DOCSLIB.ORG

Download (5MB)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download (5MB) A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details 1 Pastoralism in the shadow of a windfarm: an ethnography of people, places and belonging in northern Kenya James Drew Submitted for Doctor of Philosophy in Geography University of Sussex June 2017 2 I hereby declare that this thesis has not been, and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. Signature 3 UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX JAMES DREW THESIS SUBMITTED FOR DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOGRAPHY PASTORALISM IN THE SHADOW OF A WINDFARM: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF PEOPLE, PLACES AND BELONGING IN NORTHERN KENYA SUMMARY This thesis develops an ethnographic approach that draws upon multispecies ethnography to provide insights into the lives of people living to the south and east of Lake Turkana. The thesis is based upon twenty-two months of fieldwork with Samburu, Rendile and Turkana communities in Samburu and Marsabit Counties. However, most time was spent with a community of Samburu pastoralists living at Mt Nyiro. Information was gathered during fieldwork through participant observation and various types of interviews. Through engagement with people’s perspectives, analyses, and where possible their cosmologies, the thesis provides insights into the ways historical context, (‘timeless’ notions of) identities, belonging and custodianship are inter-connected, emerge and are contested as a part of people’s lives and changing relationships (including violence) within and between communities, the state and investment companies - in an arena of political reforms, patronage networks and perceived rights to benefit from recent large-scale investments. The large amount of time spent with one Samburu pastoralist community at Mt Nyiro enabled me to gain insights into the ways their lives are entwined with the landscapes that they and their livestock live in and shape, through networks of relations and the associated cosmological ways of lkerreti, in which humans and non-humans (including ‘supernatural’ entities) are inter- dependent agents. The thesis exemplifies how these lived entanglements are a part of and inform this community’s ‘timeless truths’ relating to past and present lineage, ethnicity, belonging and custodianship. Also shown are the ways these ‘timeless’ portrayals and associated cosmologies emerge through contestations with, and analyses of, others’ portrayals of lineage, ethnicity, belonging and custodianship, and how these are forwarded as a part of, emerge from and inform patronage politics and contested ‘rights’ to benefit from investments. The thesis demonstrates how changing relationships between people living within the Samburu community at Nyiro and between people of this and other communities, in light of political and economic changes, can also only be understood as a part of people’s entanglements with humans and non-humans, and the associated cosmological ways of lkerreti. 4 Contents List of figures ........................................................................................................................ 7 List of maps .......................................................................................................................... 9 List of tables ......................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements .............................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 2. Literature review: pastoral ethnicity, conflict and investments in sub-Saharan drylands ................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Sub-Saharan pastoral ethnicity and belonging ................................................. 20 2.2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 20 2.2.2 Ethnicity and belonging in colonial and post-colonial African states .......................................................................................................... 21 2.2.3 Construction, negotiation and contestation of ethnicity and belonging in northern Kenya since multiparty-ism .................................... 25 2.2.4 Embodied ways of engaging with people and place: from lived to symbolic ................................................................................27 2.2.5 An alternative, emic analysis ............................................................. 29 2.3 Investments and development in sub-Saharan pastoralist drylands ................ 30 2.3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 30 2.3.2 New ecology: highlighting ‘inappropriate’ development and misunderstandings of pastoralism ............................................................. 30 2.3.3 Investments, territorialised ethnicity and patronage politics ........... 34 2.3.4 The ontological turn .......................................................................... 38 2.3.5 Multispecies ethnography ................................................................. 41 2.3.6 Ethnographic approach to analysis of investments among Samburu pastoralists of northern Kenya ................................................... 44 2.3.7 Studies of Samburu pastoralism ....................................................... 46 2.4 Sub-Saharan pastoral conflict ........................................................................... 48 2.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 3. Methodology ...................................................................................................... 55 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 55 3.2 Fieldwork ........................................................................................................... 55 3.2.1 An introduction to Flat Rock ............................................................. 55 3.2.2 Other fieldwork locations ………………………………………………………........ 59 3.2.3 Fieldwork in Flat Rock …………………………………………………………………... 61 3.2.4 Fieldwork beyond Flat Rock .............................................................. 66 3.2.5 Secondary information ...................................................................... 70 5 3.3 Ethics ................................................................................................................. 70 3.4 Writing the thesis .............................................................................................. 72 Chapter 4. Livestock herding in Flat Rock ............................................................................ 75 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Livestock liking places ....................................................................................... 76 4.3 Following the rains in search of fodder and water ........................................... 77 4.4 Wild animals ‘making’ places ............................................................................ 79 4.5 Mineral-water and licks .................................................................................... 81 4.6 Types of grass .................................................................................................... 83 4.7 Places made by Nkai, rain ................................................................................. 84 4.8 Places that are ‘good’ ........................................................................................ 85 4.9 Places that are ‘bad’ .......................................................................................... 89 4.10 People (‘via’ Nkai) making places ‘good’ ......................................................... 90 4.11 Livestock ‘knowing’ good and bad places ....................................................... 92 4.12 A deeper analysis of livestock ‘signs’ .............................................................. 92 4.13 Less grass, more shrubs .................................................................................. 95 4.14 Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 103 Chapter 5. Belonging in a more-than-human world ............................................................ 108 5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 108 5.2 Custodianship and belonging to lineage land ..................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Course 21 Newsletter Volume 2
    National Defence College - Kenya VOLUME II NewsletterCOURSE 21 - 2018/19 THE CHALLENGERS!! Pulling Beyond Gravity Kenya’s Cabinet Secretary for Defence, Ambassador Raychelle Omamo, with NDC leadership and Course 21 participants on 2nd July 2018 National Defence College - Kenya NewsletterCOURSE 21 - 2018/19 Contents VOLUME II From the Commandant’s Desk ........................................................ 3 Message from the Sponsor .............................................................. 4 Message From The Chairman – Editorial Committee ...................... 5 Science, Technology and Blue Economy in Kenya ............................ 6 Security in Traditional Kenyan Communities ................................... 8 Has Libya Become The New Gore’e Slave Trade Market? ................ 9 Multi-Agency Cooperation In National Security Coordination ........10 Burundi Forest Protection ..............................................................11 THE CHALLENGERS!! Pulling Beyond Gravity Debt Trap ....................................................................................... 13 The Marshall Plan .......................................................................... 14 Cohesion and National Security in Kenya ..................................... 15 Stress Management ...................................................................... 17 Publisher: Kenya’s Hidden Tourism Gem: Samburu County, Kenya ............... 18 NATIONAL DEFENCE COLLEGE Impact of Technology on Warfare and the Media ......................... 20 P.
    [Show full text]
  • KENYA POWER SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION PROJECT Revision of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan
    ETHIOPIA – KENYA POWER SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION PROJECT Revision of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) REPORT Tropics Consulting Gamma Systems Ltd Engineers Plc January 2012 Gamma Systems Ltd First Floor, Centro House P O Box 1033 – 00606 Nairobi Tel: + 254 20 44 51 528 Fax + 254 20 44 51 529 Email: [email protected] CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................... xii 2. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 1 2.1 Project Background ................................................................................................. 1 2.2 History of the Project ............................................................................................... 1 2.3 Justification of the project ........................................................................................ 2 2.4 Scope and Objectives of the Project ........................................................................ 2 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ............................................................................... 3 3.1 Description of Proposed Works ............................................................................... 3 3.1.1 Operations and Maintenance ........................................................................... 4 3.2 Description of the Proposed route ..........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Shivani Bhalla Thesis 2017 Compressed
    Demography and ranging behaviour of lions (Panthera leo) within a human-occupied landscape in northern Kenya A thesis submitted to the University of Oxford for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology Shivani Bhalla Lady Margaret Hall 2017 DECLARATION The thesis presented here represents a project that I developed as a D.Phil. student of the Zoology Department, University of Oxford. I implemented all aspects of this project, analysed the results and wrote all of the material in the thesis. While others assisted with the project at various stages including fieldwork, data entry and analysis, it represents a work entirely of my own doing and I assume full responsibility for the work presented here. The text, excluding figure legends, tables, references and appendices, does not exceed 50,000 words. All photographs included in the thesis are the copyright of the Ewaso Lions Project, except where stated. Signed Date: 18th April 2017 i ABSTRACT Lion populations across Kenya are threatened, primarily as a result of habitat loss and human persecution in response to livestock depredation. This study provides the first population insights into lions within the Samburu-Isiolo ecosystem; considering both the protected area network and the surrounding human-occupied landscape. These results are particularly pertinent given Kenya’s low lion population. The demography of the lion population in the Samburu-Isiolo ecosystem was studied to provide data on the area’s basic lion population structure. Due to the small size of the protected areas within the study area, it was expected that lions would frequently move outside the Reserves into the human-occupied landscapes that surround the protected areas and, therefore, their ranging behaviour was also assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Linking Local Perceptions of Elephants and Conservation: Samburu Pastoralists in Northern Kenya
    Linking Local Perceptions of Elephants and Conservation: Samburu Pastoralists in Northern Kenya Renee Kuriyan Abstract: This paper examines the development and implementation of a grassroots elephant conservation program based upon the Samburu people’s perceptions and knowledge of elephants in the areas surrounding the Samburu and Buffalo Springs National Reserves in Northern Kenya. Ethnographic methods were used to understand these perceptions and demonstrated that strong customs and traditions for conserving wildlife, particularly elephants, exist among the Samburu people. It became evident that these customs are changing given various factors influencing Samburu culture and younger generations. The use of economic incentives is a widely accepted method to foster positive attitudes and behavior towards wildlife. The value of using ethnographic methods to reinforce positive indigenous knowledge about wildlife, however, is underestimated. This case study highlights the significance of using ethnographic methods in community conservation program design. The paper demonstrates that in local contexts where cultural perceptions and traditions towards elephants are largely positive, this is a viable approach for community based wildlife management that is complementary to economic incentives programs. Introduction: Community wildlife conservation programs have been based traditionally on the premise that humans and wildlife have conflicting existences and that monetary incentives can ameliorate these relations or modify behavior (Child, 1996; Western, 1994; Metcalfe, 1994; Bromley, 1994; Hulme and Murphee, 1999, Barnes, 1996). One example is the CAMPFIRE program in Zimbabwe that aims to enable grassroots institutions to earn revenue from wildlife in order to provide incentives for conservation (Child, 1996). Other programs assert that that local resource users must view wildlife as having economic values that outweigh the costs that they impose (Hulme and Murphee, 1999, Barnes, 1996, Thouless, 1994).
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya 12 Day Safari Itinerary Nairobi, Amboseli, Samburu, Masai Mara
    Kenya NAIROBI, AMBOSELI, SAMBURU & MAASAI MARA 12 DAYS NAIROBI, AMBOSELI, SAMBURU & MAASAI MARA Overview No safari is complete without time spent under canvas in the style of the old explorers. Nigel Archer private mobile-tented camps allow us to visit some of the most beautiful and remote wilderness areas in East Africa. They give us the flexibility to follow the movement of the wildlife and position our camps for the best game viewing possible. Designed from decades of experience, the camps provide the ultimate in luxurious exclusivity whilst allowing for an intimate wildlife experience. A full crew of exceptional safari staff are there to look after your every need. Whether it is preparing a beautifully laid dinner under the stars or a piping hot shower upon return from your afternoon’s adventures. NAIROBI, AMBOSELI, SAMBURU & MAASAI MARA: ITINERARY AT-A-GLANCE DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 Nairobi Amboseli Amboseli Amboseli Samburu Arrive Nairobi Airport. Private Luxury Camp, Private Luxury Camp, Private Luxury Camp, Private Luxury Camp, Overnight Hemingways Amboseli Amboseli Amboseli Samburu Hotel DAY 6 DAY 7 DAY 8 DAY 9 DAY 10 Samburu Samburu Samburu Maasai Mara Maasai Mara Private Luxury Camp, Private Luxury Camp, Private Luxury Camp, Overnight Naibor Camp Overnight Naibor Camp Samburu Samburu Samburu NAIROBI, AMBOSELI, SAMBURU & MAASAI MARA: ITINERARY AT-A-GLANCE DAY 11 DAY 12 Maasai Mara Depart Overnight Naibor Camp Depart Nairobi Airport DAY 1: NAIROBI Upon landing at JKIA you will be met by our driver who will transport you to the Iconic Hemingways Hotel, Nairobi for your first night accommodation.
    [Show full text]
  • The East Pokot Pastoralists in Conflict Siege: Reflections on Cultural Interpretations of Persistent Conflict
    International Journal of Education and Research Vol. 1 No. 10 October 2013 The East Pokot Pastoralists in conflict siege: Reflections on cultural interpretations of persistent conflict Dr. Beneah Manyuru Mutsotso * * Department of Sociology and Social Work, University of Nairobi. P.O B.o.x 30197 00100 Nairobi. Kenya Email address [email protected]/ [email protected] Tel contact: +254 722833012 Abstract The East Pokot pastoralists are part of the Nilotic group that belong to the Karamoja cluster. They are found in Baringo County of North Western Kenya. They neighbor the Turkana, Samburu, Il Chamus (Njemps), Tugen and Marakwet. They always have had an acrimonious relationship with the Kenya government from the colonial period to the present.All through they have a conflictuous relationship with all the neighbouring pastoralist and agro pastoral communities over livestock and lately territory. This paper suggests that the intensity, scale and frequency of conflict has continued unabated in the face of government and other actors interventions through a combination of threat of force and/ or negotiated settlement. This paper, based on primary and secondary data, argues that the motivators of conflict from the perspective of the East Pokot are historically and culturally defined. While there exist specific cultural interpretations in relation to each community the overall cultural interpretations for conflict are presented as: revival of the sharpening stone, misbehavior and carelessness by the middle age group which has angered Tororot (God). 1.1 Background 1.2 Introduction Ever since the path breaking study by Fukui and Turton (1979) titled Warfare among East African herders, the question of conflict among pastoralists has remained high on the agenda and perspectives to understand the motivations remained elusive.
    [Show full text]
  • Melissa Lesamana-1.Pdf (3.068Mb)
    Master thesis Transition from Subsistence to Monetary Economy – A Counter Discourse to Mainstream Development Strategies. Case study from Samburu District, Kenya. By Astrid Melissa Jocelyn Lesamana The master thesis is carried out as a part of the education at the University of Agder and is therefore approved as such. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn. Supervisor: Kjell Havnevik The University of Agder, Kristiansand Date 24.05.2009 TRANSITION FROM SUBSISTENCE TO MONETARY ECONOMY – A COUNTER DISCOURSE TO MAINSTREAM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES . CASE STUDY FROM SAMBURU DISTRICT , KENYA . ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Resource Utilisation, Conflict and Insecurity in Pastoral Areas of Kenya”
    “RESOURCE UTILISATION, CONFLICT AND INSECURITY IN PASTORAL AREAS OF KENYA” Abdi Umar Kenya Pastoral Forum 1997 Contents 1. Conflict in Kenya’s arid areas – an overview 2. Conflicts in pastoral areas, roadside banditry, livestock rustling 3. Historical background to Resource conflicts in pastoral areas 4. Government attitudes to the conflicts, and conflict costs 5. Resolution of conflicts, institutions involved 6. KPF approach to conflict resolution 7. Capacity of local groups in the resolution of conflicts a paper for the USAID Organised Seminar on Conflict Resolution in the Horn of Africa, held at the Methodist Guest House, Nairobi, 27 - 29 March 1997 by Abdi Umar, Coordinator, Kenya Pastoral Forum PO Box 67533 Nairobi TEL 603303/606598 fax 606599 Email: [email protected] KENYA PASTORALISTS 1 Kenya’s pastoral communities occupy three quarters of the countries total land mass, spreading out over the dry north-east, north-west, southern Rift and inland parts of the coast. Pastoralist’s occupy most of the border areas of Kenya, and pastoral ethnic groups straddle both sides of the borders with Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Uganda and Tanzania. Estimates put the number of pastoralist’s at four million or about one seventh of the total national population of about 27 million. Pastoralist’s are divided into various ethnic and linguistic groups, ranging from the large and famous groups like the Maasai and the Somali, who number each in excess of half a million people each, to small and so far obscure groups numbering a few thousand. Pastoralist areas remain the least developed parts of Kenya. The economic disparity with the rest of the country is striking.
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Journal of African Studies Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines
    Canadian Journal of African Studies Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines Volume 43 Number 1 / Numéro 1 2009 Canadian Journal of African Studies Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines Volume 43 Number 1 / Numéro 1 2009 Special Issue / Numéro spécial New Perspectives on Sexualities in Africa / Les sexualités africaines dans leurs nouvelles perspectives Contents / Sommaire New Perspectives on Sexualities in Africa: Introduction Marc Epprecht 1 Les sexualités africaines dans leurs nouvelles perspectives: Introduction Charles Gueboguo 8 The Widow, the Will, and Widow-inheritance in Kampala: Revisiting Victimisation Arguments Stella Nyanzi, Margaret Emodu-Walakira, and Wilberforce Serwaniko 12 Faith in God, But Not in Condoms: Churches and Competing Visions of HIV Prevention in Namibia Nicole Rigillo 34 Sur les rétributions des pratiques homosexuelles à Bamako Christophe Broqua 60 Deaf, Gay, HIV Positive, and Proud: Narrating an Alternative Identity in Post-Apartheid South Africa Karin Willemse and Ruth Morgan with John Meletse 84 “Mombasa Morans”: Embodiment, Sexual Morality, and Samburu Men in Kenya George Paul Meiu 106 ii Research Note / Note de recherche Penser les “droits” des homosexuels/les en Afrique: du sens et de la puissance de l’action associative militante au Cameroun Charles Gueboguo 130 Review Articles / Études bibliographiques African Feminists on Sexualities Signe Arnfred 152 Sexualities, Pleasure, and Politics in Southern Africa Bodil Folke Frederiksen 161 Southern African Homosexualities and Denials Stephen O. Murray 168 Contre l’homophobie en Afrique Patrick Awondo 174 African Perspectives on Female Circumcision Amy Kaler 179 Same-Sex Sexuality Issues in Some African Popular Media Unoma Azuah 185 Book Reviews / Comptes rendus Sévérin Cécile Abéga. Violence Sexuelle et l’Etat au Cameroun.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives from Samburu, Kenya Katherine Mary Grillo Washington University in St
    Washington University in St. Louis Washington University Open Scholarship All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) 5-17-2012 The aM teriality of Mobile Pastoralism: Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives from Samburu, Kenya Katherine Mary Grillo Washington University in St. Louis Follow this and additional works at: https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Grillo, Katherine Mary, "The aM teriality of Mobile Pastoralism: Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives from Samburu, Kenya" (2012). All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). 956. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/etd/956 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Washington University Open Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) by an authorized administrator of Washington University Open Scholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY IN ST. LOUIS Department of Anthropology Dissertation Examination Committee: Fiona B. Marshall, Chair David L. Browman Gayle J. Fritz Michael D. Frachetti Tristram R. Kidder Carolyn K. Lesorogol Susan I. Rotroff The Materiality of Mobile Pastoralism: Ethnoarchaeological Perspectives from Samburu, Kenya by Katherine Mary Grillo A dissertation presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2012 Saint Louis, Missouri Copyright by Katherine Mary Grillo © 2012 Abstract This thesis represents the first comprehensive ethnoarchaeological study to date on the material culture of African mobile pastoralism, a way of life economically, culturally, and ideologically centered on the herding of livestock. In Africa, tens of millions of people today still rely on cattle-based pastoralism for survival in arid lands that are unsuitable for agricultural production.
    [Show full text]
  • Governing Grazing and Mobility in the Samburu Lowlands, Kenya
    land Article Governing Grazing and Mobility in the Samburu Lowlands, Kenya Annemiek Pas ID Department of Human Geography, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, Se-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; [email protected]; Tel.: +46-700-128-959 Received: 11 January 2018; Accepted: 29 March 2018; Published: 31 March 2018 Abstract: Pastoral mobility is seen as the most effective strategy to make use of constantly shifting resources. However, mobile pastoralism as a highly-valued strategy to manage grazing areas and exploit resource variability is becoming more complex, due to recurrent droughts, loss of forage, government-led settlement schemes, and enclosure of land for community conservation, among other reasons. Yet knowledge of how Samburu pastoralists perceive these changes, and govern and innovate in their mobility patterns and resource use, has received limited attention. This paper seeks to understand how Samburu pastoralists in the drylands of northern Kenya use and govern natural resources, how livestock grazing and mobility is planned for, and how boundaries and territory are constructed and performed both within and beyond the context of (non)governmental projects. Fieldwork for this paper was conducted in Sesia, Samburu East, and consisted of interviews, focus group discussions, and participatory observation. Findings show that livestock mobility involves longer periods and more complex distances due to a shrinking resource base and new rules of access. Although access was previously generated based on the value of reciprocity, the creation of new forms of resource management results in conditional processes of inclusion and exclusion. Policy and project implementation has historically been driven by the imperative to secure land tenure and improve pasture in bounded areas.
    [Show full text]
  • National Constitutional Conference Documents
    NATIONAL CONSTITUTIONAL CONFERENCE DOCUMENTS THE FINAL REPORT OF TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP “G” ON DEVOLUTION OF POWERS APPROVED FOR ISSUE AT THE 110 TH PLENARY MEETING OF THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA REVIEW COMMISSION HELD ON 30 NOVEMBER, 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page: 1. Introduction……………………………………………………… 4 1.1 Committee Mandate……………………………………… 4 1.2 Method of Work…………………………………………. 5 1.3 Role of Experts…………………………………………… 6 1.4 Study Visit………………………………………………… 6 2. Committee Debate………………………………………………. 6 2.1 Principles of Devolution………………………………….. 7 2.2 Levels of Government……………………………………. 8 2.3 Units of Devolution………………………………………. 9 2.4 Variation of Boundaries………………………………….. 10 2.5 Distribution of Functions…………………………………. 11 2.6 Finance and Fiscal Management…………………………. 12 2.7 Taxation Powers…………………………………………. 13 2.8 Borrowing by Governments……………………………… 14 2.9 Public service at devolved levels of government………… 14 2.10 The Senate……………………………………………….. 14 2.11 Balance of gender and diversity…………………………. 15 2.12 Government during transition …………………………… 15 2.13 Removal of Elected Leaders…………………………….. 15 2.14 Publication of laws………………………………………. 15 2.15 Conflict of laws………………………………………….. 15 2.16 Recommendations on Transition………………………… 16 3. Conclusion………………………………………………………. 16 4. Analysis Of Issues On The Report And Draft Bill …………… 17 4.1 General Debate…………………………………………… 17 4.1.1 The Devolution Structure………………………… 17 4.1.2 Principles of Devolution…………………………. 17 4.1.3 Role and Place of Local Government ……………. 17 4.1.4 Structure and Management of Nairobi……………. 19 4.2 Analysis of the Draft Bill…………………………………. 19 4.2.1 Part I Structure and Principles of Devolved Government……………………………………….. 19 4.2.2 Part II Regions…………………………………….. 24 4.2.3 Part III—Districts…………………………………. 29 4.2.4 Part IV – Locations……………………………….
    [Show full text]