even though their extractive sectors, emerging economies are interests do not necessarily converge with being felt in the investment and consumption the interests of mainland investors. The of Africa’s natural resources. The abundance Sino-Indian relationship with regard to of natural resources provides immense Africa is exhibited by both collaborative opportunities if associated challenges can be and competitive posture while emphasizing mitigated. Appropriate policy responses to the principle of non-interference. None of the rise of emerging economies in Africa are their investments have led to technology- necessary to make sure that African people intensive manufacturing that could spur the benefit from the exploitation of the resources. transformation of the economies in Africa. The first scramble for Africa was This new opportunity in the Euro- European driven which eventually American and Asian rush for Africa’s culminated into the 1884-1885 Berlin resource wealth in the 21st century is based Conference on Africa where the partition of on the following seven factors: 1) Africa’s Africa was undertaken. The new scramble strategic geographical location, 2) the ease for Africa is more private sector-driven than of transportation, 3) the quality of Africa’s foreign government-driven, although foreign oil, 4) an enabling legal environment, 5) governments frequently hide behind private non-membership in OPEC, 6) off-shore

58 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 59 exploration, and 7) the huge and unexplored Equatorial Guinea there would be very few replacements resource deposit. Undoubtedly, the scramble The shift in policy towards exploiting outside of the Middle East that could match has had the unfortunate effect of triggering African sources of oil led President Bush to their productive capabilities and exports to corruption, environmental degradation declare that West African oil is the ‘fastest the US. Therefore, since the 1973 oil crisis and human rights abuses. It is a fact that growing source of oil and gas for American securing US energy supplies has been a corruption on a vast scale can adversely markets’. With an estimated $17.8 billion top priority in US foreign policy. This is weaken any nation’s economy, resulting dollars being spent on developing African oil followed by post-Cold War ‘resource wars’ in its eventual collapse. The domestic in 2004 and an investment by US companies being justified by the fight against terrorism consequences of the situation on the State of between $30 billion and $40 billion in and the proliferation against weapons of and its people are very palpable. West and Central African oil fields over the mass destruction. Countries such as Equatorial Guinea past decade, it is not surprising that the US The potential political outcome of the and Angola which are rich in resources is seeking a more active role on the African shifting strategic importance of Africa have aligned themselves with old and new continent. within the broader framework of US national powers alike. This has led to the creation Precisely what role the United States security has dire consequences for the viable of a class of bourgeoisies with an overly is playing on the African continent has prospects of a peaceful continent. The drive corrupt and unequal society. It can be created much skepticism and doubt. The by US to secure energy resources elevates argued that increasing global demand for dogmatic pursuit of democratization and the need for cheap and reliable resources as a minerals, military interests, extractive ‘FDI’ good governance on the African continent prime foreign policy objective of the United and regional politics have transformed States. Consequently, this takes precedence landscapes, fuelled conflicts and led to the This new scramble over the tenets of democratisation and good marginalization of different social groups governance on the continent. As an example, in Niger and the Great Lakes region. A is dominated not the role of the United States in Nigeria has new wave of deprivation catalysed by the by the old colonial furthered the conflict emanating from the increased demand for the production and/ Niger Delta. The political implications or export of biofuels, timber, food, flowers powers but by of continued US involvement in Africa and fish, as well as by the appropriation of the United States surround the increased military presence on genetic resources has emerged. The looting the continent as well as the securitisation of of non-mineral resources across Africa has and China and oil resources. Tacitly, the US sees its access been fuelled by economic globalization to strategic minerals as the most important due to changing consumption patterns and their companies, aspect of its engagement in Africa. This lifestyles in North America, Europe as well with many other calls into doubt the viability of democracy, as in parts of the Middle East, Latin America governance and ultimately peace on the and East Asia. emergent players. continent. This new scramble is dominated not by The new scramble Africa’s position in the new scramble the old colonial powers but by the United differs from the previous one due to the States and China and their companies, with has strengthened fact that new actors including Chinese many other emergent players. The new authoritarian states and Indian are more concerned with the scramble has strengthened authoritarian extractive model of globalization rather states whose interests are not in economic whose interests are than a productive and transformative one. development. While the new investments The African governments must develop a made and the employment created by these not in economic more strategic approach to the new context new players have made some progress, development. of economic globalization taking into the new scramble for Africa is still largely consideration the diversity of African states, replicating previous patterns of growth on which are not only just vehicles for personal the continent and showing tacit support for is marred by a willingness to engage enrichment, but also provide services to their authoritarian regimes. with corrupt and neo-patrimonial African citizens. For the United States, its increased countries in search of energy security. For The African continent must shift its reliance on imported oil to meet its domestic instance, US companies are involved in relationship with the emerging economies demands forced it to turn to African countries Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, and the DR from one based primarily on natural resources and producers as alternative suppliers. At Congo, none of which are bastions of good to one that advances the continent’s long- present, the US consumes one quarter of the governance and respect for human rights term economic growth and development world’s oil output of which 13 to 18 percent on the African continent. However, all trajectories. The prospects for long-term is being met by Central and Western African three countries host crucial oil deposits. growth in African economies will depend on oil producers. Consequently, the United Furthermore, with oil prices increasingly the transformation of their current production States’ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) rising and Middle Eastern security at an all- structures. Thus, African policymakers must predicts that within the next 10 years the US time tenuous position, the US war on terror identify and demand that the emerging will depend on African oil for 25 percent is a viable cover for increased involvement economies focus on those investments that of its total consumption. This will largely with African countries. If Angolan or best contribute in the transformation of emanate from Nigeria, Angola, Gabon and Nigerian oil supplies were to be interrupted African economies.

58 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 59 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HIV/AIDS POLICY IN THE WORK PLACE

anti-retro viral treatment, capacity building, HIV and gender with greater involvement HIV/Tb linkage, continuum of care, of people living with HIV and AIDs. strengthening home based care, nutrition However, there are barriers to HIV and counseling and supplements, reducing AIDs mainstreaming. There are perceptions stigma and discrimination through that HIV is only a health issue. Culture advocacy and sensitization of community and practices, inadequate data, competing health workers. priorities and responsibilities for A.C.U.s HIV/Aids has impacted negatively on all staff, limited capacity in terms of skills and the sectors. The public sector in Kenya is not infrastructure, inadequate staffing and high spared hence the formation of public sector staff turnover, inadequate funding and wide workplace policy on HIV and Aids. It was program coverage area all affect these units reviewed to align it with the 2006 HIV and and HIV management as a whole. Aids prevention and control Act and it was HIV and AIDs in the workplace is a also put as a critical factor to be addressed great challenge to the public sector resulting MR M B R SAFARI under vision 2030 (under its social pillar) in loss of skilled man power, absenteeism MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - KENYA to ensure a healthy population which is from work, cost of maintenance, low important in economic development. performance, increased stress and stigma. Introduction The policy hence provided guidance on Due to this negative impact, the Kenya he effects of HIV/Aids continue to be how to deal with day to day HIV/AIDs related government realized that the importance felt all over the world. In the recent issues and problem that emerge at workplace. of a policy framework on the pandemic is past, about 33.3 million people have Employees rights, responsibilities and key in implementing effective programmers T behavior change were expected though this at work place. The success of this policy been living with HIV/AIDs globally; of these 15 million are in developing countries. policy. It further extends information on how depends on its effective implementation and 5.2 million access treatment and care while to deal with HIV in realizing the Millennium a coordinated effort of stakeholders. 2 million new infections occurred with sub Development Goals. HIV and Aids has cross-cutting issues and Sahara Africa registering 1.8 million. UNDP Aids control units were formed at the therefore necessary to be mainstreamed at all reports that attitude towards those willing to Ministerial, County and Sub-county levels. government administrative levels. Initially, care for relatives and communities they live Other public entities with Aids Control Units and to some extent today, AIDs control units with, improved from 84% in 2003 to 88% in (A.C.U.s) are state corporations and the (ACUs) are mostly active at the national the past two decades. military who oversee HIV and Aids activities level (ministry headquarters). At the county Kenya has the joint fourth-largest at workplace level for employees. Under and sub county level very few ministries HIV epidemic in the world (alongside social pillar mainstreaming these A.C.U.s or departments have functional ACUs. The Mozambique and Uganda) with 1.6 million have addressed HIV and human rights, notable departments with functional ACUs people living with HIV in 2016. In the same year, 36,000 people died from AIDS-related illnesses in Kenya. While this is still high, it has declined steadily from 64,000 in 2010. The first case of HIV in Kenya was detected in 1984. By the mid-1990s, HIV was one of the major causes of illness in the country, putting huge demands on the healthcare system as well as the economy. In 1996, 10.5% of Kenyans were living with HIV, although prevalence has almost halved since then, standing at 5.9% by 2015. This progress is mainly due to the rapid scaling up of HIV treatment and care. In 2016, 64% of people living with HIV were on treatment, 51% of whom were virally suppressed. Through a multi-sectoral approach, improvement of the quality of life for infected and affected persons is strengthened through treatment, care services, rights protection,

60 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 61 continues to impact negatively on societies all over the world. HIV and AIDS affects the fundamental human rights at work, especially with regard to stigma and discrimination of workers living with the virus and those affected. Evidently, there should be no discrimination and stigma of workers on the basis of real or perceived HIV status. Avoidance of stigma and discrimination in relation to workers living with HIV and AIDS is important to the success of efforts aimed at promoting HIV prevention. All employees have the same rights and obligations as stipulated in the terms and conditions of service. No employee or job applicant shall be discriminated against in access to or continued employment, training, promotion and employee benefits on the basis of their actual or perceived HIV status. Employees shall not refuse to work or interact with fellow colleagues on the grounds that the latter are infected or perceived to be infected. Such refusal shall constitute misconduct. are Kenya Police, Kenya Pipeline Company Ministries and Counties Stigma in Sub-Sahara Africa, has been associated to modes amongst the few. of transmission and one’s morals. This has resulted in low access There is very little information and statistics available on the to anti retroviral treatment and care. Some organizations upon implementation of workplace HIV and AIDs policy. However, knowing one is HIV positive tend to enforce mandatory HIV the initial policy had bottlenecks in implementation. This saw testing, dismissal, transfer, refusal by the organization to give you a revision of the policy to enhance the institutional capacity to medical cover, and social isolation . This facilitates low work morale handle HIV and AIDs related issues by supporting linkage with resulting in absenteeism and the rise to opportunistic infections. The stakeholders. constitution of Kenya protects the rights of all citizens against any The Ministry of State for Public Service of Kenya has been form of discrimination. A HIV and Aids tribunal to fight against coordinating the implementation of Public Sector Workplace Policy workplace stigma has been formed. Others in place are HIV and Aids on HIV and AIDS. The ultimate goal of the policy is to ensure that Prevention Control Act (2006) protects employees living with HIV the Public Service is able to sustain the provisions of quality service from unlawful dismissal due to their HIV status. Other laws like the despite the challenges posed by HIV and AIDS Service Commission Act (revised1985), Employment Act (2007) and Occupational Safety and Health Act (2007 protect employees living Knowledge And Implementation Of Hiv/Aids Workplace with HIV/Aids) (PSWP 2011). Policy. Knowledge is power. This may be achieved through training, Resources and implementation of HIV/Aids workplace workshops, awareness forums and general sensitization. Structurally, policy to achieve capacity building in order to implement HIV/Aids programs There is a key linkage between allocation of resources and effectively and efficiently, the National Aids Control Council, the implementation of HIV AIDs policies. If programmes are not national HIV/Aids coordinating body, supports the public sector and supported with staff and finances, there will be negative results to line ministries to carry advocacy activities. The line ministries then unrealistic expectations. Funds for mainstreaming HIV and AIDS have decentralized structures at the county and sub county levels. At and subsequent implementation, should be mobilized through proper the national, county and sub county levels there are Aids control units planning and budgeting. Additional resources should be mobilized for respective public sector organizations which are manned by an through engaging development partners and key stakeholders. This Aids control committee. The committee mostly coordinates advocacy can be through consultations and proposal development in order to activities aimed at supporting the programs. In all these government achieve sustainable resource mobilization. Resources to help the fight structures NACC is not the only entity responsible for infusing against HIV/AIDS are important just like condoms and IEC materials. knowledge to employees. Development partners provide resources to Therefore, it is important to avail these prevention commodities to support trainings and key programmes. enable implementation of work place policy. Implementation of comprehensive workplace HIV/AIDS policies and programs through systematic technical assistance to workplaces Conclusion on an ongoing basis will determine the success of each workplace The Primary challenge for Governments is that HIV and AIDs affects policy eradicating and maintaining HIV/AIDs policies. people mainly in the prime ages of 15 to 49 years who constitute the workforce. HIV and AIDS present the greatest challenge to the Attitude On HIV/Aids Workplace Policy performance of Governments and has put immense pressure in the Attitude is clusters of assessed feelings and behavioral intentions labour force. It has led to management succession problems, loss towards a person, object or events. Attitude towards HIV policies has of skilled and experienced manpower due to deaths, loss of man affected the war against HIV/Aids. It has been noted that stigma hours due to prolonged illnesses, absenteeism, reduced performance, and discrimination remains a big impediment in realizing a free HIV increased stress, stigma, discrimination and loss of institutional society. To a greater or lesser extent, nearly everywhere in the world memories, among others. discrimination remains a fact of daily life for People Living with HIV The negative effects can be partially addressed through policy and AIDs (PLWHAS). The forme UN Secretary General, Ban Ki framework for the prevention, treatment, care and support of the Moon once stated that stigma is a major reason why the AIDS epidemic infected & affected, and the ultimate solution is a change in behavior.

60 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 61 CROP INTENSIFICATION THROUGH LAND CONSOLIDATION: A TOOL TO FIGHT FOOD INSECURITY IN RWANDA

Agriculture has been described as program promoting food production. the engine of economic growth by the According to the Ministry of agriculture, Comprehensive African Agricultural since the introduction of Crop Intensification Development Program (CAADP) of the and Land Consolidation Program in 2008, the New Partnership in African Development total area under land use consolidation has (NEPAD). It recognizes agricultural increased by 18 fold from 28,016 Hectares intensification through sustainable land in 2008 to 0.8 Million Hectares in 2011. management as one of the key strategic The consolidated production of priority pillars. crops under CIP has also brought significant Accordingly, in 2005, the government increases in food production, maize by of Rwanda introduced Organic Land Law 5-fold; wheat and cassava by about 3-fold; which stipulates that the State is responsible Irish potato, soybean and beans by about for managing the state land in the public 2-fold and rice by 30 percent. Interestingly, interest and with the objective of supporting the productivity in consolidated land areas economic development and social welfare. has consistently been higher for maize and COL C M MUJUNI The Organic Land Law gives the Minister wheat. This has caused a paradigm shift RWANDA DEFENCE FORCE of Agriculture, in conjunction with local from producing enough to producing surplus authorities and the respective residents, the thus placing the country’s vision for market- wanda’s economy largely depends authority to approve the consolidation of the oriented agriculture on track. on agriculture and more than eighty use of small plots of land in order to improve Land use consolidation is a multi- percent of Rwandans about 11.7 R land management and productivity. The law sectoral endeavor and approach. Although million of the population depend on farming further requires that while each landholder the technical plan for land use is drawn by as the total land area of the country measures retains his or her individual rights to the MINAGRI, it is implemented in conjunction 26,338 square kilometers. Although about land, he/she should ensure that procedures with local administration authorities. Based seventy nine percent of the country’s land for land use consolidation shall respect the on the agro-ecological potential and the is classified as agricultural, about 11 percent order of the Ministry of Agriculture and land area available in each district, the of the land represents permanent forest. Animal Resources (MINAGRI) which Crop Intensification Program estimates the According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the determines the modalities for land use and consolidated area that can be grown with remaining land is covered with, marshlands consolidation. priority crops in each district. Through and marginal lands in the hillsides where Since the scope of physical expansion of negotiations with district authorities, permanent and routine cultivation of crops cultivable land area is limited, the government targeted farms are agreed and captured in is not tenable. Of the total arable land, 1.8 of Rwanda has opted for proper utilization the performance contracts of the respective Million Hectares have been cultivated with of land in order to address food security districts. The district and sector agronomists food and cash crops and the remaining for the rapidly growing population. To help and other field officers in the cells then represents pastures and bushes. In 2011, manage the farm lands with an objective mobilize the farmers for growing the priority food crops were grown on almost 1 million of supporting economic development and crops in a consolidated fashion. hectares during the most active season. social welfare, Rwanda’s Organic Land law The priority food crops in Rwanda include The overarching strategies of economic endorses the consolidation of the use of small maize, wheat, rice, Irish potato, cassava, development and poverty reduction in plots of farm lands in order to improve land soybean and beans. To a great extent, the Rwanda that envisions social transformation management and agriculture productivity. volumes of production of these food crops through agriculture focus on shifting from Ministry of Agriculture and Animal determine the levels of food security in such subsistence farming to commercial Resources (MINAGRI) has embarked on Rwanda. Based on the adaptability of the oriented agriculture. The country’s Vision a simplified land use consolidation model priority crops to the various agro-climatic 2020 strategy aspires to fundamentally whereby farmers in a given area grow the zones in the country, farmers are advised transform Rwanda to a middle-income priority food crops (maize, rice, wheat, to grow crops in a consolidated fashion. In country. It envisions eradication of poverty Irish potato, cassava, soybean and beans) a synergistic approach, inputs such as seeds and hunger as embarked in the Millennium in a synchronized fashion while keeping and fertilizers are distributed to farmers Development Goals (MDGs) by effectively the citizens land rights intact. Although who engage in land use consolidation. transforming the country’s agriculture into consolidation is voluntary, it is a pre- Consolidated use of lands allows farmers to a productive, high value, market-oriented requisite for availing the benefits such as benefit from the various services under CIP sector, with forward linkages to other sectors subsidized inputs under Crop Intensification such as inputs (improved seeds, fertilizers), of national economy. Program (CIP), a revolutionary flagship proximity extension services, post-harvest

62 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 63 handling and storage facilities, irrigation and mechanization by of storage facilities in several places. The government also has public- and private stakeholders. been actively engaged in creating a strategic food grain reserve so Through implementation of land use consolidation, Crop as to redistribute the food crops in other needy areas and seasons of Intensification Program has significantly increased the total production scarcity. Furthermore, the high production has also evoked strong of food crops has increased for about five-fold compared to the base interests amongst private entrepreneurs in service provision, trading, levels in 2007 a year before the program started. Such outputs have marketing and agro-processing in rural areas. transformed Rwanda from a list of food insecure countries to a country Rwanda’s Crop Intensification Program (CIP), which promotes with improved food security. The program has provided the much- land consolidation, crop specialization, and increased fertilizer use, needed foundation for a positive change in Rwanda’s agriculture is one such an example of land management. Since its launch in development. Thus, CIP appears to be on its upward trajectory 2007, Rwanda has experienced impressive agricultural growth. Total towards the national objective of producing the predicted needs of a production of CIP priority crops including maize, beans, cassava, rice, growing population of Rwanda. The large increases in production of wheat and Irish potato expanded around 160 percent during 2007–14, food crops in consolidated areas have created large supply of food in largely driven by yield growth, and displacing non-prioritized crops. local and regional markets. The table below shows the tremendous As Rwanda winds up activities under its third Strategic Plan for increase in consolidated land for food production of prioritized crops the Transformation of Agriculture (PSTA III), it is timely to consider the impact of land consolidation activities, a major component of its development strategy, on food consumption outcomes, which in Crop 2011 2012 2013 turn sheds some light on its anticipated food and nutritional security Maize 208800 261000 286412.5 impacts.It is evident that land consolidation in the Rwandan context has had significant impacts on household food consumption trends, wheat 45718 57147.5 62862.25 and hence macro and micronutrient availability. Rice 16000 18000 20000 The crop intensification program continues to be the main driver of Irish potatoes 201561 251148 277145.1 crop production for ensuring food security and self-sufficiency. The program included land use consolidation, the proximity advisory and Cassava 203741.4 240979 305613 support services comprising improved seeds and inorganic fertilizers Beans 332285.6 418610.9 481402.6 distribution. It also involves extension services through farmer to farmer approach when different members of a given community Source: MANAGRI PORTAL worked on the principle of cooperatives or farmers groups to sit together and agree on what they were going to grow in the season. in three years based on Ministry of Agriculture statistics. Finally, the overall implementation of CIP has significantly The seasonal production in some high production areas is more improved the food security status of the Country. Land Use than the local demands in the respective areas. In such areas, the Consolidation has been a major driving factor to this achievement. In government and the World Food Program (WFP) purchase of the terms of daily energy availability, 21 out of 30 districts where qualified food in order to avert wastage. Under the Purchase for Progress (P4P) vulnerable to food insecurity in 2007, while in 2011, all districts were initiative, WFP has purchased large amounts of food which earned judged food secure on basis of this criteria. Results from the crop a sizeable amount of money to the economy of Rwanda. The large- assessment for the season 2013 tend to show a much more increase of scale production of food crops has also prompted the construction per capita production and availability of energy, proteins and lipids.

Gen Patrick Nyamvumba calls upon the residents to work with RDF through its Citizen Outreach Programme for the country’s development Source: RDF website

62 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 63 TOXIC LEADERSHIP

as leaders who participate in destructive leaders. Saints rarely seek elected or behaviors and demonstrate signs of appointed office. They seldom enter dysfunctional personal properties. It helps the rough-and-tumble of politics or the to understand toxic leadership using this corporate world. Nor are we likely to definition. encounter saintly leaders in the spit and There are about nine characteristics of polish of the traditional military.” toxic leaders: insatiable ambition, arrogance, Each leader has the potential for toxic cowardice, egotism, incompetence, lack leadership, because even beloved leadership of integrity, maladjusted, malcontent, and representations can show weaknesses. The malevolence. In describing toxic leaders, potential for toxic leadership, however, Jean Lipman-Blumen, said “leaders does not change the environment, but may exhibit higher or lower levels on it is when leaders actually realize this any of these qualities.” This means by potential and show toxic behaviour. The demonstrating one or more of the above military is an institution based on values COL S K SAEED characteristics doesn’t qualify one to be and toxic leaders undermine institutional KENYA NAVY a toxic leader, but could create a toxic values by redefining the objectives of n Steven B. Sample book “the environment that damages the organization. the institution and attaching importance Contrarian’s Guide to Leadership,” In Colonel Box publication titled “Toxic to them. According to A. Reino and M. it has the following idea, “The very Leadership in the Military Profession” he Vadi, “Organizational values reflect the I states that, “toxic leader’s self-confidence, beliefs and understandings of individuals concept of leadership is elusive and tricky. It is hard to define in a way that is magnetic enthusiasm and unrelenting or groups about the means and ends of the satisfactory to everyone, although most drive to attain prestige and power enable organization.” people believe they know it when they see them to climb the rungs of power and to be Research suggests that toxic leaders it.” effective in some aspects of leadership.” J. behavior can rationalize or excuse negative EL = f(L, F, S) Lipman-Blumen supported this idea with a behavior within the group and set a new Effective leadership is a function of the reminder that it is improbable that we will “toxic” set of standards. K. Wilson-Starks leader, follower, and the situation find saints in the military. stated that, “Some members may come to There is not one consistent definition “Do not look for saints among formal see toxic leadership as normal, and conform of toxic leadership and “Crafting even a rough definition of toxic leaders is a major challenge.” Toxic leaders “provide superiors with impressive, articulate presentations and enthusiastic responses to missions. Simply put, they produce results. Although it can be argued that these results are short-lived and ultimately damaging to the organization. In an effort to achieve a desired result, organizations and followers may tolerate a toxic leader and the effect he or she may have on the organization.” Jean Lipman–Blumen provides the most descriptive and inclusive definition of toxic leadership as “Leaders who engage in numerous destructive behaviors and who exhibit certain dysfunctional personal characteristics. To count as toxic, these behaviors and qualities of character must inflict some reasonably serious and enduring harm on their followers and their organization.”Toxic leaders are defined

64 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 65 discourage individual initiatives or create an environment that encourages destructive actions in subordinates. As toxic leadership begins to degrade the values and trust in the culture of the organization, abuse or harassment of employees can increase. Harassing behavior can include hazard, ostracism, misleading statements, threats and physical violence in extreme cases. According to General M. Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, incidents of hazing and bullying “undermine our values, tarnish our profession, and erode the trust that bonds us.”Harassment in the workplace can have serious effects on employee morality and job satisfaction by creating a toxic culture that rewards bullying or mobbing and willingly. These will be groomed to be the exhibit hostile and abusive behaviors, devalues civilisation and mutual respect. next generation of toxic leaders.” Military demonstrate a complete disregard for Toxic leaders survive by disguising standards are laid down in regulations subordinates, and lead through iron-fisted their conduct and, at least in the and standard operating procedures aimed control. These behaviors are detrimental short term, producing results for the at standardizing the task or system at to building team trust and ultimately organization. Unfortunately, the true hand and less at people or organizations. damage the organization and its culture by nature of the toxic behavior shows that Power resides in the military at senior redefining the way members interact and organizational damage is widespread for levels, and middle managers are task- behave toward one another. the organization. According to Kusy and oriented, mission-oriented and results- Toxic leaders do not inspire organizations Holloway, “recognizing that you have a oriented. Mission success is the primary with initiative– they alternatively inspire toxicity problem in your team or group motivation of the leader and relationships the wrong type of initiative. They can means understanding that complaints are secondary. Tactical leadership requires supervise or micromanage teams and to you may not be consistent with skills that directly influence subordinates your impression.”Toxic leaders do not and deliver results. Participatory forms spontaneously occur, they need a culture of leadership are encouraged, but as Toxic leaders do not and a system to support and empower them. situations change, authoritative forms may Toxic leadership damages the culture of be necessary. inspire organizations the organization by violating the legitimate Military members rely on each other not with initiative– they interests of the organization and by reducing only for the success of routine missions, its members’ commitment and motivation. but also for life or death in combat. If alternatively inspire The negative results of toxic leaders create organization members perceive that they the wrong type lasting and enduring harm to the culture are not valued or unfairly treated, they are and climate of the organization. Each more likely to disengage or feel alienated of initiative. They organization has a distinct culture, which in the team. If organization members can supervise or distinguishes it and guides all its members. perceive that they are not valued or unfairly Culture affects how people feel about the treated, they are more likely to disengage micromanage teams organization and how they react with each or feel alienated in the team. Teams and discourage other. How an organization reacts or takes use standards to protect the group from measures to prevent the effects of toxic chaotic behaviour, increase efficiency and individual initiatives leadership can directly affect the degree differentiate themselves from other groups or create an of damage. By regulating moderating and promote trust by outlining acceptable behavior and improving organizational behaviour. In the military, trust is the holy environment governance methods, military leaders can grail of leadership and is essential for that encourages reduce incidents of out- of- value behavior teamwork. According to P. Lencioni “trust by organizational members and reduce or is the confidence among team members destructive actions eliminate toxic behavior between leaders that their peers’ intentions are good, and in subordinates. and subordinates. that there is no reason to be protective or careful around the group.” Toxic leaders

64 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 65 THE CONCOURS D’ELEGANCE: THE KENYAN EXPERIENCE

he Concours d’Elegance, that is Classes of vehicles are generally French, meaning competition of arranged by type, manufacturer, and country Texcellence, is considered a car of origin, age, ownership and history. All competition that dates way back into the the prospective entrants must submit an seventeenth century in France. Initially application for each car or motorcycle and at that time, the French aristocratic class also specify the field in which it is selected. paraded horse-drawn carriages but presently, It is important to note that when it comes to the show has advanced to a competition of Concours d’Elegance cars and motorcycles, classic and vintage cars and motorcycles they are often driven for very limited (including sports versions). The Kenyan distances to minimize wear and tear so that Chapter of the event is known as the CBA they remain well maintained and in tip top (Commercial Bank of Africa) Africa condition. Concours d’Elegance, organized by the Alfa The Concours d’Elegance has Africa Romeo Owners Club (Kenya) and is held continental status for motorbikes, cars, and annually every last Sunday of September other automobiles. Some of the Countries at Nairobi’s Ngong Racecourse. The event COL C N MATHENGE in Africa that have featured and performed is open to all makes and types of cars and KENYA ARMY very well in these shows include South motorcycles with a restriction of the total Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, Libya of the cleanliness and general condition in entrants to 70 and 40 respectively. The event and Kenya. The competition usually begins relation to the best quality classic and vintage is always a crowd puller which not only with a thorough assessment of the underside, car and motorcycle though additional points attracts motoring enthusiasts but has also followed by external checks on the type of are earned based on age. become a favorite annual family outing. The finish on the bodyworks, interior including It is important to appreciate that event which will now be on its 49th year is boot, engine, age, roadworthiness and the traditionally, the judging at Concours rated the classiest motor show on the Kenya aesthetics of the vehicles. Assessment of d’Elegance is much more demanding than Motor Sports Calendar of Events. motorcycles is also done in a similar manner. that of ordinary motor shows. Trained The Concours d’Elegance shows in which On a bright day at Nairobi’s Ngong judges selected by the organizers scrutinize all cars and motorcycles are judged for Racecourse, cheerful spectators, classic and the competing cars and motorcycles their paintwork, condition, preparation and vintage cars, magnificent motorcycles and thoroughly in their entirety. When it authenticity have wide-spread popularity. dedicated officials gathered for the annual comes to showcasing, unless it is original, These events range from the World-famous edition of the Concours d’Elegance on modifications are generally not allowed and shows such as the Pebble Beach Concours, Sunday 30th September 2018. The fun filled it is recommended that the components must to other worldwide events staged by various memorable event sponsored by Commercial be suitable for the given model and make of automobile clubs. During the competition, Bank of Africa was the 48th in the annual the particular automobile. The intention is to the main responsibility of the judges is to series and themed Aladdin and the Magic present a vehicle or motorcycle that is in the carry out fair assessment of all entrants in Rides. The programme for the day included same condition that it initially was when it order to produce the highest standard of a lot of fun fare, starting with a spectacular left the Production Line. competition. This is considered in terms free fall parachute drop. The spectators were

Primer Sensitivity Lab Test. Live Firing Ballistics Lab Test.

66 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 67 thereafter able to split themselves between models of selected watching the judging of the classic cars cars and motorcycles. and motorcycles and visiting the motor In addition, there were trade stands which were exhibiting latest other attractions such as the Classic Car Sale, Heritage Collection, and Kids Zone. The prize giving ceremony was preceded by an exciting event which involved viewing a procession of the competing cars and motorcycles driving past the main Racecourse grandstands. The tussle for the top position Source: Author was also nail biting first woman in the history of the competition considering the winner and second runners to clinch the title. Her immaculate Rolls up were separated by just one point in a very Royce won hearts of many spectators. The close battle winner. 48th CBA Africa Concours d’Elegance th The 48 CBA Africa Concours d’Elegance 2018 was a thrilling fun filled event of pure 2018 title was scooped by an immaculate enjoyment for all those who participated 1934 Rolls Royce Boatail owned by Veronica either as competitors or spectators, hence a Wroe, who made history by becoming the Source: Courtesy of Khusoko memorable Kenyan experience. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION THROUGH PLANTATION ESTABLISHMENT AND LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT SCHEME IN KENYA

in global climate change. Despite concerted see the reality. It is so evident that we are efforts to conserve forests, large tracts of destroying Mother Earth. This is not the tropical forests, which hold a vast amount problem of one country or a few countries. It of carbon, are still being lost in the Amazon, is the problem of mankind. We need to work central Africa and Indonesia while increasing together to stop this. Otherwise, the future temperatures are fueling huge fires in forests generations will simply disappear”. Juan in many parts of the globe. By conserving Manuel Santos former Colombian President. forests, carbon emissions can be reduced and The effects of climate change are evident hence mitigate against climate change. and therefore the United Nations Sustainable According to the United Nations’ Food Development Goals number thirteen (13) and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 2018 calls for urgent action to combat and its an estimated 18 million acres (7.3 million impacts. Locally, Kenya’s development hectares) of forest are lost each year. blueprint, Vision 2030, envisions a nation Restoring forest landscapes helps enhance that has a clean, secure and sustainable MR M GICHERU climate change mitigation and adaptation. environment. This can only be achieved MINISTRY OF INTERIOR AND COORDINATION OF As a measure to reverse the current trends, through enactment of environment-related NATIONAL GOVERNMENT - KENYA the International Union for Conservation laws for better environmental planning and orests and climate are interlinked. of Nature(IUCN) through Bonn Challenge governance. Trees play a major role in the carbon have embarked on a global effort to bring Kenya’s forest cover has continued to cycle on our planet. Cutting down 150 million hectares of deforested and dwindle over the years owing to uncontrolled F degraded land under restoration by 2020 and human activities which have caused a lot forests affect carbon absorption while carbon stored in destroyed trees is released into the 350 million hectares by 2030. of harm to the environment. Excisions atmosphere. Deforestation is a major factor “Anybody who doesn’t see the impact of and encroachment on gazetted forests for climate change is really myopic. They don’t agricultural activities due to population

66 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 67 pressure has led to massive depletion allows forest adjacent communities, through nurturing. The scheme has the following of forest resources. Uncontrolled illegal Community Forest Associations the right to benefits: logging, charcoal burning and frequent forest cultivate agricultural crops during the early 1. Food security: Participating farmers fires have also exacerbated the problem. stages of forest plantation establishment. are allowed to cultivate agricultural crops A report of a taskforce formed in Cultivation is often allowed to continue for during the early stages of plantation February 2018 to inquire into forest 3 to 4 years until tree canopy closes. PELIS establishment – food production has resources management and logging activities scheme is meant to improve economic gains increased in areas where the programme has in Kenya estimates Kenya’s forest cover to of participating farmers while ensuring been implemented. be about 7.4% of the total land area which is success of planted trees. Implementation 2. Employment opportunities: Members far below the recommended global minimum of PELIS has had a positive micro climate of the CFA are always engaged in the allotted of 10%, while closed canopy forest cover changes. plots while the Kenya Forest Service involve currently stands at 2% of the total land This has been implemented in line with the youths in the management of tree area compared to African average of 9.3% the Kenya Forest Service Act 2005 Article nurseries hence providing them with income. and a world average of 21.4%. Despite 45/46, which allows community participation 3. Economic empowerment: Sale of this bleak situation, there is still rampant in the conservation and management of state farm produce from the forests is a major exploitation of woodlands and forests, and local authority forests. The Plantation income to farmers who participate in further depleting the existing forests. This Establishment and Livelihood Improvement plantation establishment scheme. trend, if not checked, will adversely affect Scheme was introduced in 2008 with 4. Improved education standards: the government’s Big Four (4) Agenda that the objective of fully rehabilitating and The sale of farm produce and employment targets food and nutrition security, affordable protecting forests and improving the opportunities has empowered farmers who and decent housing, universal health care livelihood of the communities living near are able to pay school fees for their children. and manufacturing. forests. The Scheme aims at increasing This has reduced school dropout rates and In order to address uncontrolled forest cover and restoring degraded forest in illiteracy levels in line with the Vision 2030s exploitation of forests, the government on the country. Forest Adjacent Communities goal of increasing access to education, 24th February 2018, declared a moratorium (F.A.C) benefit from the scheme where they improving the transition rate and raising the on logging in public and community forests are allocated plots in which they plant and quality of education. for a period of ninety days to allow for nurture tree seedlings and grow crops for 5. Improved housing: Income from the assessment of the management of the forest three to four years when tree canopy prevent PELIS activities has enabled participating sector. The ban was later extended for a further proper growth of crops, then a new forest farmers to improve on their housing. Decent period of six months – up to end November, block is opened and the system is repeated. houses have been constructed in zones where 2018. This drastic action (moratorium) was The scheme is implemented through PELIS is practiced owing increased income taken after the Parliamentary Committee Community Forest Associations (C.F.A) and availability of building materials. on Environment called for the formation which are mandated to protect, conserve and 6. Improved security: Crime rate of a multi-agency team to undertake an manage forests, protect sacred groves and has decreased since most the community assessment of the country’s forest cover. protected trees, and assist the Kenya Forest members are engaged in productive activities The task force (Taskforce to Inquire into Service in enforcing the provisions of the like food production, sale of tree seedlings Forest Resources Management and Logging Forest Act. The Scheme, unlike the farmers and employment. Activities in Kenya), undertook to determine ‘shamba’ system, is strictly nonresidential – These activities have benefitted the scale of illegal logging, destruction, farmers are only allowed to cultivate while the members of the community forest degradation and encroachment of public and residing outside the forests. The scheme has associations both economically and socially. community forests, water towers and other been very successful in forest conservation Other benefits include collection of medicinal catchment areas, as well as the associated and has impacted positively on the economic herbs, harvesting honey, fuel wood, grass impacts. and social status of the members of the harvesting and grazing. As a measure to control the widespread community forest associations. The benefits “Until you dig a hole, you plant a tree, destruction of forests in some parts of the include: you water it and make it survive, you haven’t country, the Kenya Forest Service had Forest conservation: Through the done a thing. You are just talking” Prof. earlier, through the Plantation and Enterprise scheme, the Kenya Forest Service has been Wangari Maathai - 2004 Nobel peace Prize Division, embraced a participatory approach able to establish forest plantations in the laureate. in forest conservation through re-afforestation country. There has been higher tree seedling The Plantation Establishment and activities in various parts of the country. survival owing to the participation of CFAs Livelihood Improvement Scheme has greatly The program, Plantation Establishment and in nurturing the saplings as they cultivate helped reduce forest destruction, contributed Livelihood Improvement Scheme (PELIS), their crops. Plantation establishment has to increase in forest cover and greatly has contributed to rehabilitation of large also contributed to increased forest cover improved the livelihoods of Forest Adjacent tracts of forest land through re-afforestation, which is in line with Kenya’s Vision 2030 Communities(FACs). For the initiative conservation of indigenous trees like red goal of increasing forest cover. to have greater environmental impact, all cedar, and community empowerment. The Scheme has led to low plantation stakeholders need to adhere to all rules and Plantation Establishment and Livelihood establishment costs as participating farmers regulations governing the programme. Improvement Scheme is a system that offer free labor during planting and seedling

68 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 NDC NEWSLETTER II COURSE 21 - 2018/19 PB National Defence College HQs’. NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE P. O. Box 24381- 00502, NAIROBI, KENYA Tel: +254 (020) 3883549, +254 (020) 2606230 Fax: +254 (020) 3883552 Email: [email protected] Website:www.ndc.go.ke