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Universite De Pau Et Des Pays De L'adour COVER PAGE UNIVERSITE DE PAU ET DES PAYS DE L’ADOUR Ecole Doctorale Sciences Sociales Et Humanites (Ed 481) Les Afriques dans le Monde (LAM) LES DETERMINANTS SOCIO-ECONOMIQUES ET CULTURELS DE LA JEUNESSE DANS LE KENYA RURAL ; REGION DE MASABA EN PAYS KISII Thése pour le Doctorat en Sociologie présentée et soutenue publiquement Par : Monsieur AKUMA Joseph Misati Le 8 décembre 2016 Thése dirigée par Monsieur Christian THIBON et Monsieur Paul Nyaga MBATIA Jury : M. THIBON Christian : Professeur d’Histoire contemporaine à l’Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour (Directeur de thèse) M. MBATIA Paul Nyaga : Professeur de Sociologie à l’université de Nairobi et le Vice – recteur, Multimédia Université du Kenya (Co – directeur de thèse) Mme GOLAZ Valérie : Chargée de recherche, Institute National d’études démographiques, France (Rapporteur) M. DROZ Yvan : Senior Lecturer, Graduate Institute, Genéve (SUISSE), Professeur associé Universite Laval, Canada (Rapporteur) M. MAUPEU Herve : Maitre de conférences en Science Politique à l’Université de Pau et des pays de l’Adour M. COMI Toulabor : Directeur de Rechereche CNRS, Universite Bordeaux 4 ABSTRACT The subject of youth socialization is a concern for all societies worldwide. The future of communities rests, in part on how effectively they accomplish the tasks of preparing this important component of their population to become productive adults. In developing countries, characterized by rapid social change, the adaptation and unconventional life patterns of future generations, whose growth trajectories will occur in an entirely different context, calls for careful explication of the determinants of the socialization young people. In Kenya, the societal shifts and behavioral patterns, exacerbated by the unique developmental vulnerabilities often create a confluence of factors that put youth at great risk. Hence, the need to transform the ordinary institutions of society, as socializing contexts to make them relevant in preparing young people for the challenges of the future role taking is inevitable. Set in a society in rural Kisii, Masaba South – Wester Kenya, the study sought to establish how the changes in the family and that of other key social institutions such as education, religion and the media impact the socialization of the youth in the community. The ecological model for human development by Urie Bronfenbrenner (1994) and the life course framework have been adopted as the conceptual model for the study. The results of the study offer an unusually nuanced view of socialization challenges in a time of unprecedented change in Kenya’s rural setting. It is shown that socio- cultural values and community norms that influence the socialization process are not constant, but always changing and sometimes contradictory and are perceived differently by young people and older members of society, thereby adversely affecting the capacity of parents and other elders to regulate the youth. In addition, it is shown that the adoption of new social structures though leading to the disruption of the transmission of specific behaviors, do not result to failure in effective socialization, but offers greater pathways for imparting positive behavior.At national level, the policy with regard to youth development is full of gaps, in terms of policy and reality, especially since the interventions are not predicated on informed assessment. Similarly, youth programs have consistently been guided by the philosophy of deficit and problem oriented approaches. Thus, the ideology that underpins the development of young people often focuses on projects focusing on imparting vocational skills and access to financial services for young people that have already “fallen off the cracks”. More critical, the country lacks an explicit family policy on whose lenses issues affecting the family and its various population segments, especially the youth could be examined. The study makes an important contribution to the understanding of the emergent area of research aimed at understanding the structural obstacles to young people’s transition to adulthood by creating new channels and orientation for seeking pathways to personal development based on new ways and attitudes of human interaction. Keywords: Socialization, Sociology of family, Cultural Change, Youth Development, Kenya RESUME Le thème de la socialisation des jeunes est un sujet de préoccupation pour toutes les sociétés du monde entier. Ceci est dû principalement au fait que l'avenir des communautés repose, en partie, sur l'efficacité avec laquelle elles accomplissent les tâches de préparation de cette ii composante importante de leur population, à devenir des adultes productifs qui contribueront au bien-être de leurs communautés. Dans les pays en voie de développement, caractérisé par un changement social rapide, une adaptation à des modes de vie non conventionnelles de la part des générations futures, dont les trajectoires croisent des contextes entièrement différents, l'explication minutieuse des déterminants de la socialisation des jeunes est incontournable. Au Kenya, les changements sociétaux et les comportements, exacerbés par les vulnérabilités associées au développement, créent souvent une confluence de facteurs qui placent les jeunes devant de grands risques. Par conséquent, la nécessité de transformer les institutions sociales ordinaires de la société, en tant que cadres de socialisation, pour les rendre pertinentes dans la préparation des jeunes aux défis de l'avenir, est inévitable. Portant sur une société du Kisii rural, Masaba Sud – Ouest, l'étude a cherché à établir comment le changement de la famille et celui d'autres institutions sociales clés, telles que l'éducation, la religion et les médias, ont un impact sur la socialisation de la communauté des jeunes. Le modèle écologique pour le développement humain (Urie Bronfenbrenner, 1994) et l’examen des parcours de vie ont été adoptés comme modèle conceptuel et méthodologique de l'étude. Les résultats de l'étude offrent une vue particulièrement nuancée des défis de socialisation pour une période de changement sans précédent dans un cadre rural du Kenya. Il est démontré que les socio-valeurs culturelles et les normes communautaires qui influencent le processus de socialisation ne sont pas constantes, mais qu’elles changent toujours et d’une façon parfois contradictoire et qu’elles sont perçues différemment par les jeunes et les membres plus âgés de la société, affectant ainsi négativement la capacité des parents et des autres anciens de réguler les jeunes. En outre, il est démontré que l'adoption de nouvelles structures sociales, conduisant à l'interruption de la transmission de comportements spécifiques, ne donne pas lieu à l'échec de la socialisation, mais offre de plus grandes voies pour favoriser un comportement positif. Au niveau national, la politique en charge du développement de la jeunesse est pleine de lacunes, en termes de politiques suivies, d’autant que les interventions n'ont pas été fondées sur une évaluation éclairée des problèmes. De même, les programmes pour les jeunes ont constamment été guidés par la philosophie du déficit et par des approches orientées. Ainsi, l'idéologie qui sous-tend le développement des jeunes, a souvent mis l'accent sur les projets centrés sur la transmission des compétences professionnelles et l'accès aux services financiers des jeunes, alors que fait défaut une politique familiale explicite. L'étude apporte une contribution à une recherche qui vise à comprendre les entraves structurelles, les nouvelles voies et transitions des jeunes à l'âge adulte et les chemins de développement personnel basé sur de nouvelles façons et attitudes, marquées par l'interaction humaine. Mots clés: Socialisation, Sociologie de la famille, changement culturel, développement de la jeunesse, Kenya iii QUOTE Every Society must somehow solve the problem of transforming children into (meaningful) adults, for its survival depends on that solution. Selznick and Darroch (1981) iv DÉCLARATION Cette thèse est un travail original fait par moi-même. Elle n’a jamais été présentée dans une autre université pour l’obtention d’un diplôme quelconque. CANDIDATE : ----------------------------------------------------------- AKUMA Joseph Misati Cette thèse a été présentée pour examen avec votre approbation en tant que directeur d’études. DIRECTEUR DE THÈSE : -------------------------------------------------- Prof. Christian THIBON Professeur d’Histore contemporaine Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour CO-DIRECTEUR DE THÈSE : --------------------------------------------- Prof. Paul Nyaga MBATIA Professor of Sociology Department of Sociology and Social Work University of Nairobi & Deputy –Vice Chancellor (Academic Affairs, Research & Innovation) Multimedia University of Kenya v DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my sister, late Joyce Kemunto Akuma (1967 - 1987), who during our childhood was fond of me and often carried me in her back. The vagaries of illness which struck early and throughout her lifetime deprived her the opportunity of navigating the youthful years of her life which are prone to the challenges of growing up in Gusii, the subject which forms the core of the thesis in this study. vi SUMMARY ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... ii RESUME ................................................................................................................................... ii QUOTE ....................................................................................................................................
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