History & government MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 Time: 2 ½ Hours JULY/AUGUST 2016 SECTION A: - 25 MARKS Answer ALL the questions in this section 1. Identify one method used by archaeologists to determine the age of an artefact. (1mark) 2. Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the pre- colonial period. (2marks) 3. Identify two natural factors that facilitated the coming of early visitors to the Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D. (2marks) 4. Name the Portuguese commander who led in the conquest of East coast between 1500 and 1511 A.D. (1mark) 5. State two treaties that were signed between the British and the Sultan of Zanzibar to end slave trade. (2marks) 6. State one factor that influenced Seyyid Said to establish large plantation farm in the Kenyan coast. (2marks) 7. State two groups that monitor human rights in Kenya. (2marks) 8. Mention two possible causes of conflict in Kenya. (2marks) 9. Give one reason why the British used the Imperial British East African Company to administer its possession in Kenya. (1mark) 10. Identify one way in which the collaboration of the Maasai with the British was similar to that of the Waga. (2marks) 11. Give two reasons why Africans were put in reserves during the colonial period. (2marks) 12. State two grievances that the Indians presented to the Duke of the Devonshire in 1923. (2marks) 13. Identify two main features of the new Kenyan constitution of 2010. (2marks) 14. Name one ex- officio member of the National Assembly in Kenya. (1mark) 15. Give one special court in Kenya. (1mark) 16. State one problem that the Co-operative Movement in Kenya has faced since independence. (1mark) 17. Identify one function of the Governor of a county in Kenya. (1mark)

SECTION B (45 Marks) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Cushites to Kenya during the Pre-colonial period. (5marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the Pre-colonial period. (10marks) 19. a) Give five reasons why Christian missionaries established mission stations in Kenya during the colonial period. (5marks) b) Explain five challenges that faced Christian missionaries’ activities in Kenya during the 19th century. (10marks) 20. a) Identify five roles played by Kenya African Union (K.A.U) in promoting nationalism in Kenya between 1944 and 1953. (5marks) b) Explain five roles of women in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10marks) 21. a) Identify three National Philosophies in Kenya. (3marks) b) Explain six problems that have undermined the performance of National philosophies in Kenya. (12marks)

SECTION C (30MKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) Highlight three factors that interfere with National Unity in Kenya. (3marks) b) Explain six elements of a good citizen in Kenya. (12marks) 23. a) State three factors that undermine free and fair election in Kenya. (3marks) b) Describe the stages through which a bill passes before it becomes a law in the National Assembly of Kenya. (12marks) 24. a) Give three reasons why the Government of Kenya prepares an annual budget. (3marks) b) Explain six ways in which the Government of Kenya spends its money. (12marks)

History & government MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 Time: 2 ½ Hours JULY/ AUGUST 2016 SECTION A (25 Marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. State one limitation of using electronics as a source of information of History and Government. (1mark) 2. Identify two classes of monarchial government. (2marks) 3. Identify two ways in which early man used tools. (2marks) 4. Identify two uses of copper in Africa during the 19th century. (2marks) 5. State one type of trade. (1mark) 6. State two ways in which slaves were acquired during the Trans-Atlantic trade. (2marks) 7. Give two negative impacts of internet today. (2marks) 8. Give two factors that led to the decline of Kilwa town. (2marks) 9. Give two categories of chiefs in the Buganda Kingdom. (2marks) 10. Name the leader of the British South African Company (BSACO.) in the 19th century. (1mark) 11. Identify two methods of colonial administration used by the British in Africa. (2marks) 12. Name one treaty signed by Lobengula and the British during the process of colonization. (1mark) 13. State one way through which the United Nations Organization contributed to the growth of African Nationalism. (1mark) 14. State the main cause of the Cold War. (1mark) 15. Give one factor that led to the failure of Ujamaa policy in Tanzania. (1mark) 16. State the main function of the International Court of Justice. (1mark) 17. State one way in which one can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain. (1mark)

SECTION B (45MKS) Answer three questions from this section 18. a) Give five changes that led to Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (5marks) b) Explain the effects of Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (10marks) 19. a) Give three factors that led to the development of urban centres in Africa during the pre-colonial period. (3marks) b) Explain six consequences of urbanization in Europe during the 19th C. (12marks) 20. a) Give three social reasons that led to the scramble and petition of Africa in the 19thC by European powers. (3marks) b) Explain six impacts of European partition of Africa. (12marks) 21. a) Give three reasons why the Ndebele were defeated by the British in 1893-1894. (3marks) b) Briefly describe the results of the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893-1894. (12marks)

SECTION C (30MKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. a) Outline five grievances of Africans against Apartheid in South Africa. (5marks) b) Explain five challenges faced by African Nationalists in the struggle for majority rule in South Africa. (10marks) 23. a) Identify five achievements of Pan Africanism. (5marks) b) Describe five factors undermining the activities of African Union (AU) since its formation in 2001 (10marks) 24. a) State three functions of political parties in the United States of America (USA) (3marks) b) Explain six duties of the president of the United States of America (USA) (12marks)

History & government MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 Marking scheme SECTION A (25Marks) Answer all questions in this section 1. Identify one method used by archaeologist to determine the age of an artifact.  Use of carbon 14 dating method.  Use of potassium-argon dating method.  Use of lexico-statistics dating.  Use of stratigraphy/relative dating method  Use of fission-track method.  Use of geological period method. 1x1 = 1 2. Give two reasons why Kenyan communities fought against each other during the pre- colonial period.  They were competing for land for cultivation/settlement  Competition for water and pasture  To demonstrate their military power  To raid for cattle  Slave raid 2x1 = 2 3. Identify two natural factors that facilitated the coming of early visitors to the Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D.  The coast had deep natural harbours  The coast was accessible by sea  The monsoon winds assisted in sea transport 2x1 = 2 4. Name one Portuguese commander who led in the conquest of East coast between 1500 and 1511 A.D.  Vasco Da Gama  Ruy Laurence Ravasco  Francisco D Almelda  Pedro Alvares Cabral  Tristao Dau Cunha  Francisco D’ Almeida  Alfonso D’ Abuqueque 1x1 = 1 5. State two treaties that were signed between the British and the Sultan of Zanzibar to end slave trade.  The Moresby treaty of 1822.  The Hammerton treaty of 1845  The Free treaty of 1872 2x1 = 2 6. State one factor that influenced Seyyid Said to establish large plantation farm in the Kenyan coast.  Favourable climate  Availability of slave labour  Fertile soils  Natural deep harbours which trade (market) in agricultural products  Presence of large tracts of land 1x1 = 2 7. State two groups that monitor human rights in Kenya.  Media/journalists  The police service  Lawyers/ teachers (professionals)  Religious groups  The Kenya National human rights and equality commission 2x1 = 2 8. Mention two possible causes of conflict in Kenya.  Pasture/grazing grounds  Land  Watering points.  Poor governance  Corruption  Religious differences  Greedy  Watering points 2x1 = 2 9. Give one reason why the British used the Imperial British East African Company to administer its possession in Kenya.  They lacked enough personnel  They lacked sufficient funds

History & government  The company was familiar with the area  They lacked a clear policy on administration of colonial possessions 1x1 = 1 10. Identify one way in which the collaboration of the Maasai with the British was similar to that of the Wanga.  The British recognized their leaders  Both communities lost their independence  The people of both communities were employed as askaris mercenaries  Both communities got material gains and rewards from the British 1x1 = 1 11. Give two reasons why Africans were put in reserves during the colonial period.  To create a pool of African labour for European settlers  To create space for white settlement  To restrict the movement of Africans  To check African nationalism  For easy monitoring of African activities  For easy collection of taxes from Africans 2x1 = 2 12. State two grievances that the Indians presented to the Duke of the Devonshire in 1923.  The Indians were against racial discrimination  They wanted to be given land in the highlands  They opposed settler dominance in Kenya  They were against separate taxation for Europeans and Indians  They wanted direct and adequate representation in the Legco based in a common roll 2x1 = 2 13. Identify two main features of the new Kenyan constitution of 2010.  It gives sovereign power on the people of Kenya who can exercise it directly or through their representatives  It contains a comprehensive bill of rights  It contains affirmative action for women, youth, the disabled and marginalized people  It spells out national values and principles of governance  It defines the powers of executive which consists of president, deputy president and the cabinet  It creates independent commissions and offices for implementing the constitution  It provides tough amendment procedures in order to safeguard peoples interests  It provides for devolved government by creating 47 counties  It outlines the principles of land policy and classification  It provides the requirement for leadership and integrity  It creates an independent judiciary with a supreme court 2x1 = 2 14. Name one ex- officio member of the National Assembly in Kenya.  The speaker  The Attorney-General 1x1 = 1 15. Give one special court in Kenya.  Military courts/ martial courts.  Kadhi’s courts  Juvenile courts/children courts  Industrial courts  Special tribunals 1x1 = 1 16. State one problem that the Co-operative Movement in Kenya has faced since independence.  Corruption  Mismanagement of members funds  Employment of unqualified personnel  Political interference  Poor-economic base  Un-binding by-laws  Bad leadership, i.e. nepotism 1x1 = 1 17. Identify one function of the Governor of a county in Kenya.  Nominates the deputy governor whose work is to deputize him/her  Supervises the functions of county executive committee  Appoints members of the county executive committee with the approval of county assembly  Heads and coordinates the functions of county administration  Participates in law making process  He is in charge of the implementation of county and national legislation  He receives and entertains guests to the county 1x1 = 1 SECTION B (45MKS) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Cushites to Kenya during the Pre-colonial period.  There was population pressure in their original homeland

History & government  They moved due to drought and famine  Due to outbreak of diseases and epidemics  They moved in search of water and pasture for their livestock  Fearing attacks by hostile neighbours  Some were influenced by spirit of adventure  Internal conflicts b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the Pre-colonial period.  The Somali were organized into semi-independent clans  Each clan was headed by council of elders  The council of elders settled land disputes and maintained general law and order  Council of elders presided over assemblies (committees) and religious ceremonies  The council of elders also directed the activities of warriors  There was an overall leader of all Somali clans whose tittle was Sultan  The Sultan negotiated peace among different Somali clans  The Sultan also directed the combined army of different clans in case of a war with a common enemy  Islamic law (sharia) was the basis of justice among the Somali people  The Somali were organized into age-sets which were also warrior units to defend the community 19. a) Give five reasons why Christian missionaries established mission stations in Kenya during the colonial period.  To serve as centres for converting Africans  To serve as education centres  To serve as health centres  To serve as settlement for freed slaves  To serve as base where European missionaries would operate from.  To train African catechists who would in turn facilitate the spread of Christianity 5x1 = 5 b) Explain five challenges that faced Christian missionary activities in Kenya during the 19th century.  Hostility of believers of traditional religion who saw missionaries as threat to their beliefs and cultural practices  Opposition by leaders of Islamic faith and other believers whose interest was to advance their religion in the region  Harsh tropical climate  Inadequate funds and supplies such as food  Inadequate personnel to carry out the missionary activities  Rivalry among different Christian groups  Communication barrier  Transport problems  Hostility from African rulers/tribes 6x2 = 12 20. a) Identify five roles played by Kenya African Union (K.A.U) in promoting nationalism in Kenya between 1944 and 1953.  K.A.U opened up branches in various parts of the colony to educate Africans on the need to unite against colonial rule  It influenced the colonial government to increase African representation in the legislative council (legco)  It published newspapers and magazines which campaigned for independence of Sauti ya Mwafrika  It supported Eliud Mathu the first African to be nominated to the Legco  It presented African grievances to international meetings like U.N.O  It supported the Mau Mau freedom fighters  It provided leadership for the nationalists struggle  Organised political rallies throughout the country to popularize African grievances  It succeeded in uniting Kenyan tribes in the struggle for independence  It supported the independent churches and the independent schools movement 5x1 = 5 b) Explain five roles of women in the struggle for independence in Kenya.  They stole fire-arms from the colonial government and passed them onto freedom fighters  Women fought as soldiers in the Mau Mau war of liberation  They supplied freedom fighters with food, medicine and clothing  They participated in anti-colonial demonstration  Women composed songs to mobilise support for the struggle  They acted as spies for freedom fighters  They contributed to the establishment of independent schools and churches  They formed women organizations like Maendeleo ya Wanawake formed in 1960 which supported the independence of Kenya  They cared for their families and kept them intact as the men went to war  They took part in oath administration to keep the secrets of the struggle 5x2 = 10 21. a) Identify three National Philosophies in Kenya.  Harambee  Nyayoism

History & government  African socialism 3x1 = 3 b) Explain six problems that have undermined the performance of National Philosophies in Kenya.  Corruption  Negative altitude from people  Poverty  Tribal clashes and conflict  Unemployment  Leadership wrangle  Misappropriation and embezzlement of public funds 6x2 = 12 SECTION C (30MKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) Highlight three factors that interfere with National Unity in Kenya.  Racism  Religious conflicts  Tribalism/Ethnicity  Political ideologies  Party membership  Corruption  Poverty/inadequate distribution of national resources  Ignorance any 3x1 = 3 b) Explain six elements of a good citizen in Kenya.  Should avoid corruption  Respect of other people’s rights and freedom  Be law a binding  Report criminals and unlawful activities  Should give true information on official documents  Should pay tax  Should participate in democratic processes e.g. voting in elections  Should protect the environment and natural resources  Should be patriotic and ready to defend the nation  Should take part in public debate e.g. attending chiefs Barazas  Should be hardworking for personal development and development of nation any 6x2 = 12 23. a) State three factors that undermine free and fair election in Kenya.  Inadequate civic education  Illiteracy among citizens  Violence among citizens  Rigging  Inadequate voting materials  Bribes  Unfavourable weather conditions any 3x1 = 3 b) Describe the stages through which a bill passes before it becomes a law in the National Assembly of Kenya.  First reading  Second reading  Committee stage  Report stage  Third reading  Presidential asset  Gazetting any 6x2 = 12 24. a) Give three reasons why the Government of Kenya prepares an annual budget.  To identify sources of government revenue  To identify development projects  To be able to explain to the public the tax structure  To balance its revenue and expenditure needs  To be able to monitor her expenditure  To be able to assess its performance in the previous year  To be able to communicate its plans and policies to both local and foreign investors  It is the only means of securing loans from donors/statement for borrowing  It is able to plan for emergencies like floods i.e. supplementary budget  It ensures accountability and transparency in government financial activities any 3x1 = 3 b) Explain six ways in which the Government of Kenya spends its money.  For development activities- capital expenditure

History & government  For payment of wages and salaries  To pay its debts  Repair and maintenance of government buildings  Grants and bursaries to needy students  It gives money to county governments  To run government programmes like free primary and free secondary education  To meet its international and regional obligations of contributing money

History & government MAKUENI COUNTY CLUSTER PREPARATORY EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 Marking scheme SECTION A (25MKS) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. State one limitation of using electronics as a source of information of History and Government.  May contain biased information  Exaggeration of some information e.g. acted films  Some are censured and may leave out same important information  It is expensive (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 2. Identify two classes of monarchial government.  Constitutional monarchy  Absolute monarchy (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 3. Identify two ways in which early man used tools.  For protection against enemies  For hunting and gathering  For digging roots  For constructing shelter  For skinning/scrapping/peeling  For cutting/chopping  For making containers/curving  For sharpening (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 4. Identify two uses of copper in Africa during the 19th century.  Decoration  Making utensils  Medium of exchange  Storing of wealth  Item of trade (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 5. State one type of trade.  Local  Regional  International 6. State two ways in which slaves were acquired during the Trans-Atlantic trade.  Some African leaders sold their citizens as slaves  People who failed to pay debts were sold to slave dealers  Lonely travellers were captured and sold  Prisoners of war and criminals were sold  Chiefs and traders organized raids on unsuspecting villages and sold the captured  The weak in the society, for example orphans and widows were sold to slave dealers  Children were enticed with sweets and later sold as slaves (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 7. Give two negative impacts of internet today.  Addiction  Cyber-crime  Moral erosion e.g. pornography. (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 8. Give two factors that led to the decline of Kilwa town.  Disruption of the gold trade due to civil wars  Constant rebellion by states weakened the city state  The conquest and attack by the Portuguese  Dynastic rivalries due to powered struggle by some royal families led to its decline (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 9. Give two categories of chiefs in the Buganda kingdom.  Mugema (senior chief)  Saza chiefs  Bataka chiefs  Miluka  Gombolola  Abatongole (in charge of conquered states) (2 x 1 = 2 marks) 10. Name the leader of the British South African Company (BSACO.) in the 19th century.  Cecil Rhodes 11. Identify two methods of colonial administration used by the British in Africa.  Direct rule

History & government  Indirect rule 12. Name one treaty signed by Lobengula and the British during the process of colonization.  Moffat treaty  Rudd concession 13. State one way through which the United Nations Organization contributed to the growth of African Nationalism.  The U.N charter which advocated for self –determination among the colonized people 14. State the main cause of cold war.  Ideological differences 15. Give one factor that led to the failure of Ujamaa policy in Tanzania.  Villages were established in less productive lands  Shortage of labour as a result of rural-urban migration  People in agriculturally rich areas like the Mt. Kilimanjaro region preferred individual farming because it was more profitable  Demoralization of workers. 16. State the main function of the International Court of Justice.  To settle international disputes 17. State one way in which one can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain.  Nomination  Inheritance  By virtue of office

SECTION B (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Give five changes that led to the Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (5marks)  Use of machines  Use of fertilizers  Breeding of modern livestock  Abolition of fallows  Crop rotation  Fencing and hedging  Scientific methods of food preservation (b) Explain the effects of the Agrarian Revolution in Britain. (10marks)  Increased food production leading to population increase  Expansion of Agro-based industries increased trade  Need for labour caused slave trade in Africa  Development of infrastructure e.g. roads and railways  Many inventions to boost farming e.g. mechanical reaper by Cyrus Mac Cernic  Migration of British people to new land e.g. America  Led to rural-urban migration 19. (a) Give three factors that led to development of urban centres in Africa during the pre-colonial period. (5marks)  Existence of trade routes which linked various places lead to the development of towns and major cross roads  Administration/royal centres later developed into towns  Development of centres of learning later became urban centres  Development in agriculture led to availability of food which in turn encouraged people to establish permanent settlements  Religious centres developed into towns e.g. Kumasi  Places that were secure attracted population and later developed into towns  Ports and harbours which were used as calling stations for replenishment developed to urban centres  Place were water was available developed with urban centre  Trading activities led to the rise of convergent centres which later developed into towns (5 x 1 = 5 marks) b) Explain six consequences of urbanization in Europe during the 19th century  Expansion of trade  Promoted social interaction among Europeans nations.  Poor health resulting from poor working conditions and inadequate health facilities.  Landless peasants migrated to urban centres in search of employment  Pollution of environment by untreated industrial waste.  Outbreak of epidemics such as cholera and typhoid due to poor sanitation.  Increased immorality inform of alcoholism, prostitution and crime.  Led to improvement of transport and communication.  Starvation resulting from inadequate food supply to the large urban population.  Strained social facilities/recreational facilities. (6x2=12mrks) 20) Give three social reasons that led to the scramble and the partition of Africa in the 19th century by European powers.  Christian missionaries wanted to spread Christianity.

History & government  The humanitarians wanted to stop slave trade.  Wanted to spread their superior culture.  Exploration and adventure of new lands. (3x1=3mrks) b) Explain six impacts of partition of Africa by European powers.  boundaries were drawn without considering peoples wishes  Division of communities such as the Maasai of Kenyans and Tanzania, Somalis of Somali and Somalis of Kenya.  Collapse of some kingdoms.  Boundary disputes led to conflicts between states.  It led to culture erosion of African practices in the process of adopting European culture.  Loss of many lives during military resistance.  Destruction of property, homes and farmlands.  Abolition of slave trade and subsequent introduction of legitimate trade. 21. a) Give three reasons why the Ndebele were defeated by the British in 1893 – 1894  The British army was well equipped with horses and modern weapons like Machine guns  The Ndebele used inferior weapons  Ndebele warriors had been weakened by small pox  The company forces were well trained and well led. Dr. Lieder Star Jameson was a tough and ruthless commander  The British were supported by the Mashona  The death of Lobengula greatly demoralized the Ndebele warriors who surrendered. 21. (b) Briefly describe the results of the Anglo-Ndebele war at 1893-1894.  The Ndebele lost their independence to the British  The British took away Ndebele cattle as a war fine  The British government recognized company rule in Matabeleland  The defeat of the Ndebele opened the way for massive land alienation  The Ndebele were pushed to the dry and unproductive Gwaai and Shangani reserves  The Ndebele were subjected to forced labour and taxation  The Ndebele system of government was dismantled and the age-set organization broken. Many Indians were killed and those who remained were not recognized SECTION C (30MARKS) 22. (a) Outline five grievances of Africans against Apartheid in South Africa  Africans were not allowed to vote for black representatives in the government  They were not allowed to live in the same urban areas with the whites  They were prohibited from sharing same facilities with the whites like buses, toilets and schools.  The pass laws restricted African movement  Africans were confined into black homeland (reserves) called Bantustans  The labour laws denied them equal employment opportunities  Low quality educations prepared Africans for low cadre jobs  Wanted better education for the Africans  Peoples freedom and liberties were restricted  The land Acts gave whites exclusive rights over land (b) Explain five challenges faced by African Nationalists in struggle for majority rule in South Africa  Some were arrested and detained by the apartheid government  The political parties were banned by the government making it difficult for the nationalists to coordinate their activities.  They lacked unity, rendering their struggle less effective  Pass laws restricted the movement of Africans thus hampering their interactions  They lacked adequate funds to finance he struggle thus slowing down their operations  The government banned African newspapers making it difficult to spread their ideas  They lacked advanced weapons to fight effectively against the Apartheid police  Ideologies differences among leaders ie moderates, communists and radicals created a loophole which was exploited by the Apartheid government to divide the nationalists  Some nationalists were killed, breaking the morale of other freedom fighters  The apartheid government was too harsh and cruel. It used brutal methods against the Africans  The government frequently declared states of emergency in South Africa and always ran a police state. This threatened African nationalists.  Use of divide and rule policy to divide the Africans. 23. (a) Identify five achievement of Pan-Africanism  It encouraged Africans to unite against colonial injustices thereby promoting African nationalism.  It restored African dignity by demanding respect for African values  It lead to the formation of Organization of African unity (O.A.U)  It made Africans aware of their status in society and their rights

History & government  It created a sense of unity among the people of African descent  It campaigned against the apartheid regime in South Africa  It encouraged the formation of nationalist movements to liberate Africans from colonial rule (b) Describe five factors undermining the activities of the African Union (A.U) since its formation in 2001.  Political instability and civil wars in many countries makes it difficult to execute some of its programmes.  Border disputes between member countries creates disunity in the continent  Lack of democracy in some countries has contributed to inability to end human rights abuses and violations  Poor means of transport is a hindrance to economic development in Africa  Interference of African affairs by western countries undermines the union effort to implement its policies  Due to Neo-colonization. The members are more attached to their former colonial masters at the expense of the union  Ideological differences between some African states creates division within the union  The A.U lacks a standing army making it ineffective in pushing its decisions  National interests are given priority at the expense of the unions interests  There is divided loyalty based on other regional bodies  Inadequate funds makes it difficult for the union to fulfill its obligations since most African countries are poor and indebted  There occurs personal differences between leaders  The western countries are still against total unification of Africa hence interferes with AU leadership like the killing of Gaddafi of Libya in 2010 who was one of the founders of AU  Terrorists groups are an increasing threat to peace and stability in Africa, like Al-shabaab and Boko-Haram 24. (a) State three functions of political parties in USA (3marks)  Parties make electoral politics coherent without political parties, each candidate would operate as one’s own agent hence making the exercise chaotic  The party label makes voters sort through the candidates as parties usually stand for different principles and politics  The political party system provides accountability, when the policies of a party fail, the voters can held its candidates accountable at election time  Parties help to put the desires of the people on the government policy agenda  Parties also provide outlets for citizens to express their sentiments about nominees (b) Explain six duties of the president of the United States of America (USA) (12marks)  He is the head of state, re[presents the country abroad and welcomes foreign dignities  He is the chief executive, he executes laws and policies passed by congress  The US president is the chief diplomat. He gives the congress information of international developments  He is the chief legislator who initiates bills, appeals to legislators to support him. He can also veto powers to pass bills  The president is commander in chief of the armed forces  He is the head of the ruling party  He appoints with approval of senate top officials in government  The US president is the national voice of the people of U.S.A

History & government CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.

1. Name the arm of government of Kenya that interprets law. (1 mark) 2. Give two scientific sources of History of Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 3. Identity the ethnic community that the Maasai assimilated. (1 mark) 4. State two factors that made it possible for the Arab traders to come to the Kenyan Coast. (2 marks) 5. Identify the town that was established by missionaries in Kenya as a centre for freed slaves during the 19th century. (1 mark) 6. Give two economic factors that promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) 7. What constitutional amendment made Kenya revert to multi-party state? (1 mark) 8. State two factors that enabled the British to colonize Kenya in the 19th century. (2 marks)

9. Outline the main contribution of Christian missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for independence up to 1939. (1 mark) 10. Give two newspapers which highlighted the Africans grievances up to 1943 in Kenya. (2 marks) 11. State the main duty of the government chief whip in Kenya’s parliament. (1 mark) 12. State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 affected the composition of the government in Kenya. (2 marks) 13. Give two reasons for the adoption of Harambee strategy in Kenya after independence. (2 marks) 14. Name the first post-independence opposition party in Kenya. (1 mark) 15. State the main reason why the government of Kenya introduced the constituency development fund. (1 mark) 16. State two ways through which the savings and credit cooperative societies in Kenya benefit their members. (2 marks) 17. Give one social implication of poverty in Kenya today. (1 mark)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.

18. (a) State five similarities in the social organization of the Agikuyu and the Luo during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the political organisation of the Luo during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) 19. (a) Name three Portuguese commanders who were involved in the conquest of the East African Coast. (3 marks) (b) Explain six factors that contributed to the decline of the Portuguese rule among the Kenyan Coast during the 17th century. (12 marks) 20. (a) Give five reasons for the Agiriama resistance against the British rule. (5 marks) (b) Explain five results of the Akamba mixed reaction against the British rule. (10 marks) 21. (a) Give any three cases of political assassinations in the independent Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain the economic challenges faced by Kenya at independence. (12 marks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. (a) Identify five elements of good citizenship. (5 marks) (b) Explain five rights of arrested persons provided for in the Kenyan constitution. (10 marks) 23. (a) Give three reasons why the constitution of Kenya is important. (3 marks) (b) Explain six factors that may undermine the administration of justice in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. (a) Identify five stages in the preparation of the National budget. (5 marks) (b) Explain six measures that the Kenyan government has put in place to control public finance. (10 marks)

History & government CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS

SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.

1. Identify two unwritten sources of information in history and government. (2 marks) 2. Give one reason why the period of early man is referred to as Stone Age. (1 mark) 3. State one way through which the invention of writing favoured the development of early agriculture in Egypt. (1 mark) 4. State one use of the wheel in ancient Mesopotamia. (1 mark) 5. Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 6. State two reasons why trade movements were formed in Europe in the 19th century. (2 marks) 7. State the main function of chiefs among the Shona in pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 8. Identify two symbols of royal authority in Buganda Kingdom. (2 marks) 9. Give one strategic factor that led to the European invasion of Africa. (1 mark) 10. Name the European country that colonized Mozambique. (1 mark) 11. Give two reasons why African chiefs were unpopular among their fellow Africans during the colonial period. (2 marks) 12. Identify two war weapons that were used in the First World War. (2 marks) 13. State the two regions that signed an act of union in 1964 in Tanzania. (2 marks) 14. State two benefits of international relations. (2 marks) 15. Identify one characteristic of the common wealth countries. (1 mark) 16. Give one requirement for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the USA. (1 mark) 17. Who forms the executive of the British Government?

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. (a) Identify the stages of development of tools by early man. (3 marks) (b) Explain six effects of the development of agrarian revolution in the U.S.A. (12 marks) 19. (a) State five reasons why man began to trade. (5 marks) (b) Explain the factors that contributed to industrialization in India. (10 marks) 20. (a) Give five methods used by nationalists in Mozambique in the struggle for independence. (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why South Africa took long to achieve majority rule. (10 marks) 21. (a) State three principles of the Arusha Declaration of (1967). (3 marks) (b) Describe the major political developments that Julius Nyerere will be remembered for in Tanzania. (12 marks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.

22. (a) Give three duties of the Katikiro. (3 marks) (b) Explain six factors that led to the rise and growth of the Asante empire. (12 marks) 23. (a) State three privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in the four communes of Senegal. (3 marks) (b) Why did the French system of Assimilation fail in areas outside the communes? (12 marks) 24. (a) State three functions of the supreme court in India. (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the Prime Minister in India. (12 marks)

History & government CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 311/1 – HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1. Name the arm of government of Kenya that interpretes law. (1 mark) - Judiciary. 2. Give two scientific sources of History of Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) i) Genetic study. ii) Archaeology/paleontology. iii) Linguistics. 3. Identity the ethnic community that the Maasai assimilated. (1 mark) Sirikwa people. 4. State two factors that made it possible for the Arab traders to come to the Kenyan Coast. (2 marks) (i) The monsoon winds which powered their dhows to the east. (ii) Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast via the sea. (iii) Skilled in marine technology. (iii) Deep harbours at the Kenyan Coast which provided a place to anchor their ships. 5. Identify the town that was established by missionaries in Kenya as a centre for freed slaves during the 19th century. (1 mark) - Frere town. 6. Give two economic factors that promotes national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) (i) Equitable distribution of resources. (ii) Commercial interaction/trade. (iii) Equal employment opportunities. (iv) Use of a common currency. 7. What constitutional amendment made Kenya revert to multi party state? (1 mark) - Repeal of Section 2A of the constitution 1991. 8. State two factors that enabled the British to colonize Kenya in the 19th century. (2 marks) (i) The British had superior weapons. (ii) African were disunited. (iii) Some African collaborated with the British. (iv) Africans were unaware of the intentions of the British. 9. Outline the main contribution of Christian missionaries in Kenya during the struggle for independence up to 1939. (1 mark) - They represented the Africans in the legislature council (legco). 10. Give two newspapers which highlighted Africans grievances up to 1943 in Kenya. (2 marks) (i) Mwigwithania/Reconcilor by Kenyatta. (ii) Coast African Express by Elkana Young. 11. State the main duty of the government chief whip in Kenya’s parliament. (1 mark) - To rally members of parliament to pass government bills in parliament. 12. State two ways in which the National Accord and Reconciliation Act 2008 affected the composition of the government in Kenya. (2 marks) (i) It created a coalition government. (ii) It created the office/position of the prime minister. (iii) It created offices/positions of the two deputy prime ministers. (iv) It increased the number of ministers/cabinet ministers. 13. Give two reasons for the adoption of Harambee strategy in Kenya after independence. (2 marks) (i) To pool the scarce resources together. (ii) To eradicate poverty among the people. (iii) To promote unity among the people. 14. Name the first post-independence opposition party in Kenya. (1 mark) - Kenya people’s union. 15. State the main reason why the government of Kenya introduced the constituency development fund. (1 mark) - To spread development in Kenya. 16. State two ways through which the savings and credit cooperative societies in Kenya benefit their members. (2 marks) (i) They give loans. (ii) Provide banking facilities. (iii) Create employment. (iv) Educate members on financial management. (v) Provide insurance services. 17. Give one social implication of poverty in Kenya today. (1 mark)

History & government (i) Rise in crime rate. (ii) Increase of street families. (iii) Rise of slums in towns. (iv) Moral decadence.

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) State five similarities in the social organization of the Agikuyu and the Luo during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (i) In both the family was the basic social unit. (ii) In both marriage was exogamous and polygamy was allowed. (iii) They believed in a supreme being. (iv) In both they believed in ancestral spirits. (v) They both practiced initiation. (vi) Had informal education. (vii) In both their was division of labour. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Describe the political organisation of the Luo during the pre-colonial period. (5mks) a. Family was the smallest political unit. b. A clan was made of several families/basic political unit. c. Each clan had a council of elders/Doho. d. There were lineage councils below the Doho who settled domestic issues. e. Had a group of warriors who defended the community (Thuondi). f. There was a senior council of elders who headed the community (buch piny). g. Religious leaders influenced politics. 19. (a) Name three Portuguese commanders who were involved in the conquest of the East African Coast. (3 marks) (i) Vasco da Gama. (ii) Pedro Alvares Cabral. (iii) Ruy Laurence Rovasco. (iv) Tristao da cunhc. (v) Fransisco de aimeida. (c) Explain six factors that contributed to the decline of the Portuguese rule among the Kenyan Coast during the 17th century. (12 marks) a. Inefficient and corrupt officials who amassed wealth at the expense of the general public. b. Constant rebellions in the area conquered due to ruthless rule. c. Inadequate Portuguese officials to administer to region. d. Decline in trade thus no revenue for the Portuguese operations. e. Portuguese soldiers were weakened by attacks by tropical diseases. f. Invasion by Zimba warriors undermined their position. g. Portuguese faced intense commercial rivalry from the Dutch the British and French which reduced her source of revenue. h. The annexation of Portugal by Spain weakened Portuguese control of the Coast. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 20. (a) Give five reasons for the Agiriama resistance against the British rule. (5mks) (i) The Agiriama were being forced into the army. (ii) The British officials insulted the Agiriama culture by raping Agiriama women. (iii) There was disruption of trade/British took the role of middlemen. (iv) Forced labour with little or no pay. (v) Forced taxation of hut-tax. (vi) Massive land alienation. (vii) Resented loss of traditional power to British appointed headmen. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Explain five results of the Akamba mixed reaction against the British rule. (10mks) a. The British declared the Akamba territory their protectorate. b. Resulted to massive land alienation. c. Loss of life/many Akamba warriors were killed. d. Destruction of property. e. The British interfered with the Akamba culture by cutting their traditional Ithembo tree. f. Introduction of taxes on the Akamba. g. Recruiting of the Akamba men into the king’s African Rifles to fight in the 1st World War. (5 x 2 = 10mks) 21. (a) Give any three cases of political assassinations in the independent Kenya. (3mks) (i) The murder of Pio Gama Pinto – 1965. (ii) Tom Joseph Mboya. (iii) J. M. Kariuki. (iv) Dr. Robert Ouko. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain the economic challenges faced by Kenya at independence. (12 marks) (i) Stagnation of investment in the first years or independence due to massive transfer of capita from the country by the white settlers. (ii) The problem of landlessness among many Africans due to land alienation.

History & government (iii) Serious disparity in the country between the developed white highlands and the undeveloped African dominated areas. (iv) Problem of control or economy by the Europeans prior to independence and after independence. (v) Lack or qualified man power to run the technical sectors of the economy. (vi) Unemployment. (vii) Poor infrastructure. (6 x 2 = 12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Identify five elements of good citizenship. (5 marks) (i) Having respect for the law/obedience to the law. (ii) Taking part in democratic process. (iii) Using public property responsibly. (iv) Engaging in positive development of the country. (v) Being loyal/patriotic to ones nation. (vi) Reporting law breakers to the authorities. (vii) Respect for other people/their property. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Explain five rights of arrested persons provided for in the Kenyan constitution. (10 marks) a. To be informed promptly the reason for arrest. b. The right to remain silent. c. To be informed of the consequences of not remaining silent. d. Right to communicate with an advocate or relatives. e. Not to be forced to make confessions that could be used against him in a court of law. f. To be held separately from other people serving a sentence. g. To be brought to court within the 24 hours of arrest. (5 x 2) 23. (a) Give three reasons why the constitution of Kenya is important. (3 marks) (i) It defines the structure-functions and powers of the branches of government. (ii) It clearly states the rights/responsibilities of individuals. (iii) It spells out the responsibilities of those in power/limits. (iv) It ensures equality of all Kenyans. (v) It is the basis of all legislation in the century. (c) Explain six factors that may undermine the administration of justice in Kenya. (12 marks) a. Lack of impartiality during trials may lead to unfair judgement. b. Censoring judges publicly on decisions made in court may influence the final judgement/political. c. Corrupt practices in courts of law may lead to unfair decisions. d. Confining suspects in remand for longer periods without presenting them to court of law for prosecution. e. Failure to protect the legal rights of the ordinary people when they conflict with the rich and powerful. f. Lack of commitment/inability by the police to carry out thorough investigations on suspects criminal activities. g. The inability of ordinary people to meet the cost of prolonged court cases. h. Lack of knowledge regarding legal procedures hence find themselves implicated unfairly. i. Failure of the legal officers to attend to court cases promptly due to pressure of work. j. Use of outdated colonial laws which do not address the current issues. k. Lack of one common law derails the effective administration of justice. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 24. (a) Identify five stages in the preparation of the National budget. (5 marks) (i) Each government ministry prepares its estimates. (ii) The ministries budgets are forwarded to the ministry of finance. (iii) The ministry of finance compiles the estimates into a single budget/proposed budget. (iv) The proposed budget is discussed by cabinet. (v) The cabinet secretary in the Ministry of Finance presents/reads the budget before parliament. (vi) Parliament discusses/debates/approves the budget. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Explain six measures that the Kenyan government has put in place to control public finance. (10 marks) a. Parliamentary approval – government expenditure must be approved by approved by the parliament. b. Parliamentary committees have the task to scrutinize government expenditure records. c. The auditor-general audits ministries and government departments and report to parliament. d. Principle secretaries are held responsible/accountable for all the money allocated to the ministries. e. Government contracts are publicly advertised for awarding of tenders through strict procurement procedures. f. The Kenya anti-corruption commission investigates corruption cases. g. All supplementary expenditure by government ministries and departments must be approved by parliament. (5 x 2)

History & government CENTRAL KENYA NATIONAL SCHOOLS JOINT MOCK - 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1. Identify two unwritten sources of information in history and government. (2marks) (i) Oral traditions. (ii) Linguistics. (iii) Anthropology. (iv) Genetics. (v) Archaeology. (vi) Paleontology. 2. Give one reason why the period of early man is referred to as Stone Age. (1 mark) - Because he made tools and weapons mainly from stone. 3. State one way through which the invention of writing favoured the development of early agriculture in Egypt. (1 mark) (i) Keeping accurate records of seasons. (ii) Keeping the records of agricultural produce. 4. State one use of the wheel in ancient Mesopotamia. (1 mark) (i) For transport. (ii) To move war chariots. (iii) Used by potters to make pots from clay. 5. Name two metals that were used as currency in pre-colonial period. (2 marks) (i) Iron. (ii) Gold. (iii) Copper. (iv) Silver. (v) Bronze. 6. State two reasons why trade which movements were formed in Europe in the 19th century. (2 marks) (i) Fight for workers welfare/improve working conditions. (ii) Negotiate for better terms/wages. (iii) Improve hours of working/health schemes. 7. State the main function of chiefs among the Shona in pre-colonial period. (1 mark) Ruled Vassal States on behalf of the king. 8. Identify two symbols of royal authority in Buganda Kingdom. (2 marks) (i) The throne/regalia. (ii) Royal spears. (iii) Royal stools. (iv) Royal drums. 9. Give one strategic factor that led to the European invasion of Africa. (1 mark) (i) Egyptian question. (ii) French activities in Congo and West Africa. (iii) Activities of King Leopold of Belgium. 10. Name the European country that colonized Mozambique. (1 mark) Portugal. 11. Give two reasons why African chiefs were unpopular among their fellow Africans during the colonial period. (2 marks) (i) They were regarded as instruments of colonial exploitation and oppression. (ii) Used their powers to acquire riches in terms of tracks of land, livestock and wives. (iii) They were ruthless and brutal as they collected taxes and recruited labour. 12. Identify two war weapons that were used in the First World War. (2 marks) (i) Use of poison gas by the Germans. (ii) Aeroplanes were used for the first time in 1915. (iii) Use of Tanka by the British. 13. State the two regions that signed an act of union in 1964 in Tanzania. (2 marks) (i) Tanganyika. (ii) Zanzibar. 14. State two benefits of international relations. (2 marks) (i) Promote economic growth through trade. (ii) Developing countries get financial and technical assistance. (iii) Enhance peace and security in the world. (iv) Encourage cultural exchange. (v) Help in getting collective solutions to world problems.

History & government 15. Identify one characteristic of the common wealth common. (1 mark) (i) Use English as a common language. (ii) Maintain cultural ties e.g. Commonwealth games. (iii) Co-operate in the field of education. (iv) Recognise the Queen of England as the head of the commonwealth. (v) Have a common military tradition based on the head of the commonwealth. (vi) Members share common democratic institutions from Britain. 16. Give one requirement for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the USA. (1 mark) (i) American citizen by birth. (ii) 35yrs of age. (iii) Must have lived in America for 14yrs. 17. Who forms the executive of the British Government? (i) Prime minister. (ii) Monarch. (iii) The civil service.

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Identify the stages of development of tools by early man. (3 marks) (i) Oldowan tools – heavy crude and less efficient. (ii) Acheulian tools – sangoan – lighter and sharper. (iii) Microlith tools – smaller, lighter, halted sharp. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six effects of the development of agrarian revolution in the U.S.A. (12mks) (i) Many parts of U.S.A were opened up for both settlement and agriculture. (ii) Led to diversification of agriculture. (iii) Promoted research and scientific inventions. (iv) Adequate food which promoted urbanization (v) Development of agro-based industries as a result of raw materials. (vi) Led to urbanization. (vii) Led to mechanization. (viii) Increase in food production which resulted to increase in population. (ix) Improvement in transport and communication. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 19. (a) State five reasons why man began to trade. (5 marks) (i) Production of surplus food from agriculture. (ii) Job specialization people produced different types of goods. (iii) Development of transport to carry goods. (iv) Some regions were endowed with natural resources. (v) To get goods and services they did not have. (b) Explain the factors that contributed to industrialization in India. (10 marks) (i) Cottage industries acted as a base for industrialization. (ii) Existence of natural resources e.g. coal, iron etc. (iii) The country is endowed with natural resources e.g. H.E.P nuclear. (iv) Labour – India has a big population which provides cheap labour. (v) Political stability – The country has enjoyed peace since independence. (vi) Good transport and communication. (vii) Government support five year plan after independence. (viii) Indians were very enterprising had businesses at home and in foreign countries. (ix) Availability of funds from foreign investors. (5 x 2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Give five methods used by nationalists in Mozambique in the struggle for independence. (5 marks) (i) Mass media. (ii) Forming political associations. (iii) Use of guerrilla movement. (iv) Strikes by dock workers and peasants. (v) Formation of political movements. (vi) Support from other countries like Russia and China. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain five reasons why South Africa took long to achieve majority rule. (10mks) (i) Nationalists were arrested and imprisoned. (ii) They were tortured to death. (iii) Violence by police during demonstrations. (iv) Divide and rule policy used by the government. (v) Banning of political parties and other organization. (vi) Lack of enough finances and other resources hampered nationalist activities. (vii) Nationalist were denied access to state owned mass media outlets and most of their newspaper were banned. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

History & government 21. (a) State three principles of the Arusha Declaration of (1967). (3 marks) (i) Self reliance – Need to use local resources and avoiding relying on foreign aid. (ii) Ujamaa – Building a socialist society based on the African traditions of the family. (iii) Human equality – Removal of all forms of discrimination. (iv) Control by the people of all major means of production in nationalization of resources. (b) Describe the major political developments that Julius Nyerere will be remembered for in Tanzania.(12 marks) (i) Political union between the mainland of Tanzania and Zanzibar 1962. (ii) He was pro-socialism and was opposed to the capitalist ideology. (iii) He supported international organizations of Non-Aligned Movement, OAU, UN etc. (iv) He supported movements that worked to liberate African countries from colonialism. (v) In 1977, the Afro-Shirozi: Party (Zanzibar) and TANU (Tanganyika) merged to form CCM with Nyerere as the Party President and Aboud Jumbe as Vice President. (vi) Nyerere helped Milton Obote of Uganda who had been disposed by Idi Amin to reclaim power in 1979 (vii) He influenced the transfer of the capital from Dar-es-Salam to Dodoma. (viii) Nyerere retired as President in 1985 to allow for new leadership in the country/smooth hand over.

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Give three duties of the Katikiro. (3 marks) (i) Organized tax collection. (ii) Planned public work. (iii) Planned wars in Kabaka’s name. (iv) Protected Kabaka during war. (v) Informed Kabaka about the decisions he made. (vi) On court issues. (b) Explain six factors that led to the rise and growth of the Asante empire. (12 marks) (i) The golden stool brought about unity in the kingdom. (ii) Had able, shrewd and courageous leaders e.g. Osei Tutu. (iii) The growth of Trans-Saharan trade which brought a lot of wealth to the Asante people. (iv) The kingdom had a strong agricultural base. (v) The centralized political system provided stability. (vi) Had a large standing army which defended the kingdom. (vii) The Odwira festival that was held annually helped to make the state more cohesive. (viii) Determination of the Asante people to be free from oppressive rule of their former masters. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 23. (a) State three privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in the four communes of Senegal. (i) They were allowed to vote during elections. (ii) They were allowed to vie for posts in the French parliament. (iii) They were exempted from forced labour. (iv) They were allowed to work and live in France. (v) They received French education. (vi) They had freedom of movement within the French empire. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Why did the French system of Assimilation fail in areas outside the communes? (12mks) (i) Africans were not willing to become Christian. (ii) Africans were not able to get the French type of education. (iii) The French parliament did not want to compete with Africans for cabinet post. (iv) African traditional rulers feared they would lose their positions. (v) French traders feared competition so they opposed the system/would become economic rivals. (vi) It was expensive to implement the system because of the vastness of the French empire. (vii) The varied African cultures made it difficult for them to be absorbed into the French culture. (viii) Racial discrimination against the indigenous people. (ix) Frenchmen feared it would be impossible to exploit raw materials. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 24. (a) State three functions of the supreme court in India. (3 marks) (i) Solves disputes between the union government and the state government. (ii) Is the interpreter and guardian of the constitution. (iii) Hears appeal cases that involve substantial interpretation. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the Prime Minister in India. (12 marks) (i) He is the head of the federal government. (ii) He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. (iii) Overseas the work of all the ministries. (iv) Chairs cabinet meetings.

History & government KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION – 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.

1. Identify one branch in the study of Kenyan history. (1mk) 2. Give two political roles of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi. (2mks) 3. Give one difference in the social practices of the Luyia and Ameru in the 19th century. (1mk) 4. Give the main reason that made the Borana migrate to Kenya from Southern Ethiopia in 1897. (1mk) 5. Give one evidence to show the Chinese reached the East African Coast. (1mk) 6. State two negative effects of the Indian Ocean trade on the Kenyan people. (2mks) 7. In what two ways can the government limit ones right to own property. (2mks) 8. Give two National symbols of the Republic in the constitution of Kenya. (2mks) 9. Give two leaders who led the Agiriama against the British during the colonial period. (2mks) 10. Identify the commission that recommended a uniform system of education in all government and mission schools during the colonial period. (1mk) 11. Name the executive head of the colony in colonial Kenya. (1mk) 12. State two reasons why Africans moved to urban centres in colonial Kenya. (2mks) 13. Give two reasons why oathing was necessary among the Mau Mau freedom fighters. (2mks) 14. Identify two qualifications for the appointment in the office of Kadhi. (2mks) 15. Give one reason that can make the national government in Kenya to suspend a county government. (1mk) 16. State one contribution of “Harambee” movement to the development of health services in Kenya. (1mk) 17. Name the main function of the equalization fund. (1mk) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. (a) Give three social aspects borrowed by the Bantu from the Cushities during the pre-colonial period. (3mks) (b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (12mks) 19. (a) State five reasons why the missionaries established settlements for freed slaves in Kenya in the 19th century.(5mks) (b) Explain five ways in which the introduction of Christianity undermined African culture. (10mks) 20. (a) Give five terms of Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (5mks) (b) Explain five impacts of colonial land policies in Kenya during the colonial period. (10mks) 21. (a) Identify three types of land holdings in Kenya today. (3mks) (b) Explain six challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. (a) Name three rights of aliens in Kenya. (3mks) (b) Explain six civic responsibilities of Kenyan citizens. (12mks) 23. (a) Why are general elections conducted in Kenya every five years. (5mks) (b) Explain five functions of the public service commission. (10mks) 24. (a) Identify five sources of public revenue in Kenya. (5mks) (b) Explain five challenges facing the government of Kenya in her efforts to raise revenue. (10mks)

History & government KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE FORTY JOINT EXAMINATION – 2016

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. Name two types of written materials used by historians as a source of history and government. (2mks) 2. Give the main reason why the period of early man is referred to as the Stone Age. (1mk) 3. Name two rivers which were associated with early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (2mks) 4. Give two advantages of human transport. (2mks) 5. Give the main use of steam power during the industrial revolution in Europe. (1mk) 6. State one political function of the city of Cairo. (1mk) 7. Which was the main factor that unified the communities of the Shona Kingdom during the pre-colonial period. (1mk) 8. State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British-Ndebelewar of 1893 to 1896. (1mk) 9. Name two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by the European powers. (2mks) 10. Name two colonies of Britain in North Africa. (2mks) 11. Name the first President of the Front for the liberation of Mozambique. (1mk) 12. State two economic results of the First World War. (2mks) 13. Name the organ of United Nations that admits suspends and expels members. (1mk) 14. Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development of education in Tanzania after independence. (2mks) 15. Identify two superpowers that were involved in cold war. (2mks) 16. Give the main political challenge that the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. (1mk) 17. Name one major political party in the United States of America. (1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.

18. (a) State five reasons why early people domesticated crops and animals during the Neo-lithic period. (5mks) (b) Explain five causes of food shortages in Africa today. (10mks) 19. (a) State three ways in which the industrial revolution contributed to European expansion to Africa. (3mks) (b) Explain six economic effects of the industrial revolution in Europe during the 18th century. (12mks) 20. (a) Identify the three methods used by the French to acquire colonies in West Africa. (3mks) (b) Explain six factors that led to the defeat of Samori Toure by the French. (12mks) 21. (a) How did the invention of the steam engine contribute to the process of colonization in Africa. (3mks) (b) Explain six positive effects of European colonization of Africa. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. (a) State five reasons why the British used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria. (5mks) (b) Explain five reasons why the use of indirect rule was unsuccessful in Southern Nigeria. (10mks) 23. (a) Identify three duties performed by the secretary general of the new East African community established in 2001. (3mks) (b) Explain six benefits of the new East African community formed in 2001 to its members. (12mks) 24. (a) State five functions of the political parties in the United States of America. (5mks) (b) Explain five ways in which the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is applied in Britain. (10mks)

History & government KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE 40 JOINT EXAMS – 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1. One branch in the study of Kenyan history. (i) Social. (ii) Political (iii) Economic (1 x 1 = 1mk) 2. Two political roles of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi. (i) Advised leaders on community affairs. (ii) Arbitration in disputes. (iii) Advised and blessed warriors before going to war. (iv) He was the community spokesperson. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. One difference in the social practices of the Luyha and Ameru in the 19th century. The Ameru initiated both boys and girls while the Luyia circumcised only boys. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 4. Main reason that made the Borana migrate to Kenya from Southern Ethiopia in 1897. They migrated to avoid conquest by Menelik II of Ethiopia who had imposed heavy taxes on them. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 5. Give one evidence to show the Chinese reached the East African Coast. (i) Presence of Chinese coins. (ii) Porcelain remains. (iii) Written documents including periplus of Erythrean Sea. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 6. State two negative effects of the Indian Ocean trade on the Kenyan people. (i) Decline of local industries. (ii) Intensification of inter-community warfare. (iii) Colonization. (iv) Destruction of wildlife. (v) Introduced slave trade. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 7. Two ways can the government limit ones right to own property. The government may acquire an individuals property for public use but the individual will be compensated. Property illegally acquired can be confiscated by the government or returned to the rightful owner. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 8. Two National symbols of the Republic in the constitution of Kenya. (i) Coat of arms. (ii) National anthem. (iii) National flag. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. Two leaders who led the Agiriama against the British during the colonial period. Mekatilili wa Menza. Wanje wa Madorika (2 x 1 = 2mks) 10. The commission that recommended a uniform system of education in all government and mission schools during the colonial period. Phelp – stokes commission. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11. Name the executive head of the colony in colonial Kenya. The governor. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. Two reasons why Africans moved to urban centres in colonial Kenya. (i) The recreation and social amenities in urban centres. (ii) Job prospects in towns. (iii) Congestion in the reserves. (iv) To escape forced labour and taxation. (v) The African entrepreneur were in search of wider markets in towns. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 13. Two reasons why oathing was necessary among the Mau Mau freedom fighters. (i) To ensure members remained loyal, honest and secretive. (ii) To inspire and encourage members. (iii) To unite members to one cause. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 14. Two qualifications for the appointment in the office of Kadhi. (i) One must profess the Muslim religion. (ii) Must possess knowledge of the Muslim law, (2 x 1 = 2mks) 15. One reason that can make the national government in Kenya to suspend a county government. (i) If a county government is unable to perform its functions. (ii) If the county government does not operate a financial management system that complies with the requirement prescribed by national legislation. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 16. One contribution of “Harambee” movement to the development of health services in Kenya. (i) Funds have been collected to build health facilities. (ii) Funds have been collected to facilitate medical bills. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

History & government

17. Main function of the equalization fund. (i) To provide basic services of water health, electricity, roads to marginalized area. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Give three social aspects borrowed by the Bantu from the Cushities during the pre-colonial period. (i) Circumcision (ii) Age-set. (iii) Religion – Some Bantu communities adopted Islam from the Cushites e.g. Somali (c) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. a. The clan was the basic political unit. b. Had a council of elders which was in charge of day to day affairs of the clan. c. They had an age set system. d. They had leaders called sultan whose role was mainly advisory. e. There existed warriors whose main duty was to protect the community. f. There existed people with special responsibilities e.g. Sheikhs and medicine men. 6 x 2 = 12mks) 19. (a) Five reasons why the missionaries established settlements for freed slaves in Kenya in the 19th century. (i) To end slave trade. (ii) To teach freed slaves vocational trades e.g. carpentry, agriculture. (iii) To spread the gospel to the freed slaves. (iv) To rehabilitate the freed slaves. (v) To provide a home for freed slaves. (vi) To provide health services to the slaves. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Five ways in which the introduction of Christianity undermined African culture. - Conversion of Africans to Christianity led to abandonment of African culture. - Converted Africans were encouraged to settle at the mission stations hence uprooting them from their traditional set up. - The missionaries condemned some African cultural practices as primitive and backwards. - Introduction of Western medicine made Africans to abandon their traditional medicine. - Introduction of Western education by missionaries made Africans abandon their culture. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Terms of Devonshire White Paper of 1923. - The Kenyan highlands were to be exclusively for the white settlers. - The Indians would elect five members to the legislative council not on common roll but on a communal roll. - The European settlers demand for self government in Kenya was rejected. - Racial segregation in all residential areas was abolished. - The interest of Africans were to be given priority before those of the immigrants. - The colonial secretary would exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. - A missionary would be nominated to the legislative council to represent the interest of Africans. - The settlers had maintained their representation in legislative council. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Five impacts of colonial land policies in Kenya during the colonial period. - The best available land was curved out for the construction of the railway. - Africans were pushed into reserves specially allocated to them. These reserves were characterized by overcrowding and overstocking. - The situation in the reserves forced many Africans to look for alternative settlement. - Those who settled in European farms became squatters. - Land alienation disrupted traditional structures. Communities could no longer move in search of better lands and pastures. - Taxes which had to be paid in monetary forms were imposed on Africans to force them to seek wage employment. - The land issue was a source of great resentment and was one of the primary grievances. - The reserving of the highlands for the exclusive use of European denied Indians access to agricultural land forcing them to establish residence and businesses in the urban centres. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) 21. (a) Identify three types of land holdings in Kenya today. (i) Public land. (ii) Community land. (iii) Private land. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six challenges facing the agricultural sector in Kenya. - Poor infrastructure in some parts of the country has led to great losses if farm produce thus reducing earnings of farmers. - The unstable prices of agricultural commodities on the local/world market has discouraged farmers. - Various parts of the country have been affected by drought/famine thus forcing the government to provide relief food. - Farmers produce is often destroyed by pests after harvest leading to food shortages/poor storage. - Poor technology/use of traditional methods has contributed to low yields. - Politically instigated ethnic clashes have discouraged farmers from carrying out intense farming due to insecurity. - The population of Kenya has been growing faster than the gains made in the agricultural sector. - Corrupt government officials have grabbed/sold research land thereby affecting the operations of research institutions. - Farming has become a costly venture thus most farmers are not able to meet the high cost of inputs. - Overproduction of similar agricultural products leads to wastage due to lack of buyers.

History & government - Mismanagement of co-operatives has impoverished farmers/delayed payments. - Shortage of agricultural extension officers has made it difficult for farmers to get advice on how best to carry out agricultural activities. - Competition from COMESA/industrialized nations has frustrated Kenyan farmers. (6 x 2 = 12mks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Name three rights of aliens in Kenya. (i) To own property. (ii) Freedom of movement. (iii) Right to reside in any part of Kenya. (iv) Freedom to enter and leave Kenya. (v) Right to services offered by the government of Kenya e.g. health, education. (vi) Right to enjoy services offered by Kenyan courts. (3 x 1 = 3mks)

(b) Explain six civic responsibilities of Kenyan citizens. (i) Obedience to the laws of the land. (ii) Payment of taxes. (iii) Duty to protect life (iv) Participation in community activities. (v) Being gender sensitive. (vi) Non-discrimination. (vii) Conservation of environment. (viii)Promotion of high moral behaviour. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Why are general elections conducted in Kenya every five years. (i) In order to give citizens a chance to choose leaders whom they haveconfidence in. (ii) To enable MPs to be responsive to the development needs of the electorate/keep MPs on their toes. (iii) It is a constitutional requirement for elections to be held every five years. (iv) They give citizens a chance to exercise their democratic right by electing leaders of their choice. (v) They help to generate new ideas by offering alternative ways of running the government through different political parties manifestos. (vi) To inject new blood into parliament and government. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain five functions of the public service commission. (i) Provides services to the people especially service ministries like health and education. (ii) Implements government policies and programmes. (iii) Interprets government policies to the people so that they can willingly articipate in their implementation. (iv) Maintains government records. (v) Advises cabinet secretaries on matters of policy. (vi) Ensures continuity in government operations since the public service is permanent while politicians come and go. (vii) Collects government revenue through Licenses. (5 x 2 = 10mks) 24. (a) Identify five sources of public revenue in Kenya. (i) Domestic borrowing. (ii) Profit from parastals. (iii) Foreign aid. (iv) Sale of treasury bills. (v) Court fines. (vi) Taxes e.g. V.A.T. (vii) Charges on government services. (viii) Licenses fees. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (c) Explain five challenges facing the government of Kenya in her efforts to raise revenue. a. Tax evasion by some people/organization. b. Many people give wrong information in the wealth declaration forms. c. Rich people keep their money in foreign banks denying the country interest. d. Negative attitude towards payment of taxes by many people due to ignorance. e. Unscrupulous Kenyans and ax officials collude and defraud the government of revenue. f. Inadequate information for local investors through treasury bills post office bonds and Shares of NSE. g. Smuggling of goods out of/into Kenya. h. High rate of inflation increases public expenditure. i. High public wage bill making the government unable to save. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks)

History & government KIRINYAGA CENTRAL SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE 40 JOINT EXAMS – 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A: (25 MARKS) 1. Name two types of written materials used by historians as a source of history and government. (i) Books, charts, maps, manuscripts, paintings, drawings, scrolls, stone tablets/clay tablets. (ii) Newspapers/magazines. (iii) Diaries/Biographies. (iv) Journals/periodicals. (v) Official government records. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 2. Give the main reason why the period of early man is referred to as the Stone Age. The early man made his tools and weapons mainly from stone. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 3. Name two rivers which were associated with early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (i) River Tigris. (ii) River Euphrates. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 4. Give two advantages of human transport. (2mks) (i) It is a cheap form of transport. (ii) It is readily available. (iii) It has a flexible timetable for departure and arrival. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 5. Give the main use of steam power during the industrial revolution in Europe. - Driving engines/machines in industries. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 6. State one political function of the city of Cairo. (1mk) - It is the national capital of Egypt and the political centre of the Arab world. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 7. Which was the main factor that unified the communities of the Shona Kingdom during the pre-colonial period The Mwari religious cult/Mlimo cult/religion. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 8. State one way in which the Ndebele benefited after the British-Ndebele war of 1893 to 1896. The Ndebele Indunas were made headmen. The Shona police were removed from Matabeleland. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 9. Name two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by the European powers. (i) The need to abolish slave trade. (ii) The desire to spread Christianity. (iii) The desire to spread western civilization/education. (iv) The need to settle surplus population. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 10. Name two colonies of Britain in North Africa. (i) Egypt. (ii) Sudan. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 11. Name the first President of the Front for the liberation of Mozambique. - Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. State two economic results of the First World War. (i) European government spent huge sum of money. (ii) There was massive destruction of property. (iii) It led to economic depression/unemployment/starvation. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 13. Name the organ of United Nations that admits suspends and expels members. The Security Council. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 14. Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development of education in Tanzania after independence. (i) He established the universities of Dar-es-Salaam and Sokoine. (ii) He made Kiswahili the medium of instruction in schools. (iii) He made education to be free from primary school to university. (iv) He popularized the philosophy of education for self-reliance. (v) He introduced adult education. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 15. Identify two superpowers that were involved in cold war. (i) The United States of America (USA). (ii) Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR)/Soveit Union/Russia. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 16. Give the main political challenge that the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. Political instability/rivalry for leadership. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 17. Name one major political party in the United States of America. (i) Republican party. (ii) Democratic party. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

History & government SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) State five reasons why early people domesticated crops and animals during the Neo-lithic period. - Due to increased human population more food was required. - There was competition for food between human beings and animals. - Over hunting depleted stocks of animals on which human beings relied on for food. - Hunting and gathering was tedious. - Calamities such as bush fire/floods destroyed vegetation/drove away animals. - Some crops and animals had economic value. - Animals were domesticated to provide security. - There was a change in climate which caused aridity/weather sometimes hindered gathering and hunting. (5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain five causes of food shortages in Africa today. - Climate – Many parts of Africa experience little or no rain at all over several yeas leading to crop failure and hence food shortage/natural hazards. - Population – The rapid population growth rate has overtaken food production rate resulting in food shortages. - Storage – Inadequate/food storage facilities had contributed to food wastages as farmers cannot store food for a long period. - Transport – Poor states of roads in many parts of African countries hinders transportation of food from the areas of surplus to those of deficit. - Prices – Low prices of food stuff have discouraged many farmers who may have invested so much capital leading to food shortages. - Capital – Many farmers in Africa lack enough capital to buy required farm inputs. - Pests – Due to crop diseases and pests a lot of food is destroyed either on the farms or in stores resulting to food shortages. - Cash crops – The emphasis on cash crops farming at the expense of food crops has contributed to low food production leading to food shortages. - Desertification – Environmental degradation through deforestation/ overgrazing of animals had led to soil erosion leading to wasteland hence low food production. - Political wars – Civil wars in many African countries have displaced people from their farms and therefore diverted their attention from farming resulting in food shortages. - Labour – The young able bodied persons migrate to urban centres thus leaving the aged who are not able to contribute much towards food production. - HIV – Hiv and aids pandemic has impacted negatively on the labour force in food production. - Drought crops – Many farmers have not adopted the growing of drought resistant crops which would be used in time of food scarcity. - Relief – Over reliance/dependence on famine relief food has made people not to look for permanent solutions to food shortages. - Methods – Lack of modern farming methods. - Policy – Poor food policies have discouraged farmer as they are not given enough incentives incase of crop failure/poor economic policies. (5 x 2 = 10mks) 19. (a) State three ways in which the industrial revolution contributed to European expansion to Africa. - Europeans needed sources of raw materials in Africa - They needed to look for market to sell their manufactured goods in Africa. - Capital generated from industries needed to be invested in Africa. - The industrial revolution boosted the transport system which enabled the Europeans to travel to Africa. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (c) Explain six economic effects of the industrial revolution in Europe during the18th century. - The industrial revolution led to the development of local and international trade. - It boosted the transport and communication systems e.g. roads, railways and mail postage. - Development of agriculture machines replaced human labour hence production in agriculture increased. - Expansion of banking and insurance systems. Banks provided credit facilities while insurance provided cover for factories. - It led to urbanization in Europe as most people migrated from the rural areas to seek jobs in factories. - It enabled European nations to amass a lot of wealth e.g. between 1700 and 1815, the British national income grew threefold. - The development and spread of factory based industries led to the decline and collapse of cottage based set-ups. - It promoted development in science and technology e.g. scientific inventions related to machinery, transport and communication. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 20. (a) Identify the three methods used by the French to acquire colonies in West Africa (i) Signed treaties with African rulers/used diplomacy. (ii) Played off one community against the other/divide and rule treachery. (iii) Used force to conquer the Africans/military expedition. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six factors that led to the defeat of Samori Toure by the French. - The constant movements of his army and people denied them time to concentrate on gainful activities. This resulted to inadequate food supplies. - The scorched earth policy that he used when fighting made his people to be impoverished and thus turned against him. - Some African communities in the area supported the French against Samori Toure e.g. Tieba of Sikasso, Ahmed Sekou of Tokolo.

History & government - The diplomatic tactics of playing off the British against the French worked against him as the British refused to give an support when attacked by the French. - The determination by the French to establish in overseas empire made them to use superior weapons on Samori Toure. - The non-Mandinka and non-Muslims communities in his empire supported the French against him because he had conquered/mistreated them. - The British refused to support Samouri Toure against the French due to their policy of non-interference. - The French besieged Samori capital/blocking his retreat thereby forcing him to surrender. - The establishment of the second empire from the East denied him access to the Coast thus affecting constant supply of arms. - Loss of Bure gold mines denied him the finances of sustaining his soldiers.(6 x 2 = 12mks)

21. (a) How did the invention of the steam engine contribute to the process of colonization in Africa.

- It helped in the development of transport e.g. steam ships and trains. - This helped in the transportation of people in Africa. - With development of railway Europeans were able to move into the interior of Africa and exploit minerals. - There was demand for coal to produce more steam. - It was possible to move troops to conquer the people of African using steam trains and vehicles. - There was demand for raw materials as the steam engine was manufacturing goods at faster rates.

(b) Explain six positive effects of European colonization of Africa. - Formation of states colonization helped in formation of states. During the struggle for independence different communities came together to fight for independence. These later became independent states with many different tribes. - It speeded economic growth in Europe through trade. - Africans were introduced to international commerce. - Development of infrastructures e.g. roads and railways by Europeans in Africa. - Development of urban centres in areas where European settled. - Fame and prestige Europeans powers who gained more colonies in Africa gained fame and prestige. (6 x 2 = 12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) State five reasons why the British used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria. - The British lacked enough European manpower to effectively control the large Northern Nigeria protectorate. - Indirect rule involved less funds since only few British officials would be employed as administrations. - To guard against resistance by local people by using existing local institutions. - There was poor transport and communication network in the protectorate. - Indirect rule had succeeded in Uganda and India. - There was already a well-established system of government in Northern Nigeria based on Islamic law which was ideal for indirect rule. (5 x 1 = 5mks)

(c) Explain five reasons why the use of indirect rule was unsuccessful in Southern Nigeria. a. Existence of many ethnic groups with diverse political and religious systems as well as other cultural differences. b. The use of unpopular African rulers e.g. the Obas who were given excessive power made the people to reject British rule. c. The introduction of taxes modeled on the tax collection system in Northern Nigeria e.g. in the Egba community. d. Misuse of power by the warrant chiefs who raised taxes for their own benefits. e. Lack of linguistic unity because the elite used English while the rest of the communities used their local languages. f. It was opposed by African traditional rulers because it undermined and eroded their traditional authority by the appointment of mission educated young men to their positions. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

23. (a) Identify three duties performed by the secretary general of the new East African community established in 2001

- Is the head of secretariat. - Authorizes expenditure on behalf of the members. - Is the secretary to the summit/take minutes. - Keep records of the proceedings. - Implement decisions adopted by East African community summit. - Prepares agenda for the meeting. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six benefits of the new East African community formed in 2001 to its members. - There is a wide market for different types of goods produced by each member state. - The citizens of member states buy goods at fair prices due to low tariffs levied on goods - Opening of border/establishing a common visa has boosted free movement of people within the region/East Africa passport. - The community provides a forum for heads of states to discuss issues harmoniously thus promoting mutual understanding/co- operation/friendship. - There are employment opportunities for people of member states/countries in the established common services.

History & government - Establishment of the common market creates room for enhanced economic development of member countries/spurs greater industrial growth. - The member countries are working together towards establishing East African federation in order to apply common laws. - There is improvement in transport and communication network to facilitate the movement of people and goods. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 24. (a) State five functions of the political parties in the United States of America. - They make electoral politics coherent by acting as agents of each candidate. - They provide outlets for citizens to express their views and opinions about nominees. - The political party system provides accountability since when the policies of a party fail, the voters can hold its candidates accountable at election time. - They help to put the desires of the people on the government policy agenda. - Party labels help voters in their choice of candidates as parties stand for different principles and policies. (c) Explain five ways in which the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is applied in Britain. - Parliament approves the budget of the government. - Decisions made by parliament are binding to all and cannot be overruled or nullified even by a court of law. - Parliament has terminative power and can remove an unpopular government from power. - Parliament is paramount as all other organs of government derive their power from it. - It is the only institution empowered to make, amend and abolish laws.

History & government KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section in the booklet provided. 1. Give one economic reason for studying History and Government. (1mk) 2. Apart from the Maasai, name two other plain Nilotes found in Kenya. (2mks) 3. State two functions of Kambi among Mijikenda. (2mks) 4. Give two early visitors who came to East African Coast from Europe. (2mks) 5. Define the term Citizenship. (1mk) 6. Mention one National Holiday celebrated in Kenya. (1mk) 7. Give two functions of the Kenya Constitution. (2mks) 8. State two rights enjoyed by older members of the society in Kenya. (2mks) 9. Which Island was given by British in exchange of Uganda? (1mk) 10. Name the African Leader who was detained in 1952 at the declaration of the state of emergency. (1mk) 11. Give two recommendations of the Phelpstokes Education Commission in Kenya. (2mks) 12. State two reasons why Taita Hills Association was formed. (2mks) 13. Who was the first African minister to be appointed minister for Justice and Constitutional Affairs? (1mk) 14. Name the body in charge of Elections in Kenya. (1mk) 15. State the house of parliament that represents the interests of counties in Kenya. (1mk) 16. Who is the head of National Police Service in Kenya. (1mk) 17. Identify two units of the Kenya Defence Forces. (2mks)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this section in the booklet provided.

18. (a) Give the evidence which shows that the early visitors reached the Kenyan Coast before the 15th Century. (3mks) (b) Explain six results of the interaction between the people of Kenya Coast and the Arabs. (12mks 19. (a) What were the activities of the Imperial British East Africa company (IBEACO) between 1888 and 1895? (5mks) (b) Explain five reasons why the Imperial British East African company rule came to an end in 1895 (10mks) 20. (a) State five grievances by Africans in 1923 leading to the documentation of the Devonshire White Paper. (5mks) (b) Explain five effects of Missionary activities in Kenya. (10mks) 21. (a) State three problems that Independent schools and churches in colonial Kenya faced. (3mks) (b) Explain six roles played by women in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions in this question

22. (a) State three principles of devolved governments. (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the county government in Kenya. (12mks) 23. (a) Identify three special of courts in Kenya. (3mks) (b) Describe six functions of the High Court in Kenya. (12mks) 24. (a) Give three symbols of National Unity. (3mks) (b) Explain six factors which undermine National Unity in Kenya. (12mks)

History & government KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section.

1. Identify two ways in which early man used Stone tools. (2mks) 2. Identify the main commodity from Africa in the Trans-Atlantic trade. (1mk) 3. Give two factors that influenced the growth of early urban centres in Africa. (2mks) 4. State one disadvantage of wind as a source of energy. (1mk) 5. Give two uses of bronze in Mesopotamia. (2mks) 6. Give two contributions of the invention of steam to industries in 18th Century in Europe. (2mks) 7. Name two inventions that revolutionized the textile industry in Britain during 18th Century. (2mks) 8. Give one importance of Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom of Ashanti. (1mk) 9. Give one type of human rights. (1mk) 10. Identify two methods used by European powers to acquire colonies in Africa. (2mks) 11. Identify the main aim of the Berlin Conference of 1884 – 1885. (1mk) 12. State one conditions that a country should fulfill in order to become a member of Non-Aligned Movement. (1mk) 13. What is Veto Power as used by the United Nations? (1mk) 14. Name the organ of the United Nations that promotes justice in the world. (1mk) 15. Give one political party that fought for independence in Ghana. (1mk) 16. Name two members of the central powers during the First World War (2mks) 17. Identify one House of Parliament in India. (1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this question in the booklet provided.

18. (a) State three ways in which early people obtained food. (3mks) (b) Explain six ways in which agriculture changed the lives of early people. (12mks) 19. (a) Give three ways in which the invention of the wheel revolutionalized transport. (3mks) (b) Explain six factors which contributed to the rise of Japan as an industrial power after Second World War. (12mks) 20. (a) Give five reasons why Lobengula was defeated by the British in 1893. (5mks) (b) Explain five results of the collaboration between the Buganda and the British during the process of colonisation. (10mks) 21. (a) Give five reasons why the British used indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria. (5mks) (b) Explain five effects of the use of indirect rule by the British in Northern Nigeria. (10mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions from this question

22. (a) Give five achievements of the League of Nations in 1919. (5mks) (b) Explain five reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain World Peace. (12mks) 23. (a) Give three organs of ECOWAS. (3mks) (b) Explain six challenges facing Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS). (12mks) 24. (a) Give three requirements for one to be allowed to contest as a presidential candidate in the USA. (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of U.S.A. Congress. (12mks)

History & government KAHURO / MURANG’A EAST JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. One economic reason for studying History and Government. a. Career subject / Employment. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 2. Apart from the Maasai, name two other plain Nilotes found in Kenya. a. Samburu b. Turkana c. Iteso d. Njemps (2 x1 = 2mks) 3. Two functions of the Kambi among the Mijikenda. - Settled disputes / final courts of appeal. - Presided over religious matters. - Declared war. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 4. Two early visitors to East African Coast from Europe. - Greeks - Romans (2 x 1 = 2mks) 5. Define the term citizenship - Legal right to belong to a country. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 6. One national holiday celebrated in Kenya. - Madaraka - Mashujaa - Jamhuri (2x1 = 2mks) 7. Two functions of the Kenya Constitution. - Spells out the power of government and its relationship with citizens. - Spells out the rights and duties of citizens. - Provides legal grounds from which laws are made. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 8. Two rights enjoyed by older members of the society in Kenya. - Fully participate in affairs of society. - Pursue personal development. - Live in dignity and respect. - Care / assistance from immediate family members. (2x1 = 2mks) 9. The island given by the British in exchange of Uganda. - Heligoland. (1x1 = 1mk) 10. African leader who was detained in 1952 at the declaration of the State of Emergency. - Jomo Kenyatta - Kungu Karuba - Paul Ngei - Achieng Oneko - Fred Kubai - Bildad Kagia (1x1 = 1mk) 11. Two recommendations of the Phelp Stokes Education Commission. Uniform education system in all government and missionary schools. Sufficient training for teachers. Schools to be built in rural areas. (2x1 = 2mks) 12. Two reasons why Taita Hills Association was formed. - To protest against destocking policy. - To protest against taxation. - To protest against Kipande system. - To protest against forced labour. - To fight for alienated land. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 13. First African Minister to be appointed Minister for Justice and Constitutional Affairs. Tom Mboya. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 14. The body in-charge of Elections in Kenya. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC). (1x1 = 1mk) 15. The House of Parliament that represents the interest of Counties. Senate. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 16. The Head of the National Police Service in Kenya. - Inspector General. (1x1 = 1mk) 17. Two units of the Kenya Defence Forces. Kenya Army Kenya Navy

History & government Kenya Air Force (2 x 1 = 2mks SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Evidence that shows early visitors reached the Kenyan Coast. - The Greeks and Chinese coins were found at the Kenyan Coast. - There are fragments of Chinese pottery which have been preserved. - Documents that mentions the presence of early visitors to the Kenyan Coast have been preserved. - Presence of monuments constructed by the early visitors. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Results of the interaction between the people of Kenya Coast and the Arabs. - Some African people living along the Coast were converted to Islam. - The volume of trade increased between the interior and the coastal towns. - The Arabs introduced Islamic culture. - The Arabs introduced new crops which were later adopted by the Coastal people. - Development of Kiswahili language. - Intermarriages between Africans and Arabs led to emergence of Waswahili people. - The Islamic law and system of administration was introduced by Arabs at the Coast. - Led to the growth of city states/towns at the Coast. - Demand for imported goods led to the decline of traditional industries. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 19. (a) Activities of the IBEACO between 1885 and 1895 - It traded with local communities / promoted legitimate trade. - Maintained law and order. - It discouraged slave trading. - It provided information about the interior of East Africa. - It built the Uganda Railway. - Promoted the spread of Western civilization. - It suppressed African resistance against the British. - It pioneered the Construction of Roads. (any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Why did the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEACO rule came to an end) in 1895 - The company lacked qualified administrators. - There was mismanagement of funds by the company officials / corruption. - The area was too vast for the new officials to manage. - Some African communities resisted against the company rule. - The company lacked adequate funds. - There was poor communication between the company officials and the colonial office in Britain. - Company officials were affected by unfavourable climatic conditions. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Grievances of Africans in the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 - Settlers occupation of African land. - Harsh and forced labour conditions. - Heavy taxation which forced Africans to seek employment. - The Kipande system. - Low wages. - Lack of representation in the Legco. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Effects of Missionary activities in Kenya. - Converted Africans to Christianity. - Built schools where Africans were taught. - Introduced new crops and farming methods. - Built hospitals which helped improve health. - Translated the bible into local languages. - Drew a map of the interior of the great lakes region which inspired many explorers to come to Africa. - They influenced their home government to colonize Kenya. - Introduced western culture. - Established centres for freed slaves. - Introduced new vocational skills e.g. masonry. - Some represented Africans in Legco e.g. Dr. Arthur. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 21. (a) Problems that independent schools and churches faced in colonial Kenya. - Harassment by the colonial government. - Lacked trained teachers. - Inadequate funds. - Inadequate teaching-learning facilities. - Leadership wrangles. - Competition from government and mission schools. ( any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Roles of women in the struggle for independence. - Acted as soldiers under Mau Mau e.g. Marshall Muthoni. - Organized and coordinated the rural network through which supplies were acquired. - Supplied fighters with food, medicine, guns, clothing and ammunition.

History & government - Composed songs and hymes that motivated fighters and ridiculed home guards and colonial agents. - Acted as spies on behalf of the Mau Mau fighters by befriending the colonial officers. - Women mobilized men to join the movement. - Women participated in oath taking ceremonies. - Kept homes intact as men continued with the struggle. - Raised funds for supporting political activities. - Provided moral support. - Demanded for release of arrested fighters. (any 5x2 = 10mks) SECTION C (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Principles of Devolved Government. - Reliable sources of revenue for effective delivery of service. - Gender balance in membership and representative bodies. - Separation of powers. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Functions of County Government in Kenya. - Regulation of county Planning and Development. - Regulate education at pre-primary, polytechnic, craft and child care levels. - Promotion of Agriculture. - Conservation of environment and pollution. - Provision of recreational facilities - Ensuring participation of communities in government at local levels. - Control of public works and services. - Provide county transport and communication. - Control drug and alcohol abuse. - Promote trade by issuing licenses. - Ensuring animal control and welfare. - Provide firefighting services. - Provision and supervision of county health services. (6 x 2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Special of courts in Kenya. - Kadhi courts. - Court martial. - Industrial courts. - Tribunal. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Functions of the High Court in Kenya. - It has unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil matters. - Supervise criminal and civil proceedings before a subordinate court. - Deals with cases concerning violation of rights and freedoms. - Hears cases concerning interpretation of the constitution. - Has authority to hear appeal from a decision of a tribunal to consider removal of a person from office. - Has supervisory jurisdiction over the subordinate courts and any other person or body exercising judicial functions in subordinate courts. - Has authority to call for the records of any proceedings before any subordinate courts. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 24. (a) Symbols of National Unity. - The National Flag. - Public Seals. - Coat of Arms. - National Anthem. - Constitution. - Presidency. - Loyalty pledge. - National awards. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Factors that undermine National Unity in Kenya. - Unequal distribution of National Resources. - Different religious beliefs and practices. - Tribalism leads to favouring of people’s tribe. - Nepotism leads to favouring ones relatives. - Asking and offering bribes to obtain and give services/corruption. - Racism leads to discrimination on basis of colour. - Discrimination on basis of Gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development - Ignorance. - Greed. (5 x 2 = 10mks)

History & government MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATIOIN 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 JULY / AUGUST 2016 SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. Name two sources of the history of the Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 2. Name two pre-historic sites in Kenya. (2 marks) 3. What was the base of the political organization among the Cushites during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) 4. Identify two economic activities which the Maasai acquired as a result of interacting with the Agikuyu during their settlement in Kenya. (2marks) 5. Identify two factors that led to the spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast by sixteenth century. (2 marks) 6. Give the main reason why a Kenyan citizen should obey the law. (1 mark) 7. Give two ways in which education has promoted national unity. (2 marks) 8. Give the main reason why most of the early urban centres along the Kenyan Coast were built on Islands. (1 mark) 9. State two provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. (2 marks) 10. State two advantages of representative democracy. (2 marks) 11. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government upto 1895. (1 mark) 12. Give the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) 13. Name two African nationalists parties whose leaders attended the Lancaster House Conference. (2 marks) 14. State two roles that Thomas J. Mboya played in the Kenyan African Union. (2 marks) 15. Identify one symbol of national unity in Kenya. (1 mark) 16. State two objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (2 marks) 17. Identify one main issue that is addressed in the national budget in Kenya. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) State three environmental factors for the migration of the Bantu into Kenya in pre-colonial period. (3 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks) 19. a) State five reasons that made Seyyid Said to encourage plantation agriculture in East Coast of Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain the effects of Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast. (10 marks) 20. a) List five characteristics of independence churches and schools formed in Kenya in the colonial period. (5 marks) b) Discuss the role that Kenya African Union (KAU) played in the struggle for independence. 21. a) Identify three national philosophies used as a development strategy in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six ways which National philosophies have enhanced development since independence. (12 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Give five importance of National integration. (5 marks) b) Explain peaceful methods on conflict resolution. (10 marks) 23. a) Give the requirements in constitution making process. (5marks) b) Explain five principles of democracy. (10 marks) 24. a) State five challenges faced by the national government in raising government revenue. (5 marks) b) Explain ways in which government spreads its revenue. (10 marks)

History & government MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATIOIN 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. What is oral tradition as a source of History? (1 mark) 2. Give two methods used by early man to find food during the stone age group. (2 marks) 3. Identify two aspects of culture of early man that had their origin in the late Stone Age. (2 marks) 4. In which document is the creation theory written? (1 mark) 5. State two similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt. (2marks 6. Identify two scientific discoveries during the 19th C which contributed to food preservation. (2marks) 7. What was the main source of energy during the early period of industrial revolution in Europe? (1 mark) 8. Give two functions of the Kabaka of Buganda. (2 marks) 9. Give the main form of transport that was used in the Trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) 10. State the main reason why Samori Toure fought the French. (1 mark) 11. Identify one administrative method used by the French in West Africa. (1 mark) 12. Give two colonies of the British in Central Africa. (2 marks) 13. Name the conference that summarized the partition of Africa. (1 mark) 14. Give two reasons why the central powers were defeated in the First World War by the Allied Forces. (2 marks) 15. Give the main aim of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (UNCTAD) (1 mark) 16. Identify the Pan-African conference that was first attended by the African nationalists. (1 mark) 17. Name two leaders who were founder members of the Non-aligned movement. (2 marks)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) Identify five characteristics of the open field system before the Agrarian Revolution. (5 marks) b) Describe the way of life of early human beings during the Old Stone Age. (10 marks) 19. a) State five ways in which slaves were captured in West Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain the factors that led to the growth of Industrialization in Germany. (10 marks) 20. a) Identify three countries in Africa that were colonized by Germany in the 19th Century. (3 marks) b) How did the partition of Africa affect Africa and its peoples. (12 marks) 21. a) Show the factors that influenced the development of early urban centres in Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain five consequences or urbanization on European communities in the 19th Century. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Give three communities that were involved in the Maji Maji Rebellion. (3 marks) b) What reasons led to the failure of the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1907? (12marks)

23. a) Give three categories of members of parliament in Britain. (3 marks) b) Explain six roles of the Prime Minister in Britain. (12 marks) 24. a) Name three principal organs of the United Nations Organization. (3 marks) b) Explain the challenges encountered by the Pan-African movement. (12 marks)

History & government MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATIOIN 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 JULY / AUGUST 2016 1. Name two sources of the history of the Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)  Oral tradition  Archaeo logy/artefacts  Written sources / records e.g. books, magazines, diaries and journals.  Linguistics  Genetics  Anthropology any 2x1 = 2 marks 2. Name two pre-historic sites in Kenya. (2 marks)  Olorgesaille  Kariandusi  FortTernan  Koobi Fora / Turkana  Hyrax Hill  Rusinga Islana  Gambles Cave (Njoro) any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 3. What was the base of the political organization among the Cushites during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) - Clan 1x1 = 1 mark 4. Identify two economic activities which the Maasai acquired as a result of interacting with the Agikuvu during their settlement in Kenya. (2 marks)  Some Maasai section e.g. the Kwavi became agriculturalists / farmers.  Some Maasai became traders any 2x1 = 2 marks 5. Identify two factors that led to the spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast by sixteenth century. (2 marks)  Trading activities between the Arabs and the local communities.  Intermarriage between the local communities 6. Give the main reason why a Kenyan citizen should obey the law. (1 mark) - To keep peace 1x 1 = 1 mark 7. Give two ways in which education has promoted national unity. (2 marks)  Common curriculum syllabus is used. Learners form different schools interact through co-curriculum activities.  Learners from different communities background attend the same schools.  Learners in ail public schools sit for a common national examination.  Common medium of communication / English / Kiswahili is used in schools. any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 8. Give the main reason why most of the early urban centres along the Kenyan Coast were built on Islands. Security purposes. 1x1 = 1 mark 9. State two provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. (2 marks)  It provided for federal government.  Provision for an executive president.  It made provisions for two houses of parliament.  The interest of the minorities were to be safeguard. any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 10. State two advantages of representative democracy. (2 marks)  People elect leaders of their own choice Supreme powers is vested on the people.  It is easy to make decision.  Elected leaders are accountable to the people /people are able to air their grievances. any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 11. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government upto 1895. - The Imperial British East Africa Company IBEACo. 1 x 1 = 1 mark 12. Give the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) To force Africans to work on European settler farm. 1 x1=1 mark 13. Name two African nationalists parties whose leaders attended the Lancaster HouseConference, (2 marks) - Kenya African National Union (KANU) - Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) 14. State two roles that Thomas J. Mbova played in the Kenya African Union. (2 marks) - He was director of publicity in 1952 and exposed the KAU policies. - He became treasurer of the party in 1953 and thereby mobilized financial support for KAU He made KAU have national outlook / revitalized KAU 2 x 1 = 2 marks 15. Identify one symbol of national unity in Kenya. (1 mark) - Coat of arm. - National flat.

History & government - National Anthem - National seal 1 x1— 1 mark 16. State two objectives of devolving the government of Kenya. (2 marks ) - To promote democratic exercise of power. - To promote unity in the country To empower the people to participate in decision making /'to make informed decisions. To protect interests of the minority / marginalised groups. - To promote equitable development in the country. - To enable people access services / take services closer to the people. - To decentralize state organs /functions from the capital. - To enhance checks and balances / - Accountability. any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 17. Identify one main issue that is addressed in the national (1 mark) - The amount of revenue that the government requires and plans to raise. - Sources from which the government intends to raise the revenue. - How the government intends to spend the revenue. 1x1 = 1 mark SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) State three environmental factors for the migration of the Bantu into Kenya in precolonial period. (3 marks) Drought and famine. Diseases and epidemics Natural calamities e.g. floods, pest 1 x 3 = 3 marks b) Describe the political organization of the Agikuvu during the pre-colonial period.(12 marks) - They had a decentralised form of a government. - Man was the head of a family - Several families formed a clan ’mbari' - Each clan was ruled by a council of eiders 'Kiama' - Several elders formed a senior governing council called Kiama kia Athamaki' - Senior elder leader was called muramati who co-ordinated the activities of the mbari. - Senior governing council acted as a court of appeal and administered justice. - Circumcision placed initiate into age-set system. - Age-set provided warriors who defended the community from external attack. any 6x2 = 12 marks 19. a) State five reasons that made Seyyid Said to encourage plantation agriculture in East Coast of Africa. - Availability of cheap labour from slaves who were mainly Africans. - High demands of farm product needed people to expand it. - Availability of fertile soils which enabled growth of different crops. - Presence of flourishing trade which ensured market for farm product was ready. - Availability of funds provided by Indian Banyans to finance plantation agriculture - Seyyid Said encouraged Arabs and Swahili farmers to start plantation agriculture. 1x5 = 5 marks b) Explain the effects of Portuguese rule on the Kenyan Coast. (10 marks) - It led to decline of Indian ocean trade - It led to decline and ruin of towns. - Loss of lives during constant raids. - Heavy taxation introduced on the coastal people hindered development. - They built Fort Jesus which became a historical site. - They brought new crops at the coast e.g. maize, groundnut and pineapples. - They introduced use of farm yard manure. - Their language enriched Kiswahili language. - Created commercial link between Kenyan coast and Arabian peninsular and India. - Some Africans were converted into Christianity. any 2x5- 10 marks 20. a) List five characteristics of independence churches and schools formed in Kenya in the colonial period. (5 marks) - They were led by educated Africans. - They broke away from the missionary churches and schools. - They had affiliation with the political movement in the country - They were formed as a protest against colonial domination. - They maintained some doctrines and aspects of the mother churches and schools. - They incorporated African culture and practices. - They were against westernization influence of the missionaries. 1x5 = 5 marks b) Discuss the role that Kenya African Union (KAU) played in the struggle for independence. (10 marks) - Pressurised for increased African representation in the Legco. - Sensitized the African on the need to unite by opening branches all over the country.

History & government - Popularised its objectives through its newspaper Sauti ya Mwafrika. - Supported Eliud Mathu who had been elected to the Legco to represent Africans. - Some members of Kau were instrumental in trade union movements e.g. Tom Mboya and Bildad Kaggia. - KAU supported Maumau fighters in their struggle for independent. - Organized several rallies to create awareness on the rights of the people. - Leaders of KAU held several discussion with the colonial government about Kenyan political future. - Kau laid the foundation for KANU which led Kenya to independent.

21. a) Identify three national philosophies used as a development strategy in Kenya (3 marks) - African socialism - Harambee philosophy - Nyayoism 1 x 3 = 3 marks b) Explain six ways which national philosophies have enhanced development since independence. 12 marks - philosophies have led to development of education facilities. - Educational facilities. - Led to development of healthy services by raising funds to build hospitals. - Promoted spirit of hard work. - Promoted National unity among the people. - Improved agricultural sector. - Improved transport and communication network e.g. roads. - Led to redistribution of National resources and wealth. - Led to assistance of less fortunate members in the society. - Has enabled Kenyans to start income generating projects. - Self help projects have generated employment opportunities. 2 x 6 = 12 marks

History & government MAARA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATIOIN 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. What is oral tradition as a source of history. (1 mark)  It involves the study of historical information based on what has been handed down from one generation to another by word of mouth. 1 x 1 =1 mark 2. Give two methods used by early man to find food during the Stone Age period. (2 marks)  Gathering fruits/ vegetables / honey  Hunting animals.  Digging up roots  Fishing  Crop growing  Livestock keeping. any 2x1=2 marks 3. Identify two aspects of culture of early man that had their origin in the late Stone Age. (2 marks)  Growing of crops / agriculture.  Establishing permanent settlements  Making microlithic composite tools e.g. scrappers, plates lunates, harpoons.  Domesticating animals.  Beginning of religion  Beginning of government. any 2x1=2 marks 4. In which document is the creation theory written (1mark)  The Bible  The Koran any 1x1 = 1 mark 5. State two similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt. (2 marks)  In both countries agriculture is practised.  Farmers depend on flood water for farming.  They developed similar systems irrigation  They used farm implements made of stone, wood and later metal  They traded n farm produce 6. Identify two scientific discoveries during the 19thC which contributed to food preservation. (2 marks)  Discovery of canning.  Invention of refrigeration  Invention of pasteurization. any 2x2=2 marks 7. What was the main source of energy during the early period of industrial revolution in Europe? (1 mark)  Coal 1x1=1 mark 8. Give two functions of the Kabaka of Buganda. (2 marks)  He was the head of government.  He was commander-in-chief of the army  He appointed / dismissed senior officials in the government.  He as the supreme judge  He was in charge of all religious activities / chief priest.  Kabaka controlled trade. any 2x1=2 marks 9. Give the main form of transport that was used in the Trans-Saharan trade. ( 1 mark)  Animal transport / camel any 1x1 = 1 mark 10. State the main reason why Samori Toure fought the French. (1 mark)  To preserve the independence of the Mandika kingdom / To stop French colonisation. any 1x1 = 1 mark 11. Identify one administrative method used by the French in West Africa. (1 mark)  Assimilation  Association, any 2x1 = 2 marks 12. Give two colonies of the British in Central Africa. (2 marks)  Malawi  Zambia  Zimbabwe any 2x1=2 marks 13. Name the conference that summariesed the partition of Africa. (1 mark)  Berlin conference any 1x1 = 1 mark 14. Give two reasons why the central power swere defeated in the First World War by the Allied Forces. (2 marks)  Allied forces had adequate supply of human resources for the war from the members against four countries for the central powers.

History & government  Allied forces had abundant wealth to finance the war.  There were mutinees in the German army.  Entry of USA into the war on the side of the allied forces.  Allied forces blockaded Germany any 2x1=2 marks 15. Give the main aim of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.(UNCTAD) (1 mark)  To encourage / promote trade between the rich / developed and the developing countries. 1x1=1 mark 16. Identify the Pan-African conference that was first attended by the African nationalists. (1 mark)  Manchester conference of 1945 any 1x1 = 1 mark 17. Name two leaders who were founder members of the Non-aligned movement. (2 marks)  Broz Tito (Yugoslavia)  Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)  Jawaharlal Pandit Nehru (India Premier)  Dr. Ahmed Surkano (Premier Indonesia)  Chuo Enlai (Premier China) any 2x1=2 marks

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. Identify five characteristics of the open field system before the Agrarian Revolution. (5 marks)  Used simple implements of farming by sticks, hoes.  Practised small scale farming.  Used broadcasting /scattering method of planting.  Communal rearing of cattle.  Practised mixed farming  Practised fallow cultivation / fallow land.  Were many path / cart trucks. b) Describe the way of life of early human beings during the stone Age. (10 marks)  They made simple stone tools for domestic use / Oldowan tools / pebbles tools.  They lived in small groups in order to assist each other.  They obtained their food through hunting and gathering  They used simple hunting methods such as chasing wild animals and laying traps.  They ate raw food because fire had not been discovered.  They had no specific dwelling places. However they used caves, tree trunks treetops as their resting places.  They sheltered from predators by climbing trees and hiding in caves.  They wore no clothing but their hairy bodies kept them warm.  They lived near rivers and lakes. any 5 x 2 = 10 marks 19. a) State five ways in which slaves were captured in West Africa. (5 marks)  Exchange of slaves with European manufactured goods.  Prisoners of war  Lonely travellers (kidnapped)  Leaders sold criminals in the society  Through raiding activities (captives)  Weak in society  Enticing in children  Debtors (unable to pay debts) b) Explain the factors that led to the growth of Industrialization in Germany. (10 marks)  Establishment of the customs union (Zollreview). German states were linked together and there was removal of trade barriers (eased transportation of goods)  Availability of energy sources such as coal (Rhinelands) used in industries. Later HEP and Atomic energy were developed.  Availability of natural resources, water, iron ore, coal, oil and copper -were industrial raw materials used.  The large Germany population provided with both skilled and unskilled labour to work in the industries (educated people with technical skills)  Germany's industrial products had a large domestic market due to the high population at home and an external foreign market in the rest of Europe e..g BMW, Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz.  There was good transport and communication. Roads, water and air transport were improved. Telephone, Fax and postal services were developed.  A long period political stability in Germany especially under the leadership of Otto Von Bismarck.  Availability of capital. Finances to boost industries were provided by the local banks and marshal plan (Given by USA)  German citizens were hardworking and enterprising in nature e.g. Krupp Meyer Thyssen who developed steel industries. any 5 x 2 = 10 marks 20. a) Identify three countries in Africa that were colonised by Germany in the 19th Century. (3 marks)  Tanganyika.

History & government  Cameroon  Togo  S.W. Africa any 3x1=3 marks b) How did the partition of Africa affect Africa and its peoples. (12 marks)  European nations introduced their languages in Africa such as English,  French, Portuguese etc.  Led to the introduction of European administrative systems in Africa such as assimilation, direction and indirect rule.  It led to the setting up of boundaries in Africa that are still used in the present day.  Some of the communities in Africa were splitted and appeared in different states such as the Maasai, Somali Igbo etc.  European invasion led to the fall of some of the African kingdoms e.g. Asante, Fante, Buganda etc.  Introduction of the monetary economy as they developed trade and industries. Exploitative economic measures such as a land alienation, forced labour and taxation were introduced.  European occupation led to the erosion of African cultures such as female circumcision and polygamy etc.  It influenced the state formation in Africa in the post-colonial period.  African sates continued to maintain close ties with the European countries. (any 6 x 2 = 12 marks) 21. Show the factors that influenced the development of early urban centres in Africa. (5 marks)  Discovery of crop farming led to farming centres.  Trading activities between communities.  Religious activities (mission centres)  Adequate security.  Administrative functions  Harbours (ships)  Mining centres e.g. Meroe  Cross roads / Junctions  Educational centres (Centres of learning) any 5x1=5 marks b) Explain five consequences or urbanisation on European communities in the 19th Century. (10 marks)  Landless persons migrated to urban centres in search for employment /rural - urban migration led to overcrowding,  Inadequate housing in the urban centres led to the development of slums  Pollution of the environment due to industrial wastes.  Poor sanitation led to frequent outbreaks of epidermis such as cholera, typhoid, a dysentery / poor health.  Suffering and frustrations of urban life led to social evils such as prostitution alcoholism, drug abuse and crimes.  Inadequate food, supply for he large urban population led to starvation.  Excessive rural-urban migration led to widespread unemployment.  Led to improvement of transport and communication.  Led to the expansion of trade and other services.

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Give three communities that were involved in the Maji Maii Rebellion. (3 marks)  Zaramo, Ngindo  Bunga, Ngoni.  Bena, Luguru  Matumbi, Pogoro  Wamwera, Ndendeule. any 3x1=3 marks b) What reasons led to the failure of the Maji Maji Rebellion in 1907 (12 marks)  Lack of proper co-ordination - Africans were not well-organized in their resistance. Each community fought on its own.  The magic water failed to protect Africans from the German bullets leading to the death of African soldiers in the battle.  The Africans did not unite to face a common enemy. For example the Hehe, and the Nyamwezi did not join the revolt / lack of unity among the Africans.  The Germans had superior weapons (guns) while the Africans had spears and arrows /inadequate weapons.  The Germans received reinforcements from Germany and their colonies. Their number overwhelmed the African solders.  Africans did not have a well co-ordained military strategy. They used Guerrilla tactics which were no match to the Germans / Africans did not have a well-trained army / lack of military skills.  Ruthlessness of the German soldiers in crushing the rebellion in use of the Scotched Earth policy.  Capture the execution of the leaders demoralised the warriors. any 6 x 2 = 12 marks 23. a) Give three categories of members of parliament in Britain. (3 marks)  Hereditary peers / members of the royal family.  Members nominated by the monarch  Members elected by universal suffrage /' through elections.  Senior statesmen / knighted peers / life peers.  Senior leaders of the church of England / Bishops / archbishops of Anglican church. any 3x1-3 marks

History & government b) Explain six roles of the Prime Minister in Britain. (12 marks)  He’s the leader of the party that nominated him  Determined when the elections are to be held.  Recommends to the monarch appointments of high ranking officers in the government / award of civil honours.  Chairs cabinet meetings.  Settles disputes between various government ministries / departments.  Heads the government / chief executive.  Oversees the implementation of cabinet decisions / government policies.  Leads the House of commons.  The prime ministers with the support of the parliament can change, amend, and repeal laws.  Represents the country in the international forums/ conferences.  Appoints / dismiss ministers with the consent of the monarch. any 6x2-12 marks 24. a) Name three principal organs of the United Nations Organization. (3 marks)  The General Assembly  The security council  The international court of Justice  The economic and social council.  The trusteeship council.  The secretariat. any 3x1=3 marks b) Explain the challenges encountered by the Pan-African movement. (12 marks)  The movement lacked adequate funds to run its operations.  Some of the Pan-African leaders could not agree on the best strategy of uplifting the welfare of the peoples of African origin e.g. Du-Bois, Booker T. Washington.  Many European groups fought the activities of the pan Africanist .e.g. Marcus Garvey's imprisonment was the result of such hostility.  Majority of the Africans were still under colonialism and it was difficult for them to participate in the Pan-African affairs for they were denied visas or permits to travel.  Due to lack of education and economic empowerment, many of the pan-African projects did not succeed.  Illiteracy and ignorance among some people of African descent hindered them from offering constructive support to the pan- African leaders.  The absence of Africans-Americans in the affairs of the continent - was a big blow after independence in the 1960's.  There were divisions between the radicals and conservatives of the major African countries after they acquired independence. Also between the Francophone and Anglophone countries.  European powders (countries) exploited their domination of the international media to water down the importance of Pan- Africanism. any 6x2=12 marks

History & government MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION - 2016 Kenya certificate of secondary education.

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HOURS SECTION A ( 25 mks) Answer all questions in this section 1. Give the branch of History that deals with peoples culture (1mk) 2. Identify two social practices introduced to the Bantu by the cushites (2mks) 3. Mention the basic social unit among the Luo in pre-colonial Kenya (1mk) 4. Identify two main items of trade from the interior of Kenya during the long distance trade? (2mks) 5. Give the reason why Ludwig Krapf was unable to establish a misson station in Kitui (1mk) 6. Mention two communities in Kenya whose ancestors settled in Mt. Elgon area before migration to the present homeland (2mks) 7. Other than public bill name the other type of bill debated in the national assembly (1mk) 8. Name two levels of government in Kenya today (2mks) 9. State the chief executive officer incharge of the county (1mk) 10. Name the First African in Kenya to serve in the Legislative council in colonial Kenya (1mk) 11. Give importance of the Mace in parliament (1mk) 12. Mention the constitutional commission that conducts and supervises elections in Kenya (1mk) 13. Name two political activists assassinated in Kenya up to 1978 (2mks) 14. Give two changes introduced by the Mackay Commission in education sector in Kenya (2mks) 15. State two pillars of Nyayoism (2mks) 16. Identify two principles of devolved governmet (2mks) 17. Define public revenue (1mk) SECTION B (45MARKS ) Answer any three questions in this section 18. State five economic activities of the Borana during the pre-colonial period (5mks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Maasai (10mks) 19 (a) State three reasons for the coming of the Portuguese to the Kenyan coast in the 15th Century (3mks) (b) Explain six factors that led to the development of plantation agriculture along East African Coast (12mks) 20. Identify three methods used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya (3mks) (b) Explain six results of the Nandi resistance (12mks) 21 (a) State five reasons why the government of Kenya adopted the sessional paper No. 10 of 1965 (5mks) (b) Discuss five ways in which the Harambee philosphy has promoted development of education in Kenya since independence (10mks) SECTION C (30 Marks) Answer Any Two Questions in this Section 22 (a) Give three internal factors that led to introduction of multi-party democracy in Kenya in the early 1990’s ( 3 mks) (b) Describe six achievements of Multi-party democracy in Kenya (12mks) 23. (a) Give three superior courts in Kenya ( 3 mks) (b) Explain six measures taken by the government to improve the correctional services in Kenya (12mks) 24. (a) Mention three national security organs (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the attorney general in Kenya (12mks)

History & government MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION - 2016 kenya certificate of secondary education.

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS SECTION A ( 25 MARKS ) Answer all the questions in this section 1. Give the meaning of the term Government (1mk) 2. Identify two ways through which early agriculture spread in Africa (2mks) 3. Mention two disadvantages of anthropology as a source of historical information (2mks) 4. Give two reasons why early man lived on top of trees (2mks) 5. Identify the main reason for the growth of Johannesberg (1mk) 6. Why was silent trade practiced by Trans-Saharan traders (1mk) 7. Identify the main contribution of William Morton in the field of medicine (1mk) 8. State two terms of Helligoland treaty of 1890 (2mks) 9. Name one African country that was not colonised by European powers (1mk) 10. Give the immediate cause of world war II (1mk) 11. Name two major political parties in Britain (2mks) 12. What is “Veto power” as used by the United Nations (1mk) 13. Identify the movement that ushured Mozambique to political Independence in 1975 (1mk) 14. State two countries where cold war escalated to real war (2mks) 15. Give two social changes introduced by Mobutu Sese Seko in DRC (2mks) 16. Name two Military power blocks formed in Europe after second the world war (2mks) 17. Identify the head of government in India (1mk)

SECTION B ( 45 MARKS ) Answer any, THREE Questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 18 (a) Give three ways in which an open thumb improved early man’s way of life (3mks) (b) Explain six benefits of domesticating animals in the neolithic period (12mks) 19. (a) Identify five disadvantages of human porterage (5mks) (b) Explain five impacts of railway transport (10mks) 20. (a) Give five functions of the Lukiiko (5mks) (b) Explain five factors that led to the growth of Shona Kingdom (10mks) 21. (a) Name three prominent delegates from Africa who attended the fifth Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945 (3mks) (b) Explain six challenges facing the East African Community (12 mks)

SECTION C ( 30MARKS ) Answer any two questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 22. (a) State five benefits of international relations (5mks ) (b) Explain five Aims of the United Nations organisation (10mks) 23. (a) Mention three world dictators that emerged after the first world war (3mks) (b) Explain six reasons why the Axis powers were defeated by the Allied forces in World war II (12mks) 24. (a) Outline the composition the executive arm of government in the U.S.A. (3mks) (b) Describe six functions of the congress in the USA (12mks)

History & government MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION - 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS 1. Social History (1 x 1 = 1mk) 2. A taboo against eating fish Age - set systems Circumcision (2 x 1 = 1 mk) 3. Family (1 x 1 = 1mk) 4. Ivory Slaves (2 x 1 = 2mks) 5. The Akamba became unfriendly when chief Kivoi was killed (1 x 1 = 1mk) 6. Abagusi Abaluhyia Abakuria NB Luo Abasuba not in the list as they came later (2 x 1 = 2mks) 7. Private bill (1 x 1 = 1mk) 8. National County (2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. Governor (1 x 1 = 1mk) 10. Eliud Mathu (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11. Its a symbol of Authority (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission NB Reject Abbreviation (1 x 1 = 1mk) 13. Pio Gama Pinto Jm Kariuki Tom Mboya (2 x 1 = 2mk) 14. - Introduction of 8-4-4- system - Establishement of second Public Univeristy (Moi University - Vocational subjects e.g Art Craft, Music, Agric and Home science be given more emphasis in the curriculum 15. Peace Love Unity (2 x 1 = 2mk 16. - Based on democratic principles and separation of powers - Gender balance in powers therein representative bodies - Have reliable sources of revenue to enable them deliver (2 x 1 = 2mks) 17. - Funds raised by Government for expenditure (1 x 1 = 1mk) SECTION B 18(a).- Trading - Livestock keeping - Hunting and gathering - Craft industries - Fishing - Cultivation of food crops - Iron working (5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) - The basic social unit was the family made up of father, wife /wives and children - Several related families formed a clan - The Maasai were organized into age groups /age sets made up of people who were circumcised at the same time - They believed in one supreme God called Enkai NB: Must state Enkai to score full mark - Had a religious leader called Laibon who mediated between the community and Enkai - They offered sacrifices to God in sacred places and other cermonies eg Eunoto - The believed in ancestral spirits 19 (a) - To find a sea route to India - Wanted to spread Christianity/reduce the muslim influence - Take part in coastal trade - To control strategic points on the East African Coast from other European rivals - Desire for exploration/ Adventure (Any 3x 1=`3mks ) (b) - Adequate rainfall and suitable climate - Existance of fertile soils - Presence of settlers from Oman and Zanzibar willing to invest in plantation agriculture

History & government - Availability of labour form slaves - Availability of large tracks of land suitable for large scale agriculture - There was market for crops in countries like Zanzibar and Arabia 20 (a) - Signing of treaties/collaboration - Use of military attacks against unfriendly communities /use of force - Administrative stations/operational bases - Treachery/offering of gifts - Use of missionaries to pacify Africans through preaching (3x 1=3mks ) (b) - The land belonging to the Nandi was allienated - The Nandi lost therin independence - The Nandi were resettled in reserves - The Nandi were forced to live as squatters on European farms - Loss of life during raids - Destruction of property - The Nandi lost their military superiority - The Nandi warriors were conscripted into the colonial security forces (6 x 2=12mks) 21 (a) - Encourage various forms of property ownership - Ensure equal opportunities for all citizens - Promote democracy - Ensure that resources are used to benefit the society and its members - Promote freedom of conscience and human dignity - Promote freedom from diseases, ignorance and poverty (5 x 1=5mks ) (b) - Raising school fees for the needy through harambees - Construction of schools through harambees - Development projects like building domitories and buying school buses through harambee - Some private schools have been built through harambee - Students from Kenya have been able to pursue education outside the country through Harambee 22 (a) - Alleged rigging of the 1988 electrons/discontent ith the queing system - KANU’s failure to accomodate peoples divergent views - Pressure from the church/civil society /lawyers intellectuals /rampant corruption - Recommodations of the Saitoti review committee ( 3 x 1=3mks ) (b) - It enhances checks and balances as opposition parties point out government excesses - Opened up democratic space as people air their views without fear of intimidation - Mobilized more people to take place in democratic processes - Facilitated provision of civic education to the people empowering them to make informed decisions - Promoted members of different ethnic groups join political parties of their choice - Creation of many political parties has provided training grounds for political leaders - Has enabled provision of atlernative, approach to the management of government affairs - Opposition debates issues the government may be silent on (6x 2=12mks) 23 - High court - Court of appeal - Supreme court (3 x 1=3mks) (b) - Introduction of community service for petty offenders to decongest prisons - Improving the living conditions for prisoners by providing medical services, clothing, beddings & diet - Release of petty offenders - Allocating more funds to facilitate the corrected services - Employment and training of more personnel in charge of prisoners - Construction of better houses for the warders - Better remuneration for the prison staff (6 x 2=12mks) 24 (a) Kenya Defence forces National intelligence services National Police service (3x 1=3mks) (b) - Principal legal advisor to the government - Represent national government in court or any other legal proceeding - Promotes and upholds the rule of law - Defends public interest - Appears as a friend of the court in any civil proceeding to which government is not party - Takes part in drafting public bills

History & government MURANG’A SOUTH SUBCOUNTY MULTILATERAL EXAMINATION - 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS 1. The way of rullling adminstering and controlling people Exercising of authority over people in a society (1x 1 = 1 mk) 2. Through migrations Trade Intermarriages Wars (2x1= 2mks) 3. Its expensive Time consuming People behave differently in presence of a researcher (2x1= 2mks) 4. To acquire fruits /food /eggs For security (1x2= 2mks) 5. Presence of Gold deposits (1x1 = 1mk) 6. Language barrier /lack of a common language (1 x 1 = 1mk) 7. Discovered anaesthesia to reduce pain during surgery (1x1 = 1mk) 8. Germany officially recognised that Uganda and Kenya was a British sphere of influence - Germany abandoned her claim over Witu - Germany acquired Lake Tanganyika strip from the Sultan of Zanzibar - The Sultan of Zanzibar retained the 16km Coastal strip (2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. Ethiopia Liberia (1 x 1 = 1mk) 10. Germany failure to withdraw from Poland (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11.- Labour party Conservative party (2 x 1 = 2mks) 12. A decision cannot be adopted is any of the permanent members of the security council votes against it ( 1x1= 1mk) 13. FRELIMO /Front of Liberation Movement (1x1= 1mk) 14. Korea Vietnam (2x1= 2mks) 15. Renamed the country from DRC to Zaire - He made Kilingala the official language - Renamed towns eg leopoldville to Kinshasa and Elizabethvile to Lubumbashi (2 x 1 = 2mks) 16. - Warsaw Pact NATO (2 x 1 = 2mks) 17. Prime Minister (1 x 1 = 1mk) 18 (a). - Help man to grasp - Improved mans defence - Helped man during hunting - Through a firm grip man was able to refine his tools (3 x 1 = 3mk) (b) - Man had steady food supply - Animal products such a skins used for clothing - Bones used to make ornaments and needles - Animals like donkey and horses used for transport - The dog provided security - Animals and animal products were traded for other items (6x2= 12mks) (b) - Limited load - Affected by weather - Insecurity - Its slow / time consuming - Its is tiring/tidious /cumbersome (5x1=5mks) (b) - Led to urbanization as towns developed along railway lines - Improved international trade as bulky goods could be transported to the market - Led to industrialization through transport of raw materials to the factories and finished products to the market - Opened up interior of Africa, North America and Asia for agricultural and mineral exploitation - Helped colonialists to establish control over their colonies through quick movement of troops - Has offered empolyment to many - Led to widespread migration (1x3= 3mks) 20 (a) - Advicing the Kabaka - Making laws - Approving budgets/expenditure

History & government - It was the final court of appeal - Representing the people of Buganda by presenting their issues to Kabaka - Ratifying treaties ( 5x1 = 5mks ) (b) - Economic stability from livestock keeping and crop growing - Trade that brought wealth to the kingdom - Able leadership from Kings e.g. Chikura - Strong army that defended the kingdom - Availability of mineral resources ie Gold and Copper - Religion that brought unity ie Mwari/Mlimo cult - Acquisition of modern fire arms (5x2= 10mks) 21 a) Obafemi Awolowo Jomo Kenyatta Kwame Nkrumah Kamuzu Banda Peter Abrahams ( 3 x1= 3mks ) 21(b) Suspicion still exists among members that Kenya is likely to be a dominant partener - Trans- border smuggling of vehicles and other goods - Kenyan business people complain about Tanzania taxing their goods - Border conflicts and territorial conflict eg Kenya and Uganda over Migingo island - Cattel rustling across borders, between Karamajong and Pokot - Divided loyalty as members belong to other organizations ( 5x1= 5mks ) 22 (a) - Promote economic growth through trade - Countries get financial and technical assistance - Enhance peace and security in the world - Promote understanding and unity - Encourage cultural exchange - Help in getting collective solutions to world problems (5x1= 10mks ) (b) - Maintain world peace and security - Develope friendly relations - Promote respect for human rights - Promote peoples living standards - Prevent outbreak of another world war - Promote economic development - Promote international understanding and cooperation 23 (a) - Adolf Hilter of Germany - General Franco of spain - Benito Musolini of Italy (3x1= 3mks ) (b) - The allied had many supporters therefore a large army that outnumbered the axis - Germany’s inability to effectively control it conquered territories created divisions - USSR recovered and attacked Germany - USA entry into the war on the side of the allies - The allied forces had most superior weapons e.g. atomic bombs - The axis bit more than they could chew by engaging war on many fronts - The axis powers suffered shortage of war supplies - Axis made tactical mistakes e.g. they failed to utilise aircraft carriers 24(a) President - Vice - president - Cabinet - Civil seruce 3x1 = 3mks (b) - It acts as a check of the executive arm of government - Approves taxation and ensures government expenditure is properly used - Making laws and amending laws - Ratify international treaties - Approves presidential appointees e.g ambassadors - Appoints commissions of inquiry on matters on national importance - Represent the interest of the American people ( 2x6= 12mks )

History & government MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 MARCH/APRIL 2016 TIME: 2½ hours Section A (25 marks) Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 1. Give the source of information on history and government which deals with scientific analysis of man’s material culture. (1 mark) 2. Which was the most common political authority in pre-colonial Kenya? (1 mark) 3. Identify two duties of Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the pre-colonial period (2 marks) 4. What was the main negative effect of plantation agriculture on the people of Kenya coast. (1 mark) 5. State two terms of Anglo-Germany Treaty of 1890. (2 marks) 6. What was the main importance of the Devonshire white paper of 1923? (1 mark) 7. State two economic benefits of the Kenya Uganda railway during the colonial period. (1 mark) 8. State two immediate events that led the Governor to declare a state of emergency in the colony in October 1952. (1marks) 9. Name the first African to be nominated to the legislative council in Kenya. (1mark) 10. State two features of political associations that were formed in Kenya between 1920- 1939. (2marks) 11. Identify two education bodies that appeared among the Agikuyu during the colonial period. (2marks) 12. Give two objectives of Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). (2marks) 13. Name any two women warriors who were involved in the Mau Mau movement. (2marks) 14. Identify one political challenge faced by Daniel arap Moi as the president of Kenya. (1mark) 15. Identify the parliamentary symbol of authority. (1mark) 16. Mention two units that make up the national police units in Kenya. (2marks) 17. State the main function of the attorney General in Kenya. (1mark) Section B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided 18. (a) Give five reasons for the migration of the highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Borana during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19. (a) State five characteristics of the early coastal city states. (5 marks) (b) Explain five effects of missionary activities in Kenya. (10 marks) 20. (a) State five problems faced by the European settlers in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five results of the Maasai collaboration with the British. (10 marks) 21. (a) Give five challenges faced by independent churches and schools during the colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the role played by Ronald Ngala in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks)

Section C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

22. (a) State three survival rights of a child in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks) 23. (a) Give three reasons why elections are important in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Describe the law making process in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. (a) Give three factors which may undermine the effectiveness of the traffic police in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the Kenya Defense Forces. (12 marks)

History & government MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARCH/APRIL 2016 TIME: 2½ hours Section A (25 marks) 1. Give the name of the tools made by early man during the New Stone Age period (1 mark) 2. State two distinct characteristics of Homo Erectus. (2 marks) 3. Identify one form of writing during the early civilizations resulting from early agriculture. (1 mark) 4. State two factors that promoted large-scale farming in Britain during the Agrarian Revolution. (2 marks) 5. State two ways in which poor transport system has contributed to food shortages in Africa. (2 marks) 6. Identify two political benefits of Trans-Saharan-trade to the people of Western Sudan. (2 marks) 7. State two characteristics of Macadam roads. (2 marks) 8. Give one early source of energy. (1 mark) 9. State two political results of industrial Revolution in Europe. (2 marks) 10. State one contribution of Joseph Lister in the field of medicine in the nineteenth century. (1 mark) 11. Identify two factors that facilitated colonization of Africa in the nineteenth century. (2 marks) 12. Give one reason why the Shona supported the British forces against the Ndebele during the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893. (1 mark) 13. State one reason why Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda collaborated with the British. (1 mark) 14. Give two political developments in South Africa which facilitated establishment of a multi-racial government. (2 marks) 15. Give the name given to Germany and her supporters during the First World War. (1 mark) 16. Give the main reason why the League of Nations was established in 1919. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) 18. (a) State five reasons why man turned from hunting and gathering to agriculture. (5 marks) (b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in United States of America (USA). (10 marks) 19. (a) Identify five ways in which iron working spread in Africa. (5 marks) (b) Explain five factors that led to emergence of Japan as an industrial power. (10 marks) 20. (a) Give five causes of the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 to 1907 in Tanganyika. (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why Samori Toure resisted the French for so long. (10 marks) 21. (a) Give five qualifications for one to be assimilated in Senegal. (5 marks) (b) Describe five effects of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) 22. (a) State three economic activities of the Baganda during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of Asante Kingdom in the eighteenth Century. (12 marks) 23. (a) Identify three roles of the church in promoting African Nationalism in South Africa. (3 marks) (b) Explain six problems encountered by African Nationalists in South Africa. (12 marks) 24. (a) State three functions of the Assembly of the League of Nations. (3 marks) (b) Describe six achievements of the League of Nations. (12 marks)

History & government MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 MARCH/APRIL 2016 TIME: 2½ hours Section A (25 marks) Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 1. The source of information on History and Government which deals with scientific analysis of man’s material culture. Archaeology 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 2. The most political authority in the pre-colonial Kenya. Council of elders 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 3. Two duties of Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. - He presided over religious functions. - Advised the council of elders on running of the community. - Advised and blessed warriors before raids and war. - Foretold the future. - Acted as rainmaker and medicine man. - Arbitrated in cases of disputes between clans. - Acted as a political leader and was consulted on matters of transfer of power from one age-group to the other. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 4. The main negative effect of plantation agriculture on the people of Kenyan coast. It promoted slave trade 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 5. Two terms of the Anglo-Germany Treaty of 1890 - Germany abandoned her claim over Witu in exchange of Heligo land. - Germany officially recognized that Uganda was a British sphere. British also laid claim over Kenya and the sultan of Zanzibar’s dominion. - Germany acquired a strip of land on L.Tanganyika and purchased the coast of Tanganyika from sultan of Zanzibar. - The sultan of Zanzibar retained the 16-km coastal strip. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 6. The main importance of the Devonshire white paper of 1923. It declared that African’s interests are to be given a priority. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 7. Two economic benefits of the Kenya Uganda railway during the colonial period. - It facilitated the transportation of goods and services. - It led to the development of urban centres. - It facilitated the movement of traders/promoted trade - It opened up the interior for economic development e.g. plantation, agriculture and industry. - It led to the creation of employment opportunities. - It led to the development of other forms of transport and communication e.g. roads and telecommunications. - It was a major source of revenue for colonial authority. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 8. The immediate event that led the Governor to declare a state of emergency in the colony in October 1952. The assassination of Chief Waruhiu Wa Kungu. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 9. The first African to be nominated to the legislative council in Kenya. Eliud Mathu 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 10. Two features of political associations that were formed in Kenya between 1920-1939 - Led by educated young men who had organizational ability. - There was a tendency towards inter-regional co-operational although most of the organizations were confined to one or two ethnic communities with exception of (EAA). - The grievances were similar e.g. land alienation. - Their demands focused mainly on the welfare of the people. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 11. Two education bodies that appeared among the Agikuyu during the colonial period. - Kikuyu Independent Schools Association (KISA) - The Kikuyu Karinga Education Association (KKEA) Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 12. Two objectives of Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU). - To safeguard the interests of minority tribes. - To provide an efficient organ that represents all areas of Kenya. - To push for a federal constitution. - To formulate domestic and international policies for Kenya. - To organize and maintain a political democratic union in the Legco and the country. - Demand for release of political prisoners. - Demand for constitutional reforms. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 13. Two women warriors who were involved in the Mau Mau movement. - Marshal Muthoni. - Nduta Wa Kore. - Elizabeth Gachika.

History & government - Wamboi Wagarama Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 14. Identify one political challenge faced by Daniel arap Moi as the president of Kenya. - Pressure from multi party activists - Human rights violation/ arrest and torture of government critics. - Political assassinations e.g. Robert Ouko in 1990. - The 1982 attempted coup Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 15. Parliamentary symbol of authority. The mace. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 16. Two units that make up the national police unit in Kenya. - The Kenya police service. - The administration police service. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 17. The main function of the Attorney General in Kenya. Advising the National government as the principal legal advisor. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark)

Section B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided 18. (a) Give five reasons for the migration of the highland Nilotes into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) - Due to increase in population - They were searching for fertile land for cultivation. - They were looking for additional pastures and water for their livestock. - Internal conflicts or family and clan feuds. - Due to external attacks from hostile communities. - Diseases and epidemics forced them to migrate. - To escape drought and famine. - To satisfy their desire for adventure and curiosity. Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Borana during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) - The nuclear family was the smallest social unit with the father as the head. - Related families made up the extended family/clan. - Many related families lived in temporary camps near grazing areas but came together during ceremonial rites. - They were organized into clans who traced their origin to a common ancestor. - They were organized into age sets made up of boys circumcised during the same period. - They had an age grade system ranging from infancy to old age each having its own rights and duties. - There existed other special people who were respected like medicine people and prophets. - They believed in a supreme God called Waq/ Wak/ Waa whom they offered individual and family prayers. - The head of the family offered sacrifices at every new moon. - They had religious shrines where they offered prayers and sacrifices. - They believed in ancestral spirits who protected the living. Prayers and sacrifices were offered to them. - They had patrilineal society where inheritance was from the father to the first born son who then redistributed the wealth to his younger brothers. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 19. (a) State five characteristics of the early coastal city states. (5 marks) - The people lived in settlements that were politically independent of each other. - The settlements were ruled by Muslim leaders e.g. Sultans. - Majority of the inhabitants of the city states were Muslims. - The people who lived in the city states spoke Kiswahili. - They participated in the Indian Ocean trade. - The architectural designs of their houses were influenced by Arabian and Persian designs. - They fished in the Indian Ocean. - They practiced weaving and spinning. - They minted their own coins. - The city states were ruled according to Islamic Sharia law. - Their way of dressing was influenced by Arabian way of dressing/culture like wearing buibui by women and kanzu by men. - Education was based on Madrassa and the language used was Arabic Any 5 points @ 1mark each (5 marks) (b) Explain five effects of missionary activities in Kenya. (10 marks)

- They converted many Africans to Christianity - They introduced western education to Africa. - They established mission hospitals where people were treated of various diseases as well as training medical personnel. - They advocated for the abolition of slave trade and established stations for freed and runaway slaves like Frere Town. - They translated the Bible in to local languages like Dr. Krapf translated it to Kiswahili. - They introduced new crops like coffee together with new farming methods. - They introduced new architectural designs by building fine churches and other buildings. - They carried out the exploration of the continent - They spread their European culture leading to eradication of inhuman practices like slave trade and witch craft.

History & government - They caused disunity among the Africans e.g. between the converted and the traditionalist. - The restrictive nature of Christian missionaries and their stand on African traditions led to the establishment of independent churches by the Africans. - They established transport systems like roads. - The promoted European colonization. - Their activities led to the emergence of African nationalism. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 20. (a) State five problems faced by the European settlers in Kenya. (5 marks) - Africans were unwilling to provide labour to the settlers. - The settlers were not familiar with the climatic conditions in the region/seasons. - Lack of knowledge about diseases and pests hence lost their crops and livestock. - They were not sure of crops that could do well in certain areas. - Lack of market for their produce. - Undeveloped transport networks in some regions. - Lack of experience in farming since a number of them had not engaged in farming before. - Lack of funds hence many became bankrupt. - African uprisings affected their farming activities. - Theft of livestock by African communities. Any 5 points @ 1mark each (5 marks) (b) Explain five results of the Maasai collaboration with the British. (10 marks) - The Maasai lost their independence. - They were employed as mercenaries to subdue resisting communities like the Nandi. - The Maasai were rewarded with cattle acquired from un co-operative communities like Nandi. - Their land was alienated and they were pushed to the reserves. - Lenana was made the paramount chief of the Maasai. - It led to conflict between Lanana and Legalishu over the land given to the British. - They allowed the British to build their railway through their territory. - The British supported Lenana against Sendeiyo in 1894 succession disputes. - They were protected against raids from their neighbours. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 21. (a) Give five challenges faced by independent churches and schools during the colonial period. (5 marks) - Opposition from missionary churches. - Inadequate facilities like buildings and teaching materials. - Lack of ordained church ministers. - Restriction by the colonial government which prohibited the opening of schools and banning others. - Lack of co-ordination which resulted in rivalry e.g. between KISA and KKEA. - Shortage of funds to carry out their activities well. - They lacked a nationalistic outlook as they were restricted to small areas - The colonial government created Local Native Councils as rival bodies through which Africans channeled their demands hence weakening them. Any 5 points @ 1mark each (5 marks) (b) Describe the role played by Ronald Ngala in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (10 marks) - In 1947 he became a member of the Coast African Association through which he expressed the problems and hopes of the Mijikenda people. - He also mobilized the Mijikenda into forming a pressure group called the Mijikenda union to fight for their rihts - He was the founder member of the Mombasa African Democratic Union (MADU) in 1955 to struggle for independence - As a member of the African Elected Members Association (AEMO) Ngala pressurized for the constitutional reforms for the Africans. - In 1958, he was appointed minister for Labour, Social Security and Adult Education a post he used in the struggle - He was instrumental in the formation of Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) to defend the interests of the minority African groups against possible domination by Kenya African National Union (KANU) and he became its the president. - He led the African delegation which attended the Lancaster House Conference to draft the independence constitution. - He supported and called for the release of detained leaders through public rallies. - In 1961, KADU under the leadership of Ngala formed the first independent government with New Kenya Party. - He advocated for equal living standards for all races in Kenya. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) Section C (30 marks) 22. (a) State three survival rights of a child in Kenya. (3 marks) - Right to life - Right to name and identity with a nation/ nationality or a group of people. - Good medical care like vaccination and medical treatment. - Good clothing to protect the child from cold and adverse weather conditions to prevent him or her from sickness. - Good shelter for good health and living. - Right to good food especially balanced diet. Any 3 points @ 1mark each (3 marks) (b) Explain six responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (12 marks) - To contribute to positive development of the country through hard work regardless of the job one is doing - Participate in all democratic processes in the country like elections and referendum.

History & government - Contribute positively ones’ views on issues affecting the community like taking part in debates. - Report law breakers and those intending to break the law. - Be mindful of other peoples’ welfare law like assisting the disabled, the aged, children and the less fortunate in the society. - Ensure proper utilization of public and private facilities and property - Maintain high moral and ethical standards in the society. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks) 23. (a) Give three reasons why elections are important in Kenya. (3 marks) - To give citizens a chance to choose leaders whom they have confidence in. - It is a constitutional requirement that elections are done after five years. - To enable Kenyans to have a new government. - To enable Kenyans to remove non performing leaders. - To enable Kenyans to exercise their democratic right of voting. - To enable people to give mandate to the party of their choice to rule. - To enable leaders to be responsive to the development needs of the electorate. Any 3 points @ 1mark each (3 marks) (b) Describe the law making process in Kenya. (12 marks) - A New Bill is drafted in the Attorney Generals Chamber (Parliamentary Counsel) or by lawyers if it is a private members Bill and published in the Kenya Gazette at least fourteen days before introduction in parliament. - The bill is then introduced into the parliament during the First Reading by the Clerk of the National Assembly reads the title of the Bill and the Cabinet Secretary who proposed the Bill moves the motion that the Bill be referred to the relevant Departmental Committee who then scrutinizes it. - The Bill is then presented in parliament for the Second Reading by the Cabinet Secretary in charge for further debate and improvements. - The Bill is then taken through the Committee Stage with an aim of making improvements on it including those of the previous stage . - The Bill is then taken to the Report Stage for members of parliament to ensure that their suggestions were accurately effected. Voting then takes place and if it is approved, it then goes to the next stage. - The Bill is taken to the Third Reading. Members discuss and vote on it. Further amendments may be made. If it is approved it then goes to the next stage. - The finalized Bill is then taken to the president for his/her assent after which it becomes a new law/ statute or an act of parliament. The new law is then published in the Kenya Gazette (Gazetted) for public knowledge and awareness and for law enforcement officers to know. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks) 24. (a) Give three factors which may undermine the effectiveness of the traffic police in Kenya. (3 marks) - Large number of vehicles on the roads - Poor conditions of roads - Inadequate facilities like vehicles - Lack of public support - Corruption/bribery - Poor remunerations/salaries - Poor conditions of many vehicles Any 3 points @ 1mark each (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the Kenya Defense Forces. (12 marks) - They defend the country from external attacks through deterring those who might want to invade Kenya and also resisting actual invasion. - They assist the police in the maintenance of law and order like suppressing riots and other civil disturbances. - They provide emergency services during national disasters like floods, earthquakes and uncontrollable fire. - They assist in nation building activities like road and bridge construction. - They participate in international peace keeping for maintenance of peace and security in areas ravaged by war. - They provide entertainment during national functions. - The Kenya navy patrols Kenya’s territorial water and check against illegal docking and unauthorized fishing. - Preventing unauthorized entry of aeroplanes and vessels into Kenyan territorial waters and air space. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

History & government MOKASA JOINT EVALUATION EXAMINATION 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 MARCH/APRIL 2016 TIME: 2½ hours Section A (25 marks) 1. Give the name of the tools made by early man during the New Stone Age period (1 mark) Microlithic tools 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 2. State two distinct characteristics of Homo Erectus. (2 marks) - Was upright/ bipedal or walked on two legs. - The brain capacity was ranged from 700cc and 1250 cc./ Had higher thinking capacity. - Had more developed speech than earlier creatures - Had more developed hand for grasping objects - Had long skull - Had protruding jaws. - Was about five feet, six inches tall Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 3. Identify one form of writing during the early civilizations resulting from early agriculture. (1 mark) - Hieroglyphics - Cuneiform Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 4. State two factors that promoted large-scale farming in Britain during the Agrarian Revolution. (2 marks) - Invention of machines for extensive farming. - Discovery of fertilizers which led to high yields - Discovery of pesticides and fungicides facilitated control of diseases. - Improvement of transport especially the railway - Discovery of canning and refrigeration - High demand of food by the increasing urban population - Demand for agricultural and industrial raw materials - Reclamation of wastelands giving rise to more arable land - Development of new breeds of crops through research - Migration of people to towns created room for plantation farming in rural areas. - The enclosure system pushed people out of the rural areas thus creating room for plantation farming. - Abolition of fallows ensured no loss of production. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 5. State two ways in which poor transport system has contributed to food shortages in Africa. (2 marks) - Poor transport has led to high transport costs thus high prices of food - It has led to poor distribution of food - It causes delays in transportation of food leading to wastages and losses - It demoralizes farmers leading to low agricultural production - It undermines the effectiveness of agricultural extension officers - Agricultural inputs do not easily reach the farms leading to poor production Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 6. Identify two political benefits of Trans-Saharan-trade to the people of Western Sudan. (2 marks) - Development of kingdoms like Mali and Songhai - Introduction of weapons for defence/creation of strong armies - Emergence of powerful leaders - Introduction of Sharia/Islamic law to be used in administration - Establishment of diplomatic ties between West Africa and North Africa Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 7. State two characteristics of Macadam roads. (2 marks) - They are all weather roads - They are durable. - Water drain off with ease. - They were smooth hence providing good motoring surface - They are wide. - They are straight Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 8. Give one early source of energy. (1 mark) - Wood - Wind - Water - Direct use of sunlight Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 9. State two political results of industrial Revolution in Europe. (2 marks) - It led to scramble and partition of Africa - It gave rise to Marxism ideology that condemned capitalism Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 10. State one contribution of Joseph Lister in the field of medicine in the nineteenth century. (1 mark)

History & government (i) He discovered the use of antiseptics in surgery. 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 11. Identify two factors that facilitated colonization of Africa in the nineteenth century. (2 marks) - There was disunity among African communities. - The Africans lacked modern weapons. - African warriors were not well trained like the Europeans. - Some communities had earlier been weakened by diseases and other natural calamities. - Some African leaders collaborated with the Europeans. - Some African communities lacked strong leadership. - Europeans received reinforcements or military back up from home and from other colonies. - Some communities were demoralized after their leaders were captured and even killed. - The European troops used ruthless war tactics like scorched earth policy which destroyed the economic base of most communities thus weakening them. Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 12. Give one reason why the Shona supported the British forces against the Ndebele during the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893. (1 mark) - To stop raids from the Ndebele - They did not want to be ruled by Ndebele Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 13. State one reason why Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda collaborated with the British. (1 mark) - He wanted protection from both internal enemies especially the religious groups such as traditionalists, Muslims, Catholics and Protestants. - He wanted protection against external enemies like the Bunyoro. - He also wanted to secure his position as a leader. - He wanted the British to help him gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms like Ankole, Toro and Bunyoro. Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 14. Give two political developments in South Africa which facilitated establishment of a multi-racial government. - Release all the political prisoners - Repeal of Apartheid laws - Africans were allowed to take part in elections - Lifting the ban on political parties - Removal of P.W. Botha, the apartheid hard line leader Any 2 points @ 1 mark each (2 marks) 15. Give the name given to Germany and her supporters during the First World War. (1 mark) Triple Alliance/Central powers 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) 16. Identify one mandated territory of the League of Nations in West Africa. (1 mark) - Cameroon - Togo Any 1 point @ 1 mark each (1 mark) 17. Give the main reason why the League of Nations was established in 1919. (1 mark) To promote peace in the world 1 point @ 1 mark (1 mark) Section B (45 marks) 18. (a) State five reasons why man turned from hunting and gathering to agriculture. (5 marks) - The need to supplement hunting and gathering which was tedious/ tiring. - Overhunting depleted stocks of animals on which human beings relied on for food. - The realization that some animals were social e.g. a cat - Presence of indigenous crops like wheat and barley. - Some crops and animals had economic value - Migration of animals made man to seek an alternative source/ reduction of animal population/ calamities such as bush fires/floods destroyed vegetation and drove away animals. - Climatic changes which caused poor root and fruit yields/ weather at sometimes hindered gathering and hunting. - Development of improved tools which enabled effective cultivation of crops. - Increase in human population led to high demand for food. - There was competition for food between human beings and animals Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks) (b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in United States of America (USA). (10 marks) - Many parts of the U.S.A have been opened up for both settlement and agriculture. - Manufacturing centers and urban areas in general are easily fed. - Adequate food has promoted urbanization/rural urban migration. - Expansion of industries as a result of raw materials from the agricultural sector - Mechanization in the farms has helped to release many people for jobs in industries/rural-urban migration. - Exports of farm products earn the country foreign exchange. - Plenty of food has led to increase in population. - Food is regularly donated for humanitarian purposes in different parts of the world. - It led to improvement in transport and communication. - It encouraged the shipping of slaves mainly from Africa to work in the farms. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 19. (a) Identify five ways in which iron working spread in Africa. (5 marks) - Through trading activities as it was a trade item. - Through migration of communities like the Bantu. - Travellers and messengers may have introduced and copied the art from other communities.

History & government - Through warfare between communities as iron weapons were used. - Through professional smiths. - Through conquest and occupation by communities. Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks) (b) Explain five factors that led to emergence of Japan as an industrial power. (10 marks) - The government made education compulsory and encouraged research leading to creative ideas. - People were encouraged to study abroad leading to technological advancement. - There was financial assistance from the USA for industrialization. - The availability of raw materials like coal, cotton and iron from within and outside Japan - The culture of hard work among the Japanese. - The government policies encouraged local and foreign investment. - The cheap and skillfully made products attracted markets locally and abroad. - The topography was unsuitable for agriculture. This made her to develop other sectors thus diversifying the economy. - The development of hydro electric power provided energy for industrialization. - The prevailing peace in the country promoted industrial development. - Improvement in transport accelerated the process of industrialization. - Availability of skilled and unskilled labour. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 20. (a) Give five causes of the Maji Maji rebellion of 1905 to 1907 in Tanganyika. (5 marks) - Cruelty and brutality of the German colonial administrator’s especially of the Akidas and Jumbes. - Forced labour on German plantations and other works which dehumanized the Africans. - African labourers were given low wages in the communal cotton scheme established by the Germans - Imposition of taxes e.g. hut tax which provoked resentment among the Africans. - Compulsory growing of cotton on unsuitable soil hence poor yields. - The Africans wanted to regain their lost independence. - Disrespect of African cultures by the German administrators’ e.g. in Uginda where the Germans misbehaved with the Ngindo women. - The charismatic role played by Kinjenkitile in using religion to unite the people of Southern Tanganyika against the Germans. - Land alienation by the Germans for the growing of cash crops e.g. cotton - The Germans despised and disrespected the African religious beliefs. - There existed trade rivalries between the Germans and Africans. - The Ngoni were seeking revenge for the massacre of 1898 where a large number of them were killed and their property looted and destroyed by the Germans. Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why Samori Toure resisted the French for so long. (10 marks) - He wanted to maintain his independence from the French interference. - He wanted to protect his gold fields especially the Bure mines from French exploitation. - He wanted to retain his authority as a leader i.e. as Al- Imam, a title he adopted in 1874. - He wanted to protect his trade which earned him revenue to purchase arms and ammunitions. - He wanted to safeguard Islam form Christian influence/ He was fighting a holy war (Jihad). - He had a strong army and weapons thus had confidence in his army. - He wanted to preserve Mandinka culture. - He was unhappy with French’s activities of selling arms to his enemies like Tiebba of Sikasso. - He wanted to protect the Mandinka land from European occupation. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) 21. (a) Give five qualifications for one to be assimilated in Senegal. (5 marks) - Ability to speak French - A distinguished record in the military service - Acquisition of a set standard of education - The practice of monogamy - Show good conduct - Be reasonably rich - Show loyalty to the French government - A distinguished record in the colonial service administration for at least 10 years Any 5 points @ 1 mark each (5 marks) (b) Describe five effects of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (10 marks) - It led to land alienation resulting in displacement of Africans. - The African traditional rulers lost their independence. - Africans had limited rights since the day-to-day running was in the hands of British without much reference to African interests. - Africans were subjected to heavy taxation. - Africans were subjected to forced labour. - British South Africa Company was given too much power in the administration of the colony. - It undermined African economy as some worked in the white farms. - Led to the development of transport network in the country. - It led to introduction of new crops. - It led to introduction of Western education into the country. - It led to spread of Christianity in the country. - Africans were denied freedom of movement by being confined in reserves and required to carry identity cards.

History & government - It led to the rise of African nationalism in the country. Any 5 points @ 2 marks each (10 marks) Section C (30 marks) 22. (a) State three economic activities of the Baganda during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) - They were cultivators of crops like bananas, millet and sorghum. - They kept animals - Fishing on Lake Victoria was also an important economic activity. - They took part in local, regional and international trade - Iron working was also done and they made weapons and farm tools. - Salt mining was also practiced by the Baganda. - They practiced craft working like weaving, pottery and canoe making. - They manufactured bark clothes - They also took part in hunting and gathering. Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of Asante Kingdom in the eighteenth Century. (12 marks) - The kingdom was composed of many communities who spoke Akan or Twi language. - The Asante were organized in clans. - Marriage between members of the same clan was prohibited. They practiced exogamy and polygamy. - Inheritance of property was matrilineal. - The community was bound together by the Golden Stool. - There was an annual cultural festival (odwira) held at Kumasi to honour the ancestors. - The society was divided into social classes (social stratification). - The Asante worshipped many gods and goddesses. - The King, chiefs and Omanhenes were religious leaders (semi divine). - The ancestors mediated between god and the people. - They believed in a supreme god called Onyame. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks) 23. (a) Identify three roles of the church in promoting African Nationalism in South Africa. (3 marks) - It spoke against injustice carried out by the apartheid regime. - They condemned racial discrimination in the pulpit and at meetings and functions in various places. - They were involved in mass mobilization of the Christian followers to fight apartheid policies - They carried out massive civic education hence people became aware of their rights. - They appealed to other churches and governments abroad to come and rescue the suffering blacks. - They provided welfare services to the displaced people during the period of struggle as well as to asylum seekers. - They contributed morally and materially to the liberation struggle. - The press/media owned by the churches joined in condemning apartheid besides highlighting the plight of the people to the outside world. Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks) (b) Explain six problems encountered by African Nationalists in South Africa. (12 marks) - The nationalists were arrested/ detained which crippled their activities thereby slowing down the struggle. - The political parties were banned by the government making it difficult for nationalists to coordinate their activities. - The government enacted pass laws which restricted movement thus hampering their interactions. - They lacked adequate funds to finance the struggle thus slowing their operations. - They lacked press freedom making it difficult for them to spread their ideas. - They lacked advanced weapons thereby making them less effective in their armed struggle. - They had different approaches in their struggle (moderated/ radical wings) thus creating a loophole which was exploited by the government. - Some nationalists were killed, which led to low morale hence slowing down the momentum of the struggle. - Use of divide and rule policy to divide the Africans. - Nationalists were always trailed by secret police on apartheid information. - Many nationalists were forced to flee the country - The nationalists were not united creating tension among themselves thus rendering their struggle less effective. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks) 24. (a) State three functions of the Assembly of the League of Nations. (3 marks) - It controlled the budget of the organization - Admission of new members to the organization - Consideration of treaties - Supervision of the League of Nations Council - Appointment of non-permanent members to the Leagues Council - Amendment of the Covenant of the League - Giving approval to the appointment of the Secretary General Any 3 points @ 1 mark each (3 marks) (b) Describe six achievements of the League of Nations. (12 marks) - It provided health services through the establishment of International Health Organization. - It championed for the welfare of workers through the establishment of International Labour Organization. - It assisted the refugees through the Refugee Commission. - It settled disputes between different European countries e.g. between Turkey and Iraq over Mosul area, Sweden and Finland over Aaland Islands, as well as Germany and Poland over Upper Silesia.

History & government - It supervised the mandated territories through the Mandates Commission. - It organized disarmament conferences in Europe. - It controlled the trafficking of dangerous drugs and trade in children and women. - It helped in economic reconstruction of European countries like Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria using money raised from member states of the League. - It supervised the repatriation of many prisoners of war from 26 nations. - The committee on intellectual co-operation helped states to promote education and the spread of ideas concerning peace. - It drew up conventions regarding transportation in international roads, rivers and seas. Any 6 points @ 2 marks each (12 marks)

History & government KAMDARA JET - 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section on the answer sheets provided 1. Give one importance of studying government in Kenyan schools. (1 mark) 2. State two ways in which archeologists obtain information on History and government. (2 marks) 3. Name two communities that belong to the Plain Nilotes. (2 marks) 4. What was the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya before the colonial period? (1 mark) 5. Write down two types of written evidence that support the presence of early visitors along the Kenyan Coast before 1500 A.D. (2 marks) 6. Name two European missionaries who pioneered the spread of Christianity in Kenya. (2marks) 7. Identify two survival rights of the child in Kenya. (2 marks) 8. Give two methods of amending the constitution in Kenya. (2 marks) 9. Identify one national primary school examination that was undertaken by Africans in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) 10. Identify two Kenyan communities that staged a mixed reaction against the British during the colonial period. (2 marks) 11. State two reasons why Taita Hills Association was formed in 1939. (1 mark) 12. Give one change introduced by the Lyttleton Constitution that benefitted the Africans in the struggle for independence. (1 mark) 13. Who is the founder of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya? (1 mark) 14. State the meaning of ‘parliamentary supremacy’ (1mark) 15. Name the head of the county government. (1 mark) 16. Identify one source of the origin of Nyayo philosophy. (1 mark) 17. Give one external source of government revenue in Kenya. (1mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section on the answer sheets provided. 18. a) Identify five ways in which Islam was spread along the East African Coast (5 marks) b) Describe the impact of plantation agriculture on the East African coast. (10 marks) 19. a) State five causes of the Nandi resistance against British invasion. (5marks) b) Explain five effects of the Wanga collaboration with the British during the colonial period. (10 marks) 20. a) Give three factors which promoted settler farming in Kenya. (3marks). b) Explain the role of women in the independence struggle in Kenya. (12 marks) 21. a) State three racial practices by European missionaries which led to the formation of independent churches and schools in Kenya during the colonial period. (3 marks) b) Describe six factors which undermined the development of independent churches and schools during the colonial period in Kenya. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions from this section on the answer sheets provided

22. a) State three qualifications for a person to be elected as a member of the national assembly in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six functions of the Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) in Kenya. 12 marks) 23. a) Give five challenges that Kenyans encountered in the search for a new constitution. (5 marks) b) Outline the key stages involved in the constitution- making process in Kenya. (10marks) 24. a) Name three categories of Kenya defence forces. (3marks) b) Describe six ways through which the government of Kenya ensures that public revenue is not misused. (12 marks)

History & government KAMDARA JET - 2016

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 2 ½ Hours SECTION A (25Marks) Answer ALL the questions in this section 1. Give two archaeological sources of information on history and government. (2 marks) 2. State two uses of stone tools by early people during the Old Stone Age period. (2marks) 3. State Charles Darwin theory of evolution. (1mark) 4. State one theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa. (1 mark) 5. Name two groups of people that were involved in the Trans-Atlantic trade. (2marks) 6. Identify the main factor that led to growth of the Ancient town of Meroe. (1mark) 7. Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece. (2marks) 8. State two advantages of the use of money over barter as a medium of exchange. (2marks) 9. State two functions of the saza chiefs among the Buganda in the 19th cent (2marks) 10. Identify the main aim of the Berlin conference between 1884-18 (1mark) 11. Give one economic reason which made European countries to scramble for colonies in Africa (1mark) 12. Name one African community that took part in the MajiMaji uprising between 1905-1907 (1mark) 13. Outline two similar methods used to recruit African labour in the British and French colonies in Africa. (2marks) 14. Name the organ of the United Nations that promotes justice in the world. (1mark) 15. State one condition that a country should fulfil in order to become a member of a Non-Aligned movement (1mark) 16. Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development of education in Tanzania after the independence. (2marks) 17. Name one major political party in the United States of America. (1mark)

SECTION B (45 Marks) Answer THREE questions from this section 18. a) State three factors which contributed to the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (3marks) b) Explain the results of the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia? (12marks) 19. a) What were the advantages of using electricity in industries in Europe in the 19thcentury? (5marks) b) Explain five effects of scientific inventions on agricultural development in Europe during the 19th century. (10marks) 20. a) State three factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg city. (3marks) b) Describe six social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg since the end of Apartheid. (12marks) 21. a) Give three organs of Economic Community of West African States. (ECOWAS) (3marks) b) What are the achievements of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) since its formation? (12marks) SECTION C (30 Marks) Answer TWO questions from this section. 22. a) Give five achievements of the League of Nations between 1919 and 1939. (5marks) b) Why did the League of Nations fail to maintain world peace? (10marks) 23. a) Give five reasons why the British used Indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria. (5marks) b) Explain five effects of the use of indirect rule by the British in Northern Nigeria. (10marks) 24. a) State three ways in which a person can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3marks) b) Describe six duties of the Monarch in Britain. (12marks)

History & government KAMDARA JET - 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT TIME: 2 ½ HOURS MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section on the answer sheets provided 1. Give one importance of studying government in Kenyan schools. (1 mark) It enables one to appreciate the need for a government It teaches us about rights and duties citizens It helps us to appreciate the role of government It influences career opportunity It provides intellectual pleasure/fulfillment (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 2. State two ways in which archeologists obtain information on History and government. (2 marks) By locating archeological sites By excavating archaeological sites By taking archaeological materials to laboratories For scientific analysis Recording the findings (2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. Name two communities that belong to the Plain Nilotes. (2 marks) Maasai Njemps Samburu Iteso Turkana (2 x 1 = 2mks) 4. What was the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya before the colonial period? (1 mark) The clan (1 x 1= 1mk) 5. Write down two types of written evidence that support the presence of early visitors along the Kenyan Coast before 1500 A.D. (2 marks) Swahili chronicles Geographia by Ptolemy Periplus of the Erythreansea christian topography of cosmos indigo pleastus (2 x 1 = 2mks) 6. Name two European missionaries who pioneered the spread of Christianity in Kenya. (2 marks) Dr. Ludwig Krapf Johann Rebmann (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 7. Identify two survival rights of the child in Kenya. (2 marks) Right to name and identity Right to life Good medical care Good clothing Good shelter (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 8. Give two methods of amending the constitution in Kenya. (2 marks) Through parliament Through referendum/ popular initiative (2 x 1 = 2 mks)

9. Identify one national primary school examination that was undertaken by Africans in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) Kenya Common Entrance Examination Kenya Advanced Preliminary Examination (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 10. Identify two Kenyan communities that staged a mixed reaction against the British during the colonial period. (2 marks) Luo Akamba Agikuyu (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 11. State two reasons why Taita Hills Association was formed in 1939. (1 mark) To fight for the return of alienated lands To protest against destocking policy To protect against taxation To protect against kipande system To protest against forced labour (1 x 1= 1mk)

History & government 12. Give one change introduced by the Lyttleton Constitution that benefitted the Africans in the struggle for independence. (1 mark) It led to the introduction of multi-racial council of ministers to replace the Governors’ executive council The ban on political organizations was lifted i.e allowed political organizations to operate at district levels (1 x 1= 1 mk) 13. Who is the founder of the Green Belt Movement in Kenya? (1 mark) Prof Wangari Maathai (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 14. State the meaning of ‘parliamentary supremacy’ (1mark) Parliament is the law-making and amending body and the laws cannot be overruled by any individual or organ unless on constitutional basis. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 15. Name the head of the county government. (1 mark) The governor (1 x 1 = 1mk) 16. Identify one source of the origin of Nyayo philosophy. (1 mark) Biblical commandment on love African socialism Moi’s long experience in politics (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 17. Give one external source of government revenue in Kenya. (1mark) Foreign aid (1 x 1 = 1 mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section on the answer sheets provided. 18. a). Identify five ways in which Islam was spread along the East African Coast (5 marks) Through intermarriages between Arabs and the local Population Arab migration and settlement along the Coast Islamic administration/Sharia Law over the coast Islamic education system (madarassa system) Muslim missionaries preached Islam to convert non Muslim’s The trading activities facilitated the spread of Islam The development of Kiswahili language (5 x 1 = 5 mks) b). Describe the impact of plantation agriculture on the East African coast. (10 marks) It led to the promotion of trade in the Region It led to population increase; people from Oman settled at the East African Coast It led to development of towns like Malindi, Zanzibar and Pemba It led to promotion of slave trade and slavery It led to the introduction of new cash crops for example; coconut, cloves It led to promotion of international trade due to export of crops like cloves and coconut oil to Arabia It led to the rise of wealthy merchants along the East African Coast It led to the development of agriculture based industries (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 19. a). State five causes for the Nandi resistance against British invasion. (5marks) Disciplined and efficient army They had been forewarned about the ‘white devils’ by their prophet Kimnyole. They did not want the railway to pass through their land They wanted to protect their land from alienation They did not want to lose their military superiority. They did not want to lose the animals they had acquired through raiding (1 x 5 = 5 mks) b). Explain five effects of the Wanga collaboration with the British during the colonial period. (10 marks) Mumia was made a paramount chief of the Wanga in 1909 hence increasing his prestige. Some Wanga were made chiefs to facilitate British colonization of Western Kenya but was later moved to Kakamega in 1902. Elureko (Mumias) the centre for British administration of Western Kenya. Mumia was assisted to get more territories such as Samia,Bsoga and Bunyala. Mumia gained material benefits such as firearms, manufactured goods and cotton cloth. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 20. a). Give three factors which promoted settler farming in Kenya. (3marks) The colonial government alienated African land for white settlement The colonial government provided technical assistance e.g. provision of agricultural extension officers. The colonial government provided security to the settlers The colonial government provided marketing facilities for settlers e.g. KPCU, KFA, KCC, KMC. Africans were restricted from growing crops to avoid competition The government provided a continued flow of African laborers to the settlers The removal of trade tariff which were a barrier to trade (3 x 1 = 3 mks) b). Explain the role of women in the independence struggle in Kenya. (12 marks) They led their communities to resist the British e.g. MekatililiwaMenza. Encouraged the men to fight for the release of political prisoners e.g. MuthoniNyanjiru. They mobilized material and financial resources for use in the independence struggle. They provided food and refreshments to the Mau Mau fighters.

History & government They took part in actual fighting e.g. field Marshall Muthoni They endured harsh, humiliating and dehumanizing experiences in support of the struggle They spied/provided military logistics and intelligence information to the fighters e.g. WambuiOtieno. They boosted the morale of the fighters by composing songs of praise and singing to them. They remained pillars of domestic wealth creation by taking care of the families and farms while the men were fighting in the forest. (6 x 2 = 12 mks) 21. a). State three racial practices by European missionaries which led to the formation of independent churches and schools in Kenya during the colonial period. (3 marks) Missionaries were biased against African traditions, such as female circumcision, polygamy Their policies were racist as they denied African the best services by segregating schools Africans were not allowed to hold high positions in the church Missionaries were seen as part and parcel of the colonial systems (3 x 1 = 3 mks) b). Describe six factors which undermined the development of independent churches and schools during the colonial period in Kenya. (12 marks) Hostility from colonial government and the missionaries who saw this as a political move Many churches and schools had inadequately trained personnel who could run the institution efficiently Shortage of funds as they depended on African financial support Ideological differences among leaders on which to adopt for their churches Formation of splinter groups as KISA, YKEA due to leadership wrangles They were forced to follow the official syllabus and become members of District Education Board Competition with missionary churches and schools Poor leadership (6 x 2 = 12 mks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section on the answer sheets provided 22. a). State three qualifications for a person to be elected as a member of the national assembly in Kenya. (3 marks) A Kenyan citizen 21 years and above Registered voter in a parliamentary constituency Be able to read and speak Kiswahili and English well Be nominated by a registered political party. An independent candidate must be supported by 1000 voters from the constituency. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) b). Explain six functions of the Independent Elections and Boundaries Commission (IEBC) in Kenya. Setting up constituencies and electoral boundaries;this includes reviewing numbers, names and boundaries of constituencies after every 8-12 years. Registration of voters and maintenance of the voters’ register. Supervise/direct presidential, parliamentary and county elections. Promotion of free and fair elections Promotion of voter education Determine the ratio of party nominees in respect to nominated MPs. Conduct party elections To register candidates for elections To develop a code of conduct for candidates and parties To facilitate observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections. To settle election disputes arising from nominations by parties. (6 x 2 = 12 mks) 23. a). Give five challenges that Kenyans encountered in the search for a new constitution. (5 marks) Conservatism i.e people are resistant to change Illiteracy/ ignorance i.e lack of understanding and improper interpretation of the constitution Conflict of interest between church and state Lack of political will as shown by failure of 2005 referendum Personal interest overriding national interests where some people opposed the changes because it would disadvantage them Lack of funds for civic education, printing and distribution of the draft Divergent views of the parties involved e.g the committee of experts versus the parliamentary select committee (5 x 1 = 5 mks) b). Outline the key stages involved in the constitution- making process in Kenya. (10marks) Debate of contentious issues emanating from different stakeholder in the constitution making process Collection of public views after the general debate Civic education by various groupse.g civil society, MPs, law experts, clergy, CKRC Convening of constitutional conference to negotiate over the contentious issues Drafting the constitution – This is a technical process that involves local and international experts Referendum for the draft to get approval from the citizens Enacting the constitution by the parliament i.e the parliament approves the constitution which therefore becomes the new supreme law of the land

History & government Promulgation of the constitution i.e the constitution is presented to the people by the president who declares it to be the new law that will govern the state. (5 x 2 = 10 mks)

24. a). Name three categories of Kenya defense forces. (3marks) Kenya Army Kenya Airforce Kenya Navy (3 x 1 = 3mks) b). Describe six ways through which the government of Kenya ensures that public revenue is not misused. (12 marks) Parliament is empowered to exercise control over public finance by approving government estimates and expenditure Parliament approves supplementary estimates Parliament demands for auditing of government expenditure The controller and auditor general are in charge of auditing public expenditure The government has introduced tendering systems to prevent any irregular financial deals by tendering officials The cabinet secretaries are the chief accounting officers in the ministries Government money is spent by only those authorized to spend it The Kenya anti-corruption commission probes and prosecutes those who misuse public funds (6 x 2 = 12 mks)

History & government KAMDARA JET- 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25 Marks) 1. Give two archaeological sources of information on history and government. (i) Tools/utensils used by man (ii) Weapons used by man (iii) Settlement/ruins of the past/rock painting (iv) Remains of humans/animals (v) Plant remains (vi) Garments/ornaments (vii) Coins used by man Any 2x1=2marks 2. State two uses of stone tools by early people during the old stone age period. (i) For skinning animals after hunting (ii) For digging up roots (iii) For cutting meat (iv) For sharpening bones/wood (v) For scrapping animal skins (vi) For killing animals during hunting (vii) For protection/defence Any 2x1=2marks 3. State Charles Darwin theory of evolution. Simple life forms gradually develop into higher forms of life over millions of years. 1x1=1 4. State one theory of origin about the knowledge of iron working in Africa. (i) It spread to North Africa from Middle East/Diffusion Theory/One area Theory. (ii) It developed independently in different parts of Africa/Independent Theory. Any 1x1=1mark 5. Name two groups of people that were involved in the Trans-Atlantic trade. (i) The Europeans (ii) The Africans (iii) The Americans Any 2x1=2marks 6. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe. - Existence of Iron ore 1x1=1marks 7. Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens in Greece. (i) It was a cultural centre/music/Art/Theatre (ii) It was an educational centre (iii) It was a sports centre (iv) It was a religious centre Any 2x1=2 marks 8. State two advantages of the use of money over barter as a medium ofexchange. (i) Money is lighter to transport than goods. (ii) Money is easily divisible into small units than the actual goods. (iii) Money is convertible into electronic devices for payment unlike goods. (iv) In barter trade one cannot determine the actual value of goods transacted. (v) Money can be stored for a longer period. Any 2x1=2 marks 9. State two functions of the Saza chiefs among the Baganda in the 19th century. (i) To maintain law and order. (ii) To collect taxes/tributes. (iii) Recruited men for military sevice. (iv) They settled disputes/tried cases in court. (v) They were members of the Lukiko/Advised the King/Kabaka. Any 2x1=2marks 10. Identify the main aim of the Berlin Conference between 1884-1885. - To divide up Africa among European nations in a peaceful manner. 1x1=1mark 11. Give one economic reason which made European countries to scramble for colonies in Africa. (i) To obtain raw materials for their industries. (ii) To search for market for their manufactured goods. (iii) To acquire areas to invest their surplus capital. Any 1x1=1 mark 12. Name one African community that took part in the majimaji uprising 1905-1907. (i) Ngindo (ii) Matumbi. (iii) Pogoro. (iv) Ngoni. (v) Mpunga. (vi) Luguru. (vii) Zaramo. (viii)Bena.

History & government (ix) Ndendeule. (x) Wamwera. Any 1x1=1mark 13. Outline two similar methods used to recruit African labour in the British and French colonies in Africa. (i) Imposition of taxes on Africans. (ii) They used chiefs to recruit labour. (iii) They introduced forced labour. Any 2x1=2marks 14. Name the organ of the United Nations that promotes justice in the world. - The International court of Justice.1x1=1 mark 15. State one condition that a country should fulfil in order to become a member of a Non-Aligned movement. (i) A country should be Independent. (ii) A country should not be a member of either NATO or WARSAW PACT military alliance. 16. Identify two ways in which Mwalimu Julius Nyerere promoted the development of education in Tanzania after the Independence. (i) He established the universities of Dar-es-salaam and Sokoine. (ii) He made Kiswahili medium of instruction in schools. (iii) He made education to be free and compulsory from primary school to university. (iv) He popularized the philosophy of “Education for self reliance”. (v) He introduced adult education. Any 2x1=2marks 17. Name one major political party in the United States of A merica. (i) Republican party. (ii) Democratic party. Any 1x1 mark

SECTION B (45Marks) 18. a) State three factors which contributed to the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (i) Availability of Indigeneous crops e.g barley and wheat. (ii) Existence of fertile land along river Tigris and Euphrates. (iii) Availability of water for irrigation. (iv) Invention of farming tools such as hoes,ploughs. (v) Demand for food for feeding the growing population. (vi) Political stability which enabled them to practice agriculture. (vii) Construction of dykes to control floods. (viii)Existence of good transport system eg donkeys and wheels. (ix) Availability of slave labour. (x) adequate rainfall. Any 3x1=3marks b) Explain were the results of the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. (i) It led to production of enough food for the people. (ii) Production of food encouraged people to establish permanent settlements. (iii) Places where people met to exchange food surplus developed into urban centres eg Ur. (iv) Food production allowed people to engage in other activities/job specialization. (v) Surplus agricultural products led to development of trade. (vi) Food production led to increase in population. (vii) Settled life led to development of a centralized system of government. (viii)Need to transport agricultural products led to invention of the wheel. (ix) Need to keep records on agricultural activities led to development of writing. Any 6x2=12 marks 19 a) What were the advantages of using electricity in industries in Europe in the 19th century. (i) It lowered the cost of production/cheaper source of energy. (ii) Work was carried out for long hours as there was light. (iii) It enabled goods to be produced quickly. (iv) Work become lighter as machines operated efficiently. (v) Transportation was made faster. (vi) There was a clean working environment in factories. (vii) It led to location of industries away from sources of energy. (viii)It led to expansion of industries. Any 5x1=5marks. b) Explain five effects of scientific inventions on agricultural development in Europe during the 19th century. (i) Invention of machines such as tractors promoted large scale farming. (ii) Use of artificial fertilizer to improve soils led to high yields. (iii) Use of pesticides in farming led to improved quality. (iv) Cross-breeding of crops and animals led to improved quality/exotic products. (v) Improved infrastructure such as roads and railway led to effective marketing of farm products. (vi) Refrigeration/canning/pasteurization led to effective preservation of farm products. (vi) Controlling temperatures in the storage rooms led to preservation of farm products for long. Any 5x2=10marks 20a) State three factors that have contributed to the growth of Johannesburg city. (i) Availability of water from River Vaal. (ii) A flat/plain area which enabled buildings to be constructed.

History & government (iii) Existence of variety of mineral. (iv) Availability of adequate sources of energy/coal. (v) Existence of fertile soils for agricultural production. Any 3x1=3marks b) Describe six social problems faced by the residents of Johannesburg since the end Apartheid. (i) There has been difficulty in racial intergration leading to frequent conflicts. (ii) Inadequate housing has led to development of slums. (iii) Many people in the city are faced with challenge of HIV/AIDS. (iv) There is high rate of crime due to unemployment. (v) There is environmental degradation/pollution from the industrial waste. (vi) There exist a big economic gap between the rich Europeans and majority poor Africans. (vii) There is congestion in town due to rural urban migration. (viii)There are inadequate social amenities. (ix) Negative attitude towards adherence of government policies. (x) Inefficient administrative system. Any 6x2=12marks 21. a) Give three organs of Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) (i) Authority of heads of states and heads of government. (ii) The tribunal. (iii) The Executive secretariat. (iv) Specialized commissions (v) Council of ministers. Any 3x1=3mark b) What are the achievements of the Economic Community of West African States(ECOWAS) since its formation. (i) It has standardized education in the region by use of common exams and syllabus. (ii) It has fostered peace through its military wing. (iii) It has promoted mutual co-operation/spirit of togetherness. (iv) It has promoted cultural exchange among the member states. (v) It has improved regional transport/communication system links. (vi) Improved agriculture through sharing of technological know how. (vii)It has facilitated free movement of people in the region. (viii)There is an increase in job opportunies in the region. Any 6x2=12marks SECTION C(30marks) 22. a) Give five achievements of the League of Nations between 1919 and 1939. (i) Promoted health services/established International health Organization. (ii) It championed for the welfare of the workers/Established International Labour Organization. (iii) It provided relief to refugees/war casualties/areas hit by famine. (iv) It settled disputes between different European countries. (v) It supervised mandated territories. (vi) It organized disarmament conferences in Europe. (vii) It helps reduce trade in dangerous drugs. (viii)It helped in economic reconstruction of European countries eg Austria. Any 5x1=5marks b) Why did the League of Nations fail to maintain world peace. (i) Some European nations opposed the peace treaty of Versailles because it favoured the allied nations. (ii) United States of America did not support the League because it did want to get involved in European affairs/Monroe doctrine. (iii) Membership of the organization was not that inclusive as some countries were left out while others were not given a chance to join. (iv) The League/conference of Ambassadors violated the objective of maintaining world peace by supporting some nation’s claims against others. (v) Most members were concerned with their sovereignity as opposed to the interests of the League of Nation. (vi) Some members of the League adopted the policy of appeasement towards certain regimes inorder to avoid confrontation. (vii) Shortage of funds made it difficulty for the League to implement its programmes. (viii)It lacked its own army to implement its decisions where peace was threatened. (ix) Search for colonies diverted members’ attention from the activities of the League. (x) The rise of dictatorship regimes in Europe weakened the League. (xi) The economic depression of 1929 weakened most of the world’s economies hence they were not able to support the League financially. Any 5x2=10 marks 23 a) Give five reasons why the British used Indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria. (i) To avoid resistance from the people of Northern Nigeria. (ii) The British had inadequate personnel for the vast territory. (iii) There was established system of administration. (iv) There was communication barrier between the British and the local communities. (v) It was difficulty to reach all parts of the territory due to inadequate transport and communication. (vi) To reduce the cost of administration. (vii) The method had been successfully been used in some their colonies. Any 5x1=5marks

History & government b) Explain five effects of the use of indirect rule by the British in Northern Nigeria. (i) Traditional rulers became unpopular among their people due to their new roles of collecting taxes/Forceful recruitment of fellow Africans as labourers. (ii) The African chiefs became wealthier than the rest of the people because they were paid for their services. (iii) It helped to preserve African culture in Northern Nigeria because the British didn’t want to interfere with African way of life. (iv) It led to abolition of slavery and slave trade in Northern Nigeria. (v) The British abolished the Fulani system of taxation and replaced it with a single tax levied on each village. (vi) Retention of Muslim laws/sharia in the north made the area lag behind. (vii) The British modified the previous systems of administration thus making the traditional African rulers loss their independence. Any 5x2=10 marks 24. a) State three ways in which a person can become a member of parliament in Britain. (i) Election of the member to the House of Commons. (ii) Nomination of the person by the monarch. (iii) Through inheritance to the house of the lords (iv) By virtue of office. (v) By appointment due to outstanding performance. b) Describe six duties of the Monarch in Britain. (i) The monarch appoints/assents to bills before they become laws. (ii) The monarch approves all appointments to important state officers. (iii) The monarch is involved in enacting treaties between government and other countries in relation to foreign policy. (iv) The monarch summons/prorogues/dissolves parliament in consultation with prime minister. (v) The monarch gives consent to all cabinet appointments. (vi) The monarch has powers to pardon people who have been accused of committing various offences. (vii) The monarch appoints Bishops/Archbishops of the church of England. (viii)The monarch as the head of state advises/counsels the head of government. (ix) The monarch confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguish/outstanding service to the state. (x) The monarch is the commander in chief of the armed forces. Any 6x2=12marks

History & government NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section. 1. Give two importance of studying Government. (2mks) 2. Give one age grade for elders among the Akamba. (1mk) 3. Identify two factors which facilitated the spread of Islam in Kenya by 1500A.D. (1mk) 4. Identify the first Christian missionary to translate the first English Bible to Kiswahili. (1mk) 5. Give two importance of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act of 2008 to the Kenyan Government. (2mks) 6. Identify two ways in which the constitution of Kenya promotes National unity. (2mks) 7. What is promulgation of a constitution? (1mk) 8. Name two groups that monitor respect for human rights in Kenya. (2mks) 9. State two reasons why the British allowed the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEACO) to administer their possessions in East Africa during the 19th century. (2mks) 10. State one reason why the British pushed the Nandi to a reserve after defeating them in 1905. (1mk) 11. Give one way in which the Africans were affected by the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (1mk) 12. State two important political developments in Kenya in 1963. (2mks) 13. Give one weakness of Moi’s rule towards the end of his tenure. (1mk) 14. Identify the two legislative bodies of the Kenya National Government. (2mks) 15. Identify one independent office in Kenya. (1mk) 16. Give one source of government revenue in Kenya. (1mk) 17. Who gives assent to a parliamentary bill before it becomes law in Kenya? (1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this Section 18. (a) Give five reasons that led to the migration of the Cushites from their original homeland into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (5mks) (b) Explain five results of the interactions between the Bantu and the Cushites in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (10mks) 19. (a) Give five factors that contributed to the development of trade between the Kenyan Coast and the outside world. (5mks) (b) Explain five impacts of the presence of Arab traders along the East Coast of Africa. (10mks) 20. (a) Outline three reasons why the British Government encouraged white settlers to come and settle in Kenya during the colonial period. (3mks) (b) Explain six problems experienced by the European settler farmers in Kenya during the colonial period. (12mks) 21. (a) State three methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (3mks) (b) Explain six problems faced by Africans in urban centre during the colonial period. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions in this Section 22. (a) State three sources of revenue for counties in Kenya. (3mks) (b) Explain six principles of Public Finance. (12mks) 23. (a) Identify three situations that may lead to limitation of the freedom of speech and expression in Kenya. (3mks) (b) Explain six causes of conflicts in society in Kenya. (12mks) 24. (a) Identify five principles of democracy. (5mks) (b) Discuss five demerits of democracy. (10mks)

History & government NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH & TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EVALUATION 2016

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section.

1. Give two disadvantages of using written records as a source of African History. (2mks) 2. Identify two ways through which scientists can arrive at the age of fossils. (2mks) 3. Name two raw materials used by early man in making his tools. (2mks) 4. Identify two uses of Bronze in the Kingdom of Benin. (2mks) 5. Name two groups of people that were involved in trans-Atlantic trade. (2mks) 6. Mention one limitation of the sailing ship as a means of early transport. (1mk) 7. Identify the greatest contribution of Michael Faraday in the field of science. (1mk) 8. Give two advantages of using metals over stone tools. (2mks) 9. State two ways in which the Industrial Revolution contributed to European expansion to Africa. (2mks) 10. Apart from the French, name another European power that used the policy of assimilation in Africa. (1mk) 11. Give the main cause of the Cold War. (1mk) 12. Give two functions of the Security Council of the United Nations. (2mks) 13. Identify the main requirement for membership in the Non-Aligned Movement (N.A.M.). (1mk) 14. Identify one founder member of Pan-Africanism. (1mk) 15. What was the main cause of the Congo crisis of 1969? (1mk) 16. What was the main even that provoked U.S.A. to enter into the Second World War? (1mk) 17. State one body that elects the President in USA. (1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this section

18. (a) State five reasons why early people domesticated crops and animals. (5mks) (b) Explain five possible solutions to food shortages in Africa today. (10mks) 19. (a) State five disadvantages of road transport. (5mks) (b) Explain five economic effects of the development of modern forms of transport. (10mks) 20. (a) Identify three methods used by Nationalists in South Africa against the apartheid policies. (3mks) (b) Explain six problems encountered by nationalists in South Africa during their liberation struggle. (12mks) 21. (a) Give three importance of Odwira Festival among the Asante. (3mks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Shona people during the pre-colonial period. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions in this question 22. (a) Mention three reasons why the British used direct rule to administer Zimbabwe. (3mks) (b) Discuss six reasons for the failure of the policy of assimilation. (12mks) 23. (a) Name five reasons that caused the collapse of the East African Community in 1977. (5mks) (b) Explain five achievements of COMESA since the conception. (10mks) 24. (a) Give three sources of the British Constitution. (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the British parliament. (12mks)

History & government NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH AND TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. Importance of studying Government. - To understand how the laws are made. - To have knowledge of their duties / responsibilities of citizens. - To understand how different organs of government function. - To enable citizens know their rights. - To be able to compare political systems of the world. (1x2 = 2mks) 2. One age grade for elders among the Akamba. - Junior elders / Anake - Intermediate elders - Full elders - Senior elders (1x1 = 1mk) 3. Two factors which facilitated the spread of Islam in Kenya by 1500AD - Commercial activities between the Arabs and Africans. - Arab settlement along the coast. - Intermarriage between Arabs and other communities. - Islam was more accommodative to African traditional practices. - Development of Kiswahili language. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 4. The early missionary who translated English Bible into Kiswahili. - Johanne Ludwig Kraph. (1x1 = 1mk) 5. Two importance of the National Accord and Reconciliation Act of 2008 to Kenya Government. - It created a coalition government and saved the country from political rivalry. - It created the office of the prime-minister. - It created the positions of two deputies, Prime-ministers. - It increased the number of cabinet secretaries. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 6. Ways in which the constitution of Kenya promotes National unity. - Provides for equality of all Kenyans. - Kenyans are bound by one constitution. - Guarantees equal opportunity for all Kenyans. - It protects individuals against all forms of discrimination as provided in the Bill of Rights. - Provides for a unitary government under one president. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 7. Promulgation of Constitution - Passing of the New Constitution in public. (1x1 = 1mk) 8. Two groups that monitor respect for Human Rights in Kenya. - The police - Trade Unions - Religious Organizations - Journalists - Lawyers, Judges and other professionals e.g. Teachers - Associations and special commissions – FIDA, KNHREC) (any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. Two reasons why the British allowed the Imperial / British East Africa Company to administer their possessions in East Africa during the 19th Century. - The British tax payers were not ready to sustain the administration of the colony because it was expensive. - The company officials were familiar with the region – based on their trading experience in the area. - The British tax payers did not see the economic benefits of the colony. - Inadequate personnel. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 10. One reason why the British pushed the Nandi to a reserve after defeating them in 1905. - To administer the British sphere of influence. - To develop and regulate trade. - To collect taxes in the area. - To effectively occupy British East Africa and maintain order and security. (any 1x1 = 1mk) 11. One way in which the Africans were affected by the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. - Kenya was declared primarily an African territory where the interests of the Africans were paramount. - Africans were represented in the Legco. (any 1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. Two important political developments in Kenya in 1963. - Kenya got her independence on 12/12/1963 - Kenya got her self rule government on 1/06/1963. (2x1 = 2mks) 13. One weakness of Moi’s rule towards the end of his tenure. - Rampant corruption - Widespread poverty due to weakened economy and corruption.

History & government - Human rights violations due to torture, arrests etc. - Poor relations with international community. (1x1 = 1mk) 14. Two legislative bodies o the Kenya National Government. - The National Assembly - The Senate (2x1 = 2mks) 15. One independent office in Kenya. - The Auditor General - The Controller of Budget. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 16. One source of government revenue in Kenya. - Domestic Revenue / Internal sources. - External Revenue sources. (1x1 = 1mk) 17. Who gives assent to a parliamentary bill before it becomes law in Kenya. - President. (1x1 = 1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Five reasons that led to the migration of the Cushites from their original homeland into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. - There was population pressure in their area of origin. - They were escaping clan or family feuds. - They were searching for better grazing lands. - They migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure. - They were escaping famine and drought. - They wee fleeing outbreak of diseases that affected both people and animals. - They were fleeing constant attacks from their neighbours of the Somali. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five results of the interactions between the Bantu and the Cushites in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. - The Cushites intermarried with the Bantu e.g. the Borana intermarried with the Pokomo. - Trade intensified between the Cushites and the Bantu. - Cultural exchange between the Bantu and the Cushites e.g. the Cushites introduced the cultural practice of circumcision and the characteristics of age-set organization to the Bantu. - The interaction between the Cushites during warfare led to the redistribution of Bantu population e.g. the Mijikenda were scattered at Shungwaya. - The Bantu assimilated some cushites communities e.g. the Southern Bantus. - Interaction between the Bantu and the Cushites led to increased warfare between the two communities e.g. the Oromo, the Highland Bantu. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 19. (a) Five factors that contributed to the Development of Trade between the Kenyan Coast and the outside world by the 16th century. - There was a high demand for the trade items from the consumers from the outside world and the coastal towns. - There were enterprising merchants in both foreign lands and the East African Coast. These leaders promoted trade links. - Local trade existed among the Africans along the East African coast it provided a base upon which the Indian Ocean trade was developed. - Items of trade from the East African Coast e.g. gold, ivory, cotton, bowls were readily available. - The accessibility of the East African Coast by the sea. - Existence of the Monsoon winds facilitated the movement of the vessels which made it possible for the traders to travel to and from the coast. - The East African Coast enjoyed relative period of peace and political stability. - The natural harbours along the coast ensured safe docking of the vessels for fueling and off-loading supplies. - Advancement of the ship building industry in Europe was a great advantage to the traders. - The existence of the Indian Banyans (who lend money and give credit facilities to enable people join in the trade). (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five impacts of the presence of Arab traders along the East Coast of Africa. - The Arab traders intermarried with local Bantu communities giving rise to the Swahili people with a new district culture. - Arabs intermarried with the local Bantu and there emerged Kiswahili language which is mixture of Bantu and Arabic languages. - Islamic religion / spread along the coastal region. - Arab culture spread along the coast with Arabic clothing, lifestyle e.g. eating habits. - The Arabs contributed to the development of towns along the coast e.g. Mombasa, Pemba, Lamu. - The Arabs influenced the construction of houses in which the buildings took the Arab architecture (Arab design of buildings) - The Arabs contributed to the introduction of Sharia law into the East African Coast. (any 6x2 = 12mks)

20. (a) Three reasons why the British government encouraged white settlers to come and settle in Kenya during the colonial period. - The British government wanted the settlers to exploit the highlands for agriculture to meet the costs of administration and railway maintenance. - The British wanted the settlers to supply raw materials for British industries e.g. cotton.

History & government - The settlers would help control the Asian immigration and influence in Kenya. - The British government wanted to make Kenya a white man’s country. - The highlands had suitable climate and fertile soils so they wanted to make the colony economically viable. (any 3x1 = 3mks)

(b) Six problems experienced by the European settlers in Kenya during the colonial period. - Shortage of capital hindered the procurement of farm inputs, machinery, labour and money to meet daily operational expenses. - Constant raids by the local inhabitants such as the Nandi, Maasai and Agikuyus who threatened peace and security. - Inadequate labour because many Africans were not willing to offer labour which was needed to clear bushes and prepare land for cultivation. - Many settlers did not have basic farming knowledge and experience since they had not engaged in farming before. - Marketing was difficult particularly during the 1930’s economic depression in Europe. - Poor transport due to poor state of roads and inadequate railway system. - The climate and soil of the country were alien to the settlers – The settlers were unfamiliar with the seasons. - Pests and diseases were prevalent in the highlands affecting humans, animals and crops. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 21. (a) Methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. - Diplomacy - Collaboration and signing of treaties - Military conquests / expeditions. - Construction of operational bases / Forts. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six problems faced by Africans in urban centres during the colonial period in Kenya. - The Africans experienced a problem of unemployment due to an increased number of African immigrants into urban centres. - Poverty among migrant workers / lacked houses leading to mushrooming of slums / many migrants turned to social vices e.g, alcoholism and drug abuse. - Racial segregation because houses in towns were occupied according to various races. - Those Africans who secured employment worked under unfavourable conditions. - Their movement was regulated by the colonial government in order to reduce their numbers in urban areas. - Inadequate housing –many Africans could not get good houses due to their large numbers. SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Three sources of revenue for counties in Kenya. - Rates: A county may impose property rates e.g. land rates. - Taxation: A county may impose entertainment taxes or any other tax that is authorized by an act of parliament. - Fees and charges: a county may change for services rendered e.g. market rent, parking fees or trade license fees. - Borrowing: A county government may borrow funds through loans if the national government guarantees the loan and the loan application receives the approval of the county assembly. - A county government may receive conditional grants from the national government through the equalization and the contingencies funds. - A county government may receive donations from foreign governments, corporate institutions and humanitarian agencies. - A county is entitled to a share of the national revenue. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six principles of Public Finance. - Openness and accountability including public participation in financial matters. - Promotion of an equitable society in which the burden of taxation is shared fairly. - Equitable sharing of national revenue among the national and county governments. - Public expenditure geared towards promoting the equitable development of the country. - Special provision to cater for marginalized groups and areas. - Equitable sharing of the burdens and benefits of the use of resources and public borrowing between present and future generations. - Responsible use and management of public finances. - Responsible financial management and clear fiscal reporting. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Three situations that may lead to limitation of the freedom of speech and expression in Kenya. - If the speech is used to defame others. - If used to give classified information concerning the government. - If used to incite people against the government. - If used to spread malicious rumours about others. - If used to spread falsehood. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six causes of conflicts in society in Kenya. - Differences in political ideologies / disagreement between party opponents over political ideologies. - Tribalism – differences between community over issues such as land. - Unequal distribution of national wealth creates hatred and animosity among people who want their share of national wealth. - Cultural and religious differences if there is an attempt by one religious group to impose their ideas on others. - Economic rivalries / competition over businesses. - Succession disputes can lead to conflicts between interested parties. - Shortage of land – land clashes. (any 6x2 = 12mks)

History & government 24. (a) Five principles of democracy. - Citizen participation: participation in governance of the state is the essential role of citizens in a democracy. - Equality of all people before the law. - Freedom of speech, debate and enquiry. - An open and accountable mass media. - Economic democracy. Decentralization of economic power to the individuals and communities. - Control of abuse of power: it should be possible to punish abusers of power. - Accountability: Elected and appointed officials have to be accountable to the people. - Transparency: The government have to disclose information. - Regular free and fair elections. - Pluralism e.g. political parties. - Recognition and respect of human rights, rule of law and individual’s freedom. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five demerits of democracy. - It promotes dictatorship by majority. The interests of he minority are ignored by the majority government. - It encourages class struggle and corruption. In most cases it is the rich who get elected by influencing voters. After forming the government they pass laws to protect their interests. - It is slow and wasteful: when making decisions, the views of the majority must be sought. Time and public resources are used in the process. - It is not easy to find a honest sincere man of good moral character being elected. - The leadership qualities that a candidate seeking election may possess are usually ignored. This may perpetuate incompetence. - In practice, it is the elected minority who rule in a democratic country. (any 5x2 = 10mks)

History & government NANDI EAST, NANDI SOUTH AND TINDERET SUB-COUNTIES JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/2 HISTORY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Two disadvantages of using written records as a source of African History. - Most of the written records on African History were by foreigners who built biases in the records. - Some written records on African History contain inaccurate information. - Some of the records are not really available for case of reference. - Written records are limited only to those who can read and write. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 2. Two ways through which scientists can arrive at the age of fossils. - Geological periods. - Chemical dating. - Stratigraphy - Fission tracking dating methods - Statistical dating method. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. Two raw materials used by early man in making his tools. - Bone - Wood - Stone (2x1 = 2mks) 4. Two uses of Bronze in the Kingdom of Benin. - It was used to make weapons. - It was used to make decorations / ornaments. - It was used as a currency. - It was used for statutes. - It was used as an item of trade. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 5. Two groups of people that were involved in trans-Atlantic trade. - European merchants - African middlemen (2x1 = 2mks) 6. One limitation of the sailing ship as a means of early transport. - One could not control the speed. - One could not control the direction. (1x1 = 1mk) 7. The greatest contribution of Michael Faraday in the field of Science. - He invented electricity / invention of a new dynamo. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 8. Two advantages of using metals over stone tools. - Metals make strong tools and weapons. - They are more durable than stone. - Metals are difficult to break i.e. can be made in other forms. (2 x 1= 2mks) 9. Two ways in which the industrial Revolution contributed to European expansion to Africa. - Search for cheap raw materials. - Investment of surplus capital. - Sources of market. - Cheap labour. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 10. Another European power that used the policy of assimilation in Africa apart from the French. - Portuguese (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11. Main cause of the cold war/ - Ideological differences. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. Two functions of the security council of the United Nations. - To maintain peace and security. - To settle disputes - To investigate any cause of disputes. - To facilitate military action against aggressors. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 13. One factor which led to the failure of the Von Schlieffer plan by Germany during the first world war. - The Belgians resisted than expected by Germany. - The Russians mobilized their forces rapidly / faster than expected. - The British entry into the war reinforced 14. One founder member of Pan-Africanism. - W.E.B. Dubois - Marcus Garvey - Sylvester Williams - Booker T. Washington. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 15. What was the main cause of he Congo crisis of 1969. - Senior army ranks were dominated by foreign army personnel leading to a muting in the army. (1 x 1 = 1mk)

History & government 16. The main event that provoked USA to enter into the second world war. - The attack of the pearl habour by Japan in 1941. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 17. One body that elects the president in USA. - Electoral college. (1 x 1 = 1mk) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Five reasons why early people domesticated crops and animals. - There was need to cater for the increasing population that the natural environment could not provide for. - Competition for food developed among human beings and between animals. - Climate changes such as increased drought resulting to threatened animal and animal life. - Hunting and gathering had become tiresome so there was need to domesticate animals to have animals near the homestead. - Natural calamities at times destroyed vegetation and sent away animals e.g. bush fires and floods. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five possible solutions to food shortages in Africa today. - The African countries should introduce new farming methods in order to increase food production. - Farmers should be provided with proper farm inputs and in time in order to increase their productivity. - More land should be brought under irrigation and marshy land should be reclaimed. - Good storage such as silos should be built to minimize post harvest losses. - Intensive education programmes should be carried out on how to control pests and diseases. - The African governments should develop sound food policies geared towards increasing food production quickly. - Intensive research should be done to develop drought resistant crops and other varieties that mature quickly. - The government should encourage family planning methods for similar families. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 19. (a) Five disadvantages of road transport. - Increased number of vehicles causes traffic jams and congestion. - Some roads are impassable during rainy seasons and causes delay in delivery of items or passengers. - High number of accidents on roads leads to loss of lives. - Pollution caused by exhaust fumes from vehicles causes environmental degradation. - Use of road is limited to certain specific areas. - Construction of all whether roads is expensive and developing countries cannot afford due to limited resources. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five economic effects of the development of modern forms of transport. - Modern forms of transport have contributed to the development of trade between different countries handling and transportation of perishable goods e.g. flowers, fruits has expanded. - Farmers in different countries have increased food production since they can transport farm inputs and produce more efficiently. - Modern means of transport has boosted industrial development in many countries, raw materials and manufactured goods are easily transported and cheaply. - Countries of the world earn revenue from different forms of transport through licences, toll charges and fuel levies. - Modern forms of transport have enhanced exploitation of natural resources e.g. minerals and forestry. - Tourism has been boosted worldwide. - Growth of urban centres has been attributed to the developed of modern means of transport. - Expansion of modern forms of transport has led to the creation of employment opportunities. - Development of modern means of transport has motivated development of insurance companies to assist deal with risks of accidents, on road or even fires. (any 5x2 = 10mks)

20. (a) Three methods used by the Nationalists in South Africa against the apartheid policies. - They made use of trade unions to press for better working and living conditions. - They formed political parties to articulate their grievances to the white authorities. - They organized for mass protests through demonstrations – defiance demonstrations were conducted in invading al white parks and restaurants. - Some nationalists resorted to use force, killing of traitors and government forces and attacked military installations. - They employed diplomacy in an attempt to get the government attention and that of the international community. - Others went on hunger strikes as a way of protesting. - They organized peaceful demonstrations or protests. - They used the media to highlight the injustices – through newspapers, pamphlets. - The nationalists also used churches as avenues to campaign against apartheid region. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Three problems encountered by the nationalists in South Africa during their liberation struggle. - Many nationalists were killed by the adamant regime e.g. Steve BIko. - The nationalists were harassed by the security agents - many were arrested, jailed or detained e.g. Nelson Mandela, Oliver Tambo. - Many nationalists were forced to flee their country – they sought refuge in other countries e.g. Zimbabwe, Tanzania, Angola, Namibia. - African political parties were outlawed and the nationalists were persecuted e.g. 1961 all parties e.g. ANC and PAC were banned. - African journalists were harassed and their newspapers prescribed by the government.

History & government - Trade unionists and other African leaders were perpetually intimidated by security agents. - The government applied divide and rule tactics to divide Africans. It was aimed at dividing Africans into different ethnic groups to limit their unity. - Pass laws were used to limit or curtail the freedom of movement. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 21. (a) Three importance of Odwira festival among the Asante. - Their loyalty to Asantehene. - Gave people the chance to honour the dead. - Enhanced unity / symbol of unity. - Enabled people to solve problems. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) The social organization of the Shona people during the pre-colonial period. - They believed in one god / Mwari cult. - Several priests led the people in worship. - They consulted ancestral spirits in times of need. - They had clans whose names were derived from animals. - They practiced polygamy. - They lived in stone buildings. - Inheritance of property was partrelineal. - They practiced exogamous marriages. - Mwene Mutapa was regarded as a divine king. (6 x 2 = 12mks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Three reasons why the British used direct rule to administer Zimbabwe. - They desired to control the economy of Zimbabwe. - Local political institutions based on Induna system had been destroyed during the British occupation of Zimbabwe. - To ensure complete control of African resistance. - Company officials in the area were familiar with the area and British system of administration. - Adequate finance for administration from the colony. - Adequate personnel from the white settlers. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six reasons for the failure of the policy of assimilation. - School system did not do much to indoctrinate the Africans sufficiently of values of the policy. - It was an expensive policy to implement and maintain. - The policy was only confined in the four communes while ice rest as left untouched. - The system faced opposition from the Muslim. - Cultural disparity that existed between Africans and the French e.g. Africans were polygamous. - Racial discrimination, the French resented the idea of equality with Africans in parliament. - The African chiefs were hostile to the policy because it reduced their power and authority wer undermined. - Increased desertification from African elites who were elected to the French parliament. - Differences between French legal system and African customs. - It was unworkable due to high standards and difficult conditions erected for one to be assimilated. - Rise of nationalism which undermined the policy. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Five factors that caused the collapse of the East African community in 1977. - Perception that Kenya was gaining more than Uganda and Tanzania. - Personality differences among their leaders. - Ideological differences among the countries. - Political instability in Uganda. - National interests and pride. - Inadequate compensation and correct measures. - Boundary closures between the countries. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Five achievements of COMESA since its conception. - It has liberalized trade among its members. - It has removed trade barriers. - It has improved transport and communication network to easy movement of goods and services. - It has created an enabling environment for investment by incorporating private section. - The harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies throughout the region has been accomplished. - Harmonized monetary banking and financial policies have been established in the region/ - It offers members and partners a wide range of benefits which include a wider harmonized and more competitive market. - There is increased agricultural production and food security in the region. - Provides members with rational way of exploiting their natural resources from their welfare since each country produces what suits them most. - She has encouraged her members to practice governance, accountability and respect for human rights. - Has created employment opportunities in the region. (any 5x2 = 10mks) 24. (a) Three sources of the British constitution. - Act of parliament e.g. the Magna carta. - The British conventional which have been used from generation to generation over a long period of time. - Decisions made by the British law courts from time to time.

History & government - The Hansard – official vertabatim report of proceedings in parliament. - Royal prerogatives / power of monarch declare war or peace. - Legal publications by reputable authorities e.g. scholars, lawyers, statesmen and political thinkers. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six functions of the British Parliament. - The British parliament discussed and makes laws. - It amends laws when need arises. - The British parliament controls government expenditure given that the approval of parliament is mandatory and all government expenditure in Britain. - The British parliament approves the government budget and ways of raising money. - The British parliament directs government foreign policy and keeps development programmes on track. - It checks on the rule of law / it can pass a vote of no confidence on the government of Britain. - It discusses on debates issues of national interests in Britain. (any 6x2 = 12mks)

History & government NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section. 1. Name one group of people that form the Coast Bantu of Kenya. (1mk) 2. State two functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai of Kenya. (2mks) 3. Give one occasion when citizen’s right to privacy can be derived off. (2mks) 4. Identify two occasions when the Kenya National Flag is raised. (2mks) 5. Mention one national days recognized by the New Constitution in Kenya. (2mks) 6. State the meaning of the term ‘The Rule of Law.’ (1mk) 7. Name two Kenyan communities that resisted the British during invasion. (2mks) 8. State two terms of Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (2mks) 9. Give the main reason why KANU refused to form government after 1961 elections. (1mk) 10. Mention the national motto in Kenya that was founded by Mzee Jomo Kenyatta in 1963. (1mk) 11. Outline two functions of Kadhis Court in Kenya. (2mks) 12. Identify the event that took place in Kenya on 27th August 2010. (1mk) 13. Name one commission set up by the Government to streamline the education system in Kenya after independence. (1mk) 14. Mention two challenges facing County Government in Kenya. (2mks) 15. Identify one role of the controller of Budget in Kenya. (1mk) 16. Name the first Deputy President of the Republic of Kenya. (1mk) 17. Name one ex-officio member of the County Assembly in Kenya. (1mk) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this question

18. (a) Identify three reasons for the migration of Eastern Cushites to Kenya in the 19th Century. (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi in the 19th Century. (12mks) 19. (a) Identify three fact causes of the Bukusu active resistance to the British Imperials. (3mks) (b) Describe the economic developments which took place in Kenya during the colonial period. (10mks) 20. (a) Give three reasons why Ronald Ngala and his colleagues formed Kenya African Democratic Party. (3mks) (b) Explain six factors that contributed to the formation of political associations in Kenya before 1939. (12mks) 21. (a) Identify three problems that faced Kenyatta immediately after independence. (3mks) (b) Describe six ways through which the government of Kenya has attempted to preserve cultural heritage since independence. (12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions in this question 22. (a) Identify any five rights of accused person in Kenya. (5mks) (b) Explain five principles of democracy. (10mks) 23. (a) State three features of African Socialism. (3mks) (b) Explain any six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. (12mks) 24. (a) State five reasons for enactment of “the public procurement and disposal Act” in 2005. (5mks) (b) Describe five functions of the County Executive Committee. (10mks)

History & government NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ HOURS SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL Questions in this section. 1. Identify two types of governments (2mks) 2. Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age. (2mks) 3. Outline one factor which led to the development of early agriculture along river valleys (1mk) 4. Identify the main iron working centre in Africa (1mk) 5. Outline two ways how the camel adapted for use during the Trans Sahara Trade. (2mks) 6. Identify two commodities which may be transported using pipelines. (2mks) 7. Give one reason why Continental Europe lagged behind in undergoing Industrial Revolution (1mk) 8. State two factors that led to the emergence of Kilwa as an urban centre. (2mks) 9. Name two royal emblems in the Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period. (2mks) 10. Name one Africa chief who influenced Lewanika to collaborate with the British. (1mk) 11. Who was in charge of the Royal Niger Company in West Africa. (1mk) 12. Identify the founder of the Black consciousness movement in South Africa. (1mk) 13. Give one factor which led to the failure of the Von Schliffern plan by Germany during the First World War (1mk) 14. Outline one difference between the Organisation of Africa Unity (OAU) and the Africa Union (AU) (1mk) 15. Identify two countries which have veto powers in the United Nations Organization (UNO). (2mks) 16. Mention one principle of Ujamaa. (1mk) 17. Identify two ways by which the Congress may check the powers of president in United States of America (USA) (1mk) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any THREE questions in this question 18. (a) Outline three characteristics of a government (3mks) (b) Explain six results which occurred when man begun to settle on permanent dwellings. (12mks) 19. (a) Outline five factors which facilitated the Agrarian Revolution in North America (5mks) (b) Explain five factors which led to the decline of Trans-Atlantic Trade. (5mks) 20. (a) Outline three functions of the ancient town of Athens (3mks) (b) Explain six disadvantages of railway transport (12mks) 21. (a) Name three chartered companies which European powers used to acquire colonies in Africa. (3mks) (b) Explain six challenges faced by nationalists in South Africa during their struggle for independence (12mks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any TWO questions from this question

22. (a) Outline three political factors which led to the outbreak of the Second World War (3mks) (b) Explain six reasons which led to the failure of League of Nations (12mks) 23. (a) Identify three countries where Cold War degenerated into actual war (3mks) (b) Explain six achievements of Non–Aligned Movements (NAM) (12mks) 24. (a) Outline three conditions one should fulfill to vie for the post of President in India (3mks) (b) Explain six functions of the British Monarch (12mks)

History & government NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. Two groups of people that form the Coast Bantu of Kenya.  Mijikenda  Taita  Pokomo  Taveta (any 2x1 = 2mks) 2. Two functions of the Oloibon among the Maasai of Kenya.  They blessed the warriors before and after battle.  They presided over religious ceremonies.  They provided medicine for the sick.  They acted as the intermediary between God and the people.  They foretold future events.  They advised the council of elders.  Acted as unifying force among the Maasai. (any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. One occasion when citizen’s right to privacy can be derived off.  When police officer, tax inspectors and other Government agents search a private home or premises for the purpose of heath inspection, tax collection or any other officially sanctioned reason. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 4. Two occasions when the Kenya National flag is raised.  During National holiday.  During official days e.g. Mondays and Fridays.  During official functions presided by the president.  During sporting activities e.g. Olympics, All African Games etc. (any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 5. Two national days recognized by the New Constitution in Kenya.  Madaraka Day  Jamhuri Day  Labour Day  Mashujaa Day (any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 6. Rule of Law  All citizens and residents irrespective of their status in life are subjected and governed by the same law / Equal before the law. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 7. Two Kenyan communities that resisted the British during invasion.  The Nandi  The Somali  The Agiriama  The Abukusu. (any 2x1 = 2mks) 8. Two terms of Devonshire White Paper of 1923.  The Kenya Highlands were to be exclusively reserved for the Whites.  Indians would elect five members of the legislative but not on a communal role.  The European settler demands for Self-Government was rejected.  Interest of Africans were declared paramount to those of other races in Kenya.  The colonial secretary was to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. (2x1 = 2mks) 9. The main reason why KANU refused to form government after 1962.  They wanted the release of Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 10. The National Motto in Kenya that was founded by Mzee Jomo Kenyatta in 1963.  Harambee. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11. Two functions of Kadhis Court in Kenya.  Settles marriage disputes among its members (Muslims)  Settles matters relating to personal status (Muslims).  Settles inheritance disputes among its members (Muslims). (2x1 = 2mks) 12. The event that took place in Kenya on 27th August 2010.  Promulgation of the New Constitution. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 13. Two commissions set up by the Government to streamline the education system in Kenya after Independence.  Koech Commission  Ominde Commission  Mackay Commission  Gachahi Commission 14. Two challenges facing County Government in Kenya.  Corruption

History & government  Leadership wrangles  Inadequate funds  Tribalism 15. Roles of the controller of Budget and the Auditor-General in Kenya.  The Accounts of all courts.  The Public Department  The Accounts of any entity founded from Public funds  The Accounts of any other entity that legislation required the Auditor-General to audit.  The Accounts of Political parties funded from public funds.  The National and County Government accounts.  The Accounts of all funds and authorities of the National and County Governments. 16. The First Deputy President of the Republic of Kenya.  William Ruto. (1 x1 = 1mk) 17. One Ex-officio member of the County Assembly in Kenya.  The Speaker of the County Assembly. (1 x1 = 1mk) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Three reasons for the migration of Eastern Cushites to Kenya in the 19th Century.  To escape family and clan feuds.  To satisfy their spirit of adventure.  To escape constant attacks from their neighbours.  To escape famine and prolonged droughts.  To flee outbreak of human and animal diseases.  To ease population pressure in their cradle land.  Were in search of better grazing and watering grounds. (any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi in the 19th century.  Presided over religious ceremonies like sacrifices.  Advised and blessed the warriors before they went for war.  Attributed disputes between Council of Elders and between clans.  Foretold future events / happenings of famine war etc.  Advice Council of Elders on day to day running of community.  Could be consulted when disaster struck.  Could make rains by communicating with the spirits.  The Orkoiyo was the chief medicine. (any 6 x 2 = 12mks) 19. (a) Three causes of the Bukusu active resistance ot eh British imperialists.  Wanted to safeguard their independence.  Wanted to preserve their culture threatened by the activities of the missionaries.  Resented Wanga agents imposed on hem.  Against the tax imposed on them.  The demand to surrender gums angered hem.  Hated being forced to recognize Nabongo as their leader. (any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six economic factors that promoted industrial development in Britain.  Transport and communication e.g. railway and roads construction.  Agriculture was developed for export and local consumption after being encouraged to grow some crops.  Introduction of currency and establishment of banking industry.  Exploitation of mineral resources e.g. soda ash in Magadi and gold in Kakamega.  Introduction of exotic breeds of livestock.  Development of tourism industry like establishment of game reserve and parks.  Establishment of co-operatives and farmers associations.  Developments of fishing industry. (any 6 x 2 = 12mks) 20. (a) Why Ronald Ngala and his colleagues formed Kenya African Democratic Union.  Formed to protect interest of minority.  Wanted a federal system of Government.  Wanted a multi-racial government. (any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six factors that contributed to the formation of political associations in Kenya before 1939.  Land alienation.  To demand for representation in Legco.  Opposive taxation by colonial regime.  Introduction and use of Kpande.  Forced labour was resented.  Denying African participation in the economy (crozing c. crop)  Undermining African culture.

History & government  Racial discrimination  Limited education opportunities for Africans.  Desire to reclaim their independence.  Destocking policy on Africans. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 21. (a) Three problems that faced Kenyatta immediately after independence.  The shift treat – a break away movement by Somalis.  Tribalism threatened to break the nation.  The problems of ignorance, poverty and diseases.  The vacuum left by departure of European farmers.  Associations by JM Kariuki and Tom Mboya.  Political crisis following resignation of Oginga Odinga. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six ways through which the government of Kenya has attempted to preserve cultural heritage since independence.  Establishment of Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sports.  Schools have been encouraged to admit people from different communities.  Music and cultural festivals have been introduced at school and tertiary colleges and universities.  Through establishment of Museums, Bomas of Kenya National Archives.  Media programmes have been used to preserve culture.  Freedom of worship which integrates.  Promotion of African craft. (any 6x2 = 12mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Five rights an accused person in Kenya is entitled.  Right to be assured innocent till proved otherwise.  Right to public trial before a court of law.  Right to be tried and case concluded without undue delays.  Right to have adequate time and facilities to prepare for defence.  Right to be present when being tied.  Right to be represented by an advocate and to be informed of this right immediately.  Right to remain silent and not testify during proceeding.  To be informed in advance of evidence the prosecution intends to present and access to such evidence.  To have the assistance of interpreter where there is language challenge.  Right to appeal to or apply for review in convicted. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five principles of democracy.  Freedom of speech, debate and enquiry.  Principle of economic democracy – decentralization.  Principle of the participation of people in their government through fair, free and regular elections.  Principle of open and accountable mass media.  The principles of equality before the law. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Three features of African socialisms as entitled in the sessional paper No. 10 of 1965.  Features of African socialism.  Mental social responsibility.  Political democracy.  Equity / equal opportunities in resource use.  Progressive taxation.  Various forms of ownership for better provision of services.  Diffusion of ownership to avoid concentration of economy on a few people in the society. (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six functions of the Cabinet in Kenya.  Advices the president.  Formulates the implementation of government policies.  To initiate government bills.  It initiates development projects.  Prepares budgetary estimates in their respective department.  To defend in a collective manner the government policies.  Discusses important national and international issues. (any 6x2 = 12mks) 24. (a) Five reasons for enactment of “The Public Procurement and Disposal Act” in 2005.  To improve efficiency and economy.  To enhance integrity and fairness in procedures.  To promote competition for quality.  To increase public confidence in the procedures.  To facilitate economic development and promotion of local industry.  To increase transparency and accountability in procedures. (any 5x1 = 5mks)

History & government (b) Five functions of the County Executive Committee.  Implementing county legislations.  Implements within the county the national legislations.  To manage and coordinate the functions of the county administration and its department.  To prepare proposed legislations for consideration and debate by the county assembly.  Performs other functions placed upon it by the constitution or national legislation.  To provide complete and regular reports on matters relating tot eh county to the county assembly. (any 5x2 = 10mks)

History & government NANDI NORTH AND NANDI CENTRAL JOINT EXAMINATIONS 2016 311/2 HISTORY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 1. Identify two types of governments.  Democratic  Monarchical  Aristocratic  Dictatorial (2x1 = 2mks) 2. Two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the Stone Age.  For security purposes  For communal work in Agriculture  Due to establishment of governments  So as to hunt together easily due to specialization in economic activities.  For pooling the meager resources together and sharing same. (2x1 = 2mks) 3. One factor which led to the development of early agriculture along river valleys.  Due to presence of fertile soils / salt.  Availability of water for irrigation. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 4. Identify the main iron working centre in Africana.  Meroe (1x1 = 1mk) 5. Two ways how the camel adapted for use during the Trans-Saharan Trade.  It had happy eyelid which kept away dust.  It had big nostrils which kept dust off.  It had a hump which stored fat.  It had padded feet to maneuver the desert.  It had thick skin to reduce water loss. (2x1 = 2mks) 6. Two commodities which may be transported using pipelines.  Water  Oil / petroleum  Milk  Coal slurry  Sewerage  Gas / natural gas 7. One reason why continent Europe lagged behind in undergoing industrial revolution.  Political upheavals in Germany, France, Italy.  Transport system were not well developed.  There was lack of enterprising citizens.  Inadequate raw materials for industries.  Some countries had feudal economics.  Poverty in Europe implied low purchasing power among the people. (1x1 = 1mk) 8. Two factors that led to the emergence of Kilwa as an urban centre.  Settlement by immigrants i.e. Arabs.  Centre of Islam religion.  Trading in gold from Mwene Mutapa. (2x1 = 2mks) 9. Two royal emblems in the Buganda Kingdom during the pre-colonial period.  Royal Tombs  Umbilical cords  Royal jaw bones  Royal drums (2x1 = 2mks) 10. One African who infuenced Lewanika to collaborate with the British.  Chief Khama of Ngwato. (1x1 = 1mk) 11. Who was in charge of the Royal Niger Company in West Africa?  George Goldie (1x = 1mk) 12. Identify the founder of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.  Steve Biko (1x1 = 1mk) 13. One factor which led to the failure of the Von Schlieffer plan by Germany during the First World War.  The Belgians resisted than expected by Germany.  The Russians mobilized their forces rapidly / faster than expected.  The British entry into the war reinforced.  The French defence.

History & government  Both sides were more evenly matched than the German had thought. (1x1 = 1mk) 14. One difference between the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the African Union (AU)  OAU did not have a military like the AU.  The OAU was a club of heads of state while the AU is viewed as a union of the people.  The AU has a secretariat while the AOU did not have such a mechanism.  The OAU did not meddle with domestic affairs of states.  The AU may intervene where children’s rights have been infringed. (any 1x1 = 1mk) 15. Two countries which have Veto Power in the United Nations Organization (UNO)  United States of America  Russia  China  France  United Kingdom 16. Mention one principle of Ujamaa  Africanization  Communalism social responsibility.  Self reliance. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 17. Two ways by which the Congress may check the powers of President in United States of America (USA)  The congress can override presidential veto if 2/3 vote against the president.  The congress can impeach the president over poor performance or abuse of office.  The congress has to approve proposals made by the president on the budget on foreign commitments / policy.  The congress has a right to reject presidential nominations to posts in cabinet and the Supreme Court. SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. (a) Three characteristics of a government.  Legislation – Mandated by the people.  Jurisdiction – has boundaries within specific area.  Law enforcement – power to executive laws of the land.  Sovereignty – has supreme law of the land.  Rules – has set of rules set for citizens.  Government – must be acceptable by the citizens. (3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six results which occurred when man begun to settle on permanent dwellings.  People began to specialize in various tasks / activities.  There was enhanced security.  Led to the emergence of administration / governance.  Led to the stratification of the society.  Led to the development of urban centres.  Led to diversification of economy activities.  Led to improvement in Agricultural production due to the need for food.  Led to development in the fields of art and decoration. (6x2 = 12mks) 19. (a) Outline five factors which facilitated the Agrarian revolution in North America.  Emigrants from Europe introduced new farming in America.  Scientific inventions facilitated Agriculture.  Use of fertilizers boosted Agriculture.  Use of machines / mechanization.  Scientific research on new breeds / cup.  High population which increased demand for food.  New methods of farming to replace traditional farming methods.  Establishment of agricultural industrial colleges which provided skilled personnel in farming.  The government gave grants to entrepreneurs in farming. (any 5x1 = 5mks) (b) Five factors that led to the decline of the Portuguese.  Rise of anti-slavery campaign from Europe condemning slave trade.  Participation of African leaders who fought against slavery.  Economist’s arguments that freemen were more productive than men in captivity.  Mechanization replaced human labour hence slaves were emancipated.  American closure of slave markets reduced demand for slaves.  Missionary activities against slave trade.  American independence sparked off rage war against slavery. (5x2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Three functions of the ancient town of Athens.  It is a cultural centre.  It was an educational centre.  It was a commercial centre.

History & government  It was a recreation centre.  It was transport centre. (b) Six disadvantages of railway transport.  It is slow means of transport.  Not ideal for transport for perishable goods.  Trains and wagons are expensive to buy.  Railways do not offer door to door service.  It is limited to land / continents.  May not traverse rugged areas.  Locomotives pollute the environment.  Accidents of trains are tragic when they occur.  Trains operating on time schedules are not convenient to travellers. (6x2 = 12mks) 21. (a) Three chartered companies which European powers used to acquire colonies in Africa.  Imperial British East Africa company of William Mackinnon.  Royal Niger company of George Goldie.  German East Africa Company of Karl Peters.  British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes. (3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six challenges faced by nationalists in South Africa during their struggle for independence.  Brutality from the colonial government which disbanded riots with fatalities.  Arrest and detention of nationalist leaders which lowered morale of those advocating for self rule.  The nationalists were denied access to use the media by the apartheid regime.  The nationalists were disunited due to varying ethnic backgrounds.  Absence of a forum to sell their policies made nationalists to train in other countries / go to exile.  The nationalists did not have adequate finances to run their operations.  Poor coordination among the nationalists denied them the chance to offer a common front. (6x2 = 12mks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) 22. (a) Three political factors which led to the outbreak of the Second World War.  Failure of France and Britain to rein on Germany Militarization / The policy of appeasement.  Against violating conditions after First World War.  German determination to revenge against penalties imposed during the versculles treaty.  Rise of nationalism in Germany and Italy.  Emergence and rise of dictators in Europe.  Weakness of the League of Nations.  Arms race / production of weapons by countries enhancing their attack / defense system. (3x1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six reasons which led to the failure of League of Nations.  The appeasement policy of France and Britain gave room to Germany to rise again and ignite another war.  Most countries had domestic problems hence not so committed on the future of the league of nations.  Conditions exerted on Germany were too repressive hence brought resistance..  The league lacked a military wing to intervene and solve emerging issues.  The League failed to avert the occurrence of Second World War. (6x2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Three countries where Cold War degenerated into actual war.  Vietnam  Korea  Angola (3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six achievements of Non-Aligned Movement. (NAM)  Provided a forum where states can discuss issues touching on them.  Given countries (member states) a bargaining collective power at international for a e.g. UN / Political average.  He has given member states a belonging by not aligning to either the West or East.  Enabled countries to maintain their sovereignty and integrity.  Has enabled countries to obtain economic aid from the two blocs i.e. capitalism and communism.  Assisted in advocating for decolonization of most countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa.  Has been a stronger voice for the members for the Global South (Third World Countries) in negotiation with developed nations. (6x2 = 12mks) 24. (a) Three conditions one should fulfill to vie for the post of President in India.  Should be a citizen of India by birth.  Should be 35 years of age or above.  Can qualify to become a member of the Lok Sabbha / House of people.  Should not be holding any office of profit under the Government of India or other local authority.  If one is the current vice president.  If one is a minister of the Union or of any state (including prime minister and chief ministers) (any 3x1 = 3mks) (b) Six functions of the British Monarch

History & government  The King / Queen is the Head of State hence undertakes constitutional and representational duties.  Has the ability to make and pass laws.  Acts as focus of national identity.  Unity and peace.  Gives the country a sense of stability and continuity due to the long tradition of the monarch.  Appoints the Prime Minister.  Confers and bestows honours to those who have shown distinguished service to Britain.  By tradition, the monarch is the commander in chief of all armed forces  Has the royal prerogative to pardon offenders.  Head of he commonwealth. (any 6x2 = 12mks)

History & government KASSU JET JOINT EXAMINATION KASSU JET - 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JUNE 2016 2½ hours

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section 1. Identify the main source of information on Pre-history. (1 mark) 2. State two reasons for the migration of the Borana from their cradleland into Kenya. (2 marks) 3. Give one step the Kenya Government has taken to solve food shortages. (1 marks) 4. What was the main importance of age set systems among the Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) 5. Give two special rights of the older members of the society as provided for in the New Kenya constitution. (2 marks) 6. Identify two main groups that offered education in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 marks) 7. What was the main reason why Africans were not allowed to grow cash-crops in colonial Kenya? (1 mark) 8. Give the main outcome of the lyttelton constitution of 1954. (1 mark) 9. Identify the representative of Africans in the legco before the appointment of Eliud Mathu. (1 mark) 10. Give two laws that regulate elections in Kenya. (2 marks) 11. Give the main function of the National Police Service Commission. (1 mark) 12. State one role of the supreme court of Kenya. (1 mark) 13. Identify two social contributions of Daniel Arap Moi in the history of Kenya. (2 marks) 14. Identify one characteristic of African socialism that promotes national development in Kenya. (1 mark) 15. Identify two agricultural schemes established in Kenya after independence. (2 marks) 16. Name two members of the county executive committee. (2 marks) 17. Identify one fund established by the constitution of Kenya 2010. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions in this section 18. (a) Identify three groups of Eastern Cushites in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Cushites. (12 marks) 19. (a) What were the terms of Anglo-German Agreement of 1886? (3 marks) (b) Explain six reasons why the British applied indirect rule in Kenya. (12 marks) 20. (a) Name three early political movements in Kenya (3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges faced by the early political movements in Kenya. (12 marks) 21. (a) Give five characteristics of independent movements in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five achievements of KAU. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions in this section 22. (a) State five resolutions reached after the Second Lancaster Conference of 1962. (5 marks) (b) Describe the features of the independence constitution. (10 marks) 23. (a) State three functions of cabinet secretaries. (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. (12 marks) 24. (a) Identify three members of the County Assembly. (3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of the County Assembly. (12 marks)

History & government KASSU JET JOINT EXAMINATION KASSU JET - 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JUNE 2016 2½ hours SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section 1. State one feature of a government. (1 mark) 2. Give two reasons why early man moved from the forest to settle in the grasslands. (2 marks) 3. Identify the earliest method of trade used during the Trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) 4. State two forms of picture writing during the early civilization. (2 marks) 5. Name two countries that pioneered space exploration in the world. (2 marks) 6. Give one way in which poor transport network hinders industrialization in the Third World countries. (1 mark) 7. Identify the contribution of Dr. Christian Bernard in the field of medicine. (1 mark) 8. State one way in which centralization of power contributed to success in the Buganda Kingndom. (1 mark) 9. Identify two ways in which the Industrial Revolution in Europe promoted European colonization of Africa. (2 marks) 10. Name one fighting technique that Samouri Toure employed against the French. (1 mark) 11. Give two reasons why the Schlieffen plan failed during the First World War. (2 marks) 12. State two permanent members of the Security Council. (2 marks) 13. Identify the head of the Commonwealth of Nations. (1 mark) 14. Give two roles played by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah in the Pan-African Movement. (2 marks) 15. Identify two ways in which the Organisation of African Unity contributed to the liberation of the Southern African countries. (2 marks) 16. State one political challenge faced by the Democratic Republic of Congo since Independence. (1 mark) 17. Name the Act of Parliament which marked the beginning of parliamentary control of the Monarchy in Britain. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions in this section 18. (a) Identify three irrigation methods used in Egypt. (3 marks) (b) Explain six similarities in Early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia. (12 marks) 19. (a) State five factors for early urbanization in Africa. (5 marks) (b) Explain how industrial and agrarian growth contributed to urbanization. (10 marks) 20. (a) Identify three features of macadamized roads. (3 marks) (b) Explain six advantages of railway transport. (12 marks) 21. (a) Identify three types of nationalism in South Africa. (3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of Nelson Mandela in the struggle for independence in South Africa. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions in this section 22. (a) Identify three types of spirits in Shona. (3 marks) (b) Describe the political organization of the Shona. (12 marks) 23. (a) State five causes of the Second World War. (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why the Axis were defeated during the Second World War. (10 marks) 24. (a) How can one become a member to the House of Lords in Britain? (3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of the Prime Minister in Britain. (12 marks)

History & government KASSU JET JOINT EXAMINATION 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JUNE 2016 2½ hours 1. Identify the main source of information on Pre-history. (1 mark) (i) Oral tradition (1 x 1=1 mark) 2. State two reasons for the migration of the Borana from their cradle land into Kenya. (2 marks) (i) Avoid conflict between the Somali nationals and British imperials (ii) Avoid conquest in 1897 of Menelik II of Ethiopia (iii) Avoid heavy taxation imposed by Menelik II (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 3. Give one step the Kenya Government has taken to solve food shortages. (1 mark) (i) Extensive research has been carried out in research institutions such as the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI). This has led to production of hybrid maize such as ‘Katumani’ which grows in the drier parts of Kenya (ii) Other research institutions such as the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) and International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) continue to conduct research to establish which pests and parasites affect both livestock and crops in the country and develop ways to curb their multiplication (iii) Agricultural Training Institutions have also been established to train experts such as agricultural officers, veterinary doctors and horticultural experts. Examples of such institutions include Egerton University, University of Nairobi and Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (iv) The government has also introduced the teaching of agriculture in the school curriculum. This is meant to educate learners about new and better techniques of farming that could boost food production in the country (v) The Kenya government has also tried to educate the people about the need for family planning, so that families have only the number of children whom they can feed and provide for (vi) The government has formulated a food security policy to enhance production of food in the country. A minimum amount of cereals in the government silos has been set and urgent measures to top them up are taken whenever this set limit appears to decline. Such measures include importation of food. The food security policy ensures that unscrupulous businessmen do not export certain foodstuffs when the country needs them (Any 1x1=1 mark) 4. What was the main importance of age set systems among the Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period? (1 mark) (i) Ensure continuous supply of warriors to defend the community (1 x 1=1 mark) 5. Give two special rights of the older members of the society as provided for in the New Kenya constitution. (2 marks) (i) Be allowed to fully participate in the affairs of the settlers (ii) Right to pursue their personal dignity (iii) Right to live in dignity, respect and free from abuse (iv) (Receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and state. (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 6. Identify two main groups that offered education in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 marks) (i) Missionaries (ii) Asians (iii) Africans through independence schools & churches (iv) Colonial government (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 7. What was the main reason why Africans were not allowed to grow cash-crops in colonial Kenya. (1 mark) (i) So as to provide steady supply of cheap labour to the Europeans. (1 x 1=1mark) 8. Give the main outcome of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954. (1 mark) (i) Creation of multi-racial participation in government (1x 1=1 mark) 9. Identify the representative of Africans in the leg co before the appointment of Eliud Mathu. (1 mark) (i) Dr. John Arthur (1 x 1=1 mark) 10. Give two laws that regulate elections in Kenya. (2 marks) (i) The constitution of Kenya (ii) The National Assembly and Presidential elections Act (iii) The local government Act (iv) The Election offences Act (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 11. Give the main function of the National Police Service Commission. (1 mark) (i) Recruitment and appointment of persons to hold or act in offices in the service. (1 x 1=1 mark) 12. State one role of the supreme court of Kenya. (1 mark) (i) Exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating to the elections to office of the President. (ii) Hears appeals from court of appeal, high court – other tribunals (iii) Listens to petitions in the interpretation or application of the constitution (iv) Advises national government, state organs or any country government on any matter concerning county government (v) Affirm, vary or overturn certification of the court of appeal on matters of general public interest. (Any1 x 1=1 mark) 13. Identify two social contributions of Daniel Arap Moi in the history of Kenya. (2 marks) (i) Expansion of education (ii) Improvement in health sector

History & government (iii) fundraising for disabled (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 14. Identify one characteristic of African socialism that promotes national development in Kenya. (1 mark) (i) Mutual social responsibility (iv) Diffusion of wealth (Any1x 1=1 mark) 15. Identify two agricultural schemes established in Kenya after independence. (2 marks) (i) The million acre scheme (ii) The Harambee scheme (iii) The Baraka scheme (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 16. Name two members of the county executive committee. (2 marks) (i) County government (ii) Deputy county governor (iii) Members appointed by governor with approval of county assembly (Any2 x 1=2 marks) 17. Identify one fund established by the constitution of Kenya 2010. (1 mark) (i) Consolidated fund (ii) Contingencies fund (iii) Revenue fund (iv) Equalization Fund (Any1 x 1=1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) 18. (a) Identify three groups of Eastern Cushites in Kenya. (3 marks) (i) The Oromo. (ii) The Borana. (iii) The Somali. (iv) The Gabra. (v) The Rendille. (vi) The Burji. (Any 3x1=3 marks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Cushites. (12 marks) (i) Had a patrilineal society which means they traced their origins through the father. (ii) Was divided into clans made up of related families (iii) Believed in a common ancestor which created a bond of unity. (iv) Clans and families had their leaders who ensured law and order. (v) They circumcised both girls and boys. (vi) Organized in age-sets system and had a leader with specific duties (vii). They worshiped one god, the sky God who was given different names e.g. the Oromo called him ‘wak’. (viii). believed in ancestral spirits. (ix). had shrines for prayers (x). marriages was exogamous (xi). they practiced polygamy. (xii). property was acquired in marriage where the eldest son inherited his father’s property and shared it with his younger brothers. (xii). had social ceremonies marked by songs and dances. (Any 6x2=12 marks) 19. (a) What were the terms of Anglo-German Agreement 0f 1886? (3 marks) (i) The Sultan of Zanzibar was to be recognized as the custodian of a 16km [10 mile] coastal strip and the offshore islands of Pate, Mafia, Pemba, Zanzibar and Lamu and the towns of Kismayu, Brava, Merca and Mogadishu. (ii) The coastline of Witu and the territory between River Umba and River Ruvuma would become German spheres of influence. (iii) The British were to take the territory between River Umba and river Juba to the north. (vii) The western boundary was not defined and Uganda was up for grabs to whichever power got there first. (Any 3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six reasons why the British applied indirect rule in Kenya (12 marks) (i) Lack of enough manpower to handle all the administrative responsibilities in the colonies (ii) Lack of adequate funds set aside for colonial administration by the ‘parent’ government (iii) The British were aware that African communities were likely to put up a stiff resistance if they were to be subjected to a direct rule (iv) The policy of indirect rule had succeeded in India and Uganda (v) The poor transport and communication network in the vast Nigeria protectorate (vi) There existed a well-established system of government among African communities in Kenya (viii) Due to vastness of Kenya (Any 6x2=12 marks) 20. (a) Name three early political movements in Kenya (3 marks) (i) Kikuyu Association (ii) Young Kikuyu Association (YKA) (iii) East African Association (iv) Young Kavirondo Association (YKA) (v) Kavirondo Taxpayers Welfare Association (KTWA) (vi) Ukamba Members Association (UMA) (vii) Taita Hills Association (THA)

History & government (ix) The Coast African Association (CAA) (Any 3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges faced by the early political movements in Kenya. (12 marks) (i) The members were subjected to harassment by the colonial government especially by arresting and dispersing demonstrators (ii) Arrest and deportation of the leaders e.g. Harry Thuku (EAA), Muindi Mbingu (UMA) and Jimmy Mwambichi (THA) demoralized the members of the associations (iii) Political wrangles between the members, as was witnessed with the Coast African Association upon departure of two of its key leaders (iv) Many of the leaders had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices (v) Many of the Africans were experiencing financial problems due to land alienation, taxation and poor working conditions and therefore, the associations lacked sufficient funds as the members could not sufficient financial support (vi) There was a lot of disunity, as most of the organizations were ethnic-based (vii). Most of these organizations were eventually banned by the colonial government in1940 (Any 6x2=12 marks) 21. (a) Give five characteristics of independent movements in Kenya. (5 marks) (i) They accommodated African cultural values (ii) Both the independent churches and schools valued Christianity and western education but were against the westernizing influence by missionaries (iii) Africans held positions in the churches and schools (iv) Most of the churches and schools worked closely with the African political associations (v) The independent schools and churches had their following from rural masses (Any 5x1=5 marks) (b) Explain five achievements of KAU. (10 marks) (i) Some members of the party gave both moral and material support to the Mau Mau fighters (ii) The party provided guidance and political support in Eliud Mathu, the African representatives to the Leg Co (iii) The party provided down the foundation for the growth of the KANU that ushered Kenya into political independence (iv) Some of the members of party were active Mau Mau liberation fighters e.g. Fred Kubai and Bildad Kaggia (v) KAU united Africans in the struggle for independence. The party opened branches in all parts of the country and mobilized the people to demand for independence (vi) KAU promoted African nationalism. It convened rallies all over the country, raising political awareness among the masses (vi). KAU helped to improved conditions of Africans. The party organized people to struggle against colonial policies such as taxation and kipande system (viii). KAU publicized the grievances of Kenyans internationally by sending delegations to complain about colonial oppression and exploitation e.g. UN conference in Paris in 1957 (Any 5x2=10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) 22 (a) State five agreements reached after the Second Lancaster House Conference. (5 marks) - The meeting arrived at establishing a coalition government. - KANU advocated for a centralized system of government. - The legislature was to consist of two houses, the Upper House and Lower House. - The head of state was the Prime Minister. - Drawing of the independence constitution. (Any 5x1=5 marks) (b) Describe the features of the independence constitution. (10 marks) - It provided a Governor General who was the head of state on behalf of the queen and the Prime Minister as the head of government. - It provided for an independent judiciary to ensure justice and prevent corruption - It set up a judicial commission to appoint judicial officers. - It provided for six regional governments and whose power included control of land, education, health and the police. - It entrenched rules of citizens and fundamental rights of citizens. - It specially provided for the establishment of the public service commission and the board to ensure fair and effective government. - It provided for the establishment of National Assembly consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. - It provided for the tenure of office of the judges and attorney general. - It provided for separation of powers for the three arms of government. - It spelt out that the party with majority seats forms government. - It spelt out powers and responsibilities of the central governments and regional governments. (Any 5x2=10 marks) 23 (a) State three functions of cabinet secretaries. (3 marks) - Supervise government ministries as they are the heads of the various ministries. - Assist and advise the president on the day to day running of government. - They decide on government policy - Defend government policy both inside and outside parliament. - Supervise policy implementation by civil servants in various ministries. - Co-coordinating government activities. - They participate in the law making process by suggesting bills pertaining to their ministries. (Any 3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission. (12 marks)

- Conducting or supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office established by the constitution. - Conducts any other elections as prescribed by an act of Parliament.

History & government - It ensures the continuous registration of citizens as voters. - The Commission regularly revises the voters’ roll. - It is in charge of delimitation of constituencies and wards. - It regulates the process by which parties nominate candidates for elections. - It settles electoral disputes, including disputes relating to nominations but excluding election petition and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results. - Ensures registration of candidates for election. - Conducts voter education. - Facilitates the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections. - Regulates the amount of money that may be spent on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any election. - Ensures development of a code of conduct for candidates and parties contesting elections. - Monitors compliance with the legislation relating to nomination of candidates by parties. (Any 6x2=12 marks) 24. (a) Identify three members of the County Assembly. (3 marks) - The Speaker of the County Assembly - Members elected by registered voters of the wards - Special seat members - Members representing marginalized groups e.g. persons with disabilities and the youth (Any 3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of the County Assembly. (12 marks)

- Make laws for the performance of the County Government - Exercises authority over county executive committee and any other county executive organs. - Receives and approves plans and policies for the management and exploitation of the County’s resources. - Approve policies for the development and management of infrastructure and institutions in the county. - Enhancing legislation that may set out the structure and framework for better administration and management of county governments. - Approval of oversight budgets and development projects for the county - Approving investment decisions and loans for the county. - Supervising other units within the county through political authority, guidance and direction. - Monitoring and execution of projects under approved plans and assessing their impact on development on the county. (Any 6x2=12 marks)

History & government KASSU JET JOINT EXAMINATION 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JUNE 2016 2½ hours Section A (25 marks) 1. State one feature of a government. (1 mark) (i) It has rules (ii) Legitimacy from the subjects (iii) Souvreignity (iv) Jurisdiction (v) Law enforcement (Any 1x1=1 mark) 2. Give two reasons why early man moved from the forests to settle in the grasslands. (2 marks) (i) There were more wild animals and fruits in the savanna. (ii) Climate was warmer in the grasslands. (iii) Presence of water in the grasslands. (Any 2x1=2 marks) 3. Identify the earliest method of trade used during the Trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) (i) Silent Trade (1x1=1 mark) 4. State two forms of picture writing during the early civilization. (2 marks) (i) Hieroglyphics (ii) Cuneiform (2x1=2 marks) 5. Name two countries that pioneered space exploration in the world. (2 marks) (i) USA (i) Russia (2x1=2 marks) 6. Give one way in which poor transport hinders industrialization in the Third World countries. (1 mark) (i) Raw materials fail to reach industries in time leading to delay and perishable raw materials going bad. (ii) Finished products do not reach markets on time and can also go bad resulting to losses. (Any 1x1=1 mark) 7. Identify the contribution of Dr. Christian Bernard in the field of medicine. (1 mark) (i) Heart Transplant. (1x1=1 mark) 8. State one way in which centralization of power contributed to success in the Baganda Kingndom. (1 mark) (i) It ensured effective control of the kingndom, the Kabaka appointed his own chiefs who owed their positions to him. (1x1=1 mark) 9. Identify two ways in which industrialization in Europe contributed to colonization of Africa. (2 marks) (i) The Europeans wanted raw materials for their industries (ii) They wanted a market for their manufactured goods (iii) They were looking for places to invest their capital. (Any2x1=2 marks) 10. Name one fighting technique employed by Samouri Toure against the French. (1 mark) (i) Guerrilla Warfare (ii) Scorched Earth Policy. (Any1x1=1 mark) 11. Give two reasons why the Schliffen plan failed during the First World War. (2 marks) (i) Russia mobilized her forces faster than expected thus Germany was forced to deploy her (ii) forces to the Eastern front (iii) Germany invasion of Belgium was not as fast as anticipated (iv) Britain entry into the war also contributed to this delay (v) Both sides were more evenly matched than Germany had thought. (Any2x1=2 marks). 12. State two permanent members of the Security Council. (2 marks) (i) USA (ii) China (iii) France (iv) Russia (v) Britain (Any2x1=2 marks) 13. Identify the head of the Commonwealth of Nations. (1 mark) (i) The Queen. (1x1=1 mark) 14. Give two role played by Dr. Kwame Nkrumah in the Pan African Movement. (2 marks) (i) He participated in the Manchester Congress of 1945 where he was the secretary (ii) He encouraged delegates to go back and spearhead nationalist movements for the struggle for independence in their countries. (2x1=2 marks) 15. Identify two ways in which the OAU contributed to the liberation of Southern African countries. (2 marks) (i) It provided material support to the freedom fighters (ii) It gave financial support to the nationalists (iii) It provided military training camps for the nationalists (iv) The grievances of the nationalists were presented by OAU in the international forums (v) It campaigned for sanctions against South Africa due to the policy of apartheid

History & government (vi) IT provided shelter for refugees. Any2x1=2 marks) 16. State one political challenge faced by DRC since independence. (1 mark) (i) Political assassinations (ii) Ethnicism/tribalism (iii) Army mutiny (iv) Rebel groups have fought the government since independence. (Any1x1=1 mark) 17. Name the Act of Parliament which marked the beginning of parliamentary control of the Monarchy in Britain. (1 mark) (i) Magna Carta. (1x1=1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions in this section 18. (a) Identify three irrigation methods used in Egypt. (3 marks) (i) Shadoof (ii) Canal (iii) Basin ( 3 x 1 = 3 marks) (b) Explain six similarities in Early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia. (12 marks) (i) Both practiced agriculture along River valleys (ii) Depended on flood water for farming (iii) Had well developed systems of irrigation (iv) Both used simple farm implements made of stone, wood and later metal (v) Both planted indigenous crops (vi) Both used animal and human labour (vii) Both developed a system of storage and preserving of foods (viii) Both traded in the farm produce. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks) 19. (a) State five factors for early urbanization in Africa. (5 marks) (i) Development of agriculture led to the crowding of people in settlements which subsequently developed into urban centres. (ii) Development of trade-some cities in pre-colonial Africa emerged out of market centres. (iii) Some cities grew out of religious centre which attracted population concentration. (iv) Some urban centres developed around administrative. (v) Mining centres became areas of early cities (vi) Harbours and ports encouraged the growth of commerce towns (vii) Availability of water for domestic and irrigation & industrial use led to growth of towns (viii) Major crossroads influenced development of some towns (ix) Strategically placed for defense led people to settle in protected areas which led to development of towns. (Any5x1=5 marks) (b) Explain how industrial and agrarian growth contributed to urbanization. (10 marks) (i) The agrarian revolution led to increased food supply – production of surplus food promoted trade. Trading centres grew into urban centres as people settled there to engage in trading activities. (ii) Due to development in agriculture people had to settle. The settlement developed into urban centres. (iii) Agrarian revolution left many people landless in Britain. The landless moved to urban centres searching for employment in industries this caused further expansion of urban centres. (iv) The development of mines during industrial revolution led to the rise of settlement around mining areas i.e. Meroe and Kush in North Africa and Nok in West Africa grew because mining activities (v) The Agrarian revolution supported growth of urban centres as it led to adequate food supply for growing population / settlement. (vi) The financial industry developed due to industrial & agricultural expansion. Bank worked added to the number of people living in urban centres i.e. London, Paris and Amsterdam. (vii) Some ports were used as export and import points of agricultural and manufactured products. This led to expansion to become urban centres i.e Liverpool, London, Budapest and Marceilles. (viii) Mechanization in agriculture displaced labourers who moved to urban centres to look for jobs and this increased urban population. (ix) Industrialization led to production of better and more efficient tools which made work easier. Such industries grew in an effort to satisfy the high demand for better tools and machines. (Any 5x2=10 marks) 20. (a) Identify three features of macadamized roads. (3 marks) (i) Some roads had paths on either side (ii) Durable (iii) Wide (iv) Straight (v) Cambered and had good surface drainage (vi) Had a smooth motoring surface (vii) Cheaper and quicker to construct (viii) Had a network of bridges. (Any3x1=3 marks)

History & government (b) Explain six advantages of railway transport. (12 marks) (i) Where electric locomotion is in use, it is extremely fast means of transport (ii) Relatively safe as incidents of theft and accidents are few (iii) Use of underground trains eases traffic congestion. (iv) It is economical for transportation of goods and services over long distances (v) It is suitable for transporting bulky goods (vi) They follow a regular schedule which enables passengers to plan for their movement (Any6x2=12 marks) 21. (a) Identify three types of nationalism in South Africa. (3 marks) (i) British nationalism (ii) Afrikanner nationalism (iii) African nationalism. (3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of Nelson Mandela in the struggle for independence in South Africa. (12 marks) (i) As a nationalist Nelson Mandela with his friends Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu established the ANC League which became affiliated to ANC. (ii) As Deputy President of ANC he organized the defiance campaign to protest against the oppressive apartheid laws. (iii) He represented, as a lawyer African nationalists who were being victimized by the racist regime. (iv) With others he formulated the freedom charter in 1955. This charter demanded equal rights for all races in the country. (v) With the ban on political parties, Mandela and others began an underground movement of armed resistance called Umkhouto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) (vi) In order to win support from the international community Mandela toured over seas countries e.g. Ethiopia, London, Algeria, Tanzania, Kenya and Zambia. (Any6x2 = 12 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions in this section 22. (a) Identify three types of spirits in Shona. (3 marks) (i) Vadzimu – Family spirits (ii) Mhondoro – Clan spirits. (iii) Chamurika – National spirits. (3x1=3 marks) (b) Describe the political organization of the Shona. (12 marks) (i) The empire was ruled by an emperor who was both head of state and government (Mwenemutapa).the King as the chief religious authority. (ii) The office of the emperor was hereditary. When he died, his son took over leadership. (iii) The main factor of unity in the Shona political system was religion with emperor as the chief religious authority. (iv) The empire was divided into provinces, which were ruled by lesser chiefs. (v) There was an important symbol of national unity which was the royal fire. This fire was kept burning until the end of the king’s reign. It was from this fire that each vassal chief carried a flame to his chiefdom. (vi) Religion was another symbol of unity with the emperor as the chief religious authority. (vii) The king controlled trade and used the revenue from trade to run the army and the empire. (viii) The king had a standing army for defence and expansion. (ix) The emperor was assisted by the following; The Queen mother, The Queen sister, (Emperor’s sister), Emperors nine principal wives, The Chief Drummer, The Chief Cook, The gate keeper, The Commander of the army Senior son-in-law of the king.The Chancellor.The treasurer, the chief justice, Lesser chiefs who paid tribute to the emperor by providing labour, cattle and agricultural produce, gold, slaves ivory e.t.c. (Any6x2=12 marks) 23. (a) State five causes of the Second World War. (5 marks) (i) The treaty of the Versailles (ii) The weakness of the League of Nations (iii) Nationalism (iv) Arms race (v) The Great Economic Depression (vi) The policy of Appeasement (vii) Emergence of dictators (viii) Alliances (ix) Rise of Adolf Hitler and his ambition. (Any5x1=5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why the Axis were defeated during the Second World War. (10 marks) (i) Shortage of valuable resources e.g. human, finances and raw materials (ii) The Allies had superior military strength e.g. Air Force and naval superiority (iii) The Germans were fighting the war on many fronts i.e., Hitler verses Britain and her empire, Russian Front, In the Mediterranean Seas (iv) The combined resources of the British Empire, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (v) The entry of the U.S.A. into the war on the side of the Allies in 1940 (vi) Some of the German territories turned against her (vii) The Allies had more supporters than the Axis powers (viii) The Axis powers made mistakes and miscalculations e.g. the winter in the Soviet Union. (Any5x2=10 marks) 24. (a) How can one become a member to the House of Lords in Britain? (3 marks) (i) By being appointed by the monarchy

History & government (ii) Through hereditary (iii) Through being appointed by virtue of their position in society e.g. Lords of Appeal (3x1=3 marks) (b) Explain six roles of the Prime Minister in Britain. (12 marks) (i) Appointing and dismissing ministers but with the consent of the monarchy (ii) Recommends to the monarchy the names of candidates for appointment of senior judicial officers in Britain e.g. Chief Justice (iii) Presiding or chairing cabinet meetings in Britain (iv) Leader of his party in Britain (v) Settling disputes between various departments in Britain (vi) Overseeing the execution of cabinet policies in Britain (vii) Changing law in the British Parliament (viii) He is the leader of the House of Commons (Any 6x2=12 marks)

History & government NTIMA NYAKI AND MUNICIPALITY CLUSTER EVALUATION 2016

311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 1. Give the meaning of History. 2. Two sub-groups of Eastern Cushites. 3. Give two documentary sources of the East African History. 4. Give the main significance of Kava forest among the Agiriama community 5. State two ways in which Christianity undermined African culture in Kenya. 6. Identify two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen according to the constitution of Kenya. 7. State two advantages of written constitution in Kenya. 8. State the national philosophy adopted in Kenya in 1965 9. Give the main reason why the British introduced Kipande system in Kenya during the colonial period. 10. Name two groups that offered education in Kenya during the colonial period. 11. Give two reasons why elections are held regularly in Kenya. 12. Identify two organs of the security in Kenya. 13. State the national philosophy adopted in Kenya in 1965 14. Identify one organ of the county government in Kenya. 15. Outline one examples of an indirect tax in Kenya. 16. Identify the main ideological difference between Kenya National African Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) independence. 17. a) Give five reasons for migration of the Cushites. b) Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during the pre -colonial period. 18. a) State five factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in East Africa b) Explain five challenges facing missionary activities in Kenya. (10mks) 19. a) Give three grievances of the White settlers in the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (3mks) b) Explain six ways through which the colonial government promoted settler farming. (12mks) 20. a) State five reasons why a section of the Akamba resisted the British colonial rule. (5mks) b) Explain five results of Nabongo Mumia’s collaboration. (l0mks) 21. a) State three requirements for a person to qualify for nomination as a presidential candidate in Kenya. (3mks) b) Explain six powers and functions of the president of Kenya as per the constitution of Kenya. (12mks) 22. a) Name three national holidays recognized by Kenyan constitution. (3mks) b) Explain three factors that promote national integration in Kenya. (12mks) 23. a) Give three funds established by the constitution of Kenya. (3mks) b) Explain six principles that govern the use of public finance in Kenya. (12mks)

History & government NTIMA NYAKI AND MUNICIPALITY CLUSTER EVALUATION 2016

311/2 HISTORY PAPER 1

SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Name two sources of information on History and Government. 2. Identify one process in which evolution of man occurred. 3. Give two ways through which Early man agriculture spread in Africa. 4. State two problems faces by traders when using barter system of trade. 5. State the main advantage of using Air transport. 6. Give two reasons why the early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile valley. 7. State the two advantages of use of electricity in industries during the industrial Revolution. 8. State two importance of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom of Asante/Ashanti. 9. Identify one chartered company used by Germany to administer her colonial possession in Africa. 10. Name the British personnel who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria. 11. What was the main cause of the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 in South Africa. 12. Give two alliances formed during Second World war (1939 - 1945) 13. State two difference between the organization of African Unity and the African Union. 14. Name two specialized agencies of United Nations Organisation (UON). 15. Name one region in Democratic Republic of Congo that wanted to secede in the early years of in dependence. 16. Identify the document that became the cornerstone of Tanzania’ political, economical and social development strategy in 1967. 17. Name one major political party in Britain. SECTION B Answer any three questions in this section. 18. a) Identify three sub-species of Homosapiens. (3mks) b) Describe the way of life of human being during his middle Stone age. (12 mks) 19. a) State three disadvantages of his open field system in Britain during 18th century (3mks) b) Explain six effect of Agrarian revolution in the United State of America. (12mks) 20. a) State five factors that contributed to the development of the Trans - Atlantic trade. (5mks) b) Explain five effects of Trans - Atlantic trade on African communities. (l0mks)

21. a) State five grievances of Ndebele and Shona during the Chimurenga war of 1896-1897. (5mks) b) Explain five reasons for the failure of the Chimurenga war of 1896 - 1897 (10 mks)

SECTION C Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) Give three conditions which one had to fulfill in order to become a French citizen in Senegal. b) Explain six reasons why direct rule was unsuccessful in Southern Nigeria. 23. a) State five aims of the non-aligned movement. b) Explain five effects of the cold war. 24. a) Outline five duties of the monarch in Britain. b) Describe five functions of the united states congress

History & government NTIMA NYAKI AND MUNICIPALITY CLUSTER EVALUATION 2016

HISTORY PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. Give the meaning of History.  The study of man’s pas event/activities. 1x1=1mk 2. Two sub-groups of Eastern Cushites.  Borana  Somali  Oromo  Gabra  Rendile  Burji Any 2x1 = (2mks) 3. Give two documentary sources of the East African History.  Greece Roman documentary  Periplus of Eruhinsun sea.  Christian Topography.  Kilwa Chronicles  Kiswahili historians and documentaries.  Ptolemy geography. (Any 2x1 = 2mks) 4. Give the main significance of Kava forest among the Agiriama community  Was a shrine/holy place (1x1 =lmk) 5. State two ways in which Christianity undermined African culture in Kenya.  For it preached against African customs e.g polygamy and F.G.M.  Undermined African traditional religious and beliefs. (2x1=2) 6. Identify two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen according to the constitution of Kenya.  Birth  Registration (2x1=2mks) 7. State two advantages of written constitution in Kenya.  Cannot be altered or manipulated for personal interest.  Written constitution has a clear procedure for amendment.  Important for growing young nations in orderly and organized manner.  Found in one document and transform easily available for consult  Helps to unite all communities in a nation.  Safeguards freedoms and rights of individuals and interest of all people.  Creates harmony since it clearly set out powers of document organs of government. (Any 2xl=2mks) 8. Identify the most fundamental human right in Kenya,  Right to life. (lxl=1mk) 9. Give the main reason why the British introduced Kipande system in Kenya during the colonial period.  To control the movement of Africans labourers. (1x1=1) 10. Name two groups that offered education in Kenya during the colonial period.  The missionaries  Colonial government  African indepent churches and schools movement.  Community organization (Asians). (Any 2x1=2) 11. Give two reasons why elections are held regularly in Kenya.  To give citizens their democratic right of elections leaders of their choices.  To make leaders accountable to people.  It is a constitutional requirement for elections to be held after every 5 years.  To offer an alternative way of governing. (Any 2xl=2mks) 12. Identify two organs of the security in Kenya.  Kenya defense forces  The national police services  The national intelligence services. 13. State the national philosophy adopted in Kenya in 1965  African socialism. (lxl=lmk) 14. Identify one organ of the county government in Kenya.  The county assembly  The county executive committee. (Any 1x1=link) 15. Outline one examples of an indirect tax in Kenya.  Customs duty

History & government  Excise duty  Value added tax  Traffic revenue tax  Investment revenue  Trading licenses  Loan interest receipts  Land rates  Houses rates  Fees  Court fines  Domestic borrowing. 16. Identify the main ideological difference between Kenya National African Union (KANU) and Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) independence.  K.A.N.U was advocating for unitary government while K.A.D.U was for Majimboism/Regionalism

SECTION B 17. a) Give five reasons for migration of the Cushites.  To escape family/clans frauds.  Population pressure.  They were in search of green pastures and water.  Escaping famine and drought  To satisfy their spirit of adventure.  Fleeing outbreak of animal and human diseases.  Escaping constant attacks from neighbors, e.g Somali (Any 5xl=5mks) b) Describe the political organization of the Mijikenda during the pre -colonial period.  They had decentralized system of government.  They were organized in 4-6 clans with many sub-clans.  They had council of elders (Kambi)  Young men became members of age - sets after circumcision and take [part in political activities.  The council of elders administered his clan and was final court appeal.  Council meetings were chaired by herdsmen.  They lived in fortified villages for defense.  The Kamba settled disputes among community members. (Any 5x1 =5mks) 18. a) State five factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in East Africa  Missionaries faced no strong opposition from any religion.  East African communities lacked well organized stations able to resist missionary work.  Missionaries received support of fellow converts to spread gospel.  Use of Swahili language of communication that encouraged spread of gospel.  Use of Swahili language of communication that encouraged spread of gospel.  Explores encouraged missionaries work.  Establishment of mission centers, schools greatly influenced spread of Christianity.  The discovery of quinine facilitated spread of gospel as a cure of topical diseases.  Christians teaching on equality appealed to many Africans.  Political stability in East African favored missionaries. (Any 5xl=5mks) b) Explain five challenges facing missionary activities in Kenya. (10mks) Tropical diseases such as Malaria.  Resistance are competition from Islam which was already established.  Hostility from Africans who wanted to protect their culture.  Missionaries lacked a common language of communication.  Rivalry between different missionary groups.  Hostility from slaves raiders and traders.  Inadequate funds hindered the activities of the missionaries.  There were very few personnel compared to vast population in East Africa. (Any 5xl=5mks) 19. a) Give three grievances of the White settlers in the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (3mks)  They wanted exclusive right to own the white highlands.  They advocated for clear racial segregation policies for separate development.  They demanded more autonomy from Britain.  They wanted restrictions on Indian migration to Kenya. (Any 3xl=3mks) b) Explain six ways through which the colonial government promoted settler farming. (12mks)  European settlers were provided with large tracts of land which were alternated from Africans through various land legislatives.

History & government  Enactment of labour laws to force Africans to work for Europeans settlers.  The introduction of Kipande system ensured that Africans remained in employment.  The government provided technical assistance.  The government developed transport and communication network.  The government ensured protection to settlers against possible African rebellion.  Government encouraged settlers to form cooperative for effective marketing of their produce.  Establishment of agro-based industries created ready market for their produce.  The government offered credit facilities to the settlers.  The Africans were forbidden to grow cash crops.  Taxation who introduced to force Africans to seek employment.  The creation of reserves which were overcrowded and productive forced Africans seek wage employment in settler forms.  The Northey Circular of 1918 and 1919 required chiefs to supply a number labour (Any 6x2 =12marks) 20. a) State five reasons why a section of the Akamba resisted the British colonial rule. (5mks)  They were against the destocking policy.  They were against land alienation.  They opposed forced labour.  They were against abuse of African culture e.g cutting of the Ithembo tree.  They opposed confiscation of the livestock by the British. (Any 5x1=5) b) Explain five results of Nabongo Mumia’s collaboration. (l0mks)  The British easily established colonial rule in Western Kenya.  The Wanga served in colonial army against the Bukutu and Nandi.  Wanga agents (relative of Mumia) were used as administrators.  Mumia became the headquarters of British administration.  Mumia was made paramount chief enhancing his prestige.  Mumia’s became rich trading terminus.  The Wanga lost independence.  The Wanga were able to defeat their enemies e.g. the Luo of Ugenya and the Bukuru. Any 5x2=10 marks

SECTION C 21. a) State three requirements for a person to qualify for nomination as a presidential candidate in Kenya. (3mks  Be a Kenyan citizen by birth.  Be qualified to stand for election  Be nominated by a political party or be an independent candidate.  Be nominated by not fewer than two thousand voters from each of a majority of the counties. Any 3x1=3 b) Explain six powers and functions of the president of Kenya as per the constitution of Kenya. (12mks)  As the Head of state the president represents the government and the people of Kenya both locally and internationally.  As the head of government the president nominates the Deputy president who disputes him.  The president has a duty to address the opining of each newly elected parliament.  The president chairs cabinet meetings and directs and coordinates the functions of ministries and government.  He asserts to bills before they become laws.  The president is the commander in chief of the Kenya Defense forces.  On the petition of any person the president may exercise a power of mercy in accordance with the advice of the Advisory committee.  The president also presides over national holidays in the country. Any 6x2=12mks 22. a) Name three national holidays recognized by Kenyan constitution. (3mks)  Madaraka day  Mashujaa day  Jamhuri day. b) Explain three factors that promote national integration in Kenya. (12mks)  The constitution. - A constitution is a set of rules agreed upon by a group of people who have choose to live together as a community governed by that common set of rules.  One government. - The government has three arms that are the affairs of the nation at various levels.  The Presidency - Kenya despite having several political parties has one president who is a symbol of unity.  Education - The national school curriculum aims at ensuring that pupil and students focus on the issues that unite them. e.g. common curriculum.  National language - The use of Kiswahili as the official language enables Kenyans to interact freely.  Economic growth - The government  Attempts to provide social amenities to Kenyans without bias.  National activities - national holidays remind Kenyans of their history.  Mass media - The mass media in Kenya is  Instrumental in ensuring that information is disseminated to all at the same time.

History & government  Symbols of National Unity - National anthem promotes a sense of belonging among Kenyans and gives then an identity.  The government encourages social economic integration among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Any 6x2=12mks 23. a) Give three funds established by the constitution of Kenya. (3mks)  Consolidated funds.  Equalisation fund.  Contingencies fund.  Revenue fund. b) Explain six principles that govern the use of public finance in Kenya. (12mks)  Openness, accountability and public parties portion in financial matters.  Promotion of equality by sharing in a fair manner.  Promoting equitable development of the country through public expenditure.  Special provision to cater for marginalized groups and areas .  Ensuring the burdens and benefit of the use of resources and public borrowing is sharing equality between present and future generations.  Prudent and responsible use, management and accounting for public finances.  Responsible financial management accompanied by clear fiscal reporting. Any 6x2 = 12mks

History & government NTIMA NYAKI AND MUNICIPALITY CLUSTER EVALUATION 2016

HISTORY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 1. Name two sources of information on History and Government.  Written sources  Unwritten sources  Electronic sources (Any 2x1 = mks) 2. Identify one process in which evolution of man occurred.  Mutation  Adaptation  Natural selection  Isolation (Any 2x1 = mks) 3. Give two ways through which Early man agriculture spread in Africa.  Through migration  Through trade  Through war  Through intermarriages. 4. State two problems faces by traders when using barter system of trade.  Its cumbersome to transport bulky goods.  There is a problem of storing goods.  Difficult to determine values of goods.  Frequent lack of double coincidence wants.  Some goods may not be divided into smaller quantities (Any 2x1=2 mks) 5. State the main advantage of using Air transport.  It is the fastest mode of transport. (lxl = lmk) 6. Give two reasons why the early urban centers in ancient Egypt developed in the Nile valley.  Water from this river was used for transportation.  Water from the river was used for domestic, industrial use.  Nile valley continued fertile soil for farming/ availability of food.  Nile valley had cool temperatures which encouraged settlement.  Vegetation along the river provided building materials. (Any 2xl=2mks) 7. State the two advantages of use of electricity in industries during the industrial Revolution.  The supply can be regulated/ be switched on and off.  It could be used in different ways e.g.  cooking, heating, lighting.  There was a clean environment/non pollutant.  It could be used far from source.  Cast of production of goods was made cheaper. 8. State two importance of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom of Asante/Ashanti.  Promote unity of the people.  Brought the state kings together to pledge loyalty to king/Asante....  Provide opportunity for the kings to settle disputes.  Provided opportunity for the being to honour the dead. 9. Identify one chartered company used by Germany to administer her colonial possession in Africa.  Germany East Africa Company. (lxl=1mk) 10. Name the British personnel who introduced indirect rule in Nigeria.  Fredrick Lugard. (1x1=1 ink) 11. What was the main cause of the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 in South Africa.  They were opposed to pass laws. (lxl=lmk) 12. Give two alliances formed during Second World war (1939 - 1945)  The allied/allies  The axis (2xl=2mks) 13. State two difference between the organization of African Unity and the African Union.  A.U is more elaborate/more organs than O.A.U.  A.U has mandate to intervene on internal affairs of member states which violates human rights.  A.U is an organization of African people while O.A.U is an organization of Executives.  A.U has an ambitious economic development agenda for Africa while O.A.U was mainly concerned with political issues.  A.U has an accountability mechanism while O.A.U lacked it.

History & government  The organization of African unity was formed by independent African countries to fight colonization while A.U focus on challenges feeing African countries.  African union has established the court of justice to handle cases involving violation of human rights while O.A.U lacked it. (Any 2x1=2mks) 14. Name two specialized agencies of United Nations Organisation (UON).  UNEP (United nations environmental programs)  WHO  UWESCO  I.M.F  UNICEF  U.N.H.C.R  U.N.D.P  U.N HABITAT Others. Note no abbreviations. (Any correct 2xl=2mks) 15. Name one region in Democratic Republic of Congo that wanted to secede in the early years of in dependence.  Katangs  Kasai  Kisangani (Any lxl=1mk) 16. Identify the document that became the cornerstone of Tanzania’ political, economical and social development strategy in 1967.  The Aretha Declaration/African socialism/ (Ujamaa. (Any 1x1=Imk) 17. Name one major political party in Britain.  Labour party  Conservative party. (Any 1x1=1mk) SECTION B Answer any three questions from this section. 18. a) Identify three sub-species of Homosapiens.  Neanderthal man  Rhodesian man  Cro - magnon man (Any 3x1 = 3mks) b) Describe the way of life of human being during his middle Stone age.  Man continued hunting and gathering.  Man made tools like hand axe (Acheulian tools)  Man practiced fishing along rivers and lakes.  They lived in large groups of about 50 people for security purpose.  They lives settled life/lived in shelter and caves.  They made cloths from animal skins and tree barks.  They painted themselves using red ochre and oil.  They used simple hunting methods of chasing animals and throwing stones.  Rock painting art was done on cave walls and rocks. They drew pictures of animals hunted.  Distinct languages developed to enhance communication. (Any 6x2= 12mks) 19. a) State three disadvantages of his open field system in Britain during 18 century.  Open field system did not allow effective farming because land was not fully utilized.  Existence of strips prevented use of machines.  Fallow land and existence of paths and cart trucks wasted, land labour and time.  The system discouraged livestock rearing.  It was difficult to stop spread of diseases since livestock grazed together.  It was it was possible to practice selective breeding. (Any 3x1 =3mks) b) Explain six effect of Agrarian revolution in the United State of America.  The diversification of agriculture through the introduction of new farm animals and crops, brought by European immigrants.  Agrarian revolution led to expansion of agriculture.  New method of farming especially use of fertilizer and hybrid seeds enabled to increase food production e.g wheat and maize.  New inventions on farm machinery which included the steel plough enabling the American farmers to bring more land under cultivation  Invention of refrigerator led to expansion of milk and meat packaging since it was possible to store.  Mechanization of agriculture replaced slaves and other laborers at farms.  Expansion of food production during the Agrarian revolution led to increase in trade between U.S.A and Western Europe.  Transport system was greatly improved roads, railways and sea transport.  There was increase population in U.S.A due to availability of food.  Contributed to enhancement of research and scientific inventors especially in field of agriculture. (Any 6x2 = 12mks)

History & government 20. a) State five factors that contributed to the development of the Trans - Atlantic trade.  Availability of trade items.  Demand for slaves in the New World  Availability of sailing ships.  The discovery of the compass  Availability of fire arms.  Existence of trade routes b) Explain six effect of Trans - Atlantic trade on African communities.  There was increased instability/conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves.  Many Africans lost their lives during the slave raids.  Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods.  There was increased suffering among families as their love ones were separated/ sold to slavery.  Some kingdoms declined due to continuous attacks from their neighbors in search for trading items.  There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade items.  It contributed to the decline of Trans- Saharan trade as many people found it more profitable.  There was a decline in agricultural production as the able bodied people were taken away into slavery.  There was serious depopulation in west and parts of central Africa due to slave trade.  Trade exposed West Africa to new diseases.  There was fear and insecurity due to frequent raids on African settlement.  The trader weakened African communities not to resist colonization. 21. a) State five grievances of Ndebele and Shona during the Chimurenga war of 1896 - 1897. (5mks)  Following there defeat in 1894 the Bdebele lost their independence  The 1893 war eroded the traditional authority of the Ndebele.  The British also ruined the regimental towns and refused to recognize the power of the indunas.  The company officials had taken away the chiefs power to punish the people.  The British South Africa company alienated the Ndebele from all the good land around Bulaweyo.  The Shona were unhappy about the company’s interference with their trading activities.  After 1893 war the (BSAC) company confcated over 250,000 head of cattle belonging to the Ndebele leaving only 50,000.  The use of forced labour on European mines and farms irritated the people.  The company also introduced tax in 1894.  The British company disregarded Ndebele customs, especially the class system.  The recruitment of the Shona in the Native Police Force in Ndebele area did not go down well with the Ndebele.  The European where brutal when dealing with the Africans.  The natural calamities that affected these people such as drought, famine and diseases deepened their resentment.  The rise of religious leader who appealed to the people’s past glories such as Mkweti in Matabele and Kakubi and Nahanda in Mashona land provided leadership guidance and organization in the reaction. Any 5x1 = 5mks. b) Explain five reasons for the failure of the Chimurenga war of 1896 - 1897  There was disunity among the Africans.  The Ndebele social classes did not have unity of purpose.  The British used superior weapons on ill- equipped Africans who had placed all their confidence in the medicine (priests) who had promised protection against the bullet.  The British army comprised 1,200 soldiers who were well trained and more organized, compared to the African warriors who were less skilled.  By the end of the apprising, the Indunas lacked military practice as their regimes had been broken earlier.  The British got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa.  The arrest and execration of their leaders Nelanda, Kakuba and Senginyama the depressed the people, causing them to give up fighting.  The strong religious belief in the Mwari cult worked against the people.  The determination of Rhodes to suppress the resistance and establish effective occupation influenced him to negotiate for peace with the Ndebele Indunas, ending the war with the Ndebele in 1896. They made quashing of the shone revolt in 1897 easy. SECTION C Answer any two questions from this section. 22. Give three conditions which one had to fulfill in order to become a French citizen in Senegal. (3mks)  Literate/able to read and write. (3mks)  Able to speak in French.  Be a Christian. One must have worked in the French civil service/be loyal in the French government/ Military monogamy. (Any 3x1 = 3mks) b) Explain six reasons why direct rule was unsuccessful in Southern Nigeria. (12mks)  Southern Nigeria had many ethnic groups with diverse political, religious system as well as other cultural difference.

History & government  Yoruba traditional rulers (Obas) were given more power thus were despised by their community.  The British introduced ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes which infuriated the people.  Opposition from the educated elite who felt left out of the administration of their country/leadership.  The educated people in Southern Nigeria resented the chiefs appointed by the British because they were illiterate.  Lack of a centralized indigenous system of government.  The South lacked linguistic unity thus communication was a challenge North used Hansa language.  The use of excessive force to suppress any form of resistance provoked resentment.  Misuse of power by warrant chiefs who raised taxes for their own benefits. They also harassed women taxes for their own benefits. They also harassed women sexually. (Any 6x2=12) 23. State five aims of the non-aligned movement. (5mks)  To safeguard the sovereignty of member state.  To fight for decolonization of third World countries.  To work for the disarmament of the super powers.  To discourage military alliances advocate by the super powers.  To promote active participation in the UN programmes  To promote economic independence of member countries with aim of discouraging neo - colonialism.  To fight racism in the World.  To pursue an independence policy of peaceful co-existence.  To establish a new economic world order to ensure favorable terms of trade.  To make funds available for improvement of agriculture. (Any 5x1=5mks) b) Explain five effects of the cold war. (10mks)  The cold war undermined international peace and security.  It promoted mistrust, suspicion and division between the two ideology blocs.  The ideology differences resulted into division in some states as was the case in Korea.  The war resulted in development of science and technology e.g. military technology was greatly developed.  Cold war led to formation of the non- aligned movement to promote a neutral policy.  Cold war led to the formation of,military and economic alliance to promote cooperation e.g NATO, Warsaw , Comecon.  The cold war promoted coup d'etat and counter coup d'etat that promoted dictatorship.  Cold war led to physical war in some countries eg the Korean and the Vietnam wars.  Cold war led to the polarization of the world into the Eastern and Western Blocs 24. a) Outline five duties of the monarch in Britain. (5mks)  The Monarch approved/assents bills before they become laws.  The monarch approves all appointments to important state office.  The monarch is involved in enacting treaties between states and other countries in relation to foreign policy/Head of state.  The monarch summons/prorogues/dissolves parliament in constitution with the prime minister.  The monarch gives consent to all cabinet appointment.  The monarch has power to pardon people who have been accused of committing various offences.  The monarch appoints bishops/arch bishops of the church of England.  The monarch advise/counsel the head of government.  The monarch confers honours to people who have rendered distinguished/ outstanding.  The monarch is commander in - chief of the armed forces. (Any5xl=5mks) b) Describe five functions of the united states congress (l0mks)  To check on the excess of the executive.  It approves taxation measures and ensures that government expenditure is effectively used/accounted for.  It participates in law making process by discussing bills before the president gives assent.  It amends law which have been given an approval by all the state government.  It endorses treaties in conjunction with the president for harmonies living with other countries diplomatic.  Together with the president is appoints senior civil servant.  It appoints commission of inquiry to investigate matter of national importance.  It establishes, maintains and control the United State armed forces/decide when the country should go to war.  It admits new members to the USA union/New States. (Any 5x2 =10mks)

History & government KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT JULY/ AUGUST 2016 Paper 1

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions 1. State two disadvantages of oral traditions a source of history (2 mks) 2. Name one of the earliest inhabitants in Kenya (1 mk) 3. Give two economic activities acquired by the Maasai as a result of interaction with the Bantu . (2 mks) 4. State two religious functions performed by the Oloibon of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period (2 mks) 5. Identify two factors that led to the spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast by 16th century. (2 mks) 6. Identify one reason why Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow cash crops before 1954 (1 mk) 7. Give one way in which rural to urban migrations in Kenya contribute to national unity. (1 mk) 8. Give two roles of welfare organization in Kenya during the colonial period (2 mks) 9. Identify one main social responsibility of a Kenyan citizen (1 mk) 10. State the commission set up to fix the boundaries of the white highlands in 1930. (1 mk) 11. Identify two features of African farming in Kenya during the colonial period (2 mks) 12. Identify one way of becoming a Kenyan citizen (1 mk) 13. Give two national philosophies that were adopted in Kenya before 1987 (2 mks) 14. Give two elective seats in the county government (2 mks) 15. State one reason why the second Lancaster house conference was held in 1962 (1 mk) 16. What is the main role of the Ethics and Anti-corruption (EACC) (1 mk) 17. Name the body entrenched in the constitution of Kenya that replaced the Kenya national Human Rights Commission (KNHRC) (1 mk)

SECTION B : (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section 18. a) Identify three communities that make up the Eastern Cushites (3 mks) b) Describe the political organisation of the Borana (12 mks) 19. a) Give three reasons for the coming of European Christian missionaries to East Africa in the 19th century (3 mks) b) Explain six factors that enabled the missionaries to carry out their activities in Kenya by 1920 (12 mks) 20. a) Describe five common characteristics of the political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945 (5 mks) b) Explain six roles of political parties in the struggle for independence in Kenya between 1945 and 1963 (10 mks) 21. a) Why were Africans opposed to colonial rule between 1920 – 1939 (5 mks) b) Explain five methods used by African nationalists in Kenya in their struggle for independence (10 mks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided, 22. a) What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya (5mks) b) Explain the rights of an accused person during trial in a court of law in Kenya (10mks) 23. a) Identify five functions of the traffic police in Kenya (5 mks) b) Describe five measures that have been introduced to improve the work of the police in Kenya (10 mks) 24. a) Identify five stages in the preparation of the national budget (5 mks) b) Explain why it is important to prepare the national budget annually (10 mks)

History & government KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT JULY/ AUGUST 2016 SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. Define the term pre-history as a period in history and government (1 mk) 2. Give two reasons that made early human beings to live in groups during the stone age period (2 mks) 3. Give one land use system before agrarian revolution (1 mk) 4. Name two materials which were used for writing messages in early times (2mks) 5. Name the European country that involved itself in the Trans-Atlantic trade in the 18th century. (1 mk) 6. Who discovered the use of antiseptics in surgery ? (1 mk) 7. State two economic effects of industrial revolution in USA (2 mks) 8. Define the term urbanization (1 mk) 9. Suggest one ways in which Christian missionaries accelerated colonization of Africa (1 mk) 10. Name two countries colonized by the French in North Africa (2 mks) 11. Identify the political party that led Ghana to independence (1 mk) 12. Give two reasons why assimilation policy was successful in the four communes of Senegal (2 mks) 13. What was the immediate cause of the first world war in 1914 (1 mk) 14. State two permanent members of the UN security council (2 mks) 15. Give two institutions of the Economic Community of West African States ECOWAS (2 mks) 16. Identify two founder members of Non Aligned Movement (NAM) (2 mks) 17. Identify one house of the congress in USA (2 mks)

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section 18. a) State five limitation of oral tradition as a source of information in history b) Describe the way of life of man during the new stone age period 19. a) State five factors that led to agarian revolution in America b) Explain five effects of agarian revolution in Britain 20. a) State three disadvantages of coal as a source of energy b) Explain six effects of scientific inventions on industry 21. a) Give reasons why it was easy for Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa b) Explain five factors that led to Samori Toure's downfall

SECTION C: GO MARKS) Answer two questions from this section 22. a) State three economic activities of the Baganda b) Describe the political organization of the Shona during the pre-colonial period 23. a) Highlight five aims of pan-Africanism b) Explain five challenges faced by pan-African movement since its inception 24. a) State three conditions that one should fulfil in order to be elected as President in India b) Explain six functions of the Indian president

History & government KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/1 Paper 1 MARKING SCHEME l. State two disadvantages of oral tradition as a source of history. (2mks) i) Peoples' ability to remember facts is too limited. ii) Oral history is subject to distortion. iii) People are prone to exaggerate oral history. iv) Information may change over time. (2xl-2mks) 2. Name one of the earliest inhabitants of Kenya. (1mk) Khoisan (1x=lmk) 3. Give two economic activities acquired by the Maasai as a result interaction with the Bantu. (2mks) Farming Iron making (2x 1 -2mks) 4. State two religious functions performed by the Oloibon of Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (2mks) Acted as prophet Presided over religious ceremonies/ blessing the warriors before going to war. Advised the council of elders. Ritual leader of the Maasai. 5. Identify two factors that led to spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast by sixteenth century'. (2xl=2mks) Trading activities between Arabs and the local communities. Intermarriages between the local communities and the Arabs. Settlements of Arab traders along the coast. 6. Reasons why Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow cash crops before 1954 (1mk) Europeans wanted to continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. To avoid competition by African farmers. To control the spread of diseases and pests from African farms. Any one point lxl=(lmark) 7. Give one way in which rural to urban migration in Kenya contributes to national unity. It promotes inter ethnic integration. It promotes peace coexistence/harmonious living between different communities. Any lxl=(lmk) 8. Give two roles of welfare organizations in Kenya during the colonial period. They aroused political awareness among people. They organized social activities e.g. sports and games, burial, medical care. They sponsored students to study abroad/ provided education. 9. Identify one social responsibility of a Kenyan Citizen. (1mk) Responsibility to self and family. 10. Commission set up to fix boundaries of the white highlands in 1930. (1mk) The carter commission. 11. Two features of African farming in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 mks) Small scale farming. Africans mainly grew food crops Traditional methods of farming were used. 12. Identify two wavs of becoming a Kenyan citizen. (2mks) Birth Registration 13. Give two national philosophies that where adopted in Kenya before 1987. (2mks) African socialism Harambee Nyayoism 14. Give two elective seats in the county government. (2mks) The governor The member of the county assembly Senator 15. State two reasons why the second Lancaster House Conference was held in 1962. (2mks) Draw an independence constitution acceptable to the two major African parties Reconcile the differences between KANU and KADU Work out the final steps to self-government in Kenya 16. What is the main role of the Ethics and anti-corruption EACC. (1mk) To investigate cases of corruption 17. Name the body entrenched in the constitution of Kenya National Human Right Commission KNHRC. (1mk) Kenya National Human Right and Equality Commission. 18. a) Section B

History & government Identify three communities that make up the Eastern Cushites The Oromo The Somali The Borana Oromo Rendille Any 3x1 = 3marks b) Describe the political organisation of the Borana. The society was divided into clans that were related through common descend. The societies was divided into clan that were halves known as Moieties. Moieties was divided into sub-moieties which were then divided into clans. Each Moieties, was rules by a hereditary ruler called Kailu. His duties included being a sacred ritual leader and settling of disputes. He also elected age set leaders. Kallu ruled with help of council of elders. Clans lives in a camp under a council of elders. Duties of councils of elders included Made and enforced rules. Dealt with cases of ownership of of grazing land and wells. The presided over religious cerem ir. Boy were circumcised and formed an age (Hariya) which formed a military wing; defended the community. 6 x 2 = 12mks 19. a) Give three reasons for the coming of European Christian missionaries to eas: Africa in the 19th Century^ Spread Christianity Counter the spread of Islam Campaign for the abolition of slave a which was considered inhuman. Explore Africa. Introduce western civilization and education. any3x1=3 b) Explain six factors that enable the missionaries to carryout their activities b 1920. (12mks) - Faced no strong opposition from any religion e.g. Islam - East African communities lacked well organised stations that were able to res s: missionary work. - Missionaries won the support of the Suits Zanzibar, Seyvid said- gave them introductory letter to the governors of Coastal towns e.g. Mombasa. - African converts assisted them to spread Christianity. - The use of Kiswahili as a language of communication encouraged the spread . f Christianity, - Explorers also encouraged missionary w« by giving positive reports e.g. on Bugand Henry Morton Stanley. - The setting up mission centres, schools and medical centres greatly influenced the sp of Christianity as Africans in these centre were required to be converts. - The discovery of quinine facilitated this work of missionaries as it was a cure for tropical diseases. - The building of the Kenya-Uganda railway facilitated the movement of missionaries in the interior. - The Christian teaching on equality appeal to many Africans. - Political stability enabled missionaries to settle. - Missionary work was supported by the colonial government e.g. In Uganda where missionaries invited the British to colonizi Uganda. - The emergence of African independent church moment in the 20th century boosted the spread of Christianity, any 6 x 2 = 12mks 20. a) State five common characteristics of the political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945. - The political party had a national outlook as members were drawn from different ethnic groups. - The main objective was to fight for independence/self-rule. - They were led by the educated elite. - They demanded for fair taxation for Africans - Demanded improved conditions for Africans welfare - Demanded the return of alienated land. (any 5 points x l mark(5mks) b) Five roles of political parties in the struggle for independence in Kenya. - The political parties united freedom fighters/ nationalists - They prepared nationalists who were to take over the leadership at independence. - The parties mobilized mass support for African nationalists in their struggle. - They gave moral and material support to Mau Mau Mau freedom fighters. - They presented the grievances of the Africans in international fora and created awareness on the needs of the Africans. - They pressurized for constitutional changes from the British colonial office to enhance attainment of independence. - They created awareness among the Africans on their rights and the need to fight for independence. - They participated in developing the independence constitutional/Lancaster house conference. - They pressurized for the release of the detained nationalists. 5 x 2 = l0mks 21. a) Why were Africans opposed to the British colonial rule between 1920-1939. - Their land was alienated. - They were discriminated/segregated on racial basis.

History & government - The British introduced the Kipande system. - They resented forced labour. - They were against some policies such as destocking and soil conservation. - They were taxed heavily. - They were against cultural interference. - They were paid low wage/poor working conditions. 5xl=5mks b) Explain five methods used by African nationalists in Kenya in their struggle for independence. - They used armed struggle against+ colonial power. - They organized strikes and boycotts as mean of challenging the colonial power. - They used trade unions to articulate the course of their struggle among the workers. - They used their presentations in the Legislative Council who pressurized Britain to grant independence to Kenya. - They formed social organizations and political parties to press for change. - They used mass media to mobilize the people and articulate their grievances. - They used independent churches and schools to sensitize African about their political rights. - Africans sent petitions and delegations to the governor and the colonial office in Landon/intemational. (5x2=10) 22. a) What five situations can make a registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya. - When one is in custody - When one is insane/unsound mind - When one presents oneself in a constituency where one is not registered. - When one is discovered to have registered twice. - When one does not have a voter's card on the voting day. - When one does not have a national identification Card on the voting day/one has a defective National Identification card. - When one's name does not appear in the voters register, - When one is time barred/late. (Any 5xl=5mks) b) Explain the rights to an accused person during trial in a court of Law in Kenya. - The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty. - He/She should be informed of the charge with sufficient details so as to prepare a defence - One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate/witness - One should be present when court proceedings are taking through. - One should be given a chance to plead for leniency - One should not be forced to give evidence - One should be allowed to be heard - One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling. - Right to legal representation (Any 5x2=10) 23. a) Identify five functions of the traffic police in Kenya. - To control traffic on roads. - To inspect motor vehicle. - To guide the flow of traffic on the roads. - To arrest traffic offenders. - To provide emergency assistance in case of a road accident. - To educate the public on road safety measures. - To conduct driving test/issue provisional driving licence. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Describe five measures that have been introduced to improve the work of police in Kenya. - The police officers have allocated modem technological devices to help detect crime. - They have been allocated more vehicles to ease their mobility. - There is the introduction of professional training programmes for officers to improve their competence/capacity building. - The raising of the academic qualification requirements for joining police force with the aim of improving their performance. - The introduction of public relation office/a police spokesperson to ensure that the information is delivered effectively to the general pubic. - The introduction of community police to gather information from the public so as to assist them detect crime. - Introduction of police booths/hotlines that people can use if they have information vital to the police. - There has been an improvement in their terms and conditions of service. (Any 5x2=10mks) 24. a) Identify five stages in the preparation of the national budget. - Each government ministry prepares its estimates. - The Ministries forward to the ministry of finance. - The ministry of finance compiles the estimates into a single budget/the proposed budget. - The proposed/compiled budget is discussed by the cabinet. - The government announces the budget day. - The minister of finance presents/read the budget before parliament. - Parliament discusses/debates/approves the budget. (Any 5xl=5mks) b) Explain why it is important for the government to prepare the national budget annually. - It enables the government to identify sources of revenue that will be required to meet its financial obligations. - It enables the government to explain to the public the tax structure/set the tax levels.

History & government - It ensures that there is a balance in the country's revenue and expenditure hence avoiding budget deficit, - The government is able to identify ways of spending without wastage. - Parliament is able to monitor public resource utilization resource through its watchdog committees. - It enables the government to identify/ prioritize the development projects to finance in the coming year. - The government is able to assess its performance in the previous year and improve where necessary. - The government is able to set aside some funds to be used in case of emergencies in the course of the financial year. - The budget provides useful information to individual/organizations that may be interested in keeping track of government expenditures/enhances accountability and transparency in the eyes of the public. - The government is able to win confidence among local and international development partners/donors through its plans and policies spelt out in the budget. - Ensures equitable share of resources and balances development. (Any 5x2=10 mks)

History & government KERICHO SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper-311/2 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Define pre-history. It is the period when history was not written / recorded/unrecorded/history before invention of writing. 1x1=1 2. Give two reasons that made early human being be in groups. 2x1=2 - Companionship - To share resources - For security - To help one another 3. Give one land use system before agrarian revolution. - Fallowing - Open field system - Broadcasting - Mono-cropping 1x1=1 4. Name two materials which were used in writing messages in early times. - Stone tablets - Patchments - Scrolls - Pictures on rocks - Clay tables - Dried skins 2x1=2 5. Name the European country that involved itself in Trans Atlantic trade in 18th century. - Britain. lxl=lmk 6. Who discovered the use of anti septic in surgery? Joseph Lister (1827-1913) 1x 1 = lmk 7. State two economic effects of industrial Revolution in USA. - Increased demand for raw materials. - Machines replaces human labour. - It created employment. - Mass production of goods. - Search for market/trade developed Any 2x1=2 8. Define the tenn urbanisation. - Development and growth of towns. 1x1=1 9. Suggest one ways in which Christian missionaries accelerated colonisation of Africa. (lmk) - Signed treaties on behalf of their countries. - Encouraged establishment of European rule by abolishing slave trade and introducing western civilisation. any 1 x 1= 1 10. Name two countries colonized by the French in North Africa. - Tunisia - Algeria - Morocco (any 2xl=2mks) 11. Identify the political party that led Ghana to independence. - Conventional people’s party. 1x1=1 12. Give two reasons why assimilation policy was successful in the four communes of Senegal. (2mks) - There was higher percentage of Mullatoes who readily accepted French culture. - African in the four communes were familiar with Europeans due to their interaction with them during trade. - Many people in region had converted to - Christianity. Any 2x1=2 13. What was the immediate cause of the first world war in 1914? The assassination of arch Duke Ferdinand and his wife at Sarajevo City. 1x1=1 mk 14. State two permanent members of UN security council. - China - France - USA - Britain - Russia 1x 1 - 2mks 15. Give two institution of economic community of West African states. (ECOWAS) - Authority of Head of states and government. - Council of ministers - Executive secretaries.

History & government - Tribunals. - Specialized commissions Any 2x1=2 16. Identify two founder members of Non Aligned movement. - Jawaharlal Haslal Nehru of India, - Surkano of Indonesia - Marshal Tito of Yugoslavia - Gamal Nassar of Egypt - Chou En-lai if China. 2x1=2 17. Identify one house of the congress in USA. - House of representatives - Senate, 1x1 = lmk

SECTION B : (45 MARKS) 18. a) State three limitations of oral traditions as a source of information of history and government.  Stories can be exaggerated.  Some information may be forgotten/omitted.  Stories may be changed/distorted  Doesn’t provide dates/sequences of events.  It is expensive.  It is time consuming. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Wavs of life of Early man during new late stone age period. (l0mks) i) Man made tools known as microliths. - Lived in rock shelter/built using sticks/grass - lived groups up to 1000 members. - Developed spoken language for social bonding. - He decorated his body with red ochre/beads. - made rough baskets and pots. - Started performing religious rites. - Developed rules and government. - Grew crops and kept animals/agriculture. - Trade surplus food with what they lacked. 5x2 = l0mks 19. a) State 5 factors that led to Agrarian Revolution in America. - Availability of indigenous crops like maize./ potatoes. - indigenous inhabitants, the American Indian grew subsistence crops. - Immigration from Britain brought in the ideas - Availability of labour - Immigrants offered cheap labour. - Availability of farming tools brought by immigrants . any 5xl=5mks b) Explain five factors of Agrarian Revolution in Britain? (l0mks) - Improved methods of farming led to increase in food production. - The population of Britain greatly increased mainly due to abundant food. ‘ - Led to diversification of agriculture - abandoned subsistence farming, and established large scale farming - The enclosure movement made rich farmers buy land from small peasants who could not afford to fence their farms. - Influenced industrialization in Britain as it provided raw materials. - It expanded both local and international trade.. - It led to improvement of transport system in the country. - It enhanced research and scientific innovations. - Some of the landless peasants who migrated to USA, Canada, Australia etc introduced their scientific farming methods to these countries. 5x2=10mk 20. a) State three disad vantages of coal as the source of energy. (3mks) - Pollutes the environment. - Bulky and difficult to transport. - Expensive to mine and transport. - Coal mining is risky/can cause accidents. - Non-renewable source of energy. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six effects of scientific inventions : n industry. (12Mks - Led to production of goods on large scale. - Led to settling up more industries to meet high demand of good for all categories. - Invention of the printing - press has led to mass production of News paper, books, periodicals and magazines. - Transportation has been revolutionised, railways age has come up. - New sources of energy led to building of new iron and steel industries. - Has created employment opportunities in the industries. - Production in large quantities has led to tra:e - Invention and production of military hardware has led to man destruction of people and property. - Industrialisation has led to pollution of the environment.

History & government - Automation of industries has led to loss of jobs. 6x2 = 12mks 21. Give reasons why it was easy for Europea- to acquire colonies in Africa. (5 mks) i) Signing of treaties which were written in European language and Africans signed under duress. - Use of military conquest as Europeans were superior. - Used tricks/Africans gifts etc. - Used divide and rule where Europeans played one community with another. - Used companies to acquire territories. - Disunity among Africans. Any 5xl=5mks. b) Explain five factors that led to Samoure Toure's downfall (l0mks) - Failure to win British against the French . - Differences with other Africans leaders e g Ahmed Seko of Tokolo os Sikasso. - Use of scorched earth policy and ruthlessness made him lose support from local people. - Failure to get support from Non Mandinka because they were oppressed. - Shifting of the empire weakened him economically. - He was cut off from Atlantic Coast leading to shortage of arms. - New empire surrounded by British and French completely strangled Samoure’s powers. - Diseases affected his people. - Costly guerilla warfare Any 5x2=10mks SECTION C : (30 MARKS) 22. a) Three economic activities of the Baganda - They practised agriculture. (3marks) - They kept livestock. - They traded with their neighbours. - They practised craftsmanship. - Participated in long distance trade, - Practised hunting and gathering. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Describe the political organization of the Shona during the pre-colonial period. - They were ruled by a King/emperor (12mks) - He was assisted by: - Queens mother - The queens’ sister - Nine principal wives - The army commander - The head drummer - Head door keeper - Head cook - There was an advisory council. - The emperor controlled trade activities - There was a strong standing army. - The emperor was also a military leader. 6 x 2 = 1 2 m k s 23. a) Highlight five aims of Pan Africanism. - To unite all the people of African origin in the World in the struggle against racial discrimination. - To fight the ideology of white supremacy. - To fight colonialism. - To restore dignity of black people. - To improve the living conditions of Africans. - To educate Africans on their rights. - To fight neo-colonialism in Africa. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five challenges faced bv Pan African movement since its inception. (l0mks) - Lack of adequate funds to run its operation. - Lack of a base in Africa since most of the African countries were still under colonialism. - After 1960 the movement was limited to the African continent - Many Europeans forgot the activities of the movement e.g. Marcus Garvey was imprisoned. - Europeans used their dominations of the international media to spread negative propaganda that it was a communist movement. - Different languages and currencies used by African countries have been an obstacle in achieving continental unity. - Illiteracy and ignorance among Africans hindered them from supporting the movement. - Division among African independent states e g Francophone and Anglophone. 5x2=10mks 24. a) State three conditions that one should fulfil in order to be elected as a president of India. - Should be above 35 years of age. (5 marks) - Should be qualified for election as a member of House of the people. - Have a sound mind. - Must be a citizen of India - Should not hold any office under government. Any3xl=3mks

History & government

b) Explain six functions of the Indian President. (12mks) - Head of state. - Commander in chief of the armed forces. - Has power to declare an emergency in the state and rule by decree. - Have power to assent or veto a Bill. - He/she can dissolve the parliament. - Appoints state governors and supreme court judges. - Appoints Prime Minister - Acts as a symbol of unity. - Offers prizes/ awards to people with great talents. 6x2=12mks

History & government LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY EXAMINATION HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/1 PAPER 1 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section 1. Identify one branch of history which deals with the study of man’s past cultural events. (1 mark) 2. Why are the Maasai, Kalenjins and Luo referred to as Nilotic Speakers (1 mark) 3. Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 4. Give two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. (2 marks) 5. State one reason why Seyyid Said took direct control of the settlement along the Coast of Kenya. (1 mark) 6. State one reason why Africans in Kenya were denied equal education opportunities with other races during the colonial period. (1 mark) 7. State two fundamental rights of the individual which a person in prison is deprived of. (2 marks) 8. Show how poverty hinders National unity in Kenya. (2 marks) 9. Identify two limitations of the Kenyan constitution. (2 marks) 10. Identify two challenges the trade union movement in Kenya faced during the colonial period (2 marks) 11. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government up to 1895. (1 mark) 12. Give the main reason why KANU declined to form the government in 1961 (1 mark) 13. Give the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) 14. Give two reasons that can make Kenyan’s parliament to be dissolved. (2 mks) 15. Identify one function of the county government (1 mark) 16. State two challenges facing the Music Industry in Kenya today. (2 marks) 17. Identify two classes of foreign aid to Kenya. (2 marks)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions 18. a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Cushites into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) b) Discuss five effects of the migration and settlement of the Somali in Kenya during the pre-colonial period (10 marks) 19. a) State three reasons why Seyyid Said transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar (3 marks) b) Explain Six challenges faced by early Christian missionaries in Kenya (12 marks) 20. a) Give five problems encountered by European settlers in Kenya during the colonial period. (5 marks) b) Explain five recommendations of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. (10 marks) 21. a) Explain five reasons why the government of Kenya adopted The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1965 (5 marks) b) Explain the effects of Harambee Philosophy on development in Kenya (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions 22. a) Give five functions and powers of the County Governor in Kenya (5 marks) b) Explain why it is important for the government to prepare the national budget annually (10 marks) 23. a) State five functions of the correctional services in Kenya. (5 marks) b) Explain five reforms which have been undertaken to improve the conditions of correctional service (10 marks) 24. a) Identify five stages in the constitution making process (5 marks) b) Describe five main features of the constitution of Kenya. (10 marks)

History & government LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/2 PAPER 2

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E)

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section.

1. Give one contribution of archaeology to the study of History. (1 mark) 2. Name the pre-historical site in European where the first remains of Neanderthal man were discovered. (1 mark) 3. Name two regions in the world where agriculture began. (2 marks) 4. Give two ways in which the land enclosure system in British contributed to agrarian revolution in The United States of America (USA). (2 marks) 5. Identify one region involved in the Trans-Saharan Trade. (1 mark) 6. State one disadvantage of using a messenger as a means of communication during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 7. Give one disadvantage of human transportation. (1 mark) 8. Mention the contribution of Dr Christian Bernard in the field of medicine. (1 mark) 9. State two problems experienced by the inhabitants of London. (2 marks) 10. Name two countries in West Africa that were colonized by the British. (2 marks) 11. Identify two systems of colonial administration used in Africa during the colonial period. (1 mark) 12. Identify one nationalist who fought for independence in Mozambique. (1 mark) 13. List Two European countries that formed the Dual Entente before the outbreak of the First World War (2 marks) 14. What was the main cause of the cold war? (1 mark) 15. Give two organs of the New East African Community (EAC) (2 marks) 16. State two functions of the Executive Council of the African Union (AU) (2 marks) 17. State one function of the senate in the United States of America (USA) (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section

18. a) State five factors which favoured the beginning of agriculture during the new stone-age period (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia (10 marks)

19. a) Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic (3 marks) b) Explain six reasons for the collapse of Trans-Atlantic trade. (12 marks) 20. a) Give three roles of the Mwari cult spirit in the Shona society during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) b) Describe the social organization of the Shona community during the pre-colonial period (12 marks) 21. a) Identify three member states of the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS) (3 marks) b) Explain six achievements of ECOWAS since it began its operations in 1976. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section 22. a) Name three communes in Senegal where assimilation policy was successfully applied. (3 marks) b) Explain six reasons why indirect rule failed in Southern Nigeria (12 marks) 23. a) State any five political causes of the first world war (5 marks) b) Explain any five economic effects of the second world war (10 marks) 24. a) Give five categories of people who are not allowed to vote in British elections (5 marks) b) Explain five duties of the prime minister in Britain (10 marks)

History & government LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/1 PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer ALL questions in this section 1. Identify one branch of history which deals with the study of man’s past cultural events. - Social history (1×1=1mk) 2. Why are the Maasai, Kalenjins and Luo referred to as Nilotic Speakers - Because their origin is in the Nile Valley (1×1=1mk) 3. Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period.

- The clan (1×1=1mk) 4. Give two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. - For hiding during war - For Security as a watch tower - For storage of arms. (2×1=2mks) 5. State one reason why Seyyid Said took direct control of the settlement along the Coast of Kenya - To control the Indian Ocean trade. - For maximum economic control. - To ensure revenue from taxes was remitted to Oman. - To prevent governors of the Coast from declaring themselves independent (1×1=1mk) 6. State one reason why Africans in Kenya were denied equal education opportunities with other races during the colonial period. - So as not to compete for jobs with Europeans - Not to get political awareness (1×1=1mk) 7. State two fundamental rights of the individual which a person in prison is deprived of. - Right to liberty - Freedom of movement - Freedom of association - Freedom of expression and speech (2×1=2mks) 8. Show how poverty hinders National unity in Kenya. - The poor are downtrodden and exploited by the rich - The ;poor lack basic needs hence resort to anti-social behaviors - It causes fear, suspicion and hostility between the rich and the poor (2×1=2mks) 9. Identify two limitations of the Kenyan constitution. - It is rigid constitution - It has empowered the judiciary to be too powerful - Slow and expensive procedure of amending it - Too complex for ordinary citizens - It is slow to respond to the changing circumstances (2×1=2mks) 10. Identify two challenges the trade union movement in Kenya faced during the colonial period - Insufficient funds to run its activities - Colonial government harassed its leaders - Constant wrangling among the leaders which weakened the movement - Most people did not support trade unions due to ignorance (2×1=2mks) 11. Name the company which administered Kenya on behalf of the British government up to 1895. - The Imperial British East Africa company (1×1=1mk) 12. Give the main reason why KANU declined to form the government in 1961 - Jomo Kenyatta was still in prison 1×1= 1mk 13. Give the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. - To force Africans to work on European settler farms (1×1=1mk) 14. Give two reasons that can make Kenyan’s parliament to be dissolved. - When a vote of no confidence is passed on the government / president - After expiry of five years of parliamentary period - During state of emergency - When opposition has more members than ruling party in parliament (2×1=2mks) 15. Identify one function of the county government - Promotion of Agriculture - Provision and supervision of county health services - Putting structures in place to facilitate cultural activities, entertainment etc - Formulate legislation to facilitate trade through tourism - Formulate legislation to regulate county public works and services

History & government - Putting in place measures to control drug usage and access to pornography in the country 1×1=1mk 16. State two challenges facing the Music Industry in Kenya today. - Piracy demoralizes musicians - Exploitation on royalty payments - Embezzlement of funds by producers - Competition through imitation - Lack of support from government funds and well-wishers (2×1=2mks) 17. Identify two classes of foreign aid to Kenya. - Bilateral aid - Multilateral aid (2×1=2mks)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions 18. a) Give five reasons which influenced the migration of the Cushites into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. - Search for pastures and water for their livestock - Population pressure I their cradle land - Human and animal epidemics - Natural calamities in their homeland such as drought and famine - External attacks from neighboring communities - Internal conflicts among themselves - Spirit of adventure by some individuals (5×1=5mks) b) Discuss five effects of the migration and settlement of the Somali in Kenya during the pre-colonial period - Increased warfare for the control of resources e.g. between the Somali and the Oromo - Displacement of some communities that had settled in the region e.g the Bantu in the Shungwaya - Increased cultural interaction with neighboring communities - Population increase in the area they settled - Increased trade in the region they settled e.g. with the Bantu - Assimilation and absorption of some communities e.g. the Bantu - Spread of Islam in the region (5×2=10mks) 19. a) State three reasons why Seyyid Said transferred his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar - Zanzibar was loyal to him - Zanzibar was a green and pleasant island with a good climate compared to Muscat which was hot and dry - Good harbors in which ships could anchor and had clean water - Its position was convenient for trade with the mainland and also with Mombasa to the North - Zanzibar’s climate and fertile soils were good for cultivating cloves, which were used as spices (any 3×1=3mks) b) Explain Six challenges faced by early Christian missionaries in Kenya - Tropical diseases attacked them e.g. malaria – some died while others gave up and returned to their countries - Poor means of transport and communication – there were no roads, railways or vehicles. All distances were covered on foot. Missionaries were not familiar with the local languages - Inadequate essential supplies – They lacked adequate supplies of food, medicine, money and other basic materials - Hostility from some communities who resisted missionary teachings against female circumcision and polygamy. - Insecurity caused by hostile communities and wild animals - Islam e.g. Coast missionary work was almost impossible - Missionaries were few - Hostility from slave traders. (6×2=12marks) 20. a) Give five problems encountered by European settlers in Kenya during the colonial period. - Attack by hostile African communities who had lost their land –They raided the white settler farms - Lack of labour – Africans were not willing to provide labour and those willing had no skills - Lack of capital – There was no money - Poor transport network - The roads were muddy - Unpredictable weather conditions - Animal diseases - Lack of market for produce (5×1=5mks) b) Explain five recommendations of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923. - The highlands were to be arrested for European settlers only. This was in recognition of the contribution made by the Europeans in Development in Kenya - Indians were allowed to elect five members to LegCo. They were allowed to have representatives in the municipal council. Not on a common roll. Each race to elect representatives separately. This was done to ensure Indians did not out vote the Europeans. - Racial segration was abolished in residential areas and restrictions on immigration uplifted - A missionary was to be nominated to LegCo to represent the interests of the Africans - Europeans influence over the Government was reduced - The paper made it clear that there should be no advance made by the White towards self government controlled by the European alone

History & government - Kenya was an African country whose interests were to be paramount (5×2=10 marks) 21. a) Explain five reasons why the government of Kenya adopted The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1965 - The need to create a new society different from that of the colonia,l times, free of such evils as political oppression, racialism and discriminating practices. - The desire to create a united and free Kenya - The need to create a just and humane society in which all were equal before the law. - The government wanted to create equal opportunities for all so as to ensure equall distribution of wealth. Wealth should not be concentrated in the hands of a few people - The government wanted to ensure social equality through heavier taxation on wealthier members of the society - To attain equity in resource use. Property should be used in the mutual interest of the society and its members (1×5=5marks) b) Explain the effects of Harambee Philosophy on development in Kenya - Education – Education has taken the largest share of funds from Harambee efforts. Harambee schools and classrooms were built. - Health – A number of health centers dispensaries and Nyayo wards have been set up. Kenyans have responded positively when called upon to help those who may require expensive specialized treatment abroad - Assisting the needy to pursue education pay medical bills and support the disablded. - Self-reliance and hard work – Kenyans have taken up to initiate and implement communal work by contributing - Harambee gathering act as forums for propagating and implementing government policies e.g. HIV/AIDS - Harambee spirit encourages unity - national integration through mutual understanding that go beyond ethnic or tribal boundaries - Redistribution of wealth – Those who do not have resources can benefit from Harambee projects. (2×5=10marks) SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions 22. a) Give five functions and powers of the County Governor in Kenya - Appoints members of the County Executive Committee following the approval of the County Assembly - Act as a link between the county and the National Government - Implements the policies of the National and County government in the county - Nominates candidates for election of the Deputy Governor - Is the Chief executive of the County Government - Is a member of the County Assembly and executive Committee (5×1=5mks) b) Explain why it is important for the government to prepare the national budget annually - It enables the government to prioritize development - It enables the government to explain to the public the tax structure/set the tax level. - The government is able to identify ways 0f spending without any wastage - Provides valuable information to people interested in investing in the country e.g. the multinational companies. - Creates confidence among the foreign coun tries donors and world financial institutions such as IMF and World Bank. - Parliament is able to monitor public resources utilization. - The government is able to assess its performance in the previous year and improve where necessary. - To ensure equitable share of resources and balanced development (2×5=10mks) 23. a) State five functions of the correctional services in Kenya. - Confine inmates convicted by the law courts to protect the public rights and freedom - To watch over behavior of suspected criminals where cases are still pending in courts - Implement decisions of the courts regarding the treatment of prisoners - Rehabilitate inmates through counseling in an attempt to convert their behavior - Offer prisoners’ vocational training to make them productive citizen after jail term - Take care of the welfare of prisoners - Help confine convicted people who are a threat to state security 5×1=5mk b) Explain five reforms which have been undertaken to improve the conditions of correctional service - Provision of better food and improved medical services - Provision of sufficient clothing and beddings - Efficient transport by purchasing new vehicle - Equipping the prisons with means of communication e.g. TVs, Radios etc - Offering prisoners educational opportunities - Streamlining hearing of cases to keep prisoners in remand for a short period. 2×5=10marks 24. a) Identify five stages in the constitution making process - Provision of civic education - Collecting views from the public - Drafting the constitution - The draft constitution is published for the public/disseminated - The review commission hold public hearings in all the areas for further recommendation - Convening of a national constitutional conference to amend or reject the constitution - The agreed upon issues are re-drafted and presented

History & government - If certain issues are rejected at the conference, the commission organizes a referendum for the public - The Attorney General publishes the draft Constitution in form of a bill - It is introduced in the parliament for enactment (5×1=5mks) b) Describe five main features of the constitution of Kenya. - All sovereign power belongs to the people of Kenya – The constitution is supreme Law of the republic which binds all the persons and all the state organs at national and county levels - The republic – Kenya is a sovereign republic. A multi-party democratic state - Citizenship – It outlines the entitlements of citizens’ retention and acquisitions of citizenship and state how citizenship may be revoked - Bill of fright – Contains the rights and the fundamental freedoms of the citizens - Land and the environment – Outlines the privileges of the land policy – it outlines obligations of the state in respect to the environment and national resources - Representation of the people – Outlines general principles

History & government LONDIANI SUB-COUNTY JOINT EXAMINATION HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/2 PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. Give one contribution of archaeology to the study of History. - It gives information which is more detailed on material culture that other sources cannot - It gives varied information of nature on materials collected on site - It gives a sense of time as they can be dated - It complements other sources (1×1=1mk) 2. Name the pre-historical site in European where the first remains of Neanderthal man were discovered. - Nearnder Valley in Germany (1×1=1mk) 3. Name two regions in the world where agriculture began. - Mesopotamia in Asia - Nile Valley in Egypt (2×1=2mks) 4. Give two ways in which the land enclosure system in British contributed to agrarian revolution in The United States of America (USA). - Landless ;people moved to the USA and took with them new skills and knowledge they had gathered from the agrarian revolution in Britain - Immigrants took cattle, seeds, horses etc and improved them in the USA (2×1=2mks) 5. Identify one region involved in the Trans-Saharan Trade. - North Africa - Western Sudan / West Africa - Sahara Desert region 1×1=1mk 6. State one disadvantage of using a messenger as a means of communication during the pre-colonial period. - Slows / delays information - Information may be distorted/misinterpreted - Information may be forgotten / lost (1×1=1mk) 7. Give one disadvantage of human transportation. - Slow - Tiring - Cannot be used to carry bulky goods (1×1=1mk) 8. Mention the contribution of Dr Christian Bernard in the field of medicine. - Pioneered heart transplant (1×1=1mk) 9. State two problems experienced by the inhabitants of London. - Unemployment - Shortage of housing - Pollution - High population leading to overcrowding (2×1=2mks) 10. Name two countries in West Africa that were colonized by the British. - Ghana - Nigeria - Gambia - Sierra Leone (2×1=2mks) 11. Identify two systems of colonial administration used in Africa during the colonial period. - Assimilation - Direct rule - Indirect rule (2×1=2mks) 12. Identify one nationalist who fought for independence in Mozambique. - Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane - Samora Machel - Joachim Chisano - Alphonso Dlakama (1×1=1mk) 13. List Two European countries that formed the Dual Entente before the outbreak of the First World War - Russia - France 2×1=2mks 14. What was the main cause of the cold war? - Ideological differences between the USA and the USSR/Division of the world into two opposing blocs of capitalism and communism. (1×1=1mk) 15. Give two organs of the New East African Community (EAC) - The summit - Council of ministers

History & government - The co-coordinating committee - Secretariat - East African court of justice - EA legislative assembly. (2×1=2mks) 16. State two functions of the Executive Council of the African Union (AU) - Prepares materials for the assembly of heads of state to discuss and approve - Decides on matters such as foreign trade, social security, food, agriculture and communications 2×1=2mks 17. State one function of the senate in the United States of America (USA) - Approve presidential appointments e.g. the cabinet - Ratify foreign treaties (1×1=1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section 18. a) State five factors which favoured the beginning of agriculture during the new stone-age period - Hunting and gathering had become tedious and insufficient - There was depletion of wild animals and fruits hence people needed a solution on food shortage - Climate change caused animals to migrate farther from their location - People and animals competed for food leading to scarcity of food forcing people to start cultivation - The rising population led to high demand of food - Some animals were friendly and social to man - Man domesticated animals for purposes like Transport - Economic values of some crops and animals e.g. skin (5×1=5mks) b) Explain five effects of early agriculture in Mesopotamia - Increased food production led to increase in population - People adopted a settled way of life - The rise of settlements led to the growth of urban centres such as Babylon, Ur and Uruk - Led to the invention of writing and arithmetic due to the need to keep agricultural records - Led to the emergence of social classes - Led to inventions such as ox-drawn plough, seed drill and the wheel - Production of surplus agricultural products led to the development of trade between communities - Job specialization emerged as some concentrated on farming while others engaged in crafts such as basketry and making of farm implements (5×2=10mks) 19. a) Give three methods used to acquire slaves from West Africa during the Trans-Atlantic - Selling of subjects by the rulers - Raiding different communities for war captives - Exchanging of people with other items e.g. cloth - Kidnapping lonely travelers - Enticing children with gifts e.g. sweets - Selling those who were unable to pay debts. (3×1=3mks) b) Explain six reasons for the collapse of Trans-Atlantic trade. - Production of cheap sugar by the French undermined production of sugar in the Americas - Independence of USA in 1776 deprived the British off an important market - Replacement of human labour by machines after the industrial revolution - Anti-slavery campaigns by missionaries and humanitarians - Economic views that advocate that free labour was more profitable than slave labour - American civil war resulted into the emancipation of slaves in 1865 - Frequent slave revolts in St. Domingo, Haiti and Jamaica - Campaigns by African leaders against slave trade e.g. King Nzinga Bemba of Congo 6×2=12mks 20. a) Give three roles of the Mwari cult spirit in the Shona society during the pre-colonial period. - Involved in settling disputes - Protected and safeguarded people - Protected the people against diseases - Used to exorcise witchcraft (3×1=3mks) b) Describe the social organization of the Shona community during the pre-colonial period - The society was divided into totemic clans - They believed in ancestral spirits who were agents of Mwari - They worshipped god through family (Vadzimu), clan (mhondoro) and national (chaminuka) spirits - The shona was a patriarchal society - Marriage was exogamous and cattle was used to pay bride price - Elders were highly respected - Priests presided over religious functions (6×2=12mks) 21. a) Identify three member states of the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS) - Benin - Cape verde

History & government - Ghana - Gambia - Liberia - Mauritania - Niger - Togo - Burkina Faso - Guinea Bissau - Guinea Ivory Coast - Mali - Nigeria - Sierra Leone (3×1=3mks) b) Explain six achievements of ECOWAS since it began its operations in 1976. - Maintained security and restored peace through ECOWAS monitoring group - Provided a forum for members states to discuss matters of common interests - Provided a wider market for goods from members states - Enhanced movement of goods and people within the region - Promoted cultural interaction within the region e.g. through sports - Improved transport, communication, agriculture and industry in the region - Accelerated economic development through establishment of funds - Improved education within member states through a joint syllabus. (6×2=12mks) SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section 22. a) Name three communes in Senegal where assimilation policy was successfully applied. - Dakar - St. Louis - Rufisque - Goree (3×1=3mks) b) Explain six reasons why indirect rule failed in Southern Nigeria - Southern Nigeria did not have centralized indigenous system of administration - Lack of homogeneity in the south because there were many tribes hence many languages - The British introduced new ideas e.g. forced taxation and direct taxes - Opposition from educated elites who felt left out of the administrators of their country. - The educated people in S. Nigeria resented the chief’s appointment by the British because they were illiterate. - Communication barrier between the British supervisors, the warrant chiefs and the people often lead to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. - Misuse of power by the warrant chiefs who raised taxes for their own benefit. (6×2=12mks) 23. a) State any five political causes of the first world war - System of alliances - Arms race - Franco-prussia war and the need for revenge - 1st Moroccan crisis - 2nd Moroccan crisis - Nationalism in the Balkans - Rise of nationalism in Europe - The Itelo-Turkish colonial dispute in Libya - Assassination of Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo (5×1=5mks) b) Explain any five economic effects of the second world war - A lot of property was destroyed e.g. industry and infrastructure leading to economic ruin - It ended Europe’s economic domination of the rest of the world - It led to the development of engineering e.g. building of bridges, airports and aircrafts - Large amounts of money were used in the war leading to a slowdown of economic development - It created unemployment (5×2=10mks) 24. a) Give five categories of people who are not allowed to vote in British elections - Clergymen - Members of the house of lords - Foreigners - Judges - Armed forces - Election offenders Bankrupt persons (5×1=5mks) b) Explain five duties of the prime minister in Britain

History & government - Appoints/ dismiss ministers with the consent of the monarch - Recommends to the monarch the appointment of high ranking officers in the government/ award of civil honours - Chairs cabinet meetings - Settles disputes between various government ministers/ departments - Head of government/ chief executive - Overseas the implementation of cabinet decisions - Leads the house of Commons - Represents the country in international forums / conferences - Determines when elections are held (6×2=12mks)

History & government KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST 2016 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/1 PAPER 1 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section. 1. Name one career one can join after studying History and Government. (1 mk) 2. Name the archaeological site in Kenya where the remains of Kenyapithecus were first discovered. (1 mk) 3. Give two reasons that contributed to the spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast. (2 mks) 4. Name two coastal communities that participated in long distance trade. (2 mks) 5. Name any two Portuguese generals who led expeditions during the conquests of the East African Coast. (2 mks) 6. Identify any two social rights of a citizen in Kenya. (2 mks) 7. Name any two major government institutions which promote national unity in Kenya. (2 mks) 8. Give two contributions of Dr. John Krapf in the spread of Christianity in Kenya. (2 mks) 9. Identify two aspects of democracy in Kenya. (2 mks) 10. Give two ways the colonial Government used to acquire land for white settlers in Kenya. (2 mks) 11. Name one member of the East African Association. (1 mk) 12. Who assents bills debated in County assemblies? (1 mk) 13. Give the main Function of the Attorney General. (1 mk) 14. Give one aim of the Harambee philosophy. (1 mk) 15. Identify one member of the County Executive committee. (1 mk) 16. Define the term ‘public revenue.’ (1 mk) 17. Name the official who represents the National Government at the county level. (1 mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section. 18. a) State five factors for the migration of the Cushites from their cradle land into Kenya. (5 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the 19th century. (10 marks)

19. a) State three reasons for the coming of the Arabs to the East African Coast. (3 marks) b) Explain six positive impacts of the Indian Ocean Trade to the people of East Africa. (12 marks)

20. a) Give three economic reasons that made British to colonise Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six challenges that led to the collapse of the company rule in Kenya in the 19th century (12 marks) 21. a) State five challenges faced by opposition parties in Kenya in the 1990’s. (5 marks) b) Explain five roles of political parties in governance and national building in Kenya. (10 marks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. a) What are the stages involved in preparing a parliamentary bill in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six roles of correctional institutions in Kenya. (12 marks) 23. a) State three challenges that faced the constitution review process in Kenya in 2010. (3 marks) b) Explain factors that are likely to interfere with free and fair elections in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. a) Identify three sources of revenue for the National Government of Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six measures the National Government has put in place to ensure that government revenue is not misused. (12 marks)

History & government KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST 2016

HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/2 PAPER 2 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section. 1. Give two ways archaeologists use to obtain historical information. (2 marks) 2. Name the period in history that is associated with microlithic tools. (1 mark) 3. Name two tools invented by the Sumerians that facilitated the production of more food. (2 marks) 4. State two characteristics of regional trade. (2 marks) 5. Identify one earliest traditional means of water transport (1 mark) 6. State two disadvantages of wood as a source of energy (2 marks) 7. Give the contributions of Louis Pasteur in the field of medicine. (1 mark) 8. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe. (1 mark) 9. Identify the significance of the Royal fire for Mwene Mutapa kingdom. (1 mark) 10. Name the chartered company used by the British government to administer her colonies in West Africa. (1 mark) 11. What was the main contribution of religion in the Maji Maji uprising (1905-1907)? (1 mark) 12. State two roles of African chiefs in the French system of Assimilation in Senegal. (2 marks) 13. Apart from African National Congress (ANC), name one other political party that fought for independence in South Africa. (1 mark) 14. Give two camps of the fighting powers during the Second World War. (2 marks) 15. Name any two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. (2 marks) 16. Identify two members of the East African Community (EAC) who are not among the founder members. (2 marks) 17. Name one body that conducts electoral process in the USA. (1 mark)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer three questions in this section.

18. a) State three methods of hunting used by the early man. (3 marks) b) Explain six benefits of the domestication of animals by early man. (12 marks)

19. a) Give three inventions that improved textile manufacturing in Britain during bthe industrial revolution period.(3 marks) b) Explain six economic effects of the industrial revolution in Britain. (12 marks)

20. a) State three features of Athens as an early urban centre. (3 marks) b) Explain six challenges facing Johannesburg city today. (12 marks) 21. a) State three factors that enabled European powers to colonise Africa in the late 19th century. (3 marks) b) Explain six political effects of the partition of Africa in African communities. (12 marks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section.

22. a) Why did the British use indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria? (3 marks) b) Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was unsuccessful. (12 marks)

23. a) State any three importance of regional cooperation in Africa. (3 marks) b) Explain six challenges facing COMESA. (12 marks)

24. a) State five roles of the president of the United States of America (USA) (5 marks) b) Explain five factors that may limit parliamentary supremacy in Britain. (10 marks)

History & government KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST 2016 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 MARMKING SCHEME

1. Name one career one can join after studying History and Government. - Teaching - Historical research / archaeologist - Public administration - Politics - Law (1×1=1mks) 2. Name the archaeological site in Kenya where the remains of Kenyapithecus were first discovered. (1 mk) Fort Ternan 3. Give two reasons that contributed to the spread of Islam along the Kenyan coast. - Through intermarriages between Arabs and local communities - Arabs migrated and settled along the Kenyan Coast - The use of Sheria law along the Kenyan coast - Through trade - The development of Kiswahili language along the Kenyan coast. (1×2=2mks) 4. Name two coastal communities that participated in long distance trade. - Mijikenda - Swahili (1×2=2mks) 5. Name any two Portuguese generals who led expeditions during the conquests of the East African Coast. - Vasco da Gama - Pedro Alrares Cabral - Ruy Laurenco Ravasco - Francisco D’Almeida - Tristao da Cunha (1×2=2mks) 6. Identify any two social rights of a citizen in Kenya. - Right to life - Freedom of worship, conscience and opinion - Freedom of association - Freedom of media - To found a family - Freedom of movement and residence - Access to information - Freedom of expression - Right to human dignity - Right to healthcare, adequate housing and enjoy language or culture of one’s own. (1×2=2mks) 7. Name any two major government institutions which promote national unity in Kenya. - The legislature - The executive - The judiciary (1×2=2mks) 8. Give two contributions of Dr. John Krapf in the spread of Christianity in Kenya. - He translated the new testament into Kiswahili - Translated St. Luke’s gospel into Kirabai - Published the first Kiswahili dictionary. (1×2=2mks) 9. Identify two aspects of democracy in Kenya. - Political aspect - Economic aspect - The social aspect (1×2=2mks) 10. Give two ways the colonial Government used to acquire land for white settlers in Kenya. - Through land alienation - Use of force to acquire land - Selling of African land to settlers at cheap prizes. (1×2=2mks) 11. Name one member of the East African Association. - Harry Thuku - Mohammed Sheikh - Addalla Tairara - Mwalimu Hamisi (1×1=1mk) 12. Who assents bills debated in County assemblies? The County Governor (1×1=1mk) 13. Give the main Function of the Attorney General. He is the legal advisor of the National Government (1×1=1mk)

History & government

14. Give one aim of the Harambee philosophy. - National building – promote national development - Promote self reliance - Promote national cohesion / national unity - Promote constructive nationalism (1×1=1mk) 15. Identify one member of the County Executive committee. - The county Governor - Deputy County Governor Members appointed by the county governor with approval of the county assembly (1×1=1mk) 16. Define the term ‘public revenue.’ Funds raised by the Government for expenditure (1 mk) 17. Name the official who represents the National Government at the county level. The county commissioner (1×1=1mk)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section. 18. a) State five factors for the migration of the Cushites from their cradle land into Kenya. - Escape family / clan feuds - Population pressure in their area of origin - Search of better grazing land / water and pasture for their animals - Fleeing outbreak of diseases - Escaping famine and drought - Attacks from their neighbor - Satisfy their spirit of adventure (1×5=5 mks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the 19th century. - The basic political unit was the clan. - The clan was headed by council of elders - The council of elders maintained law and order and settled disputes - They practiced the age set system - Had warriors who helped to maintain law and order - They had sheikhs (sultans) especially after adopting Islam (2×5=10 mks) 19. a) State three reasons for the coming of the Arabs to the East African Coast. - They came to trade - Some came as refugees - Some came to explore the East African Coast - Some came to establish settlement along the East African coast - Some came to spread Islam (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six positive impacts of the Indian Ocean Trade to the people of East Africa. - Muslim traders intermarried with local Bantu communities giving rise to Swahili - Kiswahili emerged as a new language of the coastal people - Islamic culture spread along the coast e.g. women wearing buibui and men wearing kanzus and caps - Islamic law / sheria was introduced in administration - Muslim traders converted some Africans to Islam - New crops were introduced along the coast e.g. wheat, clovers, bananas etc. - New items were introduced along the coast e.g. cloths, cowries heels, spices etc - A class of rich merchants rose e.g. Chief Kivoi etc. - There was introduction of money - Trade routes / caravan routes later were upgraded to roads by the colonialists (2×6=12 mks) 20. a) Give Three economic reasons that made British to colonise Kenya. - To look for market for their manufactured goods - To look for raw materials - To get new avenues for investment / invest their surplus capital (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six challenges that led to the collapse of the company rule in Kenya in the 19th century (12 marks) - The region lacked adequate natural resources - Inadequate capital to carry out day to day operations - The region had no navigable rivers / poor means of transport - African resistance destroyed their property and killing of Europeans - Some company officials had little or no experience needed to accomplish their duties - The hot and dry tropical climate and diseases e.g. malaria and sleeping sickness affected many company officials/ personnel - Many company’s directors lacked the drive, initiative and shrewdness needed to manage the territory. (2×6=12mks) 21. a) State five challenges faced by opposition parties in Kenya in the 1990’s. - Many politicians and senior government officials were not for multi partism

History & government - Some members of the civil service took sides in party politics i.e. they were used by the ruling party to frustrate the opposition. - Many of them were ethnic based and lacked nationwide support - Many greedy and selfish politicians were lured to defect to the ruling party hence weakening them - KANU retained control of the government machinery e.g. TV and radio stations, the police etc. - Lack of funding by the state to carry out their activities - Inadequate civic education thus many people did not appreciate multi-partism - Political interference e.g. by the international community - Due to poverty many people were easily compromised - Leadership wrangles which led to splits - Disruption by government e.g. during rallies (1×5=5mks) b) Explain five roles of political parties in governance and national building in Kenya. - Political parties formulate policies and programmes on how to run the government efficiently - They select candidates for public office M.P, MCs, president etc. - They mobilize people e.g. encourage them to attend political rallies and to participate in elections and development projects - Opposition parties check the excesses of the government by pointing out its mistakes - They serve as a link between the people and the government - They provide civic education to the electorate - They act as training ground for political leadership - Opposition parties participate in decision making e.g. in the committee of the house e.g. PAC and ;PIC - Opposition parties provide an alternative approach to the management of political and economic affairs of the nation nduring their contribution to debates in parliament. (2×5=10 marks) SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. a) What are the stages involved in preparing a parliamentary bill in Kenya. - Making suggestion / proposals about the need of a law. - Attorney General prepares a draft proposal of the intended law. - The Attorney General notifies members of parliament and public about the intended law. - Members of parliament carry out research on the intended law. - The intended law is taken to parliament for debate and appropriate action (1st reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, third reading and last the presidential approval) (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six roles of correctional institutions in Kenya. - Take care of the welfare of prisoners like medical care - Confine criminals who are a threat to country’s security - Offer vocational training to the prisoners - Rehabilitate the prisoners - Execute decisions of courts in regarding the way prisoners are treated - They confine prisoners convicted by the law courts (2×6=12 mks) 23. a) State three challenges that faced the constitution review process in Kenya in 2010. - Ignorance of Kenyans on constitutional matters / inadequate civic education - Wrong interpretation of constitutional matters - Lacked political goodwill - It was a time consuming exercise - Shortage of funds for the referendum - Lack of agreement among the stakeholders (1×3=3mks) b) Explain factors that are likely to interfere with free and fair elections in Kenya. (12 marks) - Use of negative propaganda by party leaders - Insecurity - Ethnic and party loyalties - Inaccessibility of some polling stations due to poor infrastructure - Inefficient distribution of election materials like ballot papers - Communication problems between IEBC headquarters and polling stations - Extreme weather conditions – flooding - Harassment of voters by rival groups - Incompetent election officials - Partisan election officials - Illiteracy by some voters (2×6=12mks) 24. a) Identify three sources of revenue for the National Government of Kenya. - Direct taxes / income or pay as you earn (PAYE) - Indirect taxes – custom duty and value added tax - Traffic revenue – drivers licenses and airport tax - Tourism fees - Treasury bills and bonds - Interest on loans from parastatals

History & government - Land rates - Investment revenue – profits of parastatals - Court fines - House rents - Trade licences fornoperating business (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six measures the National Government has put in place to ensure that government revenue is not misused. (12 marks) - Controller of budget and Auditor general audits ministries - Parliament is the watchdog of public revenue - Principal secretary in every ministry is responsible for government funds and expenditure - Government contracts are advertised publicly for tendering and awarded on merit - Government has established the ethics and anti-Corruption Commission to deal with corrupt people - The Auditor General of state audits the expenditure of all government corporations - In every public body there is an accounting officer who is answerable to the NationAL Assembly - There is an act of parliament setting out the framework within which policies relating to procurement and asset disposal is to be implemented - The government use X-ray scanners to verify cargo at the part of Mombasa to curb revenue evasion - The Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and the Public Investments Committee (PIC) scrutinize spending of public funds.

History & government KIMA JOINT EVALUATION TEST 2016 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/2 PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 1. Give two ways archaeologists use to obtain historical information. - They recorded the findings - They excavated archaeological sites - By dating the fossils - They located the pre-historical sites (1×2=2mks) 2. Name the period in history that is associated with microlithic tools. New stone age period 1×1=1mk 3. Name two tools invented by the Sumerians that facilitated the production of more food. - Ox-drawn plough - The seed drill - Invention of the wheel - Invention of bronze hoes (1×2=2mks) 4. State two characteristics of regional trade. - It involves a large geographical area - A large variety of goods is involved - Participation of people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood - Participation of traders who act as middle men between the producers and the buyers (1×2=2mks) 5. Identify one earliest traditional means of water transport - Rafts - The dug-out canoe - Sailing boats - Sailing ships 1×1=1mk 6. State two disadvantages of wood as a source of energy - It leads to destruction of forests - Produces smoke which pollute the air - It does not produce a lot of heat or energy 1×2=2mks 7. Give the contributions of Louis Pasteur in the field of medicine. He discovered that some bacteria (microbes) cause diseases. (1×1=1mk) 8. Identify the main factor that led to the growth of the ancient town of Meroe. Existence of iron ore / minerals e.g. iron ore 1×1=1mk 9. Identify the significance of the Royal fire for Mwene Mutapa kingdom. - It symbolized the authority of the King - The relighting of the village fire was a sign of loyalty to the King 1×1=1mk 10. Name the chartered company used by the British government to administer her colonies in West Africa. The Royal Niger Company 1×1=1mk 11. What was the main contribution of religion in the Maji Maji uprising (1905-1907)? It boosted people’s morale / made them brave 1×1=-1mk 12. State two roles of African chiefs in the French system of Assimilation in Senegal. - They collected taxes - They recruited labour for public works - They acted as spies for the French colonial government. (1×2=2mks) 13. Apart from African National Congress (ANC), name one other political party that fought for independence in South Africa. - Pan African Congress (PAC) - Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) - United Democratic Front (UDF) - National Front (NF) (1×1=1mk) 14. Give two camps of the fighting powers during the Second World War. - The allied powers – the Allies - The Axis Power (1×2=2mks) 15. Name any two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. - Britain - USA - France - China’ - Russian (1×2=2mks) 16. Identify two members of the East African Community (EAC) who are not among the founder members. - Rwanda - Burundi 2×1=2mks

History & government 17. Name one body that conducts electoral process in the USA. - The party National Convention - The Electoral College 1×1=1mk SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer three questions in this section. 18. a) State three methods of hunting used by the early man. - Setting up traps - Driving animals into swampy areas - Chasing animals down the cliffs / steep cliffs - Ensnaring at watering points - Throwing pebbles at the animals and injure or kill them - Lighting fires round a bush to confine animals at the centre. (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six benefits of the domestication of animals by early man. - Animals skins could be used for clothing and bedding - Food supply became regular in form of meat and milk - Some animals like donkeys could be used for transport - Some animals like oxen were used in ploughing land during cultivation - Hooves and horns of animals were used as containers and drinking vessels - Some domestic animals produced manure - The dog was a companion of man. It also provided man with security - Animal bones were used to make a variety of products e.g. ornaments, needles (2×6=12mks) 19. a) Give three inventions that improved textile manufacturing in Britain during bthe industrial revolution period. - John Kay’s flying shuttle - Lew Paul’s spinning machine - James Hagreave’s spinning Jenny - Richard Arkright’s water frame - Samwel Campton’s mule - Cotton gin by Eli Whitney (1×3=3mks) b) Explain six economic effects of the industrial revolution in Britain. (12 marks) - It brought new machines and new methods of production hence increased production - It improved transport and communication - Led to the expansion of local and international trade. - Led to the expansion of urbanization - Led to the expansion of the banking industry - Raised the standard of living of people - Job opportunities were created - Exploitation of natural resources increased in Europe prompted development of new sources of energy - Prompted the development in science and technology. There was increased utilisationof knowledge in the production of goods - European economies became diversified as a result of industrial growth. This led to job specialization (2×6=12mks) 20. a) State three features of Athens as an early urban centre. - The public buildings included public baths, gymnesiums, the market (Agora) mud houses - The inhabitants were socially stratified into four classes - The urban center relied on commerce, industry and mining as a means of livelihood - There was poor drainage leading to outbreak of diseases like cholera 1×3=3mks b) Explain six challenges facing Johannesburg city today. - High rate of unemployment - Inadequate housing leading to slums - Inadequate social services like schools and health facilities - Environmental pollution due to poor garbage disposal - High rate of rural-urban migration - Presence of a high number of street families - High rate of HIV/AIDS infection - High rate of crime e.g. robbery - Congestion on roads - Poor drainage system. 2×6=12mks 21. a) State three factors that enabled European powers to colonise Africa in the late 19th century. - Disunity among African communities - Superior weapons used by European armies - Weak African communities due to wars / natural calamities - African ignorance about Europeans intentions - Some communities collaborated with the Europeans (1×3=3mks)

History & government b) Explain six political effects of the partition of Africa in African communities. - Africans lost their independence as Europeans established colonies - African system of government was replaced by European system - Modern African states were created by the boundaries drawn during the partition - African communities found themselves split into different neighbouring states without consultation - Local African leaders/ rulers lost their authority to European colonizing powers - Africa was given to chartered companies - Administrative forts / posts / bases were established across the continent – Africa - Intensification of tribal or ethnic differences e.g. Rwanda, Burundi 2×6=12mks SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. a) Why did the British use indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria? - To reduce the administrative costs of the colony because it was vast - The British did not have enough trained personnel to administer the area - There existed an already acceptable system of administration through the Emirs and kadhis - They did not want to provoke people of Northern Nigeria into rebellion - Indirect rule had already succeeded in Uganda and India, so they had points if reference - The adaptation of the dual mandate policy by the British government encouraged the development of the colony for its own good and the good of British 1×3=3mks b) Explain why the use of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria was unsuccessful. - Southern Nigeria did not have a centralized indigenous system of government - Lack of homogeneity in the Southern as there were many ethnic groups, languages and customs to be understood - The British introduced new ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes which infuriated the people - The failure of the British administrators to fully understand how the social-economic and political system of Southern Nigeria (based to the office of the oba) operated made them give up easily - The educated people of Southern Nigeria resented the chief’s appointed by the British because they were illiterate - The obas of Southern Nigeria had defined powers such as mediation, so when they were given wide ranging powers people became discontented (2×6=12mks) 23. a) State any three importance of regional cooperation in Africa. - Promotes economic development - Enhance cooperation among member states - Encourage peace among member states - Encourage unity among member states - Encourage free movement of citizens and goods 1×3=3mks b) Explain six challenges facing COMESA. - Poor infrastructure among member states - Political instability among members - Debt burden that reduces money channeled to development - Production of similar goods - Dependency on former colonial masters - Inadequate funds - Lack of common currency that affect trade transaction - Divided loyalty because they belong to more than one organization - Personality differences - Unemployment - Natural calamities e.g. drought, floods, famine - New economic policies by world bank and IMF (2×6=12mks) 24. a) State five roles of the president of the United States of America (USA) - Head of states. Officiates at National ceremonies, represents the state abroad and welcomes foreign dignitaries - Responsible for the execution of policies and laws passed by congress - Appoints top government officials e.g. cabinet secretaries and agency directors with the approval of the senate - Is the chief legislator / initiates bills - Keep congress informed of international development - Commander –in – chief of the armed forces - Protector of peace e.g. intervenes in natural disasters, race, riots and other emergencies 1×5=5mks b) Explain five factors that may limit parliamentary supremacy in Britain. - Parliament is representative institution composed of people’s representatives - Local authorities make and pass by-laws without consulting parliament - Legislation made by parliament may be altered by a future parliament - As parliament makes laws it takes into account the moral values of the society - Actions of the parliament are heavily influenced by public opinion - International laws are considered when laws are made - The monarch must give royal assent to bills before they become law - Before legislation is made the interests of the affected institutions / groups are taken into account.

History & government KANGEMA/MATHIOYA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 1. Give one reason why it is important to study Government. (1 mark) 2. Identify two bantu communities in Kenya whose ancestors settled in the Mt. Elgon area before they migrated to their present homeland. (2 marks) 3. State two religious functions performed by the Orkoiyot of the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 4. Identify one major historical landmark left by Portuguese in Mombasa. (1 mark) 5. Outline two factors that contributed to the decline of coastal city states. (2 marks) 6. State one reason why the coastal towns were unhappy with the Omani rule along the East African Coast. (1 mark) 7. Give one way through which constitution promotes national unity. (1 mark) 8. Mention two principles of democracy. (2 marks) 9. State two reasons why Africans were denied equal education opportunities with other races. (2 marks) 10. Identify two negative consequences of urbanization in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 marks) 11. Name two parties which were formed in Kenya between 1960 and 1963. (2 marks) 12. Give the main contribution of Tom Mboya in National Development. (1 mark) 13. Name any one sub-register found in the principal register of voters compiled by the independent electoral and boundaries commission in Kenya. (1 mark) 14. Mention one qualification that a candidate must fulfill so as to be declared elected as president of Kenya during a general election. (1 mark) 15. State two superior courts in Kenya. (2 marks) 16. Name one category of Kenya Defence Forces. (1 mark) 17. Give one benefit of land reforms in Kenya since independence. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any THREE questions from this section. 18. a) Apart from the Somali, name three communities in Kenya that belong to the Eastern Cushites. (3 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the pre-colonial period. (12 marks) 19. a) List five social characteristics of the city states along the Kenya coast before 1500 AD. (5 marks) b) Explain five factors that favoured the spread of Christianity by missionaries in Kenya. (10 marks) 20. a) Identify five groups that offered education during the colonial period. (5 marks) b) Explain five ways through which the colonial government provided continuous flow of African labour to the European settlers. (10 marks) 21. a) State five features of the early political organizations which were formed in Kenya upto 1939. (5 marks) b) Explain five reasons why Africans started independent schools in Kenya during colonial period. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions from this section. 22. a) Outline three characteristics of Human Rights. (3 marks) b) Explain six changes introduced by the constitution of Kenya 2010 in legislature Arm of government. (12 marks) 23. a) Name three symbols of National unity in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six factors which undermine national unity in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. a) Give three reasons why a budget is read in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six ways in which the government of Kenya ensures its revenue is not misused. (12 marks)

History & government KANGEMA/MATHIOYA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 2 ½ hours

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. Give two electronic sources on History and Government. (2 marks) 2. Name one source of information on the creation theory. (1 mark) 3. State two methods of irrigation used by Sumerians. (2 marks) 4. Name two participants of trans-Saharan trade apart from the Tuaregs. (2 marks) 5. Who was the first woman to walk in the space? (1 mark) 6. Give two advantages of using an email as a way of communication. (2 marks) 7. Identify the main source of industrial energy in Europe from mid-twenties century (1 mark) 8. Give two characteristics of Ancient Athens. (2 marks) 9. Name the leader of the Madinka Empire in their resistance against the Fresh Invasion in the late 19th century. (1 mark) 10. Mention two systems of colonial administration which were used by French in their colonies in Africa. (2 marks) 11. Identify two Europeans country that formed the Triple Alliance before the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark) 12. Name two permanent members of the council of the League of Nations. (2 marks) 13. State one reason why the Manchester Congress of 1945 was unique. (1 mark) 14. Outline one way in which African Union (AU) differs from Organisation of African Unity (OAU). (1 mark) 15. Name the newest member country of the East African community. (1 mark) 16. Give the main political challenge that Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. (1 mark) 17. Mention two legislative houses in the United States of America. (2 marks)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any THREE questions 18. a) List five economic activities of early man during the Stone Age period. (5 marks) b) Describe five ways in which the discovery of fire by early man improved his way of life. (10 marks) 19. a) Give five reasons why camel is preferred as the means of transport in the desert today. (5 marks) b) Explain five disadvantages of using air transport. (10 marks) 20. a) Give five similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt. (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of industrial Revolution in Europe. (10 marks) 21. a) Mention five methods used by South African Nationalists in South Africa in their struggle of independence. (5 marks) b) Explain five problems encountered by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for independence. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions 22. a) Identify five social features of the Asante Empire in the 19th century. (3 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Shona kingdom in the 19th century. (12 marks) 23. a) State any three causes of cold war after 1945. (3 marks) b) Explain six effects of cold war. (12 marks) 24. a) State three ways in which a person can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3 marks) b) Describe six duties of the Monarch in Britain. (12 marks)

History & government KANGEMA/MATHIOYA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT

SECTION A (25 marks) 1. Give one reason why it is important to study Government. (1 mk)  To know how government raises and spend revenue  To understand how laws are made/formed  To acknowledge their duties/responsibilities of citizens and their rights.  Enables us to appreciate the heed of government in a society.  To compare our system of government and that of other countries governments. 1×1=1 mark 2. Identify two bantu communities in Kenya whose ancestors settled in Mt. Elgon area before they migrated to their present homeland. (2 marks)  Abagusii  Abakuria  Abaluhyia (any luhya speaking group) 2×1=2 marks 3. State two religious functions performed by the Orkoiyot of the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks)  Meditation between God and the people.  Offering sacrifices to God on behalf of the people.  Blessing people before they undertook special activities eg. Going on war, raids etc. 2×1=2 marks 4. Identify one major historical landmark left by Portuguese in Mombasa. (1 mark)  Fort Jesus 1×1=1 mark 5. Outline two factors that contributed to the decline of coastal city states. (2 marks)  War of conquest by Portuguese.  Rivalry for control of Indian Ocean trade.  Disruption of Indian Ocean trade by the Portuguese.  Occasional poor climate and shortage of water of Gedi.  Invasion of the Wazimba man eaters from the south who destroyed them.  Conflicts between the Portuguese and Oman Arabs over the control of settlement affecting their economic activities. 2×1=2 marks 6. State one reason why the coastal towns were unhappy with the Omani rule along the East African Coast.(1 mark)  Because they lost control of trade among the coast.  Harsh and ruthless governors in tax collection.  Coastal towns wanted to be independent as they had been before the coming of the Portuguese 1×1=1 mark 7. Give one way through which constitution promotes national unity. (1 mark)  It guarantees equal opportunities to all Kenyans.  Provide protection to individual against any form of discrimination.  Provide for a unitary government. 1×1=1 mark 8. Mention two principles of democracy.(2 marks)  Consent of the people  Equality  Political tolerance  Regular, free and fair elections.  Control of abuse of power  Transparency and accountability  Patriotism  Rule of law 2×1=2 marks 9. State two reasons why Africans were denied equal education opportunities with other races. (2 marks)  Europeans aimed to produce and maintain a semi-skilled labour.  Fear of competition from educated Africans 2×1=2 marks 10. Identify two negative consequences of urbanization in Kenya during the colonial period. (2 marks)  Unemployment lead to poverty  Low morality eg. Prostitution  Increase in crime  Development of shanties/slums  Congestion leading to epidemics.  Break up of family set up.  Development of kipande system.  Deprived rural areas of manpower /negligence of agriculture. 2×1=2 marks. 11. Name two parties which were formed in Kenya between 1960 and 1963.(2 marks)  Kenya African National Union. (KANU)  Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU)  African People Party (APP)

History & government  New Kenya Party (NKP) 12. Give the main contribution of Tom Mboya in National Development. (1 mark)  He organized the Trade Union Movements. 1×1=1 mark 13. Name any one sub-register found in the principal register of voters compiled by the independent electoral and boundaries commission in Kenya(1 mark)  A poll register in respect of every polling station  A ward register in respect to every ward.  A constituency register in respect of every constituency  A county register in respect of every county.  A register of voters residing outside Kenya. 1×1=1 mark 14. Mention one qualification that a candidate must fulfill so as to be declared elected as president of Kenya during a general election. (1 mark)  Receive more than half of all votes cast in the election ie. 50%+1 votes of all registered votes.  Receive at least 25% of the votes cast in each of more than half of the counties. 1×1=1 mark 15. State two superior courts in Kenya. (2 marks)  The supreme court  The court of Appeal 16. Name one category of Kenya Defence Forces. (1 mark)  Kenya Army  Kenya Navy  Kenya Air force 17. Give one benefit of land reforms in Kenya since independence. (1 mark)  Expansion of farming as farmers could use their title deeds to acquire farm inputs.  Security of land ownership  Resettlement of landless people.  Improvement of crop and animals productions. 1×1=1 mark

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any THREE questions from this section. 18. a) Apart from the Somali, name three communities in Kenya that belong to the Eastern Cushites.(3 marks)  Oromo  Borana  Rendile  Burji  Gabbra  Shsngilla 3×1=3 marks b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in the pre-colonial period. (12 marks)  Basic political unit of the Somali was the clan made up of related families. Each clan had its name and occupied specific territories/area.  The clan was ruled by council of elders which was in charge of daily affairs of the clan/made major clan decisions/settled disputes.  The council maintained law and order and was the final court of of appeal.  The age set system was an important institution among the Somali and all male members of the society belonged to the age- set.  The Somali had leaders called sultan whose role was mainly advisory.  There existed warriors whose main duty was to protect the community against external attacks and acquire possessions for the community.  There existed people with special responsibilities eg. Sheikhs and medicine men whom were highly regarded in the community and their opinions were sought before important decisions were made. Any 6 well explained ×2=12 marks 19. a) List five social characteristics of the city states along the Kenya coast before 1500 AD. (5 marks)  Kiswahili was used as main medium/language of communication in the coastal towns.  Islam was the main/common religion practiced in towns.  Islamic law (sharia) was used in the administration.  Houses were constructed using Arabic and Persian architectural designs.  The city states were generally divided into two sections, one muslim and the other for Africans.  Formal education was introduced in the city state ie Islamic education through madrassa (classes)  Three social classes existed the elite, peasants and slaves any 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five factors that favoured the spread of Christianity by missionaries in Kenya. (10 marks)  Building of the Kenya-Uganda railway. This made the missionaries movement into the interior of Kenya easier. Also it made mission stations receive supplies easily.  Lack of another strong religion to oppose Christianity made Africans accept Christianity easily. Islam was practiced only along the coast of East Africa were friendly to Seyyid Said who in turn gave them letters of introduction eg. Krapf to governors of of the coastal towns eg. Mombasa. This made the work of missionary a bit easier.

History & government  Some African rulers were friendly to missionaries therefore they supported missionary activities. Also missionaries were friendly and they were therefore readily accepted by the Africans and their leaders eg. Kabaka of Uganda.  Support from African converts and freed slaves. African converts became evangelists and thus spreading Christianity. Freed slaves became Christians and some of them became catechists who began teaching the new faith.  Use of Kiswahili/local languages as means of communication. This was facilitated by Krapfs translation of the dictionary and the New Testament to Kiswahili and local languages. Later he translated the gospel of Mark into kikamba, Luke’s gospel- Kirabai. This greatly helped in spread of Christianity because it eased the problem of communication/language barriers.  Establishment of churches, schools and health centres attracted Africans who became converts.  Large number of missionary society who came to East Africa eg. Christianity Missionary Society, Methodist.  Colonization which brought about law and order (protection) and gave them financial aid. Political stability/protection provided conducive environment for missionary activities. Any 5 well explained ×2=10 marks 20. a) Identify five groups that offered education during the colonial period. (5 marks)  Missionaries  The colonial government  The Asians  European settlers  The Africans 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five ways through which the colonial government provided continuous flow of African labour to the European settlers. (10 marks)  Forced recruitment/conscription (forced labour). The introduction of forced labour on European farms ensures steady supply of cheap labour force.  Through introduction of taxation by the British government/by imposing heavy taxes which were paid in cash. This forced Africans to seek employment in the European farms.  Enacting labour laws. For example the Northey circulars of 1918 and 1919 required chiefs to supply a number of labour recruits for settlers’ farms and government projects.  The Kipande system was introduced to restrict the movement of labourers and ensure that African remained in employment.  Creation of African reserves. There was forced settlement of Africans in overcrowded and unproductive reserves which forced them to seek wage employment in settler farms.  Denying Africans growing of cash crops. Africans were forbidden from growing some cash crops keeping exotic animals which ensured they had no source of income. This forced them to seek wage employment in settler farms. This was also to reduce competition for markets with the European settlers.  Use of the squatter system ensured that Africans residing on the settler farms provided the required labour in return for small plots where they practiced subsistence farming. Any 5 well explained×2=10 marks 21. a) State five features of the early political organizations which were formed in Kenya upto 1939. (5 marks)  They were mainly ethnic based/they lacked national outlook.  They addressed specific grievances affecting the ethnic groups.  Their demand focused mainly on the welfare of the people  They were led by mission educated Africans.  They did not agitate for political independence.  They were non-militant/not very radical.  They were urban based any 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five reasons why Africans started independent schools in Kenya during colonial period. (10 marks)  To give African children more opportunities for formal education.  To preserve the African cultural identity.  To have a say/control of what was taught in their schools.  To facilitate introduction of more academic curriculum for Africans/quality education/offer better education to Africans than that offered in mission schools.  To provide job opportunities for African teachers/prepare Africans for better job opportunities.  To address discrimination in the education system  To keep away European missionary influence from their schools.  To protect African cultural heritage which was threatened by introduction of western culture.  To create political awareness and consciousness among African students. Any 5 well explained ×2=10 marks

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions from this section. 22. a) Outline three characteristics of Human Rights. (3 marks)  The National flag  The National Anthem  The Court of Arms  The public seal 3×1=3 marks b) Explain six changes introduced by the constitution of Kenya 2010 in legislature Arm of government ( 12 marks)  Unequal distribution of natural resources caused imbalanced regional economic development. This causes dissatisfaction and disharmony.  Different religious beliefs and practices lead to conflicts between individuals and even communities.

History & government  The effect of tribalism leads to favouring people of one’s relatives resulting to unfair treatment of other people.  Corruption/asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people rights to equal treatment.  Ethnic conflicts/disputes/clashes discouraged co-operation among the citizens.  Racism leads to discrimination on basis of colour /race. This creates suspicion and hatred among people.  Discrimination on basis of gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development. Any 6 well explained ×2=12 marks 23. a) Name three symbols of National unity in Kenya. (3 marks)  They are universal. That is, they apply to all human beings.  They are indivisible. They should only be given together. You cannot give some and omit others. There is no right which is more important than the other.  They have limitations as one obeys his/her rights, they should respect the rights of other people.  They are inalienable. Every person is entitled to human rights simply because they are human beings.  They are inherent in human beings. People are born with them. They are God given.  They are interdependent. All human rights complement one another. The full enjoyment of one right is dependent on the enjoyment of another.  They are inviolable. Rights should not be violated.  Derogation of human rights. Application of human rights may be suspended if circumstances dictate eg. During war. Any 3×1=3 marks b) Explain six factors which undermine national unity in Kenya. (12 marks)  It introduced a bicameral/two houses parliament/created National Assembly and the senate.  It created forty-seven seats in the National Assembly of women representative selected from each county.  It devolved the legislature arm of government into county assembly which carry out legislation at the county level.  It removed the Attorney General as Member of Parliament.  It allowed independent candidates be elected to parliament.  It gave the electorate the right to recall the Member of Parliament representing their constituency before the end of the term of relevant House of the Parliament.  It created the posts of the leader of the majority party and a leader of minority part5y in both houses of parliament.  It separated executive and legislature arms of government/president, deputy president and cabinet secretaries are no longer members of parliament. Any 6 well explained ×2=12 marks 24. a) Give three reasons why a budget is read in Kenya. (3 marks)  It enables the government to prioritise its needs in order of importance.  It helps the government identify sources of government revenue to meet its obligations.  The government is able to identify development projects to finance.  It helps MPs to discuss the government expenditure before its put to use.  It helps the government to balance its revenue and expenditure.  It helps the government to explain to the public the government tax structures.  Helps government access previous budget and rectify mistakes. Any 3×1=3 marks b) Explain six ways in which the government of Kenya ensures its revenue is not misused. (12 marks)  The parliament is powered to exercise control over public finance by approving government estimates and expenditure.  Parliament approves supplementary estimate.  Parliament demand for auditing of government expenditure.  The controller and auditor general are incharge of auditing public expenditure.  The government introduced the tendering system to prevent any irregular financial deals by tendering officials.  The parliament secretaries are the ministries chiefs accounting officers.  Government money is spend by only those authorized to do so.  Establishment of Kenya Anti-corruption commission to probe and prosecute those who misuse public funds. Any 6 well explained×2=12

History & government KANGEMA/MATHIOYA FORM FOUR JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 2 ½ hours

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. Give two electronic sources on History and Government. (2 marks)  Data base/banks.  Micro-films  Radio-Audio  T.V.-Audial visual 2×1=2 marks 2. Name one source of information on the creation theory. (1 mark)  Bible  Quran 1×1=1 mark 3. State two methods of irrigation used by Sumerians. (2 marks)  Shadoof  Canal  Basin 2×1=2 marks 4. Name two participants of trans-Saharan trade apart from the Tuaregs. (2 marks)  Barbers  Arabs  Western Sudan rulers  Western Sudan people 2×1=2 marks 5. Who was the first woman to walk in the space? (1 mark)  Sally K. Ride 1×1=1 mark 6. Give two advantages of using an email as a way of communication. (2 marks)  They transmitted information instantly.  They are very fast.  Its economical since no stamp, envelops or papers is used. 7. Identify the main source of industrial energy in Europe from mid-twenties century (1 mark)  Petroleum/oil 8. Give two characteristics of Ancient Athens. (2 marks)  Had poor drainage system.  Had poorly thatched roof with mud-walled houses.  Had narrow winding streets.  Garbage was all over the streets. 2×1=2 marks 9. Name the leader of the Madinka Empire in their resistance against the Fresh Invasion in the late 19th century (1 mark)  Samouri Toure 10. Mention two systems of colonial administration which were used by French in their colonies in Africa. (2 marks)  Assimilation  association 11. Identify two Europeans country that formed the Triple Alliance before the outbreak of the First World War. (1 mark)  Germany- Austua Hungary-Italy-Romania 12. Name two permanent members of the council of the League of Nations. (2 marks)  Britain  Italy  United States of America  France  japan 13. State one reason why the Manchester Congress of 1945 was unique. (1 mark)  Was dominated by Africans.  More radical in its demand.  Narrowed itself to African’s problem.  Attended by those unions representatives. 14. Outline one way in which African Union (AU) differs from Organisation of African Unity (OAU). (1 mark)  The AU favours intervention in members states experiencing problems, where OAU emphasized the principal of non- interference into the internal affairs of its members.  OAU was mainly an association of the executives while AU is a union of African people.  The AU has a clear development agenda for Africans embraced by the new partnership for Africans development (NEPAD)  All aims at establishing a standing army unlike OAU which relied on the will of member states.

History & government  The AU has a accountability mechanism at the African peer review mechanism which expects member states to adhere to the democratic standards. 1 mark 15. Name the newest member country of the East African community. (1 mark)  South sudan 16. Give the main political challenge that Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. (1 mark)  Political instability. 17. Mention two legislative houses in the United States of America. (2 marks)  Senate  House of Representatives. SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any THREE questions 18. a) List five economic activities of early man during the Stone Age period. (5 marks)  hunting wild animals  Gathering wild fruits, roots and vegetables,insects,eggs etc.  Fishing.  Crop farming  Livestock keeping  Trading.  Making stone implements/bone implements/stone implements.  Weaving/basket making.  Pottery. Any 5×1=5 marks b) Describe five ways in which the discovery of fire by early man improved his way of life. (10 marks)  The fire was used to roast/cook thus he stopped eating raw food.  Fire was used to provide warmth at night when it was cold.  Fire was used to provide light in the dwelling/sites/caves.  Fire improved hunting as man could use it tom push animals to confined areas thus kill them easily.  Tool making was improved through the use of fire to harden/sharpen tips of tools.  Communication between people living at different places was made possible by fire and smoke signals.  Early man preserved food by drying it over the fire.  Fire enabled man to harden pottery which was used for storage/cooking/trade. Any 5 well explained ×2=10 marks 19. a) Give five reasons why camel is preferred as the means of transport in the desert today. (5 marks)  Camels do not sweat and therefore use very little moisture.  Moisture lost from their nostrils runs down into their mouth.  They can survive for long without water and food.  They have an incredible water capacity/they can drink up to 57 litres of water without pausing.  It has broad, padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand. The feet do not collect sand particles.  Its nostrils have flaps which keep out sand even in sandstorms.  It has thick fur. This protects it from sweltering desert heat during the day. Also it keeps it warm at night when temperature are very low.  It has bump which the camel uses when it goes for long without eating. Any 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five disadvantages of using air transport. (10 marks)  It is expensive to procure/maintain an aircraft.  Construction of an airstrip requires a lot of resources and expertise.  The aircrafts can only land and take off in specific areas thus inconveniencing the users.  Aircrafts cannot carry bulky goods compared to other means of transport  Air transport can only be used by well to do members of the society thus making it inaccessible to many/expensive.  Its operations are affected by unfavourable weather conditions.  Travelling by air has facilitated international terrorism/drug trafficking. Terrorists hijack planes, hold passengers hostage and make demands.  Accidents by aircrafts are fatal/chances of survival are minimal.  It leads to the pollution of environment. Fumes from the planes lead to air pollution. Their engines also make so much noise resulting to noise pollution Any 5 well explained ×2=10 marks 20. a) Give five similarities between early agriculture in Mesopotamia and Egypt. (5 marks)  In both countries, agriculture was practiced along river valleys/fertile silt/fertile soil.  Farmers depended on flood water for farming.  They developed systems of irrigation.  They used farm implements made of stone, wood and later metal eg. Plough.  They traded in farm produce.  They planted indigenous crops e.g. Oat, wheat etc.  They used both animal and human labour.  They developed arithmetic/writing to keep farm records.  They developed a system of system of storage and preserving food.  They kept animals e.g. Cattle, goats, chicken and donkeys.  There was availability of water transport.

History & government  High population produced high demand for food. Any 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five effects of industrial Revolution in Europe. (10 marks)  Emergency of class system in the society.  Improved medical services.  Increased population because of plenty of food.  Growth of urban centres  Rural-urban migration to seek for job in industries.  Creation of job opportunities  Promoted both local and international trade.  Environmental pollution  Large scale production food due to mechanization.  Improved infrastructure  Promoted child labour as children were employed as casual workers in industries. Any 5×2=10 marks 21. a) Mention five methods used by South African Nationalists in South Africa in their struggle of independence (5 marks)  Through political parties e.g. ANC,PAC to champion their grievances  Through trade unions for better working terms  Demonstrations/protects matches.  Diplomacy  Hunger strikes  Through churches and church leaders e.g. Desmond Tutu.  Through sabotage e.g. Uprooting railways.  Through political rallies.  Media  Through OAU and UON  Strikes and boycotts.  Military forces/guerilla warfare. 5×1=5 marks b) Explain five problems encountered by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for independence (10 marks)  Murder. Marry nationalists were killed, e.g. Steve Biko as well as thousands of civilian during the Sharpville Massacre.  The nationalists were harassed by security agents and some were arrested, detained or jailed.  Many were forced to flee to other countries where they sought refuge in neighbouring countries like Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola.  African political parties were outlawed and their leaders persecuted.  African nationalists were harassed and their newspapers prescribed by the government.  Trade unionists were trailed/intimidated by security agents.  The use of divide and rule tactics by his government the reaction of Bantustans isolated the communities and denies their opportunities to unite against a common enemy.  Use of pass laws curtailed movement of the nationalists.  Their residences and bases of operation were often raided by security agenda and false charges were drawn up against them. Any 5×2= 10 marks SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any TWO questions 22. a) Identify five social features of the Asante Empire in the 19th century. (3 marks)  worshipped many gods/polytheism  king was believed to be semi-divine  Golden stool was a sign of unity/social bond.  Held Odwira festival annually.  Practiced polygamy  Practiced exogamous marriage  Inheritance  Organized into clans  Spoke the Akhan and Tui language. Any 3×1=3 marks b) Describe the political organization of the Shona kingdom in the 19th century. (12 marks)  The emperor /king was the head of the government and the head of state.  Office of the emperor was hereditary.  The emperor was assisted by the Queen mother, the head drummer, emperor’s sister his principle wives and the military commander.  The emperor was divided to provinces under the rule of lesser kings/chiefs.  The emperor had a standing army for defence and expansion.  Priests acted as link between the people and the emperor.  The king was military leader/commander in chief of the army  The king was considered a semi-divine ruler  Administration of the emperor was financed by trade. Any 6 well explained×2=12 marks 23. a) State any three causes of cold war after 1945. (3 marks)

History & government  The ideological differences pursued by United States of America and USSR created mistrust/suspicion among them leading to hostility.  The disagreement between Soviet Union and the United States of America over reduction of arms led to arms race.  Iron curtain policy/the occupation of Eastern Europe by Soviet Union caused fear among United States of America and its allies in the Western Europe.  The domination of both United Nations by United States of America and her Allies was checked by USSR in through the use of her veto power thus increasing the tension.  The involvement of the United States of America and USSR in European conflicts in the 1940’s created tension among them.  America’s Marshall Plan to revive European economies after the war made USSR to counteract by forming a similar one COMECON thus enhancing tension.  Formation of military alliance/NATO by United States of America and her allies led to form a similar alliance-WARSAW pact intensifying the rivalry.  Construction of Berlin Wall by USSR in Germany to block western influence led to increased tension.  Differences over the status of Germany after World War II 3×1=3 marks b) Explain six effects of cold war. (12 marks)  The struggle by super powers of world dominance seriously undermined the united nations effort to achieve international peace and security as each tried to spread its own ideology  It occasioned the split or division of countries such as north and South Korea, west and East Germany. Here each power advocated for a government based on its own ideology thus splitting the countries into two. For north and South Korea, the division exists even today.  Arms raced resulted between the super powers. They were competing in accumulation of weapons of mass destruction and nuclear weapons just in case a war broke out between them.  It was very expensive. Many countries spent a lot of their money buying military hardware instead of spending it on essential services such as health and education.  Led to formation of Non-Aligned movement by those nations who never wished to be drawn into the cold war crisis sought to pursue a neutral approach.  It resulted into hostility leading to real war in some instances, eg. The Korean and Vietnam and the Congo crisis. The two super powers may not have fought each other directly, but real wars were witnessed in some parts of the world.  It results in the space race. The two super powers competed on development of space craft (rockets) which could be used to explore space.  It led to formation of both economic and political alliances eg NATO, Warsaw pact COMECON. 24. a) State three ways in which a person can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3 marks)  Election of the member of the House of commons  Nomination of the person by the Monarch.  Through inheritance of House of Lords.  By the virtue of the office they hold.  By appointments due to outstanding performance. 3×1=3 marks b) Describe six duties of the Monarch in Britain. (12 marks)  The monarch approves/assents bills before they become laws.  The monarch approves all appointments to important states of offices  The monarch is involved in enacting treaties between government and other countries in relation to foreign policy.  The monarch summons/prorogues/dissolve parliament in consultation with the prime minister.  The monarchy gives consent to all cabinet appointments  The monarchy has powers to pardon people who have been accused of committing various offences.  The monarch appoints bishops/archbishops of the Church of England.  The monarch advices/counsels the head of government.  The monarch confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished/outstanding.  The monarchy is the commander- in- chief of the Armed Forced. NB- the prime minister appoints while the monarchs approves the appointments Any 6 well explained×2=12 marks

History & government BURETI SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST 311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 Section A: 25 MARKS 1. Define the term government. 1mk 2. Mention the first settlement of the highland Nilotes in Kenya during their migration. 1mk 3. State two roles of the Oloibon among the Maasai. 2mks 4. Give two reasons why Malindi and Mombasa rivaled in the pre-colonial period. 2mks 5. State one reason for the decline of Akamba dominance in long distance trade. 1mk 6. State two reasons why Omami Arabs could not administer their coastal possession immediately the Portuguese left. 2mks 7. State two ways through which citizenship by registration could be acquired. 2mks 8. State two features of the independence constitution 9. Identify one reason why the British used company rule to administer African colonies 1mk 10. Give two features of missionary education in Kenya. 2mks 11. State one independence school movement that emerged in Central Kenya during the colonial period. 1mk 12. Give the main objective of political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945. 1mk 13. State two advantages of a coalition government. 2mks 14. Name the trade union movement that was formed in Kenya during the colonial period. 1mk 15. State one role played by Daniel Arap Moi in the provision of education from 1979-2002. 1mk 16. Mention two functions of the county governor. 2mks 17. Give the main role of the controller of the budget. 1mk SECTION B: (45 MARKS) 18. a) Name three communities that belong to the Southern Cushites. 3mks b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. 12mks 19. a) State five factors that facilitate plantation agriculture by Seyyid Said in East African coast. 5mks b) Explain positive results of the Portuguese rule among the East African Coast. 10mks 20. a) State five factors that made the Nandi to put up a prolonged resistance against the British. 5mks b) Explain five results of the Agikuyu mixed reactions against the British. 10mks 21. a) State five roles played by African women in the struggle for independence in Kenya. 5mks b) Explain five roles played by Kenyan African Union (KAU) in promoting nationalism between 1945 and 1963. 10mks SECTION C: 30MKS 22. a) Name three symbols of National unity in Kenya. 3mks b) Explain six reasons why national integration is important to national development. 12mks 23. a) Give three ways in which a person may become a member of parliament in Kenya. 3mks b) Explain six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. 12mks 24. a) Identify five types of taxes paid by Kenyans to the government. 3mks b) Explain six ways in which the government of Kenya uses its revenue. 12mks

History & government BURETI SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST 311/2 HISTORY PAPER 2 1. Identify one example of manuscript used to store information by ancient communities. 1mk 2. Give one reason why early man lived on trees. 1mk 3. State two factors that facilitate development of agriculture in river valleys. 2mks 4. State two disadvantages of barter trade. 2mks 5. Identify two uses of sailing ships in modern society. 2mks 6. Give two disadvantages of using messages in traditional society. 2mks 7. State two merits of using wood as a source of energy in the 19thn century. 2mks 8. Give the main factor that contributed to the growth of Meroe. 1mk 9. State two responsibilities of the Omanhene in Asante kingdom. 2mks 10. Identify one country in West Africa colonized by British. 1mk 11. State one source of British law. 1mk 12. Identify two types of monarchial governments. 2mks 13. Give two peaceful methods used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. 2mks 14. Mention the French method of administration that replaced the assimilation policy. 1mk 15. Identify the immediate cause of the Second World War. 1mk 16. Give the UN agency tasked with promoting workers welfare. 1mk 17. Identify the official head of the common wealth organization. 1mk

SECTION B: 45MKS 18. a) State five factors that led to the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. 5mks b) What was the impact of the Agrarian Revolution in Britain? 10mks 19. a) State any three factors that led to the growth of London as an urban center. 3mks b) Discuss any six problems facing modern urban center in Africa. 12mks 20. a) Apart from coal, state three other sources of energy that were used in industries in Europe during industrial Revolution. 3mks b) Explain any six problems industrial workers faced in Europe after industrial revolution. 12mks 21. a) State the social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by Europeans. 3mks b) Explain six reasons for Maji Maji rebellion 1905-1907. 12mks SECTION C: 30MKS 22. a) State the three conditions that gave rise to the non-aligned movement. 3mks b) Explain six challenges of non-aligned movement. 12mk 23. a) State three functions of the specialized technical commissions of the Africa Union. 3mks b) Explain the achievements of the common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) 12mks 24. a) State five merits of the federal government of the United States of America. 5mks b) Explain five reasons why parliament is the supreme institution Britain. 10mks

History & government BURETI SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST 311/1 HISTORY PAPER 1 1. Define the term government. - It is the way of ruling administering and controlling of a people - it is the exercising of authority and directing people’s lives as spelt in our society. 1mk 2. Mention the first settlement of the highland Nilotes in Kenya during their migration. 1mk Mt. Elgon 3. State two roles of the Oloibon among the Maasai. 2mks - Officiated religious ceremonies - Blessed the warriors before they went to war - performed rituals to ward off epidemics and drought 4. Give two reasons why Malindi and Mombasa rivaled in the pre-colonial period. 2mks - They wanted to control trade - they wanted to control taxes 5. State one reason for the decline of Akamba dominance in long distance trade. 1mk - Competition from Arabs and Swahili traders who began to travel into the interior - attack by hostile communities eg Oromo - Imposition of British rule - Abolition of slave trade 6. State two reasons why Omami Arabs could not administer their coastal possession immediately the Portuguese left. 2mks - Constant rebellion from the coastal town - Civil wars at home - Persian invasion 7. State two ways through which citizenship by registration could be acquired. 2mks - a person married to a Kenyan citizen for at least 7years - a child who is not a citizen but is adopted by a Kenyan citizen 8. State two features of the independence constitution. 2mks - Provide for regionalism or majimboism in which the country was divided into six regions - National government headed by prime minister while the governor general represented the queen of England as the head of states - provided for multi-party system of government - contains the bill of rights 9. Identify one reason why the British used company rule to administer African colonies 1mk - Inadequate personnel - to avoid resistance by using local administrators - to reduce the cost of administration 10. Give two features of missionary education in Kenya. 2mks - It was elementary - It was industrial and technical - It was denominational 11. State one independence school movement that emerged in Central Kenya during the colonial period. 1mk - Kikuyu Kariga Education Association - Kikuyu independent School association 12. Give the main objective of political parties which were formed in Kenya after 1945. 1mk - To fight for independence 13. State two advantages of a coalition government. 2mks - Political transparency - Strengthen political stability - Discourage presidential monopoly - Enhance checks and accountability. 14. Name the trade union movement that was formed in Kenya during the colonial period. 1mk - African workers Federation - The Kenya Federation of registered trade union - Kenya federation of workers - Transport and allied workers union 15. State one role played by Daniel Arap Moi in the provision of education from 1979-2002. 1mk Introduced the 8-4-4 system of education - Increased the number of universities in the country - Expanded tertiary institutions - Introduced cost sharing in education 16. Mention two functions of the county governor. 2mks

History & government The chief executive of the county - Appoints members of the county executive committee - Assents bills in the county - In-charge of the implementation in the country. 17. Give the main role of the controller of the budget. 1mk - Overseeing the implementation of budget of the national government.

SECTION B : (45 MARKS) 18. A) Name three communities that belong to the Southern Cushites. 3mks - Boni - Dahalo - Buranyi b) Describe the political organization of the Somali in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. 12mks - The Somali had a decentralized system of government based on clad - the clan was the smallest political unit - The clan was headed by the council of elders (maintain law and order) - The Somali developed age set system - With the introduction of Islam the political system was based bon sharia - The Somali had leader called Sultan whose role was advisory - There existed warriors who protected community. 19. a) State five factors that facilitate plantation agriculture by Seyyid Said in East African coast. 5mks - Existence of slave labour - fertile soils - Coast had suitable climate - High demand for grains at the coast - presence of large number of Oman settlers b) Explain positive results of the Portuguese rule among the East African Coast. 10mks - Introduction of new crops eg maize - Borrowing of words from Portuguese into Kiswahili - Introduction of use of farmyard manure - Introduction of Christianity - Promotion of international trade - Construction of land marks e.g Fort Jesus 5x2=10mks 20. a) State five factors that made the Nandi to put up a prolonged resistance against the British.5mks - Nandis were economically stable being mixed farmers - They had knowledge of the terrain and used guerilla tactics - The wet climat4e worked against the British who contracted respiratory diseases - They had steady supply of weapons ( blacksmith) - They had good able leaders’ e.g Koitalel Arap Samoiei - Had a standing army (age sets) b) Explain five results of the Agikuyu mixed reactions against the British. 10mks - Emergence of hatred between collaborators and resistors - Loss of independence - British rule was established in Agikuyu land - Loss of life - Agikuyu land was alienated - Collaborators received Western education Collaborators were converted to Christianity - Destruction of property 21. a) State five roles played by African women in the struggle forb independence in Kenya. 5mks - They took care of the homes and children of the freedom fighters - Some mobilized their communities to fight colonialism e.g Mekatilili wa Menza - Participated in anti- colonial demonstration - Helped in the establishment of independence churches and schools - Some acted as spies - Supplied freedom fighter with basic needs eg food and medicine b) Explain five roles played by Kenyan African Union (KAU) in promoting nationalism between 1945 and 1963. 10mks - It united Africans in the struggle for independence by opening branches in all parts of the country - It convened rallies all over the country to raise political awareness among the masses - Published the grievances of Kenyans internationally - It supported the Mau Mau war for independence - Nurtured liberation /future leaders /nationalists in Kenya - Laid the foundation for the formation of K.A.N.U any 5x2=10mks

History & government SECTION C: 30MKS 22. a) Name three symbols of National unity in Kenya. 3mks - National flag - National anthem - Coat of arms - Public seal b) Explain six reasons why national integration is important to national development. 12mks - Promote peace and stability - Instill a sense of patriotism and nationalism - Creates favorable investment conditions that attract foreign investment - promotes the achievement of rapid economic and social development - Eliminates and reduces intercommunity conflicts and suspicions - It encourages joint efforts in solving common development problems Eg education - It reduces suspicion among citizens despite diversity in the country. 6x2=12mks 23. a) Give three ways in which a person may become a member of parliament in Kenya. 3mks - Through election - Through nomination - Through holding ex-officio office 3x1=3mks b) Explain six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. 12mks - To assist and advice the president on day to day running of the government - Discuss matters of national and international importance - initiates new government bills - perform duties delegated by the president - appear before committee of parliament when required - to interpret and expound on government policy - provide government with regular reports about their ministries. 6x2=12mks

24. a) Identify five types of taxes paid by Kenyans to the government. 3mk - Service charge - Income tax - Withholding tax - Custom duties - Excise duty - Sales tax - Traffic revenue tax - Court fines 5x1=5mks b) Explain six ways in which the government of Kenya uses its revenue. 12mks - Revenue is used to maintain government facilities like building and roads - It is used to initiate new development and projects - It’s used to finance recurrent government such as paying salaries - It’s used to subsidize public service eg. health education It’s used in the servicing of loans that have been borrowed by government - It’s used to pay subscription to international bodies e.g AU, UN - It’s used to finance security expenditure by the government such as training soldiers paying bodyguards and buying arms - Used to meet emergency needs that may arise (flood, famine and epidemics)

History & government BURETI SUB COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION TEST 311/2 HISTORY PAPER 2 SECTION A: 25 MKS 1. Identify one example of manuscript used to store information by ancient communities. - stone tablets - Scrolls 1x1=1mk 2. Give one reason why early man lived on trees. - Security - look for more food /more source of food 1x1=1mk 3. State two factors that facilitate development of agriculture in river valleys. - Fertile soils - availability of water for irrigation - Use of the water for transport purpose 2x1=2mks 4. State two disadvantages of barter trade. - Required coincidence of wants - the commodities were indivisible into smaller units - lack of standard measures of values - the commodities were bulky to transport - some of the agricultural products were perishable 2x1=2mks 5. Identify two uses of sailing ships in modern society. - transport - sport/leisure - fishing 2x1=2mks 6. Give two disadvantages of using messages in traditional society. - They could be attacked by wild animals - Messages could be distorted - Covered limited distances - It was slow and tiresome 2x1=2mks 7. State two merits of using wood as a source of energy in the 19thn century. - Its readily available - It was cheap - It’s a renewal 2x1=2mks 8. Give the main factor that contributed to the growth of Meroe. - iron working 1x1=1m 9. State two responsibilities of the Omanhene in Asante kingdom. - Had the right to declare war on another Omanhene - recognize the right of the Asantehene to impose national taxes /collected taxes - attend the national festival - give authority to own subjects to appeal the high court 2x1=2mks 10. Identify one country in West Africa colonized by British. - Nigeria - Ghana - Sierra Leone 1x1=1mk 11. State one source of British law. - Acts of parliament - Legal publication by reputable - The Hansard 1x1=1mk

12. Identify two types of monarchial governments. - absolute - constitutional 2x1=2mks

13. Give two peaceful methods used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. - diplomacy - signing of treaties - luring of leaders 2x1=2mks 14. Mention the French method of administration that replaced the assimilation policy. - association 1x1=1mk 15. Identify the immediate cause of the Second World War. - German invasion of Poland 1x1=1mk 16. Give the UN agency tasked with promoting workers welfare. - international labour organization (ILO) 1x1=1mk

History & government 17. Identify the official head of the common wealth organization. The British Monarch 1x1=1mk

SECTION B: 45MKS

18. a) State five factors that led to the development of early agriculture in Mesopotamia. - Existence of the fertile land along rivers Tigris and Euphrates - Availability of water for irrigation - Existence of transport system in the form of wheels canoes - Availability of slave labour - Settlement of people in Sumeriah from Iranian plateau who had the knowledge of agriculture - Political stability enabled people to practice agriculture 5x1=5mks b) What was the impact of the Agrarian Revolution in Britain? - Introduction of new crops e.g. potatoes citrus fruits maize and turnips led to diversification of agriculture - The improved farming methods led to the increase din food production - The population increased due to abundant food - The agrarian Revolution led to the expansion of both local and international trade - The development of agriculture stimulated the expansion of transport network eg roads the railway to transport farm produce and farm inputs - Displacement of the poor led to rural –urban migration - some of the landless people migrated to USA Canada, Australia New Zealand and South Africa (abroad) 5x2=10mks 19. a) State any three factors that led to the growth of London as an urban center. - trading activities - Industrialization e.g. ship building textile and metal - Improvement in transport and communication - Shipping activities especially on R. Thames 3x1=3mks b) Discuss any six problems facing modern urban center in Africa. - Inadequate social services - Lack of housing hence squatter and slum problems - overcrowding in residential areas due to high population growth rates/rural urban migration - Unemployment hence social evils like prostitution for livelihood - Poor sanitation - High crime rates eg burglary - High rates of pollution 6x2=12mks

20. a) Apart from coal, state three other sources of energy that were used in industries in Europe during industrial Revolution. - Oil - Steam - Electricity 1x3=3mk b) Explain any six problems industrial workers faced in Europe after industrial revolution. - They were paid low wages leading to poor living - They were exposed to very dangerous machines noise and chemical which lead to injuries accidents and death - Workers were attacked by diseases like typhoid cholera - Women and children toiled in the factories due to long working hours hence denials of right of leisure - Pollution of working environment due to poor disposal of industrial waste - Overcrowding due to poor wages - They were not insured 6x2=12mks 21. a) State the social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa by Europeans. - Protection of the missionaries from Muslim attacks - Influential individuals encouraged the building of empires and acquisition of colonies in Africa - Settling surplus population in due to high population - Humanitarian organization moved to Africa to abolish slave trade - Superiority notion of the white race - influence from-m mass media. 3x1=3mks b) Explain six reasons for Maji Maji rebellion 1905-1907. - The chartered company imposed heavy taxes on Africans in order to raise revenue for administration - The Africans opposed the forced labour on the settlers cotton farms - The African s resented being alienated from their land - The Akidas and Jumbes were brutal and treated then Africans harshly - The Europeans disrespected African culture .they even raped Ngindo women and condemned acts like polygamy

History & government - Introduction of communal cotton growing programs in Tanganyika angered the African. 6x2=12mks

SECTION C: 30MKS 22. a) State the three conditions that gave rise to the non-aligned movement. - The fear and the threats of super power interference with sovereignty of neutral states - The necessity to form a united front to resist the USA or Soviet Union dominance - The need for independence states to form a united movement to tackle international and regional issues 3x1=3mks b) Explain six challenges of non-aligned movement. - The superpowers continued to interfere in the affairs of member states - Frequent boarder disputes between members states - Allegiance to regional bloc organization eg common wealth A.U - pronounced civil and military unrest war and coups in several member states - Lack of effective secretariat and executive mechanism to coordinate its affairs - Economic constraints that caused high poverty ratio - Personality differences of leaders 6x2=12mks 23. a) State three functions of the specialized technical commissions of the Africa Union. - To prepare projects and programs of AU and submit them to the executive council - To ensure supervision follow up and evaluation of the implementation of decisions taken by the organs of the Union. - To ensure the coordination and harmonization of the projects and programs - To submit to the executive council reports and recommendations on the implementation of the African Union Acts 3x1=3mks b) Explain the achievements of the common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) - It has made it easier for members to conduct trade amongst themselves due to liberalization - Introduction of a unified computerized customs network across the region has led to cooperation in customs - Improved transport and communication to ease the movement of goods services and people eg high way and railways - creating of an enabling environment for investment eg creation of legal frame work - creation of room for greater industrial productivity and competitiveness due to the large market \creation of rational way of exploiting natural resources since each country produces the products for which it is best suited - Increased agricultural production and food security. - Creation of employment for many in the region 6x2=12mks 24. a) State five merits of the federal government of the United States of America. - helps different states to live together - makes federal states economically viable in terms of accessibility to wider market - enables states to tackle their problems with united front eg terrorism - Joint defense forces ensures security for small states - enables states to benefit from the pool of resources - Eases trade by way of eliminating customs duties and by use of common currency. 5x1=5mks b) Explain five reasons why parliament is the supreme institution Britain. - It’s the only institution that can make amend and abolish law. - All other institutions derive their power from parliament - It approves the budget empowered to approve the budget of the government - A court of law cannot over rule or nullify a parliament decision binding for all - can pass a vote of no confidence in the government /has terminative power and can remove an unpopular government from power 5x2=10mks

History & government GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMWENT PAPER I JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ Hours

SECTION A(25 MARKS.

1. Identify two disadvantages of written sources of information on history and government of Kenya. (2 Marks) 2. Name the remaining Southern Cushitic speakers in Kenya. (1 Mark) 3. Name two families that ruled Mombasa and Lamu on behalf of Oman rulers. (2 Marks) 4. Give two reasons why Christian’s missionaries established schools in Kenya during the 19th century. (2 Marks) 5. State two categories of people eligible to become Kenya citizen through registration. (2 Marks) 6. Give the main way in which Kiswahili promotes national unity in Kenya. (1 Mark) 7. State one way in which citizens in Kenya participate in direct democracy. (1 Mark) 8. State one right of elderly persons in Kenya. (1 Mark) 9. Name the treaty which marked the spheres of East Africa in 1900. (1 Mark) 10. Apart from the Maasai name one other community in Kenya that collaborated with the British during the establishment of colonial rule. (1 Mark) 11. State two methods employed by the colonial government to acquire land for European settlers in Kenya. (2 Marks) 12. Identify the political challenge the government of Daniel Arap Moi faced in 1982. (1 Mark) 13. Identify two ways in which the education sector in Kenya has benefited from Constituency Development Fund (CDF) (2 Marks) 14. State two reasons why Harambee philosophy has lost its popularity. (2 Marks) 15. Name the highest court in Kenya. (1 Mark) 16. Give two reasons why constituency boundaries should be reviewed from time to time in Kenya. (2 Marks)

SECTION B. (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions form this section. 17. (a) Mention three religious functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during pre-colonial period. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six economic activities of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (12 Marks)

18. (a) State three grievances that the Asians presented in the Devonshire White paper of 1923. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six effects of Devonshire White paper of 1923. (12 Marks)

19. (a) State five problems faced by nationalist in Kenya during the struggle for independence. (5 Marks) (b) Explain five factors which hastened the achievement of Independence in Kenya between 1945 and 1963. (10 Marks)

20. (a) State three roles played by Wangari Maathai in the promotion of Women’s welfare in Kenya. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six contributions of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (12 Marks)

SECTION C.

Answer any two questions from this section. 21. (a) Identify three ways in which conflict can be prevented in Kenya. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six factors that promote National unity in Kenya. (12 Marks)

22. (a) State three compositions of the cabinet in Kenya. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six functions of cabinet in Kenya. (12 Marks)

23. (a) State three qualifications for one to be nominated to contest a county elective post. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six roles of a returning officer in an election in Kenya. (12 Marks)

History & government GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATION 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 ½ Hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Give one reason why Homo Habilis was referred to able man. (1 Mark) 2. State two methods used by early man to find food during the early Stone Age period. (2 Marks) 3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began. (1 Mark) 4. Identify the main trade item in the triangular trade. (1 Mark) 5. Give one invention that revolutionized food preservation during the 19th century. (1 Mark) 6. Give one importance of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom. (1 Mark) 7. Give two social factors that caused the scramble for Africa. (2 Marks) 8. Name two missionary societies which worked in Western African in the 19th century. (2 Marks) 9. What is the difference between the scramble and partition of Africa in the 19th century? (2 Marks) 10. Name two leaders of the Maji Maji rebellion. (2 Marks) 11. Give two reasons why the British used direct rule in Zimbabwe. (2 Marks) 12. Mention one Alliance that was formed before the out-break of the First World War. (1 Mark) 13. Mention the role played by the USA in ending the Second World War. (1 Mark) 14. State two development strategies highlighted in the Arusha Declaration of 1967. (2 Marks) 15. Identifgy two conditions that one must fulfill to become a senator in the USA. (2 Marks) 16. Identify two roles of the Union parliament in India. (2 Marks) 17. Name the House of congress that approved all presidential appointments to the Cabinet in the USA. (1 Mark)

SECTION B. (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section. 18. (a) State three ways employed by the early man to domesticate animals. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six problems associated with open field of farming. (12 Marks)

19. (a) State five limitations of animal transport. (5 Marks) (b) Explain five social effects of industrial revolution in Europe. (10 Marks)

20. (a) Identify five methods used by the nationalists in South Africa against Apartheid regime. (5 Marks) (b) Explain five factors that had led to the rise of nationalization in South Africa.(10 Marks)

21. (a) Identify three problems which European colonialists in Africa faced in the second half of the 19th century. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six effects of the Lozi collaboration with the British. (12 Marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. (a) State three aims of the League of Nations. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six reasons why the Axis powers were defeated. (12 Marks)

23. (a) State three social developments in Tanzania since independence. (3 Marks) (b) Explain six economic challenges in Tanzania since independence. (12 Marks)

24. (a) Identify three categories of members of parliament in Britain. (3 Marks) (b) Explain the duties of the prime minister in Britain. (12 Marks)

History & government GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAM

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERMENT PAPER I JULY/AUGUST 2016 MARKING SCHEME 1. Identify two disadvantages of written sources of information on history and government of Kenya. (2 Mks) - Relies on oral tradition and archeology to reconstructs. - Authors may omit essential information. - Authors may be biased. - Information may be misinterpreted by the reader - Limited to the literate - Written information may become obsolete - Some written information may be inaccessible/confidential government information. 2. Name the remaining Southern Cushitic speakers in Kenya. (1 Mk) Sanye/Dahallo. 3. Name two families that ruled Mombasa and Lamu on behalf of Oman rulers. (2 Mks) - Busaidi/Al-Busaidi. - Mazrui. - Nabahan 1x 2= 2 Mks) 4. Give two reasons why Christian missionaries established schools in Kenya during the 19th century. (2 Mks)

- To use them as centres for converting Africans to Christianity. - To train Catechists. - To teach basic literacy to Africans & enable them to read the bible. - To produce semi skilled manpower for the colonial government. - To civilize African /spread Western Civilization. 1 x 2 = 2 Mks) 5. State two categories of people eligible to become Kenya citizen through registration. (2 M ks) - A person married to a Kenyan citizen for at least 7 years. - A person who has lawfully resided in Kenya for a period of at least 7 years. - A child who is not a citizen but is adopted by a Kenyan citizen. 1 x 2 = 2 Mks 6. Give the main way in which Kiswahili promotes national unity in Kenya. (1 Mk) Enhances communication /interaction among Kenyans. 7. State one way in which citizens in Kenya participate in direct democracy. (1 Mk) - Referendum. - Initiative. - Recal/Plebiscite. 8. State one right of elderly persons in Kenya. (1 Mk) - To fully participate in affairs of the society. - To pursue their personal development. - To live a dignified life/respectful life. - To receive reasonable care and assistance from family and state. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 9. Name the treaty which marked the spheres of influence in East Africa in 1900 AD. (1 Mk) Second Aglo-German Agreement/Heligoland treaty. 1 x 1 = 1Mk 10. Apart from the Maasai name one other community in Kenya that collaborated with the British during the establishment of colonial rule. (1 Mk) The luhyia of Wanga. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 11. State two methods employed by the colonial government to acquire land for European settlers in Kenya. (2 Mks) - Use of force. - Signing agreements with Africans. - Legislation. - Exchanged land with gifts. - Alienation of African land. 12. Identify the political challenge the government of Daniel Arap Moi faced in 1982. (1 Mark) Attempted military camp. 13. Identify two ways in which the education sector in Kenya has benefited from Constituency Development Fund (CDF) - Construction of physical facilities in schools. - Giving bursaries to needy students. - Funding the establishment of secondary schools. 14. State two reasons why Harambee philosophy has lost its popularity. (2 Marks) - Misappropriation of harambee funds. - High poverty among Kenyans. - Negative attitude from the public due to forced contribution.

History & government - The rich also ask for Harambee making it’s loose it’s meaning. 1 x 2 = 2 Mks) 15. Name the highest court in Kenya. (1 Mk) The Supreme Court. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk. 16. Give two reasons why constituency boundaries should be reviewed from time to time in Kenya. (2 Mks) - To ensure effective representation. - To ensure equitable distribution of resources. 1 x 2 = 2 Mks

SECTION B. (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions form this section.

17. (a) Mention three religious functions of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. (3 Mks) - Presiding over religious ceremonies/offering sacrifices. - Blessing warriors before they went to war. - Predicted future events. - Was a rainmaker. - Consulted during times of calamities. - Was the Chief medicineman. 1 x 2 = 2 Mks (b) Explain six economic activities of the Maasai during the pre-colonial period. (12 Mks) - Nomadic pastoralism, kept cattle, sheep, goats. - Trading with neighbouring communities of Agikuyu,Kalenji & Taita. They exchanged animal products & red ochre with grains. - Iron smelting – made ornaments & other iron implements such as arrow heads & spear heads. - Practical mining e.g. mined salt, iron & red ochre. - Crop farming e.g. kwavi cultivated vegetables & fruits. - Handcrafts e.g. made pots & weaved baskets & leather items such as sandals. - They hunted wild animals and gathered fruits, herbs & roots. - Cattle raiding. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks 18. (a) State three grievances that the Asians presented in the Devonshire White paper of 1923. (3 Mks) - Wanted to own land in the white highlands. - Wanted ban on their immigration lifted. - Wanted equal rights & opportunities with Europeans. - To be allowed to use European markets in Nairobi. - Increased representation in the legco. 1 x 3 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six effects of Devonshire White paper of 1923. (12 Mks) - Indians were denied settlement in the white highlands. - It favoured Africans and angered both Europeans and Asians. - Africans were recognized as the natives of Kenyan land. - Increased rivalry between Asians and Europeans. - Dr Arther a missionary appointed to represent African in the legco. - Failed to resolve African land and labour issues. - Saved Kenya from becoming a white dominion like South Africa or Zimbambwe. - Increased African political awareness hence started forming political associations. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks

19. (a) State five problems faced by nationalist in Kenya during the struggle for independence. (5 Mks) - Arrest and detention of nationalists. - Disagreements among leaders. - Inadequate finances. - Ban on political associations. - Restriction of political activities. - Ignorance/Lack of political awareness among the public. - Denial of mass media access. - Lack of co-operation among communities/ethnicity. 1 x 5 = 5 Mks) (b) Explain five factors which hastened the achievement of Independence in Kenya between 1945 and 1963. (10 Mks) - The return of the ex-servicemen from the Second World War. - Change of government from the conservative to labour party in Britain. - Establishment of political parties by Africans. - The mau mau uprising pressurized the British government to speed up granting of independence. - Nomination and election of African to the legco. - Trade unions which mobilized workers to fight for their rights. - Return of Jomo Kenyatta from United Kingdom in 1946. - Attainment of independence by Indian & Ghana. - Formation of UNO which pressurized the European counties to decolonize. - Independent schools & churches created political awareness. 2 x 5 = 10 Mks

History & government 20. (a) State three roles played by Wangari Maathai in the promotion of Women’s welfare in Kenya. (3 Mks) - Inspired many women to join the campaign to better their situation thro’ her campaigns and agitations. - Served as chairperson of the National Council of women of Kenya. - Encouraged women to conserve environment by planting trees. - Used Green Belt movement to provide women on information about family planning, Nutrition & leadership. - Her successful election to parliament inspired others to take up leadership positions. (b) Explain six contributions of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (12 Mks) - Mobilized the Luo to join Kenya African Union (KAU). - Was elected to the legco to represent central Nyanza in 1957. - Participated information of AEMO & became its chairman. - Attended the first Lancaster House conference where they discussed frame work for independence. - Was elected vice president of KANU upon its formation in 1960. - Attended second Lancaster House conference in 1962 which drew up the independence constitution. - He led to formation of Kenya independent movement which was a splinter group for AEMO. - Appointed the vice president and minister for home affairs in 1964. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks

SECTION C. Answer any two questions from this section. 21. (a) Identify three ways in which conflict can be prevented in Kenya. (3 Mks) - Good leadership/governance. - Respecting other people’s rights & freedom. - Having a good constitution. - Free & fair electoral process. - Equitable/fair distribution of resources. - Maintenance of law & order. 1 x 3 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six factors that promote National unity in Kenya. (12 Mks) - Constitution guarantees equality of Kenyans before the law. - Education, ie common curriculum & National examinations in schools. - National language, Kiswahili enables citizens to interact. - Social – economic activities such as trade, sports and intermarriage. - Urbanisation brings people from – different ethnic groups together. - Equal distribution of resources/employment opportunities. - The presidency – one president for the whole country. - Symbols of national unity eg National flag, Anthem, National seal. - National philosophies eg Harambee, Nyayoism and African Socialism. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks 22. (a) State three compositions of the cabinet in Kenya. (3 Mks) - The president. - Deputy present. - Cabinet secretaries. - Attorney General 1 x 3 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six functions of cabinet in Kenya. (12 Mks) - Appear before the committee of National Assembly or senate to answer questions pertaining to various state departments. - Assist & advice the president on day to day running of the government. - Ensure that the civil servants implement government policy. - Give full and regular report to parliament concerning matters under their control. - Outline guidelines on Kenya’s domestic & foreign policy. - Holds discussions on matters of national and international importance. - Explain government policy. - Formulates and prepares budgets and present it to the National Assembly. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks 23. (a) State three qualifications for one to be nominated to contest a county elective post. (3 Mks) - Must be a registered voter. - Satisfy educational, moral, and ethical requirements prescribed by the constitution or an act of parliament. - Nominated by a registered party/or be an independent candidate. 1 x 3 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six roles of a returning officer in an election in Kenya. (12 Mks) - Distributes elections materials to the polling stations. - Receives nomination papers from candidates. - Supervises the voting & counting of votes on the constituency. - Receives poll results from the polling stations. - Tallies and verify’s from the polling stations. - Appoints the presiding officers for polling stations in the constituency. - Announcing results of parliamentary elections. 2 x 6 = 12 Mks

History & government GATUNDU SUB COUNTY FORM FOUR 2016 EVALUATION EXAMINATION

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT. PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 MARKING SCHEME. SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Give one reason why Homo Habilis was referred to able man. (1 Mk) - Because he had the ability to make tools. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 2. State two methods used by early man to find food during the early Stone Age period. (2 Mks) - Gathering fruits/vegetables. - Hunting animals. - Digging up roots. - Fishing. Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began. (1 Mk) - The broad casting method. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 4. Identify the main trade item in the triangular trade. (1 Mk) - Slaves. 5. Give one invention that revolutionized food preservation during the 19th century. (1 Mk) - Canning process. - Pasteurisation process - Refrigeration process. 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 6. Give one importance of the Odwira festival in the ancient kingdom. (1 Mk) - It promoted unity of the people. - It brought the king together to pledge loyalty to Asantehenne or emperor. - It provided opportunity for the Kings to settle disputes. - It provided an opportunity for the Kings to honour the dead. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 7. Give two social factors that caused the scramble for Africa. (2 Mks) - To settle the surplus population - To gain national prestige. - To protect the missionaries 8. Name two missionary societies which worked in Western Africa in the 19th century. (2 Mks) - Base missionary society (BMS) - Church \missionary society (CMS) - Presbyterians. - Bremen Missionary society (BMS) - Methodists. 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 9. What is the difference between the scramble and partition of Africa in the 19th century? (2 Mks) - The scramble was the struggle by Africa whereas partition was sharing/dividing up of Africa into European sphere of influence. (2 mks) 10. Name two leaders of the Maji Maji rebellion. (2 Mks) - Kijitikile Ngwale. - Abdalla Mpanda. - Ngamea. 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 11. Give two reasons why the British used direct rule in Zimbabwe. (2 Mks) - They had enough personnel. - They wanted to take direct control of the economy especially mining. - To ensure complete control of African communities. - Traditional administration had been destroyed by the Chimurenga wars. 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 12. Mention one Alliance that was formed before the out-break of the First World War. (1 Mk) - Tripple Alliance. - Tripple Entente. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 13. Mention the role played by the USA in ending the Second World War. (1 Mk) - Bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. 1 x 1 = 1 Mk 14. State two development strategies highlighted in the Arusha Declaration of 1967. (2 Mks) - Self – reliance. - Ujamaa (socialism) to cultivate unity among the people. - Avoidance of discrimination of all forms. - Nationalisation. 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 15. Identify two conditions that one must fulfill to become a senator in the USA. (2 Mks) - Be at least 30 years of age. - Must have been an American citizen for at least 9 years. Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks

History & government 16. Identify two roles of the Union parliament in India. (2 Mks) - Legislation/making law. - Can impeach the president. - Removal judge of Supreme Court and \High court chief election commissioner and controller and auditor general from office. - Declares and sanctions the establishment of national highways and water ways. - In charge of security, law and order for the union. - Can initiate constitutional amendment. Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks 17. Name the House of congress that approved all presidential appointments to the Cabinet in the USA. (1 Mk) - Senate 1 x 1 = 1 Mk SECTION B. (45 MARKS) 18. (a) State three ways employed by the early man to domesticate animals. (3 Mks) - Sparing some of the captured animals - Protecting some of the animals from their predictors. - Tending sick and injured animals that he came across. - Sheltering some of the animals and providing them with shelter and food. 3 x 1 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six problems associated with open field of farming. (12 Mks) - Land was not fully utilized which lowered production. - There was wastage of land due to cart trucks and foot paths that crisscrossed the land. - Ploughing the fallow fields and leaving them idle was a waste of labour and time. - Families had to walk long distances to reach their fields since pieces or land were scattered all over as land was divided into portions and strips. - Getting hay for winter breeding was not easy making the farmers to slaughter the animals during autum. - Selective breeding was not easy to practice due to common grazing fields. - The system discouraged livestock rearing due to common grazing field which resulted into easy spread of livestock diseases. Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks 19. (a) State five limitations of animal transport. (5 Mks) - It is limited to day time. - Animals suffer poor health /Attacks by wild animals. - It has limited carrying capacity. - Some animals are stubborn. - Rugged terrain/Extreme weather conditions hamper movement of animals. - It is slow/time consuming. - It can only travel a short distance. Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks (b) Explain five social effects of industrial revolution in Europe. (10 Mks) - It led to rural urban migration in search of employment in the Industries. - Severe gender inequality as men took advantages position s than women. - Rise of social classes in Europe as the rich industrialists accumulated more wealth and the poor got exploited. - Increase in demand for social services provided by hotels, post offices, banking and Insurance companies. - Outbreak of diseases due to increased pollution. - Poor sanitation and refuse disposal as wastes were released to the environment. - Increase in levels of unemployment due to high number of people seeking job opportunities. - Poor housing due to high influx of people into towns. Any 5 x 2 = 10 Mks 20. (a) Identify five methods used by the nationalists in South Africa against apartheid regime. (5 Mks) - Negotiation - The church - Diplomacy - Mass action. - Hunger Strikes - Peaceful demonstrations. - Formation of political parties. Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks (b) Explain five factors that had led to the rise of nationalization in South Africa. - Christian teachings which upheld the ideals of equality hence encouraged the Africans to fight for the same. - Alienation of Africans from their land by Afrikaner government that rendered Africans hopeless. - Influence of Pan Africanist who encouraged them to fight for equality. - Exploitation of African labourers due discriminative regulations and laws - Development of urban centres that made Africans to develop a cross interethnic relations that gave strength - Participation in World War II expected ex-soldiers to democratic ideas after discovering that European superiority was just a myth. - Racial discrimination due to apartheid laws of 1948 strengthened the Africans resolve to fight for freedom. - Presence of educated elite who spearheaded liberation struggle. Any 5 x 2 = 10 Mks 21. (a) Identify three problems which European colonialists in Africa faced in the second half of the 19th century. (3 Mks) - Attack by tropical diseases. - Language barrier - Resistance/hostility from African communities.

History & government - Lack of means of transport and communication. - Shortage of food and medicine. 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) (b) Explain six effects of the Lozi collaboration with the British. (12 Mks) - Land alienation by the British. - Loss of independence. - Lewanika and other Lozi Chiefs retained their traditional positions and were used in colonial administration. - Lewanika was given protection against traditional enemy the Ndebele. - The British used Barotseland to conquer and colonize their neighbours. - The Lozi obtained material gains e.g. clothes, education and modern medicine. - The British initiated infrastructural development in Barotseland since they build roads and telephone lines. 6 x 2 = 12 Mks SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer two questions from this section. 22. (a) State three aims of the League of Nations. (3 Mks) - To prevent another heavy from breaking out by settling international disputes before they got out of hand. - Maintain peace through collective security. Members to act together to restrain the aggressor through economic or military sanctions. - To solve global economic and social problem through international co-operation. - To promote and respect the sovereignty of member states. - To work towards disarmament and discourage production of weapons of mass destruction. 3 x 1 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six reasons why the Axis powers were defeated. (12 Mks) - Shortage of resources e.g. human finances and raw materials. - The Allies had massive resources to sustain them in long drawn near. They had m any supporters & outnumbered the Axis power. - They were stretched beyond their capacity. The Germans troops were thinly spread in the Eastern from Western front and African front. Japan had a small Island in Asian front. - The Allies established an air and Naval superiority which checked the swift attacks of Germany. - They had made tactical mistakes which turned out to be costly e.g. Hitler campaign in Russia and Germany. Concentrated on production V – Rockets at the expense of Jet air crafts. - Some territories allied to Germany turned against her and joined the Allies e.g. Italy and other territories conquered by Germany joined the Allies in order to liberate themselves from Germany. 6 x 2 = 12 Mks 23. (a) State three social developments in Tanzania since independence. (3 Mks) - Expansion of primary, secondary and university education. The education system and curriculum was charged to incorporate traditional values. - Health facilities have improved in the rural areas. - Freedom of worship. 3 x 1 = 3 Mks (b) Explain six economic challenges in Tanzania since independence. (12 Mks) - Wide gap between the poor and the rich - The Arusha Declaration fared several problems eg people resisted vigilization where the climate was hostile reducing agricultural production. - Producers reverted to black market where prices were better compared to the cooperatives. - Farmers lacked farming autonomy forcing foreign investors to leave the country. - Fluctuation of prices of produce affected the economy. - Shortage of donor funds caused programmes to fail. - Mwinyis reforms on rebilation. - The collapse of East African community in 1977, denied TZ large common market for goods. - Salary reduction, having one job not enganging in private enterprises and enlisting in the youth service was resisted by elite. - There has been scartity of resources and poor infrastructure. 6 x 2 = 12 Mks 24. (a) Identify three categories of members of parliament in Britain. (3 Mks) - Members elected by universal suttrage. - Members nominated by the monarch. - Hereditary peers. - Senior statesmen/knighted peers/lite peers. - Senior leaders of the Church of England. Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks (b) Explain the duties of the prime minister in Britain. (12 Mks) - Appoints/Dismisses Ministers with the content of the Monarch. - Recommends to the Monarch the appointment of high ranking offices in the government of civil honours. - Chairs cabinet meetings. - Settles disputes between various government Ministries/Departments. - Heads of government. - Oversees the implementation of cabinet decisions. - Leads the House of Commons. - The prime Minister with the support of parliament can change, amend and repeal laws. - Represents the country in international forums/conferences. 6 x 2 = 12 Mks

History & government NANDI EAST/TINDERET SECONDARY SCHOOLS EXAMINATION (NETSSE) 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 Pre - mock SECTION A (25 MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION 1. Identify two species of early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya. (2 marks) 2. What impact did the Southern Cushites have on other Kenyan communities? (1 mark) 3. Name the original homeland of the plain Nilotes of Kenya. (1mark) 4. Identify the main result of the encounter between the Coastal Bantu and the Oromo (1 mark) 5. What was the basic unit of political organization of the pre-colonial African communities in Kenya? (1 mark) 6. Identify two functions of the Kambi of Mijikenda. (2 marks) 7. State two evidences which show that the Chinese visited the Coast of East Africa during the Middle Age as traders. (2 marks) 8. Identify two newspapers which published African grievances up to 1943. (2 marks) 9. Identify two ordinances that were passed by the colonial government to govern the distribution and use of land in Kenya. (2 marks) 10. Name the treaty that retained British EastAfrica protectorate as a British territory. (1mark) 11. Identity the incident that promoted the declaration of the state of emergency in Kenya in October 1852. (1 mark) 12. Why did the Asian business community living in Kenya during the colonial period give moral and financial support to freedom fighters? (1 mark) 13. Give one reason why Karuri wa Gakure collaborated with the British. (1mark) 14. Highlight two agricultural reforms that were introduced by the Swynerton plan of 1954 in Kenya. (2 marks) 15. Sate two sources from which the principles of African Socialism are derived. (2 marks) 16. Name any two settlement schemes that were established by the Kenyan government in the former European farms. (2 marks) 17. State one instance where a person who is not a police officer or army officer can take the life of another person into his own hands. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

18. (a) State any five economic activities of the Borana in the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. 19. (a) Give three reasons which caused the decline of the Coastal City States of the 18th century. (3 marks) (b) Explain the results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast. (12 marks) 20. (a) Give five reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British in the 19th century. (5 marks) (b) Explain five consequences of the Maasai collaboration. (10 marks) 21. (a) Give three importances of Jua Klai industries established by Independent Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges that Kenya encounters in its efforts to industrialization. (2 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION. 22. (a) Give five situations that can make registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five challenges faced by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries commission of Kenya. (10 marks) 23. (a) State five functions of the secretary to the cabinet Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five ways through which Kenyan parliament exercises control over the executive earn of the government. (10 marks) 24. (a) Name three types of cases handled by the judiciary in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six functions of the supreme court. (12 marks)

History & government NANDI EAST/TINDERET SECONDARY SCHOOLS EXAMINATION (NETSSE) 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 Pre - mock SECTION A (25 MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION 1. Define the term History. (1 mark) 2. State two physical characteristics of the Australopithecines. (2 marks) 3. Identify the main item of trade during the Trans-Atlantic trade. (1 mark) 4. Identify two factors that make Africa to be regarded as the cradle of mankind. (2 marks) 5. State two factors that make the camel as good desert peak animal. (2 marks) 6. Identify two reasons for the development of crop and livestock domestication. (2 marks) 7. Name two vehicles without wheels that were used in early transport (2 marks) 8. State two uses of gold in Benin. (2 marks) 9. Which scientific invention of the 20th century has led to a reduction of death rates? (1 mark) 10. State two factors for the development of the Buganda Kingdom. (2 marks) 11. Give one function of Cairo. (1 mark) 12. Identify two leaders who were founder members of Non-aligned movement (2 marks) 13. Name one African leader during the Maji maji resistance to German rule. (1 mark) 14. State the immediate cause of the 2nd World war. (1 mark) 15. State two challenges faced by South African Nationalists during their struggle for independence. (2 marks) 16. Why was the USA reluctant to join the 1st World War.? (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

17. (a) State three limitations of Anthropology as a source of information on History and Government. (3 marks) (b) Explain six importance of studying History. (12marks) 18. (a) Mention three sources of energy that were used in the 2nd phase of the industrial revolution. (3 marks) (b) Discuss six factors that facilitated the Industrial revolution in the United States of America. (12 marks) 19. (a) Outline three economic reasons for the scramble ad partition of Africa. (3 marks) (b) Explain why Africans resistance failed. (12 marks) 20. (a) Name three engineers who made significant contribution towards modern road transport. (3 marks) (b) Explain six negative impacts of telecommunication today. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION.

21. (a) Why did Lugard use indirect rule in Nigeria. (5 marks) (b) What were the effects of indirect rule in Nigeria? (10 marks) 22. (a) Name five permanent members of the UN. (5 marks) (b) Explain five challenges facing the Economic Community of West African States. (10 marks) 23. (a) State three factors that enabled the allies to win the 2nd World War. (3 marks) (b) Explain six political results of the Second World War (12 marks)

History & government NANDI EAST/TINDERET SECONDARY SCHOOLS EXAMINATION (NETSSE) 2016 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 SECTION A (25 MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION 1. Identify two species of early man whose remains were discovered in Kenya. (2 marks)  Dryopithecus Africanus(Pro-consul)  Kenyapithecus(Ramapithecus)&Australopithecus(Zinjanthropus) 2. What impact did the Southern Cushites have on other Kenyan communities? (1 mark)  Introduced:  Taboos against fish consumption among Bantu groups  Age-set organisations  Circumcision and clitoridectomy.  Manuring of land  Cattle breeding  Milking of cattle  Irrigation of land 1×1=1 mk 3. Name the original homeland of the plain nilotes of Kenya. (1mark)  Lake Turkana region. 4. Identify the main result of the encounter between the Coastal Bantu and the Oromo (1 mark)  It led to the dispersal of the bantu from Shungwaya 1×1=1 mk 5. What was the basic unit of political organization of the pre-colonial African communities in Kenya? (1mark)  Clan 6. Identify two functions of the Kambi of Mijikenda. (2 marks)  Acted as the court of appeal  Settled disputes in the community  Conducted religious ceremonies  Declared war on aggressive neighbours  Negotiated peace settlements. 7. State two evidences which show that the Chinese visited the Coast of East Africa during the Middle Age as traders. (2 marks)  Chinese coins dating as early as 700AD  Many fragments of Chinese pottery 8. Identify two newspapers which published African grievances up to 1943. (2 marks)  Coastal African express  Sauti ya Mwafrika  Muigwithania  East African chronicles 9. Identify two ordinances that were passed by the colonial government to govern the distribution and use of land in Kenya. (2 marks)  Indian land Acquisition Act,1896  Land regulations,1897  Crown land ordinance,1902  The 1915 ordinance  Land commission,1924  Morris carter Land Commission 0f 1932 10. Name the treaty that retained British East Africa protectorate as a British territory. (1 mark)  The 1890 Anglo-German Agreement (Helgoland Treaty) 11. Identity the incident that promoted the declaration of the state of emergency in Kenya in October 1852. (1 mark)  They suffered oppression from Europeans just like the Africans who were fighting for Independence. 12. Why did the Asian business community living in Kenya during the colonial period give moral and financial support to freedom fighters? (1 mark)  He had been working as a porter to earn a living  He wanted to trade with the British. 13. Give one reason why Karuri wa Gakure collaborated with the British. (1mark)  Introduced special training and research centres for Agricultural, veterinary, forest and water development.  Introduced land consolidation and registration of African land  Introduced enclosure system to African farming due to individual land ownerships  Provision of title deeds to African Land owners 14. Highlight two agricultural reforms that were introduced by the Swynerton plan of 1954 in Kenya. (2 marks)  Introduced special training and research centres for agricultural, veterinary, forest and water development.

History & government  Introduced land consolidation and registration of African land.  Introduced enclosure system to African farming due to individual land ownerships  Provision of title deeds to African land owners. 15. Sate two sources from which the principles of African Socialism are derived. (2 marks)  Traditional African practices  Values that were held in high esteem by traditional societies  Virtues borrowed from both capitalism and communism 16. Name any two settlement schemes that were established by the Kenyan government in the former European farms. (2 marks)  The million –acre settle African families  The Harambee scheme- for squatters in central 17. State one instance where a person who is not a police officer or army officer can take the life of another person into his own hands. (1 mark) When defending one’s property against violent attacks

SECTION B(45 MARKS) ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION 18. (a) State any five economic activities of the Borana in the pre-colonial period. (5 marks)  They practiced pastoralism  Some of the Borana practiced agriculture by growing millet, sorghum, cassava and vegetables along River Tana  They were wood cravers and made items such as bowls, stools, mortars and pestles  They practiced basket weaving and pottery making.  They practiced iron working and made spears, knives, swords, axes and daggers  Fishing was an important economic activity among the Borana.  They traded with neighbours such as mijikenda and the pokomo. (b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks)  They had decentralized system of government  The society was clan-based  The clan comprised of related families  The council of elders settled disputes  They developed an age-set system  The introduction of Islam changed the political system of the Somali. They had Sheikhs as community leaders. 19. (a) Give three reasons which caused the decline of the Coastal City States of the 18th century. (3 marks)  The Portuguese conquest of the coast.  Regular wars caused a deterioration of trade  Supplies of gold, ivory and other goods were steadily exhausted  The British also entered the scene and steadily increased their control of the region (b) Explain the results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast. (12 marks)  Plantation Agriculture was developed  Both local and long-distance trade were expanded  Caravan routes helped in opening up the interior  Old urban centres like Mombasa and Malindi expanded as new ones sprung up especially in the interior.  Caravan routes later became a basis for both roads and railway lines  A number of wealthy African merchants emerged such as chief Kivoi of Akamba  Slavery and slave trade increased.  The Indian rupees was introduced as a currency by local Indians Banyans(merchants)  The Wanga and Buganda kingdoms expanded through the acquisition and use of firearms that the Arab and Swahili traders supplied.  Islam was introduced into parts of the interior. 20. (a)Give five reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British in the 19th century. ( marks)  The maasai had already been weakened by numerous human and cattle disease like cholera, pneumonia and small pox.  They had been affected by natural calamities e.g. prolonged drought and locust invasion.  High death toll brought about by natural calamities such as severe famine.  The emergence of the Nandi as a strong power which had adverse implications on the Maasai economic and military power.  The maasaio had engaged in civil wars for half a century  The differences between Sendeyo and Lenana sought help from the British to fight his brother Sendeyo.  Lenana wanted to consolidate his kingdom  The maasai wanted to get their women back who had been left in custody of the Agikuyu were refusing to surrender them.  The maasai realized it was fruitless fight the British after the Kedong Massacre (b) Explain five consequences of the Maasai collaboration. (10 marks)  Lenana was recognized as paramount chief

History & government  The Maasai were divided into two, purko and kwavi  Led to land alienation and creation of the Likipia and Ngong reserves  It curtailed the Maasai freedom to conduct their rituals.  There was total disruption of their economy  The Maasai were rewarded with the cattle and grains confiscated from resulting communities.  The Maasai lost their Independence  Some were hired as mercenaries against the Nandi and Agikuyu  Disrupted their cultural practices. 21. (a) Give three importance of Jua Kali industries established by Independent Kenya.(3 mks)  Created employment opportunities  Encouraged recycling of scrap metals.  Product export earn Kenya foreign exchange  Improve people’s standards of living (b) Explain six challenges that Kenya encounters in its efforts to industrialization. (6marks)  Most multinational corporations repatriate capital to their home countries instead of investing it in Kenya.  Many large companies use imported materials for their operations e.g. motor vehicles manufacturers  The senior managerial positions of most large farms are taken up by foreigners who pass policies that are not friendly to Kenya.  Mismanagement of major industries leads to their collapse e.g. the Kenya Meat Commission was revived in 2006 after it collapsed in the 1980’s.  The Kenya industrial estate lacks finances to support entrepreneurs.  Competition from goods originating from the developed countries which are also of more quality.  Small domestic market due to low purchasing power

SECTION C (30 MARKS) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION. 22. (a)Give five situations that can make registered voter to be denied the right to vote in Kenya. (5 marks)  When one is of unsound mind.  When one presents himself/herself in a constituency where one is not registered  When one is discovered to have registered twice.  When one does not have a national ID on the voting day.  When one’s name does not appear in the voters register.  When one is time barred/late. (b) Explain five challenges faced by the Independent Electoral and Boundaries commission of Kenya. (10 marks)  Electoral officials who are partisans  Inefficient distribution of electoral materials.  Harassment of voters.  Extreme weather conditions during voting period e.g. rainy, muddy or floods.  Some voters are illiterate  Use of negative propaganda by party members and supporters  Insufficient funds to by and transport ballot boxes  Bribery of voters  Incompetent election officials  Rigging  Lack of independence of the commission. 23. (a)State five functions of the secretary to the cabinet Kenya. (5 marks)  To carry out cabinet orders and directions  Takes minutes of the cabinet meeting.  To circulate the agenda for cabinet meeting discussion.  To inform the government what the cabinet had discussed  Keeps records and minutes of the cabinet. (b) Explain five ways through which Kenyan parliament exercises control over the executive earn of the government. (10 mks)  Approves sources of the government revenue  Ministers are accountable to parliament for their actions. They answer questions in parliament.  Public Accounts Committee scrutinizes government expenditure and censors individual institutions that have not followed laid down procedures.  Only parliament has the power to legislate the bills preferred by the cabinet and its decisions are binding.  Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the government.  Parliament has to approve government expenditure before funds can be released to various government ministries.  Parliament can limit the powers of the executive through amendment of the constitution.

History & government 24. (a)Name three types of cases handled by the judiciary in Kenya. (3 marks)  Criminal cases  Civil cases  Election cases (b) Explain six functions of the supreme court.(12 mks)  To hear and determine disputes relating to presidential elections  To hear and determine appeals from the court of Appeal.  To hear and determine appeals from any other court or tribunal  To give legal advise to the national government, any state organ or a county government.  To regulate the operations of the other courts.  The supreme court serves as a constitutional court

History & government NANDI EAST/TINDERET SECONDARY SCHOOLS EXAMINATION (NETSSE) 2016 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 SECTION A (25 MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION 1. Define the term History. (1 mark)  The study of man’s past chronological account and record of events and development in relation to his environment. 2. State two physical characteristics of the Australopithecines. (2 marks)  The upright posture with bipedal gait has a huge jaw, hairy body, oval head, deep set eyes. 3. Identify the main item of trade during the transatlantic trade. (1 mark)  slave 4. Identify two factors that make Africa to be regarded as the cradle of mankind (2 marks)  Presence of many old archaeological sites.  The presences of all-season rivers.  The warm tropical climate that was conducive  The presence of the savannah grasslands for hunting. 5. State two factors that make the camel as good desert peak animal. (2 marks)  It can stay for long without food and water.  Its ability to eat and digest a variety of vegetation.  It doesn’t sweat so it doesn’t lose water from the body.  It has tuck far that protest it from the hot desert sun during the day and the cold night climate.  The feet are adapted to walking in the sun.  It has along neck that can easily feed on desert vegetation. 6. Identify two reasons for the development of crop and livestock domestication. (2 marks)  Nature could no longer provide for the ever growing population.  Insecurity during hunting  Hunting could be affected by weather conditions  Increasing competition between man and animal predators over food.  Overhunting had depleted animal stocks.  Sometimes natural calamities could drive way or kill animals.  Economically animals and plants were domesticated to provide clothing, food transport and security. 7. Name two vehicles without wheels that were used in early transport (2 marks)  The sledge/sleigh  The trarois  The sedan chair 8. State two uses of gold in Benin. (2 marks)  A trade item  A measure of wealth  To make sacred statues 9. Which scientific invention of the 20th century has led to a reduction of death rates? (1 mark)  Grouping of blood land steiner in 1900  x-ray by Roengen  penicillin,and antibiotic by Alexender Flemming.  Polio vaccine by Jonas Edward.  Transplant surgery by Dr.Christian Benard 10. State two factors for the development of the Buganda Kingdom. (2 marks)  The royal fire.  The mwari cult 11. Give one function of Cairo. (1 mark)  A trading centre for wines, oil, wool, ceramics and agricultural products.  Cultural and arts centre with centre theater halls and Historical centres  An educational centre with educational institutions.  A religious centre. where gods and goddesses were centred and later the Greek Orthodox Church.  Administrative centre.  Centre of transport and communication.  Industrial centre. 12. Identify two leaders who were founder members of Non-aligned movement (2 marks)  Jawaharlal Nehry of India.  Kwame Nkurumah of Ghana  Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt

History & government  Chou En-hai of China.  Sukarno of Indonesia  Marshal Ahmed Tito of Yugoslavia. 13. Name one African leader during the Maji maji resistance to German rule. (1 mark)  Kinjekitile Ngwale  Addalla Mpanda  Ngamea 14. State the immediate cause of the 2nd World war. (1 mark)  The invasion of Polland by German. 15. State two challenges faced by South African Nationalists during their struggle for independence. (2 marks)  Inadequate funds to finance their activities.  Harassment by the colonial apartheid regime.  Outlawing/banning of African political parties.  Denial of access to state media of African nationalists.  Restriction on their movements using pass laws  Arresting detaining and jailing of African nationalists. 16. Why was the USA reluctant to join the 1st World War. (1 mark)  Desire to abide by terms of Monroe doctrine of 1823 which forbid her from interfering in European affairs.  Fear of revolt by her citizens of Germany origin.  Fear of an outbreak of civil war between Americans of German decent and those of other European nationalities.  The war had not interfered with the USA’s interests-until 1916. SECTION B 17. (a)State three limitations of Anthropology as a source of information on History and Government. (3 marks)  It is expensive because it involves living among the people  It is time consuming to learn and study a people.  The researcher may be affected by the climatic conditions. (Any 3 points=3 marks) (b) Explain six importance of studying History. (12marks)  To appreciate our achievements and learn our failures in the past  Develop and critical mind as we try to explain historical events.  To learn our culture and other people.  To acquire intellectual fulfillment.  To help us in selecting our careers.  To know the origin of man and the developments that has been made to date.  To develop a critical mind while explaining historical events.  To develop patriotism and nationalism through inspirations from past developments. 18. (a)Mention three sources of energy that were used in the 2nd phase of the industrial revolution. (3 marks)  Steam energy  Hydroelectric energy  Atomic energy  Solar energy (b) Discuss six factors that facilitated the Industrial revolution in the United States of America. (12 marks)  The existence of both mineral and agricultural resources eg.iron.  The availability of cheap energy sources such as petroleoum.  The availability of a well-developed transport network  Adequate food production as a result of the agrarian revolution.  Availability of able leaders such as Roosevelt.  Availability of financial institutions such as banks, cooperative societies.  Availability of enterprising enterpreneurs such as Henry Ford.  Availability of a large population which provided labour and a market for the industrial goods.  The adoption of a free investment economy of privatization and capitalization (Any well explained points=12 mks) 19. (a)Outline three economic reasons for the scramble ad partition of Africa. (3 marks)  Search for investment grounds for their simple finance.  Search for raw materials.  Search for market for their industrial goods. (any 3 points=3 mks) (b) Explain why African resistance failed.(12 marks)  They had inferior arms and ammunition compared to the Europeans  Natural calamities such a diseases and floods affected their operations.  Disunity among the African communities.  They had poorly trained soldiers compared to the Europeans.  Poor coordination of their activities due to poor leadership.  The arrest, detention and deportation of their leaders demoralized the fighters. (Any 6 well explained points=12 marks)

History & government 20. (a)Name three engineers who made significant contribution towards modern road transport. (3 marks)  John Macadam(1756-1836)  John Metcalf (1717-1810)  John Wade(1673-1748)  Thomas Telford(1757-1834)  Isamabard Brunei(1806-1859) (Any 3 points=3 marks) (b) Explain six negative impacts of telecommunication today. (12 marks)  The use in global crime such as terrorism  It has promoted addiction making it counterproductive.  It has led to noise pollution  It has revolutionalized warfare where some weapons can be coordinated electronically.  It has led to the evotion of moral values by promoting violence and pornography.  It has subjected people to radioactive rays that are disastrous to their health.  It is expensive to acquires and maintain electronic machines. (Any 6 well explained points=12 marks) SECTION C 21. (a)Why did Lugard use indirect rule in Nigeria. (5marks)  Inadequate personnel to take up administrative positions.  Inadequate funds to administer the large region.  It reduced total resistance because it employed the use of native teachers  It had succeeded in Uganda and India(Any 3 points =3 marks) (b) What were the effects of indirect rule in Nigeria. (10 marks)  The change role of African chiefs who recruited their subjects to work on European farms.  African chiefs accumulated a lot of wealth at the expense of their people.  Africans lost their independence.  African culture was preserved to a large extend.  The Emirs in the North became very powerful due to the support of the British  It led to the use of African nationalism.  Introductionof law courts in the South brought law and order  The North lagged behind in development as missionaries were not allowed to operate there. (6 well explained points=12 marks) 22. (a)Name five permanent members of the UN. (5 marks)  Britain  The United State of America.  France  China  Rusia (5 points=5 marks) (b) Explain five challenges facing the Economic Community of West African States. (10 marks)  Poor coordination of their activities because of the vastness of the region covered by members states.  Poor transport and communication among member states makes trade ineffective  Ideological difference between the Francophone and Anglophone countries  Border disputes among members states eg. Nigeria and Cameroon.  Divided loyalty where its members are also members of other international organizations.  Political instability among member countries interferes with their activities (inadequate funds to finance then activities of the organization (5 well explained points=10 marks) 23. (a)State three factors that enabled the allies to win the 2nd World War. (3 marks)  They had a large army than the allies  The entry of USA on the side of the allies  They had more raw materials than the powers.  The allies had the most powerful weapons such as the atomic bombs.  USA recovered her losses and attacked Japan (Any 3 points×1=3) (b) Explain six political results of the Second World War (12 marks)  The formation of the UN to promote and maintain international peace and security.  The division of Germany in two East and West Germany.  The creation of the state of Israel to concentrate the Jews who had been scattered by the Nazi persecution.  The rise of IUSA nad USSR as world super powers.  The enhancement of decolonization by killing the myth of European superiority.  The participation of USA in European affairs through the introduction of the marshal plan.  The production of weapons of mass destruction such as the atomic bombs.  The cold war which was accompanied by the arms race between USA &USSR. (Any 6 well explained points=12 marks)

History & government RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 hours SECTION A: (25 MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Identify one role of Greco-Romans in the recreation of the history of Kenya. (1 mark) 2. Give two examples of the early inhabitants of Kenya. (2 marks) 3. State the importance of Shungwaya to the history of Eastern Bantu of Kenya. (1 mark) 4. Identify one community in Kenya that was ruled by a king during the pre-colonial Kenya. (1 mark) 5. Mention two ruling dynasties that contested the Oman control of the Kenyan coast in the 18th century. (2 marks) 6. Name one leader of the imperial British East African company apart from William Mackinon. (1 mark) 7. Name two methods used by the Akamba to respond to the imposition of British colonial rule in Kenya (2 marks) 8. State one economic effect of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 (2 marks) 9. Identify one grievance of the Indians during the colonial government. (1 mark) 10. State two impacts of the independent schools in Kenya before 1950. (2 marks) 11. State the main reason why KADU split from KANU after the 1st Lancaster House Conference. (1 mark) 12. Give two reasons why the African Elected Member’s organization rejected Lennox Boyd constitution in 1958. (2 marks) 13. Identify two major constitutional changes that were effected in 1964 in Kenya. (2 marks) 14. Give two ways through which indirect democracy is exercised in Kenya today. (2 mark) 15. Name the court in Kenya that is charged with handling presidential election petition. (1 mark) 16. Identify one type of Bill in the National Assembly of Kenya. (1 mark) 17. Name the head of the Executive of the government of Kenya. (1 mark) SECTION B: (45 MARKS) ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS 18. (a) Give five results of the migration and settlement of the Teso during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Explain five roles of Nchuri Ncheke of the Ameru during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19. a) Give five reasons why the British colonial government encouraged the Europeans to settle in Kenya 1939. (5 marks) b) Explain six ways through which the colonial government promoted settler farming in Kenya. (10 marks) 20. a) Identify five methods that the colonial government used to discourage the activities of Mau Mau Movement in Kenya. (5 marks) b) Explain five reasons why the Mau Mau Movement was able to last for a long time. (10 marks) 21. a) Give three social reasons for the coming of the Christian missionaries to the East African Coast by the mid-19th C (3 marks) (b) Explain six factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in Kenya (12 marks)

SECTION C: (30MARKS) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS 22. a) State three advantages of unwritten constitution. (3 marks) b) Explain six main features of the new constitution of Kenya of 2010 (12marks) 23. State five ways through which one can have his/her right of citizenship be revoked. (5marks) b) Explain five ways through which the Bill of rights protects the rights of the individuals. (10marks) 24. Name three categories of Kenya Defense Forces. (3 marks) b) Describe the challenges facing the National Police Service today. (12 marks)

History & government RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 ퟏ 2 hours ퟐ SECTION A (25 marks): Answer ALL The questions in this section 1. Identify two sources of information which historians rely on to write African pre-history. (2 marks). 2. State the main characteristics of the Stone Age era. (1 mark) 3. State the immediate cause of the second world war (1 mark). 4. Give two contributions of religion in the Maji Maji uprising (2 marks). 5. Name two countries that formed part of the central powers during the Second World War. (2 marks). 6. Mention one effect of triangular trade on African population. (1 mark). 7. Identify two types of print media (2 marks). 8. Give one way in which air transport has promoted agriculture. (1 mark). 9. State the main cause of the cold war. (1 mark). 10. State one social factor that lead to the rise of early urban centers in Africa. (1mark). 11. State two factors that influenced the Neolithic revolution (2 marks) 12. Mention the military wing of ECOWAS. (1 marks) 13. Which two methods were used by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for independence? (2 marks). 14. Identify two sub-groups of the Shona. (2 marks). 15. Who was the leader of British South Africa company (1 mark) 16. Identify one former colony of Germany in west Africa (1 mark) 17. Identify the main reason which made USA to join the Second World War. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS): Answer any three questions from this section.

18. (a) State FIVE ways in which agriculture changed the lives of the early people (5 marks). (b) Explain FIVE factors that facilitated plantation farming in Britain during the Agrarian Revolution. (10 marks) 19. (a). Mention any FIVE economic effects of modern transport (5 marks) (b). Discuss FIVE functions of Cairo as an early urban center in Africa (10 marks) 20. (a). Give FIVE reasons for the failure of the Maji Maji uprising (5 marks) (b) Explain FIVE reforms introduced by the Germans in Tanganyika after the Maji Maji rebellion. (10 marks) 21. (a). Identify FIVE effects of assimilation as a colonial policy used by the French. (5 marks). (b). explain FIVE reasons why indirect rule failed in southern Nigeria (10 marks).

SECTION C (30 MARKS): Answer ANY TWO questions in this section. 22. (a) Identify three causes of military stalemate in the western front during the First World War. (3 marks) (b). Discuss SIX reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain world peace (12marks). 23. (a). Mention THREE achievements of non-aligned movement (3 marks). (b). Explain SIX factors that led to the easing of the cold war. (12 marks). 24. (a). Name THREE African Americans who promoted pan-Africanism. (3 marks) (b). Explain SIX challenges faced by East African community since 2001. (12 marks)

History & government RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 MARKING SCHEME 1. Identify one role of Greco-Romans in the recreation of the history of Kenya. (1x1=1mk) 2. Give two examples of the early inhabitants of Kenya. (2x1=2mks)  Gumba/Athi  Dorobo/Okiek 3. State the importance of Shungwaya to the history of Eastern Bantu of Kenya. (1x1=1mk)  It was their dispersal point. 4. Identify one community in Kenya that was ruled by a king during the pre-colonial Kenya (1x1=1mk)  Mumias 5. Mention two ruling dynasties that contested the Oman control of the Kenyan coast in the 18th century. (2x1=2mks)  Busaidi dynasity  Yarubi dynasity 6. Name one leader of the imperial British east African company apart from William Mackinon (1x1=1mk)  Fredrick Lugard 7. Name the methods used by the Akamba to respond to the imposition of British colonial rule in Kenya  Resistance  Collaboration 8. State one economic effect of the Devonshire White paper of 1923 (2x1=2mks)  Indians were barred from owning land in the white highlands. 9. Identify one grievances of the Indians during the colonial government. (1x1=1mk)  Wanted a greater share in the Legco  Wanted inclusion in the Kenyan highlands  Demanded an end to racial segregation in residential areas  Opposed separate taxation and and segregation in education 10. State two impact of the independent schools in Kenya before 1950. (2x1=2mks)  Provided education for Africans  Mobilized Africans to fight for their independence  Produced African elites who participated in the struggle for independence. 11. State the main reason why KADU split from KANU after the 1st Lancaster House Conference. (1x1=1mk)  KANU wanted a unitary/central government while KADU wanted a federal government. 12. Give two reasons why the African Elected Member’s organization rejected Lennox Boyd constitution in 1958  AEMO was against the specially elected members to the Legco on the ground that this was undemocratic.  Were against unequal member of Legco seats with the settlers as they were a few compared to Africans. 13. Identify two major constitutional changes that were effected in 1964 in Kenya. (2x1=2mks)  Kenya became a republic with an executive president.  The constitution had a provision of a bicameral legislature (the upper and the lower house). 14. Give two ways through which indirect democracy is exercised in Kenya today. (2x1=2mk)  Nomination  Appointment 15. Name the court in Kenya that is charged with handling presidential election petition.  The Supreme Court 16. Identify one type Bill in the National Assembly of Kenya. (1x1=1mk)  private Bill  Public Bill 17. Name the head of the Executive of the government of Kenya. (1x1=1mk)  The president SECTION B: ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS 18. a. Give five results of the migration and settlement of the Teso during the pre-colonial period.  Population increase  Increased cultural exchange  Intercommunal conflicts intensified  Population redistribution  Increased trading activities  Intermarriages  Displacement  Assimilation b. Explain five roles of Nchuri Ncheke of the Ameru during the pre-colonial period. (5x2=10mks)  presided over religious functions  organized social functions like initiations  advised warriors

History & government  declared wars or negotiated for peace  solved serious criminal cases such like murder  served as the final court of appeal  maintained law and order 19. a) Give five reasons why the British colonial government encouraged the Europeans to settle in Kenya 1939.  The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man’s country  Wanted to check the Indian influence by settling more whites  Cool climate on the Kenyan highlands was suitable for Europeans settlement  For fully exploitation of the Kenyan highlands to meet the cost of constructing the Kenya – Uganda railway b) Explain five ways through which the colonial government promoted settler farming in Kenya. (5x2=10mks)  provision of continuous supply of African labour  agricultural activities were controlled to reduce competition in the market  the government provided extension services through the department of agriculture  provision of adequate transport network  banking systems and loan facilities were introduced  settler farmer were encouraged to form co-operatives e,g KCC and KFA  the ministry of agriculture was introduced 20. a) Identify five methods that the colonial government used to discourage the activities of Maumau Movement I Kenya. (5x1=5mks)  Europeans put Africans into villages which were secure to prevent them from getting any food and information  Dug deep trenches to aroud the forest to prevent them from crossing over to village.  Dealt rudelessly with Maumau fighters to deter other from joining them.  Engaged spies among Africans to monitor Mau mau movements.  They gotreinforcement fom Britain  Arrested and persecuted Mau mau leaders e.g Kimathi  Scores ofAgikuyu were arrested and put in dententions camps not to assist Mau mau fighters. b) explain five reasons why the Maumau Movement was able to to last for a long time. (5x2=10mks)  oathing unified the fighters  their activities were conducted under deep secrets  civilians supplied the fighters with information and food  had well trained and resourceful leaders  the natural forest of Mt. Kenya and Aberdares provided a good hideout for fighters  some fighters were ex-soldiers of world war II hence were skilled in fighting 21 a) Give three social reasons for the coming of the Christian missionaries to Kenya (3 x 1 =3mks)  The need to spread Christianity  To spread western civilization  To stop slave trade which was considered inhuman  To check the spread of Islam  For adventure/exploration b) Explain six factors that facilitated the spread of Christianity in Kenya (6x2=12mks)  The Missionaries got support from the local rulers  They were quick to learn the local languages  The use of kiswahili which was widely spoken in many areas  The construction of missionary station that served as centres for converting Africans  Little challenge from islam in the interior  The work of the explorers that gave report about the interior  The discovery of quinine that was used to treat malaria  Support from colonial government that gave them land and protection  Christianity was appealing to many people as it preached equality  The emergence of independent churches that boosted the initiative to Africanize Christianity

SECTION C: ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS 22. a) State three advantages of unwritten constitution. (3x1=3mks)  Flexible and adaptable to the changing needs in the society  Indigenous and thus suitable for a country  Can be changed by ordinary legislative processes  Provide continuity for a nation’s traditions. b) Explain six main features of the new constitution of kenya of 2010. (6x2=12mks)  sovereinity of the people and supremacy of the constitution  the republic  citizenship  the Bill of rights  land and environment  leadership and integrity

History & government  representation of the people  legislature  executive  judiciary 23. a) state five ways through which can one have his/her right of citizenship be revoked. (5x1=5mks)  A citizen by birth cannot be denied his/her citizenship  If found that registration was obtained through fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact.  If one become disloyal to Kenya through Acts and speech  If one posses’ dual citizenship and during registration fails to denounce the other citizenship  If one found trading with an any of Kenya during times of war  If within five years after registration one has been convicted to prison for a term exceeding three years. b) Explain five ways through which the Bill of rights protect the rights of the individuals in Kenya (5x2=10mks)  Provides right to life  Enables one to own property  guarantee freedom of conscience  provides for freedom of association  protects one from arbitrary searches  protects individuals from slavery and forced labor  discourages any form discrimination  provides for the freedom of movement 24. a) Name three categories of Kenya Defense Forces. (3x1=3mks)  The Kenya Army  The Kenya Navy  The Kenya Air force b) Describe the challenges facing the National Police Service today. (6x2=12mks)  poor and inadequate transport and communication facilities  poor working and living conditions  poor relations between the public and police officers  lack of regular in-service training for the officers in the lower cadies  lack of information technology  corruption among the police officers  inadequate equipment  incompetence of some police officers.

History & government RAISMARADE JOINT EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 MARKING SCHEME 1. Archaeology Anthropology Oral traditions Genetics Geology Linguistics 2. It is the period when man mainly relied on stone tools 3. German invasion of Poland 4. Promoted unity among the warriors Encouraged the warriors/ boosted the morale of warriors 5 Turkey Bulgaria Germany Austria-Hungary. 6. Led to population decrease. Led to the rise of mullato population. 7. books/pamphlets Newspapers Magazines Journals/periodicals. Newsletters Brochures. Brail. Posters.

8. Faster transportation of perishable agricultural products Aero planes are used to spray chemicals in large plantations. 9. Ideological differences between USA and USSR. 10. Religious activities. Sporting activities. Education 11. Increased human population. Climatic changes. Inadequate wild food/competition from other animals. Hunting and gathering was tiresome. Calamities like drought. 12. ECOMOG 13 Armed struggle/force. Trade unions. Hunger strike. Used religious organizations . Used mass media. Formed political parties. Sent delegations to international forums. Used international organizations like pan-Africanism. 14 karanga. Zezeru. Korekore. Manyika. Rozwi. Zezeni. 15. Cecil Rhodes. 16. Togo Cameroon. 17. Japanese attack of their naval base at the pearl-harbor on the Hawaiian island

History & government SECTION B. 18 (a) man settled down/established permanent settlement. Led to class differentiation/social stratification. Led to trade due to surplus production. Led to specialization into other fields like crafts. Led to development of new religions. Influenced invention of new tools. (b) Invention of farm machines. Use of fertilizers to improve farm fertility. Introduction of land enclosure system. Improvement of transport system that eased movement of farm produce. Application of scientific methods of farming. Invention of better storage facilities e.g refrigeration, canning and pasteurization. Establishment of royal agricultural society. Abolition of fallows. ANY 5 pnts well explained * 2=10mks. 19. (a) creation of employment opportunities. Source of revenue to the government. Promote both local and international trade. Has boosted industrialization. Has boosted agriculture. Has opened rural areas for developments. Has facilitated exploitation of natural resources. Any 5*1=5mks. (b) Historical center. Educational center where schools, colleges and universities are found. Administrative center/capital of Egypt. Recreational center. Commercial center. Transport and communication center. An industrial center. Any first 5 *2=10mks. 20 (a) Germans had superior weapons. Failure of the magic water. Lack of unity among the African fighters. The capture and execution of African leaders like kinjekitile ngwale. Germans received reinforcements from Somalia and Sudan. The famine of 1907 made Africans to abandon the war. Some Africans collaborated with the Germans. Any first 5 *1=5mks (b) Corporal punishment was abolished. Kiswahili became official language. Communal cotton growing was stopped. Forced labor stopped. Africans were involved in the administration as akidas and jumbes. Newspapers that incited the whites against the Africans were censured. Any first 5 *2=(10mks.). 21 (a) Undermined African cultures Eroded the authority of the traditional rulers It frustrated the spread of Islam Led to division and conflicts between the assimilated Africans and the non-assimilated Africans Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France The colonies became part of the French republic (b) Lack of linguistic unity People in southern Nigeria were opposed to for4ced labour, taxation and oppression Cultural division in southern Nigeria / different socio-cultural systems and religions Resentment by African elites Rejection of the Igbo traditional chiefs with new responsibilities offended the elders Any 5pts well explained*2=10mks 22 (a) Both allies and central powers were evenly marched. Trench warfare shielded defenders. Both sides had similar weapons. 3*1=3mks. (b). lack of military wing/machinery. Inadequate funds. Lack of support by most powerful countries like Germany, japan and Russia which joined later. Rejection of the league by USA made it weak. Most countries of the world associated the league with the allied powers making it partisan.

History & government Failure of the appeasement policy adopted by allies encouraged aggressive acts of dictators. Nationalism which preoccupied most nations of the world. Any first 6*2=12mks. 23. (a). Helped to speed up the attainment of independence ion some countries. Helped its member countries to safe-guard their independence and national security. Helped in the in the relaxation of international tension between the capitalists and communists. Helped in the disarmament of the world. Provided financial assistance to its members. Has promoted trade among its members. Provided an international forum where members voices could be heard . Any first 3*1=3mks. (b) The death of joseph Stalin. Series of negotiations between USA and USSR . Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms and policy of glasnost and perestroika. The collapsed of communist rule in Europe. Ronald Reagan’s policy and willingness to negotiate with communist leaders. The unification of Germany following the collapse of the berlin wall. Dissolution of the Warsaw pact. Arms reduction and disarmament. Any first 6*2=12mks.

24. (a). Marcus Garvey. Booker T .Washington. W.E.B. Du Bois. 3*1=3mks. (b) Mistrusts and suspicion among the members states. Divided loyalty. Territorial conflicts between member countries e.g Kenya and Uganda. Trans border smuggling of vehicles and other goods. Rampant cases of cattle rustling across the borders o0f member countries. Trade barriers/tariffs among the member states. 6*2=12mks

History & government GATAGA FORM FOUR END TERM II EXAMINATION

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUG 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 Hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section. 1. Define Genetics. (1mk) 2. State two duties of the Orkoiyot among the Nandi. (2mks) 3. Name two sub-tribes of the Mijikenda. (2mks) 4. Identify the name given to the council of elders among the Luo. (1mk) 5. State two natural factors that facilitated the coming of the early visitors to the Kenyan coast before 1500 A.D (2mks) 6. State two foreign powers that signed trade treaties with Seyyid Said in the 19th century. (2mks) 7. Give two social responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (2mks) 8. Name two symbols of national unity. (2mks) 9. Give one category of conflicts. (1mk) 10. State two rights of older members of society. (2mks) 11. State one reason why the colonial government established local native councils in Kenya in 1924. (1mk) 12. State one recommendation of the Lennox-Boyd constitution regarding the legislative council in Kenya. (1mk) 13. Give two functions of the clerk of parliament. (2mks) 14. Who heads a state department in Kenya? (1mk) 15. What is the composition of the county executive committee. (1mk) 16. List one type of public expenditure. (1mk) 17. Give one type of land holding in Kenya. (1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions. 18. (a) Give five effects of migration and settlement of the Eastern cushites in Kenya. (5mks) (b) Describe the social organization of the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. (10mks) 19. (a) Give five effects of plantation agriculture on the East Africa Coast. (5mks) (b) Discuss five impacts of missionary activities in Kenya. (10mks) 20. (a) Outline three challenges faced by Independent Churches and schools. (3mks) (b) Explain six problems encountered by settlers in Kenya. (12mks) 21. (a) Outline five economic impacts of national philosophies on development in Kenya. (5mks) (b) Explain five factors which have undermined the provision of education by the government of Kenya. (10mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. (a) State three characterictics of indirect democracy. (3mks) (b) Explain six principles of democracy. (12mks) 23. (a) Identify three duties of the secretary to the cabinet. (3mks) (b) Explain six solutions to the challenges facing the correctional services. (12mks) 24. (a) State five functions of a county government. (5mks) (b) Explain five ways in which the national government spends its revenue. (10mks)

History & government GATAGA FORM FOUR END OF TERM II EXAMINATION

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY / AUGUST 2016 TIME: 2 1/2 Hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.

1. Give the earliest form of art by early man. (1mk) 2. State two examples of Oldowan tools. (2mks) 3. Identify two advantages of the land enclosure system in Britain during the Agrarian revolution. (2mks) 4. Give one result of the invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia. (1mk) 5. State two disadvantages of animal transport. (2mks) 6. Identify two trade goods that originated from Western Sudan during the Trans-Saharan trade. (2mks) 7. Identify two scientific inventions which contributed to food preservation in the 18th century. (2mks) 8. List two factors that led to the expansion of Mwene Mutapa Kingdom. (2mks) 9. Give the importance of the golden stool in the Asante empire. (1mk) 10. Name one leader who led to the Maji Maji rebellion against the Germans. (1mk) 11. Name one treaty that was signed between the Ndebele and Europeans. (1mk) 12. Give two functions of the Emirs in Northern Nigeria during the colonial administration. (2mks) 13. State two founder members of Pan-Africanism. (2mks) 14. List one organ of the United Nations. (1mk) 15. What was the immediate cause of world war I? (1mk) 16. State one functions of the house of Lords in Britain. (1mk) 17. Who invented the flying shuttle? (1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section . 18. (a) Explain the importance of rock art. (3mks) (b) Describe the culture of early man during the middle stone age period (12mks) 19. (a) Identify five disadvantages of the open-field system of agriculture in Europe before the Agrarian revolution. (5mks) (b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in Britain. (10mks) 20. (a) Outline five challenges hindering industrialization in the third world. . (5mks) (b) Explain the factors that led to industrial revolution in Japan. (10mks) 21. (a) State factors that led to early urbanization in Africa. (5mks) (b) Describe the functions of London. (10mks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. (a) Identify the steps taken to ease the cold war. (3mks) (b) Explain any six reasons why the league of nations failed. (12mks) 23. (a) State the major objectives of the 1967 East Africa Community Treaty. (5mks) (b) Explain five challenges facing Economic Organization of West African States. (ECOWAS) (10mk) 24. (a) State three ways in which a person can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain. (3mks) (b) Explain six factors that limit parliamentary supremacy in Britain. (12mks)

History & government GATAGA FORM FOUR END TERM II EXAMINATION

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUG 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 Hours 1. Define Genetics. This is scientific study of the ways in which characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring. (1 x1 = 1mk) 2. Two duties of the Orokoiyot among the Nandi. - He presided over religious functions. - He advised the council of elders on matters related to the running of community affairs. - He advised and blessed the warriors before raiding or waging war. - Arbitrated inter-clan disputes. - Foretold the future on success in war, famine, epidemics, drought and other calamities. - Performed the functions of a rainmaker. - Performed the functions of a medicinemen. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. Two sub-tribes of Mijikenda - Kauma, Giriama, Chonyi, Jibana, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai, Duruma, Digo (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 4. Identify the name given to the council of elders among the luo. - Buch piny (1x 1 = 1mk) 5. Two natural factors that facilitated the coming of early visitors to the Kenyan coast before 1500A.D. - Deep natural harbours. - Accessibility of the East African coast by sea - Monsoon winds (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 6. Two foreign powers that signed trade treaties with Seyyied Said in the 19th century. U.S.A, Britain, France, Germany (2 x 1 = 2mks) 7. Two social responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. - Promoting gender sensitivity. - Promoting good morals. - Promoting good health practices. - Helping in emergencies. - Taking care of the vulnerable in society. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 8. Two symbols of national unity - National Anthem - The coat of arms - The public seal - National flag (2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. One category of conflicts. - Individual against individual. - Individual against the state - Community against community - State against state (Any 1 x 1 = 1mk) 10. Two rights of older members of society - To fully participate in the affairs of society. - To pursue their personal development. - To live in dignity and respect. - To be free from abuse. - To receive reasonable care and assistance from their family and state. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 11. One reason why the colonial government established local native councils in Kenya in 1924.. - To serve as a link between African people and the central government. - To encourage and develop a sense of responsibility and duty towards the state among the African leaders. - To involve Africans in the management of their affair. - To provide a forum through which Africans would express themselves. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. One recommendation of the lennox-boyd constitution regarding the legislative council in Kenya. - The number of elected Africans to the legislative council was to be increased from 8 to 14. - There were to be 12 nominated members representing the different races. - The African representation in the council of ministers be doubled/increased to 2. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 13. Two functions of the clerk of parliament - Is the chief administrative and accounting officer of the House. - Advises the speaker on the order of House business and lists notices of motions. - Prepares and maintains parliamentary records of the House proceedings in the Hansard. - Prepares copies of bills and submits them for presidential assent. - Supervises and co-ordinates the work of the staff of the House. - Maintains a library for use by members of the House. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) History & government 14. Who heads a state department in Kenya. - Principal secretary (1 x 1 = 1mk) 15. What is the composition of the county executive committee? - County governor, the deputy county governor and members appointed by the governor with approval of the assembly. (Any 1x 1 = 1mk) 16. One type of public expenditure - Capital expenditure. - Recurrent expenditure . (1 x 1 =1mk) 17. One type of landholding in Kenya. - Public land. - Community land. - Private land. (1 x 1 =1mk) SECTION B (45MARKS) (Answer three questions in this section) 18. (a) Five effects of migration and settlement of the Eastern cushites in Kenya. - Increased warfare for control of limited resources in the region among themselves. - Displacement of some communities who had settled in the region earlier. - Increased cultural interaction with neighbouring communities. - Population, expansion in the region where they settled. - Intermarriage with the neighbouring communities. - Increased trade in the region where they settled. - Redistribution of population in the region where they settled. - Assimilation and absorption of some communities who had settled in the region earlier. - Formation of new military alliances in the region. - Adoption of new economic activities. - Spread of Islam in the region. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Describe social organization of the Nandi during the pre-colonial period. - The Nandi lived in villages of related families. - Girls were taught female roles by their mother, while boys were taught male roles by their fathers. - Boys underwent initiation during adolescence, including circumcision, and they were then admitted into one of the eight cyclical age-sets. - The Nandi worshipped one supreme being-Asis. - The prayers were offered through ancestors. - Celebrations were held at every important stage in life, such as birth, initiation, marriage and death. - Clothes were made from hides. - Every homestead had its own shrine in which the head of family prayed daily at sunrise. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) 19. (a) Five impacts of plantation in Agriculture on the East African coast. - Need for slave labour increased slave trade. - Growth of cash crops for export led to international trade. - Introduction of new crops at the coast. eg. coconut and cloves. - Agro-based industries emerged. - Some towns like Malindi and Mombasa grew. - Increased Omani Arabs settlement at the East Africa coast to do agriculture. - There was suffering and misery by the slaves who worked for long hours. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Five effects of missionary activities in Kenya - Christianity was spread to many parts of the interior through the teachings of missionaries. - Erosion of African culture due to the influence of missionaries. - Introduction of Western education; missionaries built schools next to their missions where formal education was introduced. - Missionaries built rehabilitation centres where then taught vocational skills, reading and christianity. - Missionaries built health centres where western medicine was administered to cure and control diseases. - Missionaries improved farming/agriculture by introducing new crops and new farming methods. - Led to development of transport systems. - Missionaries translated the bible into Kiswahili and local languages. - There was emergence of a new social class of Africans who had received missionary education and training. - Some missionaries combined evangelisation with exploration activities naming mountains and rivers. - Led to colonization - Led to rise of independent churches and schools. - Representation of Africans in the legco during colonialism (Dr. John Arthur) (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Three problems faced by independent churches and schools. - Harassment of the members by the missionaries and colonial authorities. - Shortage of man power to manage their activities e.g teachers and catechists. - Shortage of funds to implement their programmes. - Wrangling between the leaders. - Competition from the missionary churches and schools. History & government - Closure of the institutions by the colonial authorities during the emergency. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six chalenges encountered by settlers in Kenya - Hostile attacks from natives. - They lacked enough labour. - Lack of capital - Poor transport networks. - The unpredictable natural conditions; they lacked prior knowledge of the regions in which they settled in terms of climate, seasons and soils. - The prevalence of tropical diseases. - Limited markets. (Any well explained 6 x 2 = 12mks) 21. Five economic impacts of national philosophies on development in Kenya - Most Kenyans have developed initiatives in commerce and industry. - Co-operatives societies have been set up by Kenyans in agriculture and other sectors, as a result of cooperation derived from African socialism. - Soil conservation measures such as tree planting and building of gabions have been undertaken through harambee spirit thus boosting agriculture. - The pillars of Nyayoism peace, love and unity have created a conducive environment for the growth of tourism. - Transport and communication have been improved through African socialism and the harambee spirit.(Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Five factors which have undermined the provision of education by the government of Kenya. - High drop out rate especially of girls due to pregnancies and early marriages. - High rate of HIV and AIDS infection which has affected overall performance in education. - Poor performance in Mathematics and Sciences leading to man power shortages in technical fields. - Education in Kenya is expensive and costly, hence out of reach to ordinary Kenyans. - Constant and many changes/revisions of curriculum make education discountinous and costly. - Explosion of school enrolments against the available resources i.e textbooks, teachers e.t.c. - Education is exam oriented giving little room for full exploitation of individual talents. - Inadequate funds to implement the various educational programmes at various levels. - Discouragement of the youth due to high number of educated but unemployed people. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) SECTION C - 30 MARKS (Answer two questions in this section) 22. (a) Three characteristics of indirect democracy. - Universal suffrage - Free and fair elections. - People supremacy. (3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Explain six principles of democracy. - Consent of the people: Democracy is founded on a government based on the consent of the people. - Democracy recognizes equality among the people regardless of colour, sex or creed. - The rule of law; Democracy recognises equality of everyone before the law. - Democracy balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state. - Transparency and accountability; which gives the citizens the confidence to trust their institutions. - Competition: In democracy, different ideas compete for the citizens, attention and opinion. - Free press: A responsible free independent and objective press is one of the pillars of democracy. - Regular free and fair elections. - In a democracy, there are many political parties (multi-partysm). - Economic freedom: through private ownership of property and a free market economy. - In a democracy, the rights and freedom of the individuals are spelt out in the bill of rights, which forms part of the constitution. (Any well explained 6 x 2 = 12mks) 23. (a) Three duties of the secretary to the cabinet. - Takes charge of the cabinet office. - Arranges the business of the cabinet. - Keeps the minutes of the cabinet. - Conveys the decision of the cabinet to the appropriate persons or authorities. (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Six solutions to the challenges facing the correctional services. 1. Employing and training more personnel. 2. Improving the living conditions for prison warders by constructing better houses and improving terms of services. 3. Allocating more funds to the correctional services to enable provision of more facilities to the convicts. 4. By providing bettet medical services to the prisoners. 5. By providing clothings, beddings and also better diet to prisoners. 6. Introducing community service for petty offenders to decongest prisons/release of petty offenders to ease congestion. (Any 6 x 2 = 12mks)

24. (a) Five functions of a county government - Development of agriculture in the areas of crop production and animal husbandry. - Environment management through control of air, water and noise pollution and other public nuisances. History & government - Provision of recreational facilities such as spats stadia, county parks, social halls, libraries and museums. - Regulations of cultural activities through licensing of betting casinos, cinemas, video shows and theatre. - Provision of health services through construction of county health services, facilities, pharmacies and ambulances. - Development of fisheries, through regulation of fishing on fishing activities and promotion of fish farming. - Provision and management of pre-primary and vocational educational services. (e.g village polytechnics). (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Five ways in which the national government spends its revenue. - Construction of national infrastructure e.g railways. - Financing national development projects e.g irrigation schemes. - Construction of higher education institutions like universities, polytechnics and national schools. - Construction of national referral health facilities. - Paying of salaries of state officers. - Repairing and maintaining national infrastructure. - Establishment and maintenance of security organs - Servicing external and domestic debts. - Maintenance of foreign embassies. - Remitting funds to international organizations such as the United Nations and Regional bodies e.g AU, EAC.

History & government GATAGA FORM FOUR END OF TERM II EXAMINATION HISTORY 311/2 JULY/AGU 2016 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2 1. The earliest form of art by early man. - Rock art. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 2. Two examples of Oldwan tools. - Cleaver, hand axe, spear head. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 3. Two advantages of the land enclosure system in Britain during the Agrarian revolution. - It was easy to control animal diseases. - It was possible to practice large scale farming - Led to high production i.e crops and dairy products. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 4. One result of the invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia. - Improved agriculture because it was used in shadoof irrigation. - Used to make good pots. - They improved transport i.e. used in making chariots. (Any 1 x 1 = 1mk) 5. Two disadvantages of animal transport - It is slow and tedious - Pack animals may be attacked by wild animals and disease causing insects such as tse tse flies. - Their movement is limited to day only and cannot travel at night. - They can only carry small loads. - Some pack animals e.g. donkeys are stubborn when tired and heavily loaded. - Pack animals use is limited to short distances. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 6. Two trade goods that originated from Western Sudan during the Trans-Saharan trade. - Gold, slaves, kolanuts, feathers, hides and skins, ivory, gum, dyed cloth and pepper. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 7. Two scientific inventions which contributed to food preservation in the 18th century. - Canning. - Refrigeration. - Pasteurization. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 8. Two factors that led to the expansion of Mwene Mutapa kingdom. - Availability of minerals. - Fertile soil that supported agricultural production. - Stable military. - Involvement in the long distance trade - Good leadership. (Any 2 x 1 = 2mks) 9. Give the importance of the golden stool in the Asante empire - It was a symbol of unity among the people. - It validated the office of Asante hene. - It was regarded as sacred. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 10. One leader that led the Maji Maji rebellion against the Germans. - Kinjeketile Ngwale. - Abdalla Mpanda. - Ngamea. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 11. Name one treaty that was signed between the Ndebelle and Europeans - Moffat treaty - Rudd concession (1 x 1 = 1mk) 12. Two functions of Emirs in Northern Nigeria during the colonial administration. - Maintaining law and order. - Appointing local chiefs. - Helped in collection of taxes. - Administration of justice. - Headed local government units. - Recruited labour. (2 x 1 = 2mks) 13. State two founder members of Pan-Africanism. -Martin Delany. - Alexander Crummell. - Bishop James Johnson. - Wilmot Blyden. - Bishop Tuner. - Marcus Garvey. - W.E.B Dubois. - Booker T. Washington. - George Padmore. - Dr. Kwame Nkrumah. - Leopolds Senghor. History & government (2 x 1 = 2mks) 14. One organ of the UN. - The general assembly. - The security council. - ECOSOC. (Economic and Social Council) - Trusteership council. - International court of justice. - The sercretariat. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 15. What was the immediate cause of world war I? - Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinard and his wife Sophie in Sarajevo. (1 x 1 = 1mk) 16. One function of the house of Lords in Britain. - Acts as a court of appeal - Assents to laws made by the House of commons - Address non-controversial bills that the lower house has no time to address. - Questioning ministers about the activities of government and staging debates on general issues. (Any 1 x 1 = 1mk) 17. Who invented the flying shuttle? - John Kay. (Any 1 x 1 = 1mk)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) (Answer three question in this section) 18. (a) Explain the importance of rock art - Painting picture of the animals they hunted would give their hunting experience greater success. - Man believed that he could magically have a controlling power over his prey. - He drew as a way of spending leisure time. - Cave paintings also showed a keen observation of animal life (Any 3 x 1 = 3mks) (b) Describe the culture of early man during the middle stone age period. - Man continued hunting an gathering. - Man made tools like hand axes using levallois method. - Man practised fishing along rivers and lakes. - Lived in groups of about 50 people for security reasons. - Lived in rock shelters and caves. - Decorated his body with red ochre and wore beads. - Cooked food because he invented fire. - Man practised rock art.. - They made clothes from animal skins and tree barks. - Communicated using clicks and grunts. - They used simple hunting methods e.g chasing animals and throwing stones. (Any 6 x 2 = 12mks) 19. (a) Five disadvantages of the open-field system of agriculture in Europe before the Agrarian revolution. - Land was not fully utilized as the land left fallow produced nothing. - The cart tracks and paths wasted land - Ploughing fallow land and leaving it idle wasted labour and time. - It discouraged livestock rearing. - The common grazing fields led to spread of diseases. - It made it difficult to practise selective breeding. - It was hard to get hay for winter breeding. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in Britain. - Increased food production. - Increase in population. - Led to diversification of agriculture. - Introduction of large scale farming/plantation. - Led to landlessness of the poor peasants. - Led to rural urban migration. - Led to development of internal and international trade. - Development of agro-based industries. - Development of transport and communication. - Promoted research and scientific discoveries. (Well explained 5 x 2 = 10mks) 20. (a) Five challenges hindering industrialization in the Third world. - Lack of capital. - Lack of skilled man power. - Poor infrastructure. - Stiff competition from developed countries - High poverty levels. - Poor economic policies. History & government - Political instability. - Colonial and neo-colonial legacies. - High population growth which leads to food importation. - Natural calamities. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain factors that led to industrial revolution in Japan - Government reforms eg. abolition of feudalism - Energy resources. - Natural resources. - Political stability. - Large population provided market and labour. - Education and research. - Availability of capital. - Enterprising personalities. - Free market policy. - Change in foreign policy. - Foreign investment e.g America after Second World War. - External market. - Good system of transport and communication. (Well explained 5 x 2 = 10mks) 21. (a) State factors that led to early urbanisation in Africa. - Trade e.g Sofala, Kilwa, Carthage - Route junctions e.g Taghaza, Walata. - Mineral deposits e.g Meroe, Taghaza. - Administrative centres. - Education e.g Fez and Timbuktu. - Religion. - Availability of water. - Highly secure region/easily defensible sites. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Describe the functions of London. - London served as an important port of the United Kingdom for exports and imports. - It was a major trading and commercial centre. - The city was a major religious and cultural centres with Monasteries, Cathedrals and churches. - It served as the capital of the United Kingdom and the administrative centre of the city government of London. - It was a financial centre. - Transport and communication centre - It is an industrial centre - It is an educational centre with schools, colleges and universities e.g the Oxford and Cambrige universities. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) SECTION C (30MARKS) (Answer two questions in this section) 22. (a) The steps taken to ease the cold war. - Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet began to tolerate the USA and vice versa. - USA and the Soviet union developed a series of negotiations leading to signing of agreements to control arms e.g. Nuclear Test Ban of 1963, the non-proliferation agreement of 1968 and SALT of 1971. - Mikhail Gorbachev developed liberal policies leading to summit meetings between him and Ronald Reagan. - Introduction of western democracy in Eastern Europe led to collapse of communism. - Unification of Germany in 1990. - Support of the Soviet union to the USA in the Gulf war of 1991 so as to liberate Kuwait signing of arms reduction agreements by Gorbachev and George Bush e.g. SALT of 1991 and 1993. (Any 3 x = 3mks) (b) Explain six reasons why the league of nations failed to maintain world peace and security. - It was closely linked to the versalies treaties so it was seen as an organ of the allies. - The league was rejected by USA. - Most nations followed their own interests at the expense of the league. - Nationalism undermined the league. - Shortage of finances to implement its programmes. - League had no military force - Absence of other important powers e.g German, USSR. - The conference of Ambassador in Paris undermined the activities of the league. - The rejection of the Geneva protocol by the British conservatives who preferred to sign the locarno treaties. - The world economic crisis led to unemployment and falling living standards in most countries. - The rise of dictatorial governments in Japan, Germany and Italy that refused to obey the rules of the league. - The failure of world disarmament conference further undermined the league. (Any 6 x 2 = 12mks) 23. (a) State the major objectives of the 1967 East African community treaty. - To promote trade among the three East African countries. - To provide common service e.g. railways, harbours, ports etc. History & government - To provide free trade of goods. - To provide a wider and more secure market. - Facilitate free movement of people - Help bring economic balance between the states - Establish similar custom tariffs and duties to non-member states. - Enhance self-sufficiency, self reliance and full independence from the rest of the world. - Provide a forum where the 3-member countries discuss issues of concern to them. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) (b) Explain the challenges facing ECOWAS - Influx of workers from less developed countries e.g. Ghanians went to Nigeria. - Closure of borders between member states e.g. Ghana and Togo, Burkina Faso and Mali. - Foreign interference especially through presence of Israel and French soldiers in Cote d ‘ Ivore. - Ideological differences between various leaders. - Members of ECOWAS are also members of other organisations e.g Common wealth. - Poor transport and communication networks. - Nationalism -members give domestic interests priority. - Friction between Anglo-phone and Franco-phone countries. - Military coups e.g. Ghana and Nigeria. - Civil wars e.g. Liberia. - Different currencies which fluctuate widely against major international currencies. (Any 5 x 2 = 10mks) 24. (a) Three ways in which a person can become a member of the House of Lords in Britain. - Appointment by the monarch. - Through heredity. - Appointment by virtue of their position in society. e.g judges of the court of appeal and Archbishops of the church of England. (b) Explain six factors that limit parliamentary supremacy in Britain. - Moral values - House of commons must consider moral values before they make laws. - Parliament is a representative institution composed of peoples representative. - Local authorities make and pass by laws without consulting parliament. - Legislation made by parliament may be altered by a future parliament. - The action of parliament are heavily influenced by public opinion. - Before legislation is made in parliament the interests of the affected institutions are taken into account. (Any 6 x 2 = 12mks) History & government KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

311/1 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section.(25 marks) 1. What is the difference between a Pongidae and a Hominidae? (1 mark) 2. Identify the community that displaced the Pokomo from Shungwaya. (1 mark) 3. List two roles of warriors among the pre-colonial Miji-Kenda. (2 marks) 4. State two roles of the Orkoiyot among the pre-colonial Nandi community. (2 marks) 5. Who was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849? (1 mark) 6. Name two constitutional amendments which were done in 1982 in Kenya. (2 marks) 7. Define the term “Scorched earth policy”. (1 mark) 8. Which was the main war method used by Africans in their resistance? (1 mark) 9. Identify the agreement signed to end partitioning of East Africa. (1 mark) 10. List two ways the Akamba displayed their resistance against the colonial administration. (2 marks) 11. Outline two roles of the local government in colonial Kenya. (2 marks) 12. Name one political parties that existed in Kenya at Independence. (1 mark) 13. State two ways the philosophy of African socialism creates a just and humane society. (2 marks) 14. Highlight two challenges Kenya inherited from the colonial regime at Independence. (2 marks) 15. Name one Kenyan leader who represented Africa in the Pan-African Conference of 1945 in Manchester. (1 mark) 16. Identify one channels used in tackling political challenges in Kenya. (1 mark) 17. List two factors considered during sharing of national revenue to the county government. (2 marks) SECTION B Answer three questions in this section.(45 marks) 18. (a) State five economic activities of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) (b) Describe the political organization of the pre-colonial Somali community. (10 marks) 19. (a) List five reasons for the coming of the missionaries to Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five positive results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast. (10 marks) 20. (a) Identify five terms of the Devonshire Whitepaper 1923. (5 marks) (b) Explain five factors which undermined provision of education to Africans during the colonial period. (10 marks) 21. (a) Identify five reasons for the collaboration of the Maasai. (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons for failure of armed resistance by the Kenyan communities. (10 marks) SECTION C Answer any two questions in this section.(30 marks) 22. (a) List five functions of the Kenya Defence Force. (KDF) (5 marks) (b) Explain five challenges facing the National Intelligence Services. (NIS) (10 marks) 23. (a) Identify three functions of the controller of Budget in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six purposes of a budget. (12 marks) 24. (a) Identify five functions of the county Executive committee. (5 marks) (b) Explain five objectives of devolution of government. (10 marks)

History & government KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 KENYA CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

311/2 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HOURS SECTION A Answer all the questions in this section.(25 marks) 1. List two types of artifacts found in an archaeological site. (2 marks) 2. What’s the name of Charles Darwin’s Book in which he published his ideas on theory of Evolution? (1 mark) 3. Identify two valleys that were centers of early agriculture. (2 marks) 4. Name two West Africa kingdoms who were involved in the Trans-Saharan Trade. (2 marks) 5. State two features of a camel that enables it to be the most suitable animal for transport in arid and semi-arid areas. (2 marks) 6. State one theory that explain the origin and spread of iron working in Africa. (1 mark) 7. What was the main discovery of William Morton? (1 mark) 8. Identify two major factors that contributed to the decline of Meroe. (2 marks) 9. Which company ruled Southern Rhodesia on behalf of the British? (1 mark) 10. Give the main reason why European powers held the Berlin conference of 1884 - 1885. (1 mark) 11. Identify two positive results of Lewanika’s collaboration with the British. (2 marks) 12. State one way in which the rise of dictators in Europe contributed to the outbreak of second world war. (1 mark) 13. Name one member state of the Commonwealth in Central Africa. (1 mark) 14. Name two military pacts formed by the capitalist West and the communist East power blocs during the cold war period. (2 marks) 15. Identify two African delegates who attended the fifth pan African conference in Manchester - 1945. (2 marks) 16. What was the main reason that led to the army mutiny in Congo in 1960? (1 mark) 17. Which is the highest court in India? (1 mark) SECTION B Answer three questions in this section.(45 marks) 18. (a) State three differences between Apes and man’s ancestors. (3 marks) (b) Explain the impacts of early agriculture on people’s ways of life. (12 marks) 19. (a) Identify three examples of signals used for communication. (3 marks) (b) Explain six positive impacts of telecommunication today. (12 marks) 20. (a) State three conditions an African had to fulfill so as to be assimilated. (3 marks) (b) Explain six effects of direct rule in Zimbabwe. (12 marks) 21. (a) Mention three ways how Julius Nyerere assisted nationalists in Mozambique. (3 marks) (b) Explain methods used by African nationalists in South Africa in their struggle against the apartheid rule. (12 marks) SECTION C Answer any two questions in this section.(30 marks) 22. (a) Identify the three kinds of spirits in the Shona kingdom. (3 marks) (b) Describe the political organisation of the Shona in the 19th Century. (12 marks) 23. (a) Mention three aims of common market for East and Southern Africa. (3 marks) (b) Explain six challenges facing East African community 2001. (12 marks) 24. (a) Identify five sources of the British constitution. (5 marks) (b) Explain the functions of the monarchy in Britain. (10 marks)

History & government KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY 311/1 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1 1. What is the difference between a Pongidae and a Hominidae? (1 mk) Pongidae belongs to the ape family while hominadae belongs to the human family.(1 x 1 = 1 mk) 2. Identify the community that displaced the Pokomo from Shungwaya .(1 mk) Oromo (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 3. List two roles of warriors among the pre-colonial Miji-Kenda. (2 mks) - Defended the community from external attack. - Helped in maintenance of law and order. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 4. State two roles of the Orkoiyot among the pre-colonial Nandi community.(2 mks) - He was a political leaders. - He was a religious leader. - He advised elders on community affairs. - He advised and blessed warriors before going to war. - He arbitrated in disputes. - He was a seer, rainmaker and chief medicineman. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 5. Who was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849? (1 mk) Dr Johann Ludwig Krapf (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 6. Name two constitutional amendments which were done in 1982 in Kenya. (2 mks) - Position of chief secretary as the head of civil service was created. - Kenya was made de fecto one party state. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 7. Define the term “Scorched earth policy”.(1 mk) Destroying all property in sight beneficial to man. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 8. Which was the main war method used by Africans in their resistance? (1 mk) Guerilla warfare. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 9. Identify the agreement signed to end partitioning of East Africa. (1 mk) Heligoland / Anglo - German Agrement of 1890. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 10. List two ways the Akamba displayed their resistance against the colonial administration. (2 mks) - Boycott: They refused to sell goods to the IBEAC - Attacking the British forts / stations / Britons. - Use of religious leaders to bless the warriors. - Blockade / cutting off some areas. - Petitioning for peace. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 11. Outline two roles of the local government in colonial Kenya. (2 mks) - Provided legal framework for the locals to make decisions touching on their affairs. - To make use of local resources for development. - Linked central government to rural communities. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 12. Name two political parties that existed in Kenya at Independence.(2 mks) - Kenya African National union.(KANU) - Kenya African democratic Union. (KADU) - African Peoples Party. (APP) (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 13. State two ways the philosophy of African socialism creates a just and humane society. (2 mks) - Ensuring equality of all before the law. - Mutual social responsibility. - Equitable distribution of resources. - Freedom to own property. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 14. Highlight two challenges Kenya inherited from the colonial regime at Independence. (2 mks) - Ignorance - Poverty - Diseases - Imbalance in land distribution - A fast growing population - Changing international trends / situations (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 15. Name one Kenyan leader who represented Africa in the Pan-African Conference of 1945 in Manchester. (1 mk) Jomo Kenyatta (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 16. Identify two channels used in tackling political challenges in Kenya.(2 mks) - Use of court of law. - Use of political rallies - Use of parliament. (2 x 1 = 2 mks)

17. List two factors considered during sharing of national revenue to the county government. (2 mks) History & government - The national interests - The needs of the national government - The development needs of the country - Economic disparities among the counties. - The needs of the counties. 18.(a)State five economic activities of the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (5 mks) - Grew crop / kept livestock / mixed farming. - Iron - working. - Traded with their neighbours - Basketly / cloth making / ornament making / traditional craft. - Hunting / gathering - Pottery (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b)Describe the political organization of the pre- colonial Somali community. (10 mks) - The society was bound together in patrilineal lineage - Women did not feature in political set up - The largest political unit was the clan. - The council of elders controlled the affairs of the clan. - Had a decentralised political system. - They had an age-sets system from which they established military organization. - Adoption of Islam led to introduction of Sheikh. - Changed system to Islamic sharia. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 19.(a) List five reasons for the coming of the missionaries to Kenya.(5 mks) - Wanted to spread Christianity. - Missionaries wanted to civilize the Africans. - They wanted to end slavery and slave trade. - Some missionaries wanted to explore the interior of East Africa so that it could be opened. - To check against the spread of Islam in East Africa. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five positive results of the Omani rule along the Kenyan Coast.10 mks) - Plantation agriculture developed. - Local trade and long distance trade expanded. - Caravan routes opened up the interior. - Expansion and starting of urban areas e.g Mombasa - Caravan routes became basis of both roads and railways. - Emergence of wealthy members. - Introduction currency e.g Indian rupee. - Expansion of some kingdom e.g Wanga and Buganda. 20. (a) Identify five terms of the Devonshire Whitepaper 1923.(5 mks) - There was to be no racial segregation in all residential areas. - Restriction on immigration was to be lifted. - A missionary was to be nominated to represent African interests. - The highlands were reserved for European settlement only. - Indians were to elect five members to legco and to have representative to municipal councils. - European settlers demand for self government was rejected. - Interest of Africans were to be given priority as Kenya was an African country. - The colonial office was to exercise close control of the country. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five factors which undermined provision of education to Africans during the colonial period. (10 mks) - Shortage of finance: limited infrastructure. - Racial based curriculum discrimination against Africans. - Shortage of trained teacher. - Opposition / hostility from some Africans. - Cultural barriers : Africans not ready to drop their culture. - Leadership wrangle in independent school. - Colonial government education policy e.g provided technical oriented education. - Some independent schools closed during emergency period. - Remoteness of some schools in African reserves. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 21.(a) Identify five reasons for the collaboration of the Maasai.(5 mks) - Maasai people and livestock were weakened by natural calamities. - Famine towards the end of the 19th Century weakened the community. - Civil wars between 1850 - 1870 weakened the Maasai. - Succession disputes / internal feud between Lenana and Sendeyo. - The Nandi raid weakened the Maasai. - Lenana realised the British were too powerful to resist - The prophesy of Mbatian about coming of superior whiterman. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) History & government (b) Explain five reasons for failure of armed resistance by the Kenyan communities. (10 mks) - Kenyan communities lacked unity. - They lacked modern weapons. - The African warriors were not trained prior to military encounters with the British. - Epidemics, civil strife and other natural calamities had reduced the population of some communities. - Lack of effective leadership as some collaborated - The British used treacheary to make some African leaders sign treaties. - The killing of resisting leaders demoralised some communities. - The British troops used ruthless war tactic to force Africans to surrender. - Destructions of economic based of Africans due to scorched earth policy. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 22. (a) List five functions of the Kenya Defence Force. (KDF) (5 mks) - Defending the country from external aggression. - Helping police in maintenances of internal security law and order. - Performing nation building activities. - Providing emergency services. - Performing ceremonial activities. - Participating in international peace making operation. - Preventing unauthorised entry of aeroplane / vessels into Kenya. - Preventing unauthorized exploitation of resources (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five challenges facing the National Intelligence Services.(NIS) (10 mks) - Lack of trust from Kenyan citizen hence they are reluctant to give information. - Financial credibility and political independence of National Intelligence Services. - Growing volume and complexity of communication. - Threat from internet and external forces e.g Al shabaab and Al Qaeda. - Complexity of the task required continuous capacity measures. - Lack of clear distinction between accountability and necessary secrecy has brewed tension. - Political interference. - Limited financial and human resources hinders delivery. - The public doesn’t understand it’s roles and operation. - Lack of follow-up in implementation of advise given. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 23. (a) Identify three functions of the controller of Budget in Kenya.(3 mks) - Oversee the implementation of national budget. - Oversee the implementation of the county government budget. - Approve all withdrawals of public funds. - Advice parliament in budgeted matters of all county government. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Explain six purposes of a budget. (12 mks) - Spell details of amount and sources of national and county revenue in a fiscal year. - Specifies expenditure allocated various projects and services. - Differentiate between recurrent and development expenditure. - Ensure balance in revenue and expenditure. - Allow government spell fiscal policies to guide national and county operations. - Forms bases for financial monitoring by groups. - Initiates good to be exempted from taxes. - Provide window for explaining inflation trends how they can be controlled. - Through supplementary estimates, provides areas that emerge unique demand and requirement having fiscal year. - Ensure setting priorities in relations to projects. 24.(a) Identify five functions of the country Executive committee. (5 mks) - To implement county legislation. - To implement national legislation within the county. - To monitor the operations of the county administration. - To prepare proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly. - To provide the county assembly with regular reports on matters relating to the county. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five objectives of devolution of government.(10 mks) - To promote democratic and accountable exercise of power. - To foster national unity by recognising diversity. - To give power of self government to the people. - To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs. - To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalised communities. - To promote social and economic development. - To ensure equitable distribution on national and local resources across the country. - To facilitate the decentralisations of state organs functions and services. - To enhance checks and balances and separations of powers. (5 x 2) KIRINYAGA WEST SUB-COUNTY EFFECTIVE ‘40’ EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY 311/2 History & government MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2 1. Cloth, beads, coins, baskets. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 2. The original 1859 / the origin of species by means of Natural selection. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 3. The Nile valley in Egypt / Africa The Indus valley in India Danube valley in Europe (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 4. Ghana, mali Songhai (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 5. - Camels do not sweat. - Have a big water storage capacity - It has broad, padded two toed feet. - It’s nostril have flaps to keep out sand even in sand storms. - It’s fur is thick enough to protect it from heat at day and cold at night. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 6. - Iron was first introduced in N. Africa from middle East by phoenician. - Iron developed independently in Africa. (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 7. He discovered anaesthesia. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 8. Rise of Axum kingdom in modern Ethiopia. Increasing desertification in the region due to deforestation. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 9. British South Africa company of Cecil Rhodes. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 10. To lay down rules for partition of Africa so as to avoid conflicts among European powers. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 11.- Establishment of schools. - Retained his position as leader. - Improvement of transport and communication system in his kingdom. - Hospitals were established. - His kingdom was protected from external enemies. - His kingdom did not suffer destruction / loss of life. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 12. The activities of dictators such as aggression and disregard for the treaty of versailles and league of National threatened world peace. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 13. Malawi Zambia Zimbambwe (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 14. - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (1949) (NATO) - Warsaw pact of 1955 (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 15. Obafemi Awolowo – Nigeria Kwame Nkurumah - Ghana Jomo Kenyatta – Kenya Hasting Kamuzu Banda - Malawi Peter Abrahams - South Africa (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 16. The army was demanding an end to Belgian domination in the army and government. (1 x 1 = 2 mk) 17. The supreme court (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 18. (a)- Homidis have a bigger head than apes which indicates a larger brain capacity. - Size of jaws and teeth for man are smaller than for apes which are bigger and powerful for tearing, cutting fibres and roots and for defence. - Man’s hand have a thumb apes don’t. - Man’s feet and toes are shorter and support his body weight than apes. (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - Led to growth of population due to better feeding habits. - Led to development of a sedentary lifestyle. - Led to division of labour as people began to specialise in various occupations. - Trade due to surplus products. - Led to emergence of social classes as people acquire various degrees of wealth and prestige. - Settled life enhanced cultural interactions between communities. - Led to rise of political organisations and development of rules and regulations. - Living standards of people improved. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 19.(a)- Use of physical marks - Horn blowing - Fire and smoke signals - Scream and cries - Drumbeats (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - Has led to faster communication. - Has enhanced trade - Has provided mass entertainment - Promoted water and air transport - Have made world trade and business more effective and efficient. - Has promoted education - Has been used by countries to improve security - Have promoted economic development in countries History & government - Has provided employment opportunities in many countries. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 20.(a)- Be able to read and write French. - Have knowledge of French language - Show total loyalty to the French government. - Had worked for a number of years in the civil service. (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - Large tracts of African land was alienated and Africans displaced. - Africans indigenous rulers lost the political power. - Africas cultures were greatly undermined. - While settlers enhanced production of cash crops. - Transport, trade and industry were developed in settler regions. - Economic exploitation and political repression provoked African nationalism. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 21.(a)- He welcomed liberation movements from Mozambique to set heaquarters in Tanzania. - He promised them political support. - He encouraged different association to merge to a strong movement. - He allowed them to undertake guerrilla trainee in Tanzania. - He allowed political exiles from Mozambique settle in Tanzania. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - They organised political parties to air their grievances to colonial government. - Used trade unions to pres for better working conditions for workers. - Used force to fight the unjust rule. - Used diplomacy in attempt to get government attention. - Those arrested and detained went on hunger strike to press the government to grant their rights - Organised peaceful protests. - Used mass media to highlight injustices of the regime. - Used the church to campaign against the apartheid regime. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 22.(a) Vadzimu - Family spirits Mhondoro - Clan spirits Chamiruka - National spirits (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - The empire was ruled by an emperor who was the head of state. - The key factor of integration was religion -Mwari Cult. - The national symbol of unity was the royal fire. - Vassal chiefs rekindled their fires form the royal fire as recognition of their loyalty to Mwene Mutapa. - The empire was divided into provinces which were ruled by lesser chiefs - They sent their sons yearly to mwene Mutapa to show. - Mwene Mutapa had senior officials to assist in his administration i.e court steward, treasurer, commander - in - law of the King, Queen’s mother , Emperor’s sister, Emperors nine wives etc - The king had a standing army which was used for defence and expansion. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 23.(a)- To attain sustainable growth in members states. - Promote joint developments in all fields of the economy. - To cooperate in promotion of foreign, cross boarder and domestic investments. - To promote peace in member states. - To strengthen relations between the common market and the rest of the world. (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) - Suspicion among member states. - Complains by business people of exertion of tariff barriers. - Trans-border smuggling of vehicles and other goods - Fishing conflicts in lake Victoria. - Cattle rustling across the boarders. - Loyalty to other organisation complicates the work of EAC. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 24.(a)- Statutes - Customes - Precedents - Custom of parliament - Historical documents - Convections and practices. (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) -Giving assent to laws - Appointment and removal of government officers - Signing of treaties - Summorning , proroguing or dissolving parliament - Appointment of judges - Pardoning and giving reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences - Leadership of the Anglican church in England. - Appointing the P.M and approving the cabinet. (any 5 x 2 = 10)

KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

311/1 History & government HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HOURS SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. State the main source of information in pre-history. (1 mark) 2. Identify the first settlement area of the River-Lake Nilotes during their migration from Sudan. (1 mark) 3. State two political functions of the Kiama among the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 4. Identify two historical landmarks that indicate the presence of Portuguese in Kenyan Coast. (2 marks) 5. Mention the document that supports Persian domination of the Indian ocean trade. (1 mark) 6. Give two forms of social- economic interactions that promote national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) 7. State two types of human rights. (2 marks) 8. Name the two houses that constituted Kenya’s legislature at the time of independence. (2 marks) 9. Highlight two Asian petitions to the Duke of Devonshire in 1923. (2 marks) 10. State the main feature of education system in colonial Kenya. (1 mark) 11. Give two provisions of the Lennox - Boyd constitution of 1958. (2 marks) 12. Give the incident that provoked the declaration of a state of emergency in 1952. (1 mark) 13. Name the political association that replaced the Young Kavirondo Association in 1921. (1 mark) 14. Identify two subordinate courts in Kenya. (2 marks) 15. Identify the administrative head of Kenya’s National Assembly. (1 mark) 16. Give the constitutional amendment that made Kenya revert to a multi-party state in 1991. (1 mark) 17. Define the term devolved government. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. (a) State five factors that led to the growth of city states along the Kenyan Coast before the 17th Century AD. (5 marks) (b) Explain five social effects of Christian missionary work in Kenya. (10 marks) 19. (a) Give five causes of Nandi resistance to British colonization. (5 marks) (b) Explain five methods used by the colonial government to promote settler farming in Kenya. (10 marks) 20. (a) Give five objectives of the formation of Kenya African National Union (KANU) in 1960. (5 marks) (b) Explain five problems experienced by the trade unions in Kenya during the colonial period. (10 marks) 21. (a) Give three sources from which Nyayoism evolved as a national philosophy. (3 marks) (b) Describe six contributions of Nyayo philosophy to national development in Kenya. (12 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. (a) State three factors that may cause revocation of citizenship by registration in Kenya. (3 marks) (b) Explain six rights that are guaranteed to an arrested person by the Bill of Rights in Kenya. (12 marks) 23. (a) Give five functions of correctional services in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Discuss five challenges faced by the correctional services in Kenya when discharging their functions. (10 marks) 24. (a) Outline five ways in which public revenue is raised by the National Government in Kenya. (5 marks) (b) Explain five measures used to ensure proper use of public revenue by the county governments in Kenya. (10 marks)

History & government KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education

311/2 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HOURS

SECTION A (25 marks) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. State two limitation of relying on oral traditions as a source of History. (2 marks) 2. Give one reason why the period of early man is referred to as the stone age. (1 mark) 3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early Agriculture began. (1 mark) 4. Name two major trade centres along the Tran-Sahara Trade routes. (2 marks) 5. State the main contribution of James watt in the field of industry. (1 mark) 6. State two advantages of the use of electricity in industries during the Industrial Revolution. (2 marks) 7. State two ways in which the growth of city of Cairo was influenced by the river Nile. (2 marks) 8. State two function of the Saza chiefs among the Buganda in the 19th Century. (2 marks) 9. Name the owner of the Royal Niger Company, a chartered company that operated in Africa. (1 mark) 10. Name one big African community that did not take part in the Maji Maji uprising between 1905 and 1907. (1 mark) 11. Identify the title of the book authored by Sir Fredrick Lugard, which summed up the ideas of the indirect system of government. (1 mark) 12. State two objectives of the African National Congress. (ANC) (2 marks) 13. State two reasons why Von Schlieffen plan failed during the first world war 1914 - 1918. (2 marks) 14. Name the Treaty signed between Russia and Germany leaders to withdraw the Russia Army from the First World war in 1917. (1 mark)

15. Name the military wing of the Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS) that enforced peace. (1 mark) 16. Identify two types of election in India. (2 marks) 17. Identify one parliament duty of the president in U.S.A. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. (a) State three reasons why Africa is regarded as the cradle of human kind. (3 marks) (b) Describe the way of life of early people during the middle stone age. (12 marks) 19. (a) State five reasons that led to the collapse of Trans-Sahara Trade. (5 marks) (b) Describe the organization of the Trans - Atlantic Trade. (10 marks) 20. (a) State three inventions in Britain in the 18th century that improved textile industries. (3 marks) (b) Explain six factors that led to industrialization in Japan in the 19th Century. (12 marks) 21. (a) State five reasons that influenced Sir Fredrick Lugard to use indirect system of administration in Northern Nigeria. (5 marks) (b) Explain five reasons why it was difficult to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 marks) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. (a) Give five reasons why the league of nations failed to maintain world peace. (5 marks) (b) Explain five ways through which the United National promotes health care in the world. (10 marks) 23. (a) Give three responsibilities of the Council of Ministers of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern rica.(COMESA) (3 marks) (b) Explain five achievement of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.(COMESA) (10 marks) 24. (a) State three responsibilities of the federal government of the United States of America.(USA) (3 marks) (b) Explain six functionS of the British monarch. (12 marks)

KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 History & government HISTORY & GOVERNMENT 311/1 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 1 Section A. (25 mks) 1. State the main source of information in pre-history. (1 mk) - Archeology. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 2. Identify the first settlement area of the river-lake Nilotes during their migration from Sudan .(1 mk) - Pubungu Pakwach (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 3. State two political functions of the Kiama among the Agikuyu during the pre-colonial period. (2 mks) (i) Settling land and inheritance disputes (ii) Settling civil and criminal cases / punishing offenders. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 4. Identify two historical landmarks that indicate the presence of Portuguese in Kenyan Coast. (2 mks) (i) Vasco da Gama pillar. (ii) Fort Jesus. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 5. Mention the document that supports Persian domination of the Indian ocean trade. (1 mk) - Christian Topography. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 6. Give two forms of social- economic interactions that promote national unity in Kenya. (2 mks) (i) Intercommunity marriages. (ii) Playing games together. (iii) Trading (iv) Working together. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 7. State two types of human rights. (2 mks) (i) Political rights / civil liberties (ii) Social - cultural rights (iii) Solidarity rights. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 8. Name the two houses that constituted Kenya’s legislature at the time of independence. (2 mks) (i) House of representatives. (ii) Senate (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 9. Highlight two Asian petitions to the Duke of Devonshire in 1923. (2 mks) (i) Right to own farms in the white highlands. (ii) Equal rights with the whites. (iii) Greater share in the colonial government affairs /end to racial discrimination and political injustices. - Lifting the ban (restriction) on Asian immigration. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 10. State the main feature of education system in colonial Kenya. (1 mk) - It was offered along racial lines / it was racially segregated. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 11. Give two provisions of the Lennox - Boyd constitution of 1958. (2 mks) (i) Increase Africans in the council of ministers to two. (ii) Increase African membership to the Legco by six (or to 14) (iii) 12 specially elected members of Legco, 4 from each race. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 12. Give the incident that provoked the declaration of a state of emergency in 1952. (1 mk) - The murder of a prominent loyalist Waruhiu wa Kung’u by the Mau Mau. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 13. Name the political association that replaced the Young Kavirondo association in 1921.(1 mk) - Kavirondo Tax payers’ Welfare Association. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 14. Identify two subordinate courts in Kenya (2 mks) (i) The magistrate courts. (ii) The Kadhi courts (iii) The court martial (iv) Tribunals (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 15. Identify the administrative head of Kenya’s National Assembly. (1 mk) - The clerk of the National Assembly. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 16. Give the constitutional amendment that made Kenya revert to a multi-party state in 1991. (1 mk) - Repeal of section 2A of the constitution. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 17. Define the term devolved government.(1 mk) - System where the central government delegates certain powers and responsibilities to lower levels of government according to the constitution. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) Section B (45 mks) 18. (a) State five factors that led to the growth of city states along the Kenyan Coast before the 17th Century AD. (5 mks) (i) Settlement along the coast by early visitors. (ii) Security factor since many of them were located on islands. (iii) Favorable climate conditions. (iv) Existence of deep, well sheltered harbours. (v) Effective administration by Muslim rulers. (vi Increase in population due to intermarriages. History & government (vii) Development of the Indian - ocean trade. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five social effects of Christians missionary work in Kenya.(10 mks) (i) Spread of Christianity in Kenya. (ii) Erosion of African culture as Africans adopted Western culture. (iii) Provision of Western medicine. (iv) Literacy among Africans as Western education was introduced. (v) Abolition of slave trade / establishment of centres for freed slaves. (vi) Exploration of East Africa. (vii) Translation of the Bible to African languages. (viii)Emergence of independence churches and schools. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 19. (a) Give five causes of Nandi resistance to British colonization. (5 mks) (i) Need to safeguard their independence. (ii) They were proud people who disliked interference by strangers. (iii) They feared they would lose their land. (iv) They did not want fulfillment of Kimnyole’s prophecy. (v) They had successfully fought their neighbours. (vi) They had an able leader who inspired them to resist. (vii) They disliked the colour and dressing of whitemen. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five methods used by the colonial government to promote settler farming in Kenya. (10 mks) (i) Acquiring land for them. (ii) Forcing Africans to provide labour for the settlers. (iii) Offering settlers technical assistance by providing them with agricultural extension officers in field. (iv) Developing transport network to enable settlers transport farm inputs and output. (v) Ensuring there was security for the settlers. (vi) Encouraging formation of co-operatives for marketing produce and establishment of financial institution to offer settlers financial (credit) facilities. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 20. (a) Give five objectives of the formation of Kenya African National Union (KANU) in 1960. (5 mks) (i) To fight for the return of alienated land. (ii) To fight for the release of detained nationalists. (iii) To fight poverty, ignorance and disease. (iv) To create a society based on African socialism. (v) To work together with liberation movements in other countries in order to end colonial rule. (vi) To encourage good neighbourhood in East African region. (vii) To fight for political independence for Africans. (viii) To support a unitary constitution inorder to unite Africans under one central government. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five problems experience by the trade unions in Kenya during the colonial period. (10 mks) (i) Leadership wraggles undermined their operations. (ii) Shortage of funds to implement their programmes. (iii) Ignorance by Africans hence they did not understand their role in the trade unions. (iv) Ethnic consideration in choice of leaders. (v) Membership small and unstable due to the migrant nature of the African labourers. (vi) Harassment and victimization of the Trade union leaders by the colonial government. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 21.(a) Give three sources from which Nyayoism evolved as a national philosophy. (3 mks) (i) Sessional paper No. 10 of 1965 that articulated African socialism. (ii) Moi’s long political career. (iii) Biblical teachings / 10 commandments. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Describe six contributions of Nyayo philosophy to national development in Kenya.(12 mks) (i) Enhanced unity and cooperation among Kenyans hence national integration. (ii) Promotion of peaceful co-existence which is essential for national development. (iii) Provided a guiding principle in Kenya’s foreign relations thus encouraging good relations with Kenya’s neighbours. (iv) Promotion of education through expansion of educational facilities. (v) Improvement in medical facilities. Many hospitals, dispensaries were established. (vi) Promotion of rural development by decentralising government operations to districts through the DFRD (District Focus for Rural Development) (6 x 2 = 12 mks) Section C (30 mks) 22.(a) State three factors that may cause revocation of citizenship by registration in Kenya. (3 mks) (i) If a person acquired it by fraud and false representation. (ii) If the person supports enemy country in war with Kenya. (iii) If within 5 years after registration the person is found guilty of a crime and convicted to jail term of 3 or more years. (iv) If at any time after registration, the person is convicted of treason or an offence whose penalty is 7 or more years. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Explain six rights that are guaranteed to an arrested person by the Bill of Right in Kenya. (12 mks) (i) Right to be informed promptly the reason for the arrest and that the person has right to remain silent. (ii) Right to communicate with an advocate / other persons of assistance. (iii) Right to remain silent. History & government (iv) Right to be held separately from persons serving a jail term. (v) To be brought and charged in court as soon as possible (within the time stipulated by the law) (vi) When brought to court be charged / or if detention is to continue be informed the reasons for this continuation. (vii) To be released on bond or bail on reasonable terms as the trial continues. (viii) Not to be remanded in custody for an offence which is punishable by a jail term of not more than 6 months or by fine only. (6 x 2 = 12 mks) 23.(a) Give five functions of correctional services in Kenya. (5 mks) (i) Implement court decisions concerning offenders e.g corporal punishment. (ii) Rehabilitating offenders through counselling them/ offering vocational training. (iii) Confining offenders to separate them from law abiding citizens. (iv) Taking care of the welfare of convicts by providing food, education, health etc. (v) Confining suspected offenders whose trial are still pending in law courts. (vi) Deterring those who might be thinking of committing crimes / confining individuals who may be a threat to state security. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Discuss five challenges faced by the correctional services in Kenya when discharging their functions. (10 mks) (i) Congestion / overcrowding in the correctional facilities. (ii) High incidences of disease outbreak leading to death of inmates. (iii) Shortage of funds hence inadequate food, clothing, medical care for inmates. (iv) Inadequate personnel with skills to rehabilitate offenders through counselling and offering vocational skills / facilities for training are also not adequate. (v) Corruption within the department hence unfair recruitment, promotion, smuggling of some goods in prisons. (vi) Poor living conditions and low salaries which discourage prison warders. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 24. (a) Outline five ways in which public revenue is raised by the National Government in Kenya. (5 mks) (i) Charges for government services. (ii) Selling various licences. (iii) Borrowing both internally and externally. (iv) Grants and donations from friendly countries. (v) Profits from parastatals and rents from buildings. - fines paid by offenders. - Imposition of various direct and indirect taxes. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five measures used to ensure proper use of public revenue by the county governments in Kenya.(10 mks) (i) Counties must prepare a county Budget which is approved by the County Assembly. (ii) Money borrowed by a county government must be approved by the County Assembly and guaranteed by the National Government. (iii) County government adhere to mechanisms on open tendering in procurement and disposal of public goods and services. (vi) The Revenue and Expenditure of county government is audited by the Auditor – General who submits a report to the relevant County Assembly. (v) The Governor is accountable to the County Assembly concerning financial management matters within the county. (vi)The controller of Budget supervises the implementation of the County Budget and reports to parliament. (vii) The Ethics and Anti-Corruption Commission investigates any cases of misappropriation of funds within the counties and recommends prosecution of concerned individuals. (5 x 2 = 10 mks)

History & government KIGUMO SUB-COUNTY CLUSTER EXAMINATION 2016 HISTORY & GOVERNMENT 311/2 MARKING SCHEME PAPER 2 Section A (25 mks) 1. State two limitation of relying on oval traditions as a source of History. (2 mks) (i) Information may be exaggerated. (ii) Information may be omitted. (iii) Difficult to give correct dates. (iv) Is expensive. (v) It is time consuming (vi) Biases may be experienced. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 2. Give one reason why the period of earlyman is referred to as the stone age. (1 mk) - It is period when stone was widely used as a tool making material. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 3. Identify the method used to plant cereal crops when early agriculture began. (1 mk) Broadcasting method. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 4. Name two major trade centres along the Trans- Sahara Trade routes. (2 mks) (i) Sijilmasa (ii) Tunis (iii) Timbuktu (iv) Gao 5. State the main contribution of James Watt in the field of industry. (1 mk) - He invented the steam engine. 6. State two advantages of the use of electricity in industries during the Industrial Revolution. (2 mks) (i) Electric power can be controlled by the use of switches. (ii) Convenient for many uses. (iii) Electricity is generated in one place and used at another point. (iv) Can be controlled through power rationing if not enough. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 7. State two ways in which the growth of the city of Cairo was influenced by the River Nile. (2 mks) (i) Provided water for domestic use. (ii) Used as a means of communication / transport. (iii) Nile valley provided adequate rainfall for agriculture that provided food for the growth of population. 8. State two functions of the Saza chiefs among the Buganda in the 19th Century. (2 mks) (i) They represented the Kabaka in the Saza administration. (ii) They ruled on behalf of the Kabaka. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 9. Name the owner of the Royal Niger company, a charter company that operated in Africa. (1 mk) George Goldie (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 10. Name one big African community that did not take part in Maji maji uprising between 1905 -1907. (1 mk) (i) Nyamwezi (ii) Chagga (any 1 x 1 = 1 m 11. Identify the title of the book authored by Sir Fredrick Lugard, which summed up the ideas of the indirect system of government.(1 mk) The Dual Mandate in Tropical Africa (1922) (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 12. State two objectives of the African national Congress (ANC) (2 mks) (i) To achieve national liberation. (ii) To achieve black majority rule. (2 x 1 = 2 mks) 13. State two reasons why Von Schlieffen plan failed during the First World War 1914 - 1918. (2 mks) (i) Russia mobilised her forces faster than expected and German forces had to be deployed to the Eastern front. (ii) Germany invasion of Belgium was not as fast as anticipated. (iii) Both sides were more evenly matched than the Germans thought. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 14. Name the Treaty signed between Russia and Germany leaders to withdrew Russian army from the 1st world war in 1917. Breft Litovsk (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 15. Name the military wing of the Economic Community of the West African States (ECOWAS) that enforce peace. (1 mk) The ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 16. Identify two types of election in India . (2 mks) (i) General election. (ii) By - elections. 17. Identify one parliamentary duty of the president in U.S.A. (1 mk) The president signs bills into laws. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) Section B (45 mks) 18. (a) State three reasons why Africa is regarded as the cradle of humankind. (3 mks) (i) There are numerous archaeological sites. (ii) The savanna grasslands provided space for early man to effectively hunt and gather food. History & government (iii) There were all season rivers that provided fresh water and trapping for wild animals. (iv) Geographically Africa was the centre of the pangea which made it possible for all early a ape-like creatures to move to other regions during the continental drift. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Describe the way of life of early people during the middle stone age. (12 mks) (a) Tools and weapons Tools were smaller, thinner, lighter and shorter. Tools were made from more than one material. (b) Invention and use of fire.- the use of fire started. (c) Shelter - Started living in caves and rock shelters due to security. (d) Food - man improved cooking using fire. (e) Communication - Man improved on gestures and growling and began to use clicks and grunts. (f) Obtained food by hunting and gathering. (6 x 2 = 12 mks) 19. (a) State five reasons that led to the collapse of Trans-Sahara Trade. (5 mks) (i) The exhaustion of the main trade items i.e salt and gold. (ii) Insecurity experienced in the region. (iii) The invasion of Moroccan ports by Iberian countries. (iv) The invasion by the Ottoman Turk’s (v) The growth of Trans-Atlantic trade. (vi) The anti-slave crusade waged by British philanthropists. (vii) Colonization of the Africa continent by the European powers. (viii) European penetration of the interior regions impacted negatively on the importance of middlemen in trade. (b) Describe the organization of the Trans-Atlantic Trade. (10 mks) (i) Referred to as triangular trade i.e trade from Europe to Africa to America. (ii) European used ships to carry metal bar, spirits, etc to Africa. (iii) Slaves were the major item of trade. (iv) Slaves were acquired using different ways e.g exchange prisoners of war lonely travellers etc. (v) Once slaves were captured they were transported to commercial centres where they were exchanged. (vi) At the centers slaves were oiled and fed ready for inspection. (vii) They were branded and loaded into ships for American journey called middle passage. (viii) Special slave ships were constructed to facilitate movements. (ix) The Journey to America was traumatizing. (x) On reaching America they were sold to plantation owners. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 20 (a) State three inventions that improved textile manufacturing industries in Britain in the 18th Century. (3 mks) (i) The flying shuttle by John Kay. (ii) The spinning Jenny by James Hargrives. (iii) The water frame by Richard Arkwright. iv) The spinning mule by Crowmpton Samuel (v) The power loam by Edmound Cartright (vi) The cotton gin by Elly Whitney. (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Explain six factors that led to the industrialization is Japan in the 19th century. (12 mks) (i) Enterprising citizens who are hardworking and determined. (ii) Long period of political stability. (iii) USA assisted Japan after the second world war. (iv) Japanese goods are of high quality all have a wide market in Africa USA and Europe. (v) Japan has highly developed renewable hydro- electric power. (vi) Skilled and unskilled labour was available. (vii) Developed system of transport and communication (viii) The government had invited foreign expatriates and deployed them to local industries. (ix) Japan had an open investment policy which encouraged the West to invest in her industries. (x) The geographical factor since only a small percentage of land was suitable for agriculture. (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 21 (a). State five reasons that influenced Sir Fredrick Lugard to use indirect system of administration in Northern Nigeria. (i) The British lacked enough European manpower to effectively control the vast Nigeria protectorate. (ii) The system was cost - effective since only a few British officials would be employed. (iii) It helped dilute Africa Resistance. (iv) Poor transport and communication network in the vast Nigeria protectorate. (v) Indirect rule has succeeded in Uganda and India. (vi) In Northern Nigeria there existed a well-established system of government based on Islamic law. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five reasons why it was difficult to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria (10 mks) (i) Southern Nigeria had many ethnic groups with diverse political and religious systems. (ii) Lugard’s attempt to give more powers to Yorube traditional leaders (obas) was despised. (iii) The Egba community resisted paying taxes. (iv) Lugard attempt to appoint the Igba traditional chiefs was rejected. (v) The elite used English language while other people spoke local languages. (vi) The mission - educated elites resented the system. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) Section C (30 mks) History & government 22. (a) Give five reasons why the league of nations failed to maintain world peace. (5 mks) (i) There was serious weaknesses in the covenant. which made it difficult for decisive action to be taken against any aggressors. (ii) The league had no military force. (iii) The United States of America was absent. (iv) The league lacked enough funds to run and implement its programmes. (v) The conference of ambassador in Paris undermined its activities. (vi) The rejection of the general protocol by British conservatives. (vii) The world economic crisis lowered the living standard in most countries. (viii) The rise of dictatorial governments in Japan, Germany and Italy. (ix) The failure of the world disarmament conference of 1923 - 1933. (5 x 1 = 5 mks) (b) Explain five ways through which the United Nations promotes health care in the world. (10 mks) (i) Eradication of small pox (ii) UN HIV/AIDS (UNAIDJ) programme that advocates global action against HIV epidemic. (iii) Universal immunization programmes against polio tetanus, measles etc. (iv) Fight against parasitic diseases e.g river blindness. (v) Family planning programmes have made people to make informed choices. (vi) UN drug control progarmme (UNDCP) (vii) Ensuring safety by establishing standards for consumer goods. (viii) Provision of safe drinking water. (ix) Control of epidemic e.g deadly ebola. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 23.(a) Give three responsibilities of the council of ministers of the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa. (COMESA) (i) Monitor and ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market. (ii) Make recommendation to the authority on matter of policy aimed at efficiency and harmonies functioning of the common market. (iii) Make regulation, issue directives, make decision and opinions in accordance with the provision of the treaty. (iv) Request advisory opinion from the court. (v) Consider and approve the budget of the secretariat and the court. (vi) Make staff rules, regulation and financial regulation of the secretariat. (vii) Designate economically depressed areas of the common market. (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Explain five achievements of common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) (i) Member states have liberalised trade. (ii) A united computerized customs network has been introduced across the region. (iii) Measures have been adopted to improve administration of transport and communications to ease movement of goods, services and people. (iv) Has created a legal framework to encourage the growth of the private sector. (v) Harmonization of macro-economic and monetary policies. (vi) Has provided room for greater industrial productivity. (vii) Has encouraged member states to practise good governance. (viii) Comesa has contributed to employment of manypeople in the region. (ix) Harmonised monetary, banking and financial policies. (5 x 2 = 10 mks) 24.(a) State three responsibilities of federal government of the United States of America (USA) (3 mks) (i) Levying and collection of taxes. (ii) Paying government debts. (iii) Declaring war raising and supporting the armed forces. (iv) Regulating commerce with foreign countries. (v) Handling foreign affairs. (vi) Resolving disputes involving different states. (vii) Making and regulating the value of the United States currency. (viii) Admitting new states into the union. (ix) Passing federal laws. (x) Establishing federal courts. (3 x 1 = 3 mks) (b) Explain six functions of the British monarch. (i) Enforcing national laws / assent or approved (ii) Appointment and removal of government officers (iii) Management of the country’s foreign policy. (iv) Summon prorogue and dissolve parliament. (v) Appointment of judges. (vi) Pardoning and giving reprieve to people accused of committing various offences. (vii) Appointments of bishops and archbishops of the church of England. (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks)

History & government KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education)

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY /AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HRS SECTION A : (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1. Identify two limitations of using archaeology as a source of information on History and Government. (2 Mks) 2. Identify two earliest inhabitants of Kenya. (2 Mks) 3. Give the name of the Council of elders among the Ameru (1 Mk) 4. Identify one Arab family that ruled the East African Coast during pre-colonial period (1 Mk) 5. State two political responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (2 Mks) 6. State two ways in which education promotes national unity (2 Mks) 7. Identify two commissions established under the New constitution of 2010. (2 Mks) 8. State one survival right of a child in Kenya. (1 Mk) 9. Identify two methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. (2 Mks) 10. Identify the main reason why African were pushed into the reserves (1 Mk) 11. Identify two features of early political organisations in Kenya (2 Mks) 12. Name one political party that participated in the 1992 general elections (1 Mk) 13. Who was the first vice president of Kenya. (1 Mk) 14. State one arm of the Kenya Defence Forces (1 Mk) 15. Identify two pillars of Nyayo philosophy (2 Mks) 16. Identify the ex-officio member of the County Assembly (1 Mk) 17. Identify one education Commison in Kenya after independence. (1 Mk)

SECTION B : 45 MARKS Answer any three questions from this section 18. a) Name three communities that belong to the Eastern Bantus in Kenya. (3 Mks) b) Describe the political organisation of the Somali during the pre-colonial period (12 Mks) 19. a) Identify five reasons for the coming of the missionaries. (5 Mks) b) Explain five factors that facilitated the development of plantation agriculture on the East African Coast during the pre-colonial period. (10 Mks) 20. a) Identify three land policies in Kenya during the colonial period. (3 Mks) b) Explain six terms of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 (12 Mks) 21. a) List three groups that fought for the multiparty democracy in Kenya. (3 Mks) b) Discuss six roles played by the ruling party in Kenya. (12 Mks)

SECTION C: 30marks Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) List three forms of direct democracy practised in Kenya. (3 Mks) b) Explain six advantages of democracy (12 Mks) 23. a) Identify three units of the Kenya Police Service (3 Mks) b) Explain six challenges facing the correctional services in Kenya. (12 Mks) 24. a) State five sources of revenue for the National government (5 Mks) b) Explain five ways in which the national government controls public (10 Mks) finance in Kenya

History & government KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 (Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education)

311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 2 JULY /AUGUST 2016 1 TIME: 2 /2 HRS SECTION A : (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1. State one advantage of written materials as a source of information on history and government. (1 Mk) 2. Define the term government. (1 Mk) 3. Give the title of the tools made by man during the New Stone Age period (1 Mk) 4. Name two urban centres that developed as a result of early agriculture in Egypt (2 Mks) 5. State two features of local trade in Africa. (2 Mks) 6. Mention two challenges facing space explorers. (2 Mks) 7. What was the main contribution of Alexander Graham Bell? (1 Mk) 8. State two social functions of the ancient city of Athens. (2 Mks) 9. Identify two senior officials who assisted the king of the Shona in administering the kingdom (2 Mks) 10. Identify two chartered companies which were used to administer European possessions in Africa. (2 Mks) 11. Name two communes in Senegal where assimilation was applied. (2 Mks) 12. Name the political wing of ANC formed by Nelson Mandela during the struggle for majority rule in South Africa (1 Mk) 13. Mention two rival blocs in the second world war. (2 Mks) 14. State the main aim of Pan - Africanism (1 Mk) 15. Name one founder member of the Non- aligned Movement (NAM) (1 Mk) 16. What was the main political challenge in Zaire between 1977 and 1978? (1 Mk) 17. Name one main political party in the USA (1 Mk) SECTION B : 45 MARKS Answer any three questions from this section 18. a) State three features of Aegyptopithecus (3 Mks) b) Explain six reasons why man shifted from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture (12 Mks) 19. a) State five uses of steel during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. (5 Mks) b) Explain five effects of Scientific inventions on agriculture (10 Mks) 20. a) State five communities that took part in the Maji Maji rebellion (5 Mks) b) Explain five results of the Chimurenga war. (10 Mks) 21. (a) Identify three principles of the Arusha Declaration of 1967 (3 Mks) b) Describe six political challenges facing Tanzania since independence. (12 Mks)

SECTION C: 30marks Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) Name three countries in Africa where the cold war was fought physically (3 Mrks) b) Explain six causes of the cold war (12 Mks) 23. a) Mention three organs of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) ( 3 Mks) b) Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) (12 Mks) 24. a) State three ways in which one can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3 Mks) b) Describe six functions of the Monarchy in Britain (12 Mks)

History & government KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 HISTORY PAPER 1 311/1 MARKING SCHEME SECTION A : (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1. Identify two limitations of using archaeology as a source of information on History and Government. (2 Mks) i) It is time consuming ii) It is difficult to locate archaeological sites. iii) It is expensive as it requires expensive equipments. (iv) It requires experts. (v) It is limited to the study of the ancient period. (vi) Some artefacts are fragile and may break during extraction. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 2. Identify two earliest inhabitants of Kenya. (2 Mks) (i) Okiek ii) Gumba iii) Dorobo iv) Athi v) Khoikho vi) San (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 3. Give the name of the Council of elders among the Ameru (1 Mk) Njuri Ncheke (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 4. Identify one Arab family that ruled the East African Coast during pre-colonial period (1 Mk) Nabahan family Mazrui family Busaidi family (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 5. State two political responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen. (2 Mks) i) Obeying the law ii) Protecing the law iii) Participating in the democratic process iv) Maintaining valid documents. v) Participating in public meetings. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 6. State two ways in which education promotes national unity (2 Mks) i) The curriculum is common in all parts of Kenya. ii) Conscious mixing of students of all races within the education system. iii) School curriculum stresses on the importance of National Unity. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 7. Identify two commissions established under the New constitution of 2010. (2 Mks) i) Public service commission ii) Teacher service commission iii) Judicial service commission iv) National police service commission v) Salaries and remuneration commission vi) Kenya National Human Rights and Equality commission vii) National Lands Commission viii) Independent Electoral Boundaries Commission (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 8. State one survival right of a child in Kenya. (1 Mk) i) Food ii) Water iii) Shelter iv) Medical care (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 9. Identify two methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. (2 Mks) i) Signing of treaties ii) Collaboration iii) Military expedition iv) Operational basis (v) Compapny rule (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) History & government 10. Identify the main reason why African were pushed into the reserves (1 Mk) To give land for plantation agriculture (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 11. Identify two features of early political organisations in Kenya (2 Mks) (i) Tribal based (ii) Led by mission educated Africans iii) Fought for similar grievances iv) Were not radical in nature v) Small membership (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 12. Name one political party that participated in the 1992 general elections (1 Mk) KANU FORD KENYA FORD ASILI Democratic Party (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mks 13. Who was the first vice president of Kenya. (1 Mk) Jaramogi Oginga Odinga (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mks) 14. State one arm of the Kenya Defence Forces (1 Mk) Kenya Army Kenya Navy Kenya Airforce (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 15. Identify two pillars of Nyayo philosophy (2 Mks) Peace Love Unity (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 16. Identify the ex-officio member of the County Assembly (1 Mk) Speaker of the County Assembly (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 17. Identify one education Commison in Kenya after independence. (1 Mk) (i) Kamunge Commission (ii) Mackay Commission (iii) Ominde Commission (iv) Koech Commission (v) Gachathi Commission Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) SECTION B : 45 MARKS Answer any three questions from this section 18. a) Name three communities that belong to the Eastern Bantus in Kenya. (3 Mks) Mijikenda Aembu Pokomo Agikuyu Taita Mbeere Taveta Akamba Ameru (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain the political organisation of the Somali. (12 Mks) (i) Each Somali clan was politically autonomous. (ii) The clan was headed by a Council of elders. (iii) Functions of the Council included - presiding over assemblies - conducting religious ceremonies - settling land disputes - Maintaining law and order iv) Council was the final authority whose decisions were final. (v) There was an overal Chief (Sultan) in charge of the entire community. (vi) Position of the Sultan was hereditaryand his powers did not override the Council. vii) Age set system supplied proffessional warriors for defense (viii) Warriors later graduated to become elders (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 19. a) Identify five reasons for the coming of the missionaries. (5 Mks) History & government i) To spread Christianity. ii) To spread Western civilisation iii) To abolish slave trade iv) To introduce legitimate trade/ stop slave trade v) To introduce missionary societies in Africa. vi) To counter the spread of Islam. vii) For exploration and adventure (Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks) b) Explain five factors that facilitated the development of plantation agriculture on the East African Coast during the pre- colonial period. (10 Mks) i) Existence of slave labour ii) Availability of fertile soils that favoured farming iii) Presence of large tracks of land for plantation farming iv) The Coast had suitable climate and abundant rainfall. v) There was high demand for grains at the Coast and oversees. vi) Large number of Oman settlers who settled in Malindi, Lamu and Mombasa that acquired land for crop farming. (Any 5 x 2 = 10Mks) 20. a) Identify three land policies in Kenya during the colonial period. (3 Mks) i) Indian acquisition Act ii) The land regulations Act iii) The East African land order in Council (iv) Crownland ordinance (v) Kenya annexation order in Council (vi) The Native lands trust ordinance . The carter commission (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six terms of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923 (12 Mks) (i) The Kenya highlands were to be exclusively for the white settlers ii) The Indians were to elect five members to the legislative Council on a communal roll (iii) The European settlers demand for self government in Kenya was rejected. (iv) Racial segregation in all the residential areas plus resistrictions on immigration were abolished. (v) The colonial secretary would exercise strict control over the affair of the colony. (vi) A missionary would be nominated to the legco to represent the interests of the Africans. (vii) The settlers had to maintain their representation in the legco thus still enjoying an upper hand. (viii) Interests of the Africans were to be given priority before those of the immigrant races if there was a conflict. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 21. a) List three groups that fought the multiparty democracy in Kenya. (3 Mks) The clergy Journalists Political activists NGOS (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks)

b) Discuss the role played by the ruling party in Kenya. (12 Mks) (i) Forms the government with the leader becoming the president (ii) It formulates national policies within which the government operates (iii) It monitors the peoples general feelings towards the establishment and informs the government accordingly. (iv) It lays down the policy to guide its members of parliament. (v) Party officials work hand in hand with the civil servants at all levels in implementing government policies vi) The party is charged with the responsibility of promoting the country’s social economic development vii) Promotes political awareness and general education among the people aiming at enhancing national consciousness. (viii) Responsible for maintaining law and order by providing security to its people ix) It formulates foreign policy and protects Kenyan National out of the country. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) SECTION C: 30marks Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) List three forms of direct democracy practised in Kenya. (3 Mks) History & government initiative plebscite recall Referendum Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six advantages of democracy (12 Mks) i) Most popular form of government since it is founded on the concept of the people. ii) It recognises equality among all the people irrespective of their colour gender or religoius beliefs. iii) Democracy has a moral and educative value. iv) It balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state. v) It promotes patriotism and reduces the chances of revolution vi) It promotes peace in the country (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 23. a) Identify three units of the Kenya Police Service (3 Mks) Antistock theft unit General service unit Traffic police Police airwing Antinacotics (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six challenges facing the correctional services in Kenya. (12 Mks) i) Congestion in prisons ii) High incidents of disease outbreak iii) Shortage of funds to maintain prisoners iv) Inadequate personnel to rehabilitate convicts through counselling v) Poor living conditions for prison warder vi) Rising cases of corruption leading to smuggling of illegal goods into the prisons. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 24. a) State five sources of revenue for the National government (5 Mks) i) Charges for services eg. health electricity and water. ii) Fines charged in Courts. iii) Issuance of licences e.g trade and driving. iv) Direct taxes like sales tax, excise duty and customs duty. v) Rent on government buildings. vi) Profit from parastals and shares from companies vii) Domestic borrowing viii) Grants from friendly countries (Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks) b) Explain five ways in which the national government controls public finance in Kenya (10 Mks) i) Parliament passes legislation giving terms of borrowing money. ii) Parliament passes legislation to ensure expenditure control and transparency. iii) Cabinet secretary for finance has power to temporarily stop transfer of funds to a state organ. iv) The government has established a system of open tendering for procurement and disposal of goods and services v) The auditor general audits government ministries and departments vi) The principal secretaries are accountable to the national assembly for financial management within their ministries vii) The Kenya Anti- corruption authority investigates and recommends for prosecution of public officers who mismanage funds. Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks)

KUWED JOINT ASSESSMENT EXAMINATION - 2016 HISTORY PAPER 2 311/2 MARKING SCHEME

History & government SECTION A : (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1. State one advantage of written materials as a source of information on history and government. (1 Mk) i) Ensure parmanent storage of historical information ii) Can be translated to different languages iii) Cannot be easily changed iv) They are reliable i.e. unbiased. (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 2. Define the term government. (1 Mk) i) Is the exercising of authority over/ruling ii) Is the body set up to ensure maintenance of law and order in a country. (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 3. Give the title of the tools made by man during the New Stone Age period (1 Mk) Microliths (1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 4. Name two urban centres that developed as a result of early agriculture in Egypt (2 Mks) i) Thebes ii) Mephis iii) Akhetaten iv) Aswan (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mk) 5. State two features of local trade in Africa. (2 Mks) i) Participants were from the same geographical area. ii) Were carried out on specific days iii) Had small volumes of trade goods. iv) Had a low level of specialization (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 6. Mention two challenges facing space explorers. (2 Mks) i) Extreme and unfavourable space temperature ii) Deadly rays in space which endangers astronauts lives iii) Unfavourable environment in space for human life. (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 7. What was the main contribution of Alexander Graham Bell? (1 Mk) He invented the telephone. (1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 8. State two social functions of the ancient city of Athens. (2 Mks) i) It was a music /art centre ii) An educational centre iii) Sports centre iv) Religious centre (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 9. Identify two senior officials who assisted the king of the Shona in administering the kingdom (2 Mks) i) Court steward (ii) Treasurer iii) Commander in chief of the army iv) Mbokurumme (Senior son in-law of king) (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 10. Identify two chartered companies which were used to administer European possessions in Africa. (2 Mks) i) The Royal Niger Company ii) Germany East African Company iii) British South African Company iv) Imperial British East African Company (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 11. Name two communes in Senegal where assimilation was applied. (2 Mks) i) Gorez ii) Dakar iii) St. Louis iv) Rusfisque (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks)

12. Name the political wing of ANC formed by Nelson Mandela during the struggle for majority rule in South Africa (1 Mk) Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) 13. Mention two rival blocs in the second world war. (2 Mks) i) The Allied powers History & government ii) Axis powers (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 14. State the main aim of Pan - Africanism (1 Mk) To unite all people of African descent all over the world. (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mks) 15. Name the founder member of the Non- aligned Movement (NAM) ( 1 Mk) i) Jawaharlal Nehru of India. ii) Surkano of Indonesia iii) Marshall Tito of Yugoslavia iv) Gamal Nasser of Egypt. v) Chou - Enlai of China. (Any 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 16. What was the main political challenge in Zaire between 1977 and 1978? (1 Mk) The Shaba rebellion broke out leaving more than 200 soldiers dead. ( 1 x 1 = 1 Mk) 17. Name one main political party in the USA (1 Mk) i) The Democrats ii) The Republicans (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks)

SECTION B : 45 MARKS Answer any three questions from this section 18. a) State three features of Aegyptopithecus ( 3 Mks) i) It was a herbivore ii) Had streoscopic vision iii) Lived in forested areas iv) Movement was quadrapedal i.e on four limbs. (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six reasons why man shifted from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture (12 Mks) i) Hunting and gathering was tiresome/ cumbersome ii) Competition for food developed among human beings and between animals. iii) Increase in human population led to food scarcity. iv) Climatic changes e.g increased drought led to aridity threatening plants & animals. v) Natural calamities e.g bush fires destroyed vegetation /drove away animals. vi) Realization by man that some animals were friendly. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 19. a) State five uses of steel during the Industrial Revolution in Europe. (5 Mks) i) Making house roofs ii) Production of utensils e.g pans iii) Construction of railway lines, bridges and cars. iv) Making of farm machinery v) Reinforcing concrete walls (Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks) b) Explain five effects of Scientific inventions on agriculture (10 Mks) i) Food production has increased with use of fertilizers, pesticides and farm machinery ii) Scientific research in the field of agriculture has been stepped up e.g setting up of Agricultural schools and colleges. iii) Farming has been promoted through preservation of food through canning and refrigeration. iv) Increased food production has led to increase in population v) Agriculture has been diversfied vi) Farming has been revolutionized from small scale subsitence farming to large scale. vii) Pesticies and fertilisers are expensive farm inputs viii) Soil fertility has been improverished by consistent use of fertilisers ix) Biotechnology is threatening traditional crops x) Increased heart disease due to consumption of chemically -treated and stored food. (Any 5 x 2 = 10 Mks)

20. a) State five communities that took part in the Maji Maji rebellion ( 5 Mks) i) Pogoro ii) Luguru iii) Matumbi iv) Ngindo v) Zaramo vi)Ndendeule vii) Bena viii) Bunga ix) Wamwera (Any 5 x 1 = 5 Mks) History & government b) Explain five results of the Chimurenga war. (10 Mks) i) Loss of lives as many people were killed. ii) Destruction of property iii) Allienation of African land by the British iv) African were subjected to heavy taxation and forced labour v) Loss of independence by Africans vi) Led to the spread of Christianity as most African lost confidence in their traditional religion which failed to protect them. vii) Led to severe famine leading to starvation viii) Led to discrediting of the colonial office due to poor administration. (Any 5 x 2 = 10 Mks) 21. (a) Identify three principles of the Arusha Declaration of 1967 ( 3 Mks) i) Self- reliance ii) Ujamaa (socialism) iii) Avoidance of discrimination of all forms iv) Nationalization (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Describe six political challenges facing Tanzania since independence. (12 Mks) i) The army mutiny on 20th January 1964 made Tanzanias realise that independence was more than just peace, law and order. ii) Political power skewed towards the urban elite. iii) The policy of Africanization created power vacuums in many areas. iv) Complications on the political marriage between Zanzibar and Tanganyika due to different political ideologies. v) Cold war effects which increased pressure due to taking sides. vi) Political assassinations of Abeid Karume. vii) Unilateral decision by Ali Hassan Mwinyi to join the African Muslim League almost broke the union vii) Pressure on Tanzania to adopt multi-party democracy threatened National Unity ix) The adoption of a foreign policy that was socialist- oriented made Western donors pullout their investments. x) The hosting of political fugitives such as Uganda’s Milton Obote created enemity between Nyerere and Amin xi) Increased and continued neo- colonialism (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) SECTION C: 30marks Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) Name three countries in Africa where the cold war was fought. (3 Mrks) i) Ethiopia ii) Angola iii) Democratic Republic of Congo (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six causes of the cold war (12 Mks) i) Ideological differences between USA and USSR. ii) Arms race (reamament) which created mistrust and suspicion. iii) Economic rivarly between USSR & USA iv) Formation of military alliances and military support to opponent enemies v) Use of Russian veto in the UN in a pro- USA way. vi) Differences over Germany (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks)

23. a) Mention three organs of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) ( 3 Mks) i) Authority of heads of state and government. ii) Council of ministers iii) The Court of justice. iv) The committee of governors of Central bank v) Inter-governmental committee vi) Technical committees History & government vi) The secretariat viii) Consultative committee (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Explain six challenges facing the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) (12 Mks) i) Personality differences among rulers and leaders of different countries ii) Member states have quarrelled over trading rights under COMESA. iii) Tanzania and Namibia have pulled out and joined SADC. iv) Poor transport and communication networks. v) Accusation of other countries undermining their neighbours. vi) Civil wars in member states. vii) Boundary conflicts. viii) COMESA members have large foreign debts. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks) 24. a) State three ways in which one can become a member of parliament in Britain. (3 Mks) i) Through appointment by the monarchy ii) Through heredity iii) Appointment by virtue of one’s position in the society. iv) Through election (Any 3 x 1 = 3 Mks) b) Describe six functions of the Monarchy in Britain (12 Mks) i) Assenting the laws ii) Appointment and removal of government officers. iii) Manage foreign policy and enact treaties iv) Appointing of judges. v) Pardoning people accused of various offences. vi) Appoints bishops and archbishops to the Anglican church. (Any 6 x 2 = 12 Mks)

History & government NYERI COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT ASSESSMENT Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 ½ hours

SECTION A: (25 MARKS) Answer all questions in this section. 1. Identify the branch of history that studies the occupation of people. (1 mark) 2. Identify the original homeland of the Luo before their migration into Kenya. (1 marks) 3. Identify the main characteristics of a clan among the traditional African communities. (1 mark) 4. Give two evidences that shows the Chinese traders reached the East African coast. (2 marks) 5. Name two Arab families which ruled the Kenyan coast on behalf of Oman. (2 marks) 6. Give two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen by birth. (2 marks) 7. State two rights of a person held in custody in Kenya. (2 marks) 8. Mention two duties of a chief during the colonial administration in Kenya. (2 marks) 9. State one group that provided education in Kenya during the colonial period. (1 mark) 10. Name two communities in Kenya that exhibited mixed reaction towards British colonization in Kenya. (2 marks) 11. State the main result of the Lyttelton constitution of 1954. (1 mark) 12. Name two organs of national security in Kenya. (2 marks) 13. State two political developments in Kenya between 1963 and 1969. (2 marks) 14. State one factor that is considered when changing constituency boundaries in Kenya. (1 mark) 15. State the main function of the leader of majority in parliament. (1 mark) 16. Name the arm of government of Kenya that interprets the law. (1 mark) 17. Mention one type of public fund in Kenya. (1 mark)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. a) State five economic activities of the Boran during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) b) Describe the social organization of the Akamba during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19. a) State five characteristics of the coastal towns by 1500 AD. (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of the early Christian missionary activities on people of East African coast. (10 marks) 20. a) State five measures used by colonial government in Kenya to force Africans to provide labour in settler farms. (5 marks) b) Describe five consequences of colonial land policies in colonial Kenya. (10 marks) 21. a) State three objectives of African socialism as combined in Sessional Paper number 10 of 1965. (3 marks) b) Discuss six social effects of national philosophies on development in Kenya. (10 marks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) State five non-violent methods of resolving a conflict. (5 marks) b) Explain five factors that promote national unity. (10 marks) 23. a) State five situations that can make a registered voter be denied the right to vote in Kenya. (5 marks) b) Explain five limitations of parliamentary supremacy in kenya. (10 marks) 24. a) State five reasons why Kenyan government prepares a budget every year. (5 marks) b) Explain five ways in which the national government spends revenue in Kenya. (10 marks)

History & government NYERI COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT ASSESSMENT Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 2 ½ hours 1. State two sources of information on History and Government. (2 marks) 2. Identify two distinct characteristics of Homo Erectus. (2 marks) 3. Mention one trading item obtained from the North during the Trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) 4. Give two reasons why African slaves were preferred by plantation owners. (2 marks) 5. Identify the main use of pipeline transport. (1 mark) 6. Which is the most recent development in television broadcasting? (1 mark) 7. State two uses of gold in pre-colonial Africa. (2 marks) 8. Identify one contribution of Louis Pasteur in the field of medicine. (1 mark) 9. Give two social effects of growth of Meroe. (2 marks) 10. Name one Italian colony in Africa. (1 mark) 11. Identify one method that was used by British in administering her colonies. (1 mark) 12. What was the main role of religion during Maji Maji rebellion? (1 mark) 13. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence. (1 mark) 14. Identify two conflicting alliances that contributed to the outbreak of World War I. (2 marks) 15. State two functions of UN secretariat. (2 marks) 16. State one change made by Mobutu Sese Seko in the programme of indigenous cultural revival. (1 mark) 17. Give two reasons that led to the collapse of the East African Community in 1977. (2 marks)

SECTION B: (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section. 18. a) State three similarities between early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia. (3 marks) b) Explain six solutions to food shortages in Africa. (12 marks) 19. a) State three uses of steam in Europe during the 19th century. (3 marks) b) Explain six factors that promoted industrial development in Japan. (12 marks) 20. a) State five economic effects of partition of Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain five causes of Lewanika’s collaboration with the British in the 19th century. (10 marks) 21. a) State five contributions of Nelson Mandela in the struggle for African liberation in south Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain five problems faced by nationalists in South Africa during the apartheid rule. (10 marks)

SECTION C: (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions from this section. 22. a) State five economic activities of the Shona in the 19th century. (5 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Buganda kingdom in the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 23. a) State five reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain world peace and security. (5 marks) b) Explain five causes of the cold war. (10 marks) 24. a) State five ways how the conduct of the president of the USA is checked. (5 marks) b) Explain five functions of the prime minister in Britain. (10 marks)

History & government NYERI COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT ASSESSMENT Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 2 ½ hours SECTION A : 1. Identify the branch of history that studies the occupation of people Economic history 1mk 2. Identify the original homeland of the Luo before their migration into Kenya. Bahr el Ghazal 1mk 3. Identify the main characteristic of a clan among the traditional African communities. Had one ancestor / same ancestor 1mk 4. Give two evidences that shows the Chinese traders reached the East African coast. i) Presence of Chinese coins ii) Porcelain remains iii) Written documents - Periplus of the Erythrean Sea any 2 x 1 = 2mks 5. Name two Arab families which ruled the Kenyan coast on behalf of Oman. Mazrui family Nabahan family Busaidi family any 2 x 1 = 2mks 6. Give two ways of becoming a Kenyan citizen by birth. i) If the father / mother of the person is a Kenyan citizen ii) A child found in Kenya who is / appears to be less than eight years of age and whose nationality and parents are not known iii) A former Kenyan citizen by birth who reapplies to regain Kenya citizenship any 2 x 1 = 2mks 7. State two rights of a person held in custody in Kenya. i) Retention of all rights and freedoms except those incompatible with their conditions ii) Entitlement to rights of habeas corpus iii) Humane treatment as spelt out in parliamentary legislation iv) Treatment in keeping with relevant international human rights instructions any 2 x 1 = 2mks 8. Mention two duties of a chief during the colonial administration in Kenya. i) Maintenance of law and order ii) Hearing of petty cases iii) Tax collection iv) Labour recruitment / army conscription any 2 x 1 = 2mks 9. State one group that provided education in Kenya during the colonial period. i) Asians ii) Missionaries iii) Africans themselves iv) Colonial government any 1 x 1 = 1mk 10. Name two communities in Kenya that exhibited mixed reaction towards British colonisation in Kenya i) Akamba ii) Luo iii) Agikuyu any 2 x 1 = 2mks 11. State the main result of the Lyttelton Constitution of 1954. It allowed for the formation of a multi racial government 1mark 12. Name two organs of national security in Kenya. i) The Kenya Defence Forces ii) The National Intelligence Service iii) The National Police Service any 2 x 1 = 2mks 13. State two political development in Kenya between 1963 and 1969. i) 1963 - Kenya gained political independence ii) 1964 - KADU was disbanded making Kenya de facto one party state iii) 1964 - Federal constitution was abolished making Kenya a unitary state The post of prime minister was abolished. Kenya became a Republic with an executive president iv) 1965 - Assassination of Pio Gama Pinto in Nairobi v) 1966 - the Limuru conference created eight vice president posts for KANU - Odinga quit KANU and formed KPU - Joseph Murumbi was appointed vice president vi) 1967 - The ‘Little General Elections’ were held. Daniel Moi was appointed vice president upto 1978 when he succeeded Jomo Kenyatta as president vii) 1969 - K.P.U was banned following riots in Kisumu, Tom Mboya, minister for Economic planning and development was assassinated any 2 x 1 = 2mks 14. State one factor that is considered when changing constituency boundaries in Kenya. i) Population / demographic trends ii) Physical and human infrastructure History & government iii) Historical and cultural ties between the groups of people involved iv) The cost of administration v) Geographical factors vi) Views of the community involved any 1 x 1 = 1mk 15. State the main functions of the leader of majority in parliament. Defends government's legislation / policy in parliament 1mk 16. Name the arm of government of Kenya that interpretes the law. The judiciary 1mk 17. Mention one type of public fund in Kenya. i) Equalization fund ii) Revenue fund iii) Consolidates fund iv) Contingencies fund any 1 x 1 = 1mk SECTION B 18. a) State five economic activities of the Boran during the pre-colonial period. i) They were nomadic livestock keepers ii) Traded with their neighbours iii) Did hunting and gathering iv) They had craft industries like baskets, pottery and leather work v) Grew crops vi) Fishing - those who settled along River Tana any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Describe the social organization of the Akamba during the pre-colonial period. i) The social organisation of the Akamba was based on the family. Several families lived together in enclosed villages on hilltops ii) They worshipped one supreme God (Ngai) who was believed to live in the sky. The head of each family offered prayers daily at dawn and dusk iii) In times of crisis, prayers were conducted from the village shrine (kitonyeo kiang’ondu) or even from the larger clan shrine (ithembo) iv) Each village had its own medicineman (mundu mue) who also performed other duties like prophesying, rain making and officiating at religious functions v) Initiation into adulthood was performed on both boys and girls at adolescence vi) Girls were taught domestic duties while boys learnt to herd animals, hunt and look after the homestead any 5 x 2 = 10mks 19. a) State five characteristics of the coastal towns by 1500A.D i) Kiswahili was used as the main medium of communication in the coastal towns ii) Islam was the main religion practised in the towns iii) Islamic law was used in administration iv) Trade was the main economic activity in the towns v) Houses were constructed using Arabic architecture vi) City states were generally divided into two sections, one muslim and the other African vii) The city states were independent political entities viii) The city states were ruled by Imams / sultans / sheikhs ix) Towns minted and used their own coins / money x) People wore woven silk clothes an 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five effects of the early christian missionary activities on the people of East African coast. i) Spread of christianity among Africans who were converted ii) Introduction of Western education - Africans became literate. A class of African educated elite was created iii) Growth of African nationalism - educated elite were instrumental in the growth of nationalism and attainment of independence iv) Provision of medical services to Africans. They built hospitals, dispensaries and trained medical personnel v) Development of agriculture - new farming methods and crops were introduced vi) Translation of the Bible into vernacular languages vii) Abolition of slave trade - condemned slave trade and founded settlements for freed slaves viii) Development of technical skills. Africans were trained in industrial vocational skills ix) Development of independent churches and schools by Africans x) Political representation of Africans in the Legco by a missionary xi) Missionaries were forerunners of imperialism xii) Exploration - pioneered in exploration of the interior any 5 x 2 = 10mks 20. a) State five measures used by the colonial government in Kenya to force Africans to provide labour in settled farms. i) Forced labour ii) Low wages to make Africans dependent on them iii) Forced taxation iv) Creation of African reserves v) The squatter system History & government vi) Africans were forbidden from growing cash crops any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Describe five consequences of colonial land policies in colonial Kenya. i) Led to loss of land by Africans ii) Loss of African land led to poverty and misery among Africans iii) Africans were restricted to their districts / reserves iv) There was land shortage within the African reserves which led to serious soil erosion v) Many Africans were forced to remain as squatters and labourers on European farms vi) Introduction of kipande system which restricted African movement and desertion of employment any 5 x 2 = 10mks 21. a) State three objectives of African socialism as contained in Sessional Paper number 10 of 1965. i) Democracy ii) Social justice iii) Freedom from want, disease and ignorance iv) Equal economic opportunity v) High and growing incomes vi) Equitable distribution of wealth any 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Discuss six social effects of national philosophies on development in Kenya. i) Philosophies have encouraged cooperation / unity / understanding among Kenyans ii) Have encouraged Kenyans to actively participate in development projects iii) Education has been promoted by building colleges and universities iv) Have encouraged mutual social responsibility among Kenyans v) Have improved medical services by constructing dispensaries, health centres and hospitals vi) The plight of the disadvantaged people has been addressed by the philosophies through organising the harambee to assist them vii) Have promoted African culture through borrowing of positive African traditions viii) Have promoted spiritual well being through building of churches any 6 x 2 = 12mks SECTION C : 22. a) State five non-violent methods of resolving a conflict. i) Litigation (court process) ii) Arbitration iii) Negotiation iv) Mediation v) Problem solving workshops vi) Policing vii) Religious action viii) Fact finding missions ix) Conciliation any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five factors that promote national unity. i) The constitution gives all Kenyans equal rights hence fostering a sense of equality promoting national unity ii) The presidency - it’s a symbol of national unity iii) Education - children form all races and tribes learn freely and use a common curriculum iv) National language - enables people of different communities to communicate v) Trade - use of a common currency has promoted interactions among different groups vi) Intermarriages - enhance cooperation vii) Fair distribution of national resources viii) Co-curricular activities / sports / games / music festivals bring people together ix) National symbols - give people a sense of belonging x) National philosophies - enable people from ethnic groups to put their resources together any 5 x 2 = 10mks 23. a) State five situations that can make a registered voter be denied the right to vote in Kenya i) When one is of unsound mind ii) When one is discovered to have registered twice iii) When one does not have an original identity card / passport on voting day iv) When one is late / passed the voting time v) When one’s name does not appear in the voter’s register vi) When one presents himself / herself in a constituency where one is not registered 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five limitations of parliamentary supremacy in Kenya. i) Increased powers of the cabinet can reduce parliament’s authority ii) The people’s customs and traditions must be considered iii) The application of the rule of law does not allow the house to pass a law that is contrary to the constitution of Kenya iv) The president has the power to declare a state of emergency to deal with a crisis v) The application of international laws can also limit the supremacy of parliament vi) Legislation by county governments may also undermine parliamentary supremacy any 5 x 2 = 10mks 24. a) State five reasons why the Kenyan government prepares a budget every year. i) To identify sources of government revenue ii) To identify development projects iii) To be able to explain to the public taxes imposed History & government iv) To balance its revenue and expenditure v) To be able to assess its performance in the previous year vi) To be able to communicate its plans and policies to its local and foreign development partners vii) Through supplementary expenditure it is able to plan for emergencies viii) To promote accountability and transparency in departments any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five ways in which the national government spends revenue in Kenya i) Construction of national infrastructure ii) Financing national development projects such as electricity generation, irrigation iii) Construction of higher education institutions iv) Construction of national referral health facilities v) Paying of salaries of state officers vi) Repairing and maintaining national infrastructure vii) Establishment and maintenance of security organs viii) Servicing debts - external and domestic ix) Maintenance of foreign embassies x) Remitting funds to international organisations such as UNO and regional bodies such as AU, EAC any 5 x 2 = 10mks

History & government NYERI COUNTY FORM FOUR JOINT ASSESSMENT Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 2 ½ hours SECTION A : (25 MARKS) 1. State two sources of information on History and Government a) Unwritten sources b) Written sources c) Electronic sources any 2 x 1 = 2mks 2. Identify two distinct characteristics of Homo Erectus. i) Walked in upright posture / bipedalism ii) Communicated using advanced speech iii) Was five feet tall iv) He invented fire v) Possessed a prominent brow ridge over the eye vi) He made advanced tools vii) Had a brain capacity between 775-1250CC viii) Was omnivorous any 2 x 1 = 2mks 3. Mention one trading item obtained from the North during the Trans-Saharan trade.  Salt  Horses  Daggers  Glassware  Cowrie shells  Beads  Mirrors  Needles  Perfumes  Spices  Dried fruits any 1 x 1 = 1mk 4. Give two reasons why African slaves were preferred by plantation owners i) They were available in large numbers ii) They were found to be cheaper to use than European labourers and American Indians iii) They were thought to be immune to both European and tropical diseases iv) They appeared more strong and therefore suitable for manual labour any 2 x 1 = 2mks 5. Identify the main use of pipeline transport. - to transport liquids and gases over long distances 1mk 6. Which is the most recent development in television broadcasting ? - migration from analogue to digital signals 1mk 7. State two uses of gold in pre-colonial Africa. i) Making ornaments ii) Making coins / currency iii) Making utensils iv) Making swords and flint knife handles v) Used as a trade item vi) Making weapons vii) Used as a measure of value any 2 x 1 = 2mks 8. Identify one contribution o f Louis Pasteur in the field of medicine. i) Discovered cures for rabies, anthrax and snake bites ii) Discovered taht diseases are caused by some bacteria (microbes) iii) Found that heat kills bacteria and could therefore prevent its growth iv) Developed vaccines against small pox, cholera and anthrax v) Discovered the process of pasteurization of liquid foods such at milk any 1 x 1 = 1mk 9. Give two social effects of the growth of Meroe. i) Development of meroeitic language ii) New architectural developments took place in the region iii) Other industries developed e.g. cotton cloth and pottery besides iron working any 2 x 1 = 2mks 10. Name one Italian colony in Africa. i) Italian Somaliland ii) Libya 1mk 11. Identify one method that was used by the British in administering her colonies. i) Direct rule ii) Indirect rule History & government iii) A blend of direct and indirect rule any 1 x 1 = 1mk 12. What was the main role of religion during the Maji Maji rebellion. - It boosted the people’s morale and gave them courage to fight against the Germans because of the promised immunity against German bullets 1mk 13. Name the political party that led Ghana to independence. Convention People’s Party 1mk 14. Identify the two conflicting alliances that contributed to the outbreak of World War 1. i) Tripple Alliance ii) Tripple Entente any 2 x 1 = 2mks 15. State two functions of the UN secretariat. i) To register treaties ii) Carry on correspondence iii) Publishes reports iv) Administer programmes and policies laid down by other UN organs v) Survey economic and social trends and problems vi) Organise international conferences on issues of worldwide concern vii) Impliment the policies laid down by other organs viii) Research on subjects such as human rights any 2 x 1 2mks 16. State one change made by Mobutu Sese Seko in the programme of indigenous cultural revival. i) Change of the country’s name from Congo to Zaire ii) Dropping of christian names and retaining the African names iii) Cities with colonial names were given African names any 1 x 1 = 1mk 17. Give two reasons that led to the collapse of the East African community in 1977. i) Ideological differences ii) Uneven economic development iii) Perceived unequal gains iv) Personal differences between Idi Amin of Uganda and Nyerere of Tanzania v) Boundary closures vi) Inability to harmonise foreign exchange currency affected free transaction of goods any 2 x 1 = 2mks SECTION B : 18. a) State three similarities between early agriculture in Egypt and Mesopotamia. i) Their civilizations grew besides big river / agriculture was practised along river valleys ii) They used farm implements made of wood, stones and later metals iii) Farmers developed systems of irrigation iv) They both used animal and human labour v) They traded in farm produce vi) They both had indigenous crops and animals vii) They had developed a system of storage and preservation of food viii) They developed arithmetic and writing to keep farm records ix) They had knowledge in weather forecast x) They depended on flood waters xi) The river valleys were fertile due to fertile silt deposits any 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six solutions to food shortages in Africa. i) Land reclamation through irrigation or draining swamps ii) Extensive research on better quality animal and crop breeds and on how to control pests and diseases iii) Establishment of agricultural training institutes to train agricultural officers iv) Soil conservation afforestation and reafforestation v) Encouraging people to eat different types of food especially indigenous foods vi) Control the rate of population growth through family planning vii) Use of democracy and diplomacy to solve political problems viii) The government are trying to subsidise by providing farmers with subsidized seeds and fertilizer ix) Agro-based industries should be established to enhance production of farm produce x) The government should have a sound economic and food policies to increase food production. This will reduce pressure on reliance on food and or importation of food any 6 x 2 = 12mks 19. a) State three uses of steam in Europe during the 19th century. i) Driving heavy machines in industry ii) Pumping water out of coal mines iii) Powering locomotives and ships iv) Turning turbines to generate electricity any 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six factors that promoted industrial development in Japan. i) Japanese were enterprising citizens who were handworking and determined to venture into business ii) Political stability after the second world war created an ideal atmosphere for industrial growth iii) Availability of local and foreign market for industrial goods iv) Availability of both skilled and non-skilled labour in Japan v) High technology based on invitation of foreign expartriates deployed in local industries History & government vi) Good industrial relations where there were few strikes vii) Good transport and communication network such as roads, railways and modern harbours viii) Availability of natural resources such as cotton and silk ix) Japan received financial and technical aid after the second world war from the USA x) Development of banking and insurance systems xi) Availability of industrial sources of energy such as solar, nuclear and hydro-electricity xii) Japanese had a policy of working for life. This meant that when one was employed in Japan, they put the interest of the employer first any 6 x 2 = 12mks 20. a) State five economic effects of the partition of Africa. i) African colonies provided industrial raw materials and markets for European industries ii) African labour was exploited for European economic gains iii) Infrastructure was developed to link major mining and agricultural areas iv) European invaders alienated African lands and Africans were pushed to reserves v) African economic activities were disrupted especially nomadic pastoralism vi) Africans were introduced to international commerce through trade, financial institutions and the use of currency vii) Wage labour as introduced in Africa any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five causes of Lewanika’s collaboration with the British in the 19th century. i) He wanted British protection to secure his position in Barotseland ii) He was influenced by a French missionary Francois Coillard who was friendly to the British iii) He wanted British support against powers such as Germans, Portuguese and Boers who were a threat to his empire iv) He wanted to get firearms and other gifts from the British v) Lewanika recognised the British military superiority while his people were weak vi) He wanted to safeguard the independence of the Lozi by being friendly to the British vii) He was urged by chief Khama of Ngwato in 1885 who had collaborated with the British viii) Lewanika wanted to trade with the British where the Lozi would benefit by acquiring European goods ix) Lewanika wanted his sons to receive Western education and the Lozi to benefit from christian faith, western education and western medicine x) Lewanika wanted British protection against the Ndebele who were expanding at a fast rate because of being in possession of firearms any 5 x 2 = 10mks 21. a) State five contributions of Nelson Mandela in the struggle for African liberation in South Africa. i) He was the founder member of the ANC youth league Umkhonto we Sizwe which used violence to attain African liberation ii) He was one of the people behind the 1995 proclamation of the Freedom Charter iii) Nelson Mandela was involved in the defiance campaigns to protest against segregation laws iv) As a lawyer, he represented Africans who found themselves on the wrong side of the law v) He mobilised African support and worked hard to unite the Africans vi) In 1962 he visited different parts of the world in a bid to acquire material support for the liberation campaign any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five problems faced by nationalists in South Africa during the apartheid rule. i) Nationalists were killed by apartheid regime ii) Arrest and detention of political leaders iii) Nationalists were forced to flee and be refugees iv) Political parties were banned v) African newspapers were banned vi) Trade unions were outlawed vii) Africans were divided through Bantustans, The African homelands viii) Pass laws limited movement ix) Inadequate funds x) Nationalists were denied access to state radio any 5 x 2 = 10mks SECTION C : 22. a) State five economic activities of the Shona in the 19th century. i) they practised iron smelting ii) They practised hunting and gathering iii) Grew crops and kept livestock iv) Practised fishing v) Mined gold vi) Practised trade vii) Craftmanship e.g. made cloth and carvings any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Describe the political organisation of the Buganda kingdom in the pre-colonial period. i) The kingdom was highly centralised and headed by the King / Kabaka ii) The Kabaka was assisted in administration by the Katikiro (prime minister), Omwanika (treasurer) and Omulamuzi (chief justice) iii) The Kabaka strengthened his political position by marrying from every clan in the kingdom iv) The kingdom was divided into counties (sazas) led by the saza chiefs v) The counties were further sub-divided into sub-counties called Gombolola headed by Gombolola chiefs vi) The Gombololas were further divided into smaller divisions called Miluka led by Miluka chief History & government vii) The Kabaka also appointed some leaders to govern the vassal states. These governors were known as the Abatangole viii) The kingdom had a legislative council called ‘the Lukiiko’ made up of clan heads and other officials ix) The Kabaka was the commander-in-chief of the armed forces x) - the Bataka were minor chiefs incharge of clans. They were answerable to the Mugema (the senior chief) xi) - the Bataka were the guardians of their clan’s lands xii) - the sons of the chiefs and other nobles called bagalagala were recruited to serve the Kabaka any 5 x 2 = 10mks 23. a) State five reasons why the League of Nations failed to maintain world peace and security. i) The League was closely linked with the Versailles peace treaties so most of the world powers perceived the organisation as being dominated by the Allied powers ii) The League was also rejected by the USA. This deprived the League financially and psychologically iii) The League was not comprehensive enough since major powers remained outside it - USA, Germany and USSR iv) The conference of ambassadors continued to frustrate the League by interfering with its work v) Many government such as Britain and France adopted appeasement policy towards dictators vi) There was shortage of finances to implement its programmes successfully vii) The League lacked a military wing viii) Nationalism played a major role in undermining the League any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five causes of the cold war i) Differences in ideology between USA with its capitalism and USSR with communism ii) Arms race where USA produced hydrogen bomb to counter the USSR atomic bomb iii) The Truman Doctrine where president Truman announced USA’s support for any country that resisted USSR aggression iv) Iron curtain policy where USSR sealed off Eastern Europe from the West v) Political hostility and mistrust. The USA and British politicians were hostile and suspicious to the USSR after 1945 vi) UN domination by Western powers. USSR used veto power to ensure USA proposals did not go through vii) The Marshall Plan. It was a European recovery programme to assist European nations reconstruct their economies. USSR countered the plan by establishing the Council for Economic Assistance (COMECON) viii) The Berlin blockage of 1948. There were disagreements between USA and USSR over Germany which led to division of Berlin into East and West ix) A new system of defence agreements NATO for the USA and allies and Warsaw pact for the USSR x) The problem of disarmament where USA and USSR did not agree on the control of atomic bombs. In 1949 the USSR exploded an atomic bomb leading to arms race any 5 x 2 = 10mks 24. a) State five ways how the conduct of the president of the USA is checked. i) All presidential appointments to executive positions have to be approved by the Senate ii) The constitution limits any individual to two four year terms as president iii) Pressure groups also help to check presidential actions iv) The supreme court may declare a president to have acted unconstitutionally v) Congress can impeach a sitting president if his/her conduct in office is not satisfactory vi) Congress can refuse to approve the use of government funds for a foreign policy it disagrees with e.g. war vii) The mass media closely monitors every action and speech of the president viii) Public opinion - opinion polls in the USA reflect the wishes and feelings of the American people any 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five functions of the Prime Minister in Britain. i) Appointing and dismissing ministers but with the approval of the monarchy ii) Presides over the meetings of the cabinet iii) Settles disputes between various departments iv) Is the leader of the party that nominates him/her v) Is the leader of the house of Commons vi) Controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments v) Changing laws since he/she has the backing of the majority in parliament. The prime minister is regarded as the most powerful figure in Britain vi) Recommends to the monarchy the names of candidates for appointment of senior judicial officers any 5 x 2 = 10mks

History & government THARAKA NORTH/SOUTH SUB-COUNTIES FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 ½ hours

SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all questions in this section.

1. Identify one branch of history which deals with the study of man’s past cultural events. (1 mark) 2. Why are the Maasai, Kalenjins and Luo referred to as Nilotic speakers? (1 mark) 3. Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 4. Give two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. (2 marks) 5. State two methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (2 marks) 6. Name two groups of Luo communities that collaborate with the British. (2 marks) 7. How does racism limit national unity in Kenya? (1 mark) 8. State two development rights of children. (2 marks) 9. Apart from Christian missionaries state any other group that offered education in the colonial Kenya. (1 mark) 10. State the demand of Kenyans Somalis during the first Lancaster House Conference. (1 mark) 11. Give the main reason why KANU declined to form the government in 1961. (1 mark) 12. State two functions of sergeant –at Arms. (2 marks) 13. State two challenges facing the Music industry in Kenya today. (2 marks) 14. Identify two classes of foreign aid to Kenya. (2 marks) 15. Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan coast before 1500. (1 mark) 16. Give two ways in which the government controlled movement of African to urban centres during colonial period in Kenya. (2 marks) 17. Identify one Asian who took part in struggle for independence in Kenya. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions only in this section. 18. a) Give three reasons which led to the migration of the cushites from their original homeland into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) b) Describe the political organisation of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks) 19. a) State five factors that facilitated formation of many political parties in Kenya since 1991. (5 marks) b) Explain five changes which have taken place in Kenya as a result of introduction of multi-party democracy since 1991. (10 marks) 20. a) State five functions of National Land Commission. (5 marks) b) Describe five examples of public land as stipulated by the constitution of Kenya 2010. (10 marks) 21. a) Why were slaves from East Africa on high demand in Arabia and India? (3 marks) b) Explain ix factors that promoted the growth of Indian Ocean trade before A.D 1500. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 22. a) Describe the composition of the executive of arm of government in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six reforms that have taken place in the correctional services department in Kenya since 2003. (12 marks) 23. a) List three internal sources of revenue for the national government. (3 marks) b) Explain six mechanisms that have been devised by the Kenyan government to monitor and control public finance. (12 marks) 24. a) Give the principles of devolved government. (3 marks) b) What are the functions of the County Assembly in the devolved county government? (12 marks)

History & government THARAKA NORTH/SOUTH SUB-COUNTIES FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all questions in this section. 1. State two reasons why Africa is regarded as the cradle land of mankind. (2 marks) 2. Who were the first people in the world to use iron as a metal. (1 mark) 3. What invention did the Wright brothers contribute to the transport system? (1 mark) 4. State two great contributions of the ancient city of Athens to the world of civilization. (2 marks) 5. Give the main reason why Kwame Nkrumah left united Gold Coast Convection (UGCC) to form convection people party (C.P.P) (1 mark) 6. Give the main role of the Royal fire among the Shona during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) 7. Name one Germany colony in West Africa. (1 mark) 8. State two groups that took part in nationalism in South Africa. (2 marks) 9. Name the organ that implements the decision of the African union. (1 mark) 10. State two effects of the construction of the Suez Canal 1869. (2 marks) 11. Why was the camel used as an important means of transport during the trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) 12. Identify two social factors that led to scramble for colonies in Africa European powers. (2 marks) 13. Who was the champion of indirect rule as a system of colonial administration in Nigeria? (1 mark) 14. Name two military alliances formed by the super powers during the cold war era. (2 marks) 15. State two aims of Pan Africanism. (2 marks) 16. Identify one condition necessary for one to be elected as senator in the U.S.A. (1 mark) 17. Give any two reasons why Adolf Hitler was interested in Russian on the onset of the second world war. (2 marks)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer tree questions only in this section 18. a) Give five reasons why the British used indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria. (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of the indirect rule in Northern Nigeria. (10 marks) 19. a) Give five distinctions between man and apes. (5 marks) b) Discuss five ways in which Homo erectus attempted to better his life in the Stone Age period. (10 marks) 20. a) What factors led to the abolition of the slave trade in the 19th century. (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African communities. (10 marks) 21. a) Identify five methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa during 19th C. (5 marks) b) What were the terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. (10 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 22. a) Identify three advantages of land enclosure system in Britain during the Agrarian revolution. (3 marks) b) Explain six remedies to food shortages in Africa. (12 marks) 23. a) How does one become a member of the House of the Lords in Britain? (3 marks) b) Discuss the functions of the house of the lords in Britain. (12 marks) 24. a) Identify any three treaties that were signed at Versailles after World War I. (3 marks) b) Discuss six problems faced by the League of Nations. (12 marks)

History & government THARAKA NORTH/SOUTH SUB-COUNTIES FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25MARKS) Attempt all the questions in this section. 1. Identify one branch of history which deals with the study of man’s past cultural events. (1 mark) -Social history 1 x 1 = 1mk 2. Why are the Maasai, Kalenjins and Luo referred to as Nilotic speakers? (1 mark) Because their origin is in the Nile valley. 1 x 1 = 1mk 3. Identify the basis of the political organization of African communities in Kenya during the pre-colonial period. -The clan 1mk 4. Give two reasons why the Portuguese built Fort Jesus. (2 marks) -For hiding during war - For security as a watch tower - For storage of arms 2 x 1 = 2mks 5. State two methods which were used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (2 marks) - Diplomacy - Collaboration/signing of treaties - Military conquests/expeditions - Construction of operational bases/forts Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 6. Name two groups of Luo communities that collaborated with the British. (2 marks) -The Luo of GeM - The Luo of Asembo 2 x 1 = 2mks 7. How does racism limit National Unity in Kenya? (1 mark) -Discrimination on basis of race divides people on racial lines, hence threatening national unity. 1 x 1 = 1mk 8. State two development rights of children. (2 marks) -Right to education - Right to leisure /play - Right to participate in cultural and artistic activities - Right to express themselves - Access to information - Parent love-right to social security Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 9. Apart from Christian missionaries state any other group that offered education in the colonial Kenya. (1 mark) -African/Asian community - Colonial government 1 x1 = 1mk 10. State the demand of the Somalis during the first Lancaster House Conference. (1 mark) -They lobbied for reunification with their Somali brothers in Somaliland. 1 x 1 = 1mk 11. Give the main reason why KANU declined to form the government in 1961. (1 mark) -Jomo Kenyatta was still in prison 1 x 1 = 1mk 12. State two functions of the sergeant-at Arms. (2 marks) -Custodian of mace which is a symbol of authority in the House - Responsible for the maintenance of parliament building - Enforces all orders made by the speakers -In-charge of all ceremonies and disciplines within and around parliament. 2 x 1 = 2mks 13. State two challenges facing the Music industry in Kenya today. (2 marks) -Piracy demoralizes musicians - Exploitation on royalty payments - Embezzlement of funds by producers - Competition through imitation - Lack of support from government funds and well-wishers Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 14. Identify two classes of foreign aid to Kenya. (2 marks) - Bilateral aid - Multilateral aid Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 15. Give the main reason why early visitors from Arabia came to the Kenyan Coast before 1500. (1mk) - They came to trade 1 x 1 = 1mk 16. Give two ways in which the government controlled movement of African to urban centres during colonial period in Kenya. (2 marks) - Introduction of Kipande system - Creation of African reserves - Taking head count of those who were suppose to live in urban centres - Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in urban areas live there. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 17. Identify one Asian who took part in the struggle for independence in Kenya. (1 mk) History & government -A.M Jevanjee - Pi Gama Pinto - M.A Desai - Makhan Singh 1 x 1 = 1mk SECTION B (45 MARKS) 18. a) Give three reasons which led to the migration of the cushites from their original homeland into Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (3 marks) -Looking for land/pasture for animals - Population pressure in their for animals - Fleeing from external attacks by neighbours - Escaping from family/clan disputes/feuds - Out break of diseases/Natural calamities - Spirit of adventure 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Describe the political organisation of Somali during the pre-colonial period. (12 marks) - Organised into clans made up several related families - Clans were headed by council of elders - Councils of elders made and interpreted laws, punished law breakers and conducted religious ceremonies. - There were warriors who protected the community - Their political set up changed with the introduction of Islam. - Each clan had a leader called Sultan whose authority and power rested with council of elders. 6 x 2 = 12mks 19. a) State five factors that facilitated formation of many political parties in Kenya since 1991. (5 mks) - The alleged rigging of the 1988 General Elections - KANU policies of not accommodating alternative views - Role of Activists and lawyers e.g Wangari Maathai, Paul Muite. - KANU’s response to critism/resisted multipartism -KANU review committee report of 1990 which recommended reforms - Repeal of section 2A of the Kenyan constitution - Political changes in USSR that led to the fall of many dictational government -Western Aid conditions - Political changes in Zambia and Togo - Political Assassinations - Robert Ouko in 1990. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five changes which have taken place in Kenya as a result of introduction of multi-party democracy since 1991. (10 mks) -It had introduced multi-party democracy - Provided an opportunity to join parties of their choice - Promoted transparency and accountability - Enhanced implementation of economic reforms - Increased the freedom of mass media - Created more political awareness and patriotism among Kenyans - Enhanced cultural interaction among different ethnic communities - Enhanced the application of the rule of law in Kenya. 5 x 2 = 10mks 20. a) State five functions of National Land Commission. (5 marks) -To manage public land on behalf of National and county Government - To formulate national land policy for the national Government - Conduct research on land use and advice the relevant bodies - To encourage use of tradition methods to settle land dispute - To asses taxes and premiums on land and other immovable property of the Government - Monitor land use planning throughout the country - To investigate complaints related to past or present land injustices and recommend appropriate action. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Describe five examples of Public Land as stipulated by the constitution of Kenya 2010. (10 mks) - Any land in Kenya not leased or allocated by the Government - Land lawfully in the hands of Government used by any state organ - Land transferred to the Government through whatever means such as sale, revertion or surrendered - Any land not legally claimed by individual or community - Land that has no legal heir - Land gazetted and protected by the Government eg parks game reserves water catchment areas historic sites and animal sanctuaries. - Water bodies defined by an act of parliament - All roads and other spaces defined by an act of parliament 5 x 2 = 10mks 21. a) Why were slaves from East Africa on high demand in Arabia and India? (3 marks) i) They served as domestic servants ii) They were used as labourers iii) They were being used as soldiers 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six factors that promoted the growth of Indian Ocean trade before A.D 1500. (12 mks) i) The existence of Monsoon winds that facilitated the movement of dhows History & government ii) Accessibility of the E.A coast by sea using dhows and ships from other parts of the world. iii) Existence of local trade among Africans provided a base upon which the Indian Ocean trade was developed. iv) High demand for the trade items from both Kenya and the outside world v) Existence of enterprising merchants from Kenya and Arabia who were ready to venture into trade vi) Political peace and stability along the coast ensured safe docking of the vessels vii) Availability of goods from East Africa and outside encouraged traders to participate in the trade. viii) Existence of Indian Banyans who provided capital as money lenders any 6 x 2 = 12mks SECTION C (30 MARKS) 22. a) Describe the composition of the executive of arm of government in Kenya. (3 marks) -President -Deputy President - Cabinet secretaries - Public service 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six reforms that have taken place in the correctional services department in Kenya since 2003. (12 marks) - Improved diet - Improved living and sanitary conditions - Improved medical services - Provision of bedding and clothing - Purchase of new vehicle /improved transport - Visits by spouses among marred prisoners - Provision of distance learning services to prisoners - Disseminating computer knowledge to prisons - Allowing prisons to watch and listens to news - Higher allowances for work done by inmates - Direct government involvement in prison matters - Improvement terms of service for wanders 6 x 2 = 12mks 23. a) List three internal sources of revenue for the national government. (3 marks) -Direct taxes -income tax (PAYE) - Indirect taxes -customs duties V.A.T - Levies on the provision of services such as water - Profit made by parastatals - Licences - Interests on loan and repayments - Domestic borrowing - Donation from individual citizens 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six mechanisms that have been devised by the Kenyan government to monitor and control public finance. -Auditor general audits all public finance records - Controller of budget oversees implementation - National assembly acts as the watch dog/approves all government proposals and expenditure - Cabinet secretary for finance control the transfer of funds - There are accounting officers in all public institutions accountable to the national assembly - All government tenders are advertised openly - Government impose sanction to contractors who fail to complete work - Establishment of the ethics and Anti-corruption Commission EACC to investigate corruption related cases. 6 x 2 = 12 mks 24. a) Give the principles of devolved government. (3 marks) i) Be based on democratic principles and separation of powers ii) A county government shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively iii) Ensure gender balance in their representative bodies 3 x 1 = 3mks

b) What are the functions of the County Assembly in the devolved county government? (12 marks) i) The county assembly exercise the legislative authority of a county by making laws ii) A county assembly may exercise authority over the country executive committee and any other executive organs iii) Receiving and approving plans and polices for the management and exploitation of the county’s resources iv) Approving policies for the development and management of the infrastructure and institution and management of county government. v) Enhancing legislation that may set out the structure and frame work for the better administration and management of county government. vi) Approves budget drawn by the executive for the county fiscal year. vii) Acts as a county watch dog on county government financial utilization and management. Any 6 x 2 = 12mks THARAKA NORTH/SOUTH SUB-COUNTIES FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 History & government 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25MARKS) Attempt all the questions in this section. 1. State two reasons why Africa as the cradle land of mankind. (2 marks) -Historical evidence point out that it early man lived in Africa. 1 x 1= 1mk 2. Who were the First people in the world to use Iron as a metal. (1 mark) Hittites of Turkey. 1 x 1= 1mk 3. What invention did the Wright brothers contribute to the transport system? (1 mk) Invented the first aeroplane in 1903 (U.S.A) 1 x 1 = 1mk 4. State two great contributions of the ancient city of Athens to the world of civilization. (2 marks) - Democracy evolved from the city - It produced great philosophers e.g Plato, Aristotle - Sports/Games -Olympic games 2 x 1 = 2mks 5. Give the main reasons why Kwame Nkrumah left united Gold Coast Convection (UGCC) to form convection people party (C.P.P) (1 mark) -He considered UGCC to be too conservative. 1 x 1 = 1mk 6. Give the main role of the Royal fire among the Shona during the pre-colonial period. (1 mark) - Was a symbol of National unity 1 x 1 = 1mk 7. Name one Germany colony in West Africa. (1 mark) i) Togo ii) Cameroon 1 x 1 = 1mk 8. State two groups that took part in nationalism in South Africa. (2 marks) -Indigenous Africans - Indians - Afrikaners (Boers) - Coloureds 1 x 2 = 2mks 9. Name the organ that implements the decision of the African Union. (1 mark) The commission of the African Union/secretariat 1 x 1= 1mk 10. State two effects of the construction of the Suez Canal 1869. (2 marks) -Shortened sea route between Europe and Asia - Linked Europe and Asia - Promoted international trade - Promoted scramble and partitioning of Africa. 1 x 2 = 2mks 11. Why was the camel used as an important means of transport during the trans-Saharan trade. (1 mark) - Could withstand the extremely harsh, hot and hostile desert conditions. 1 x 1 = 1mk 12. Identify two social factors that led to the scramble for colonies in Africa European powers. (2marks) -To spread Christianity/Western activities /abolish slave trade - To settle surplus population - For national pride/prestige 1 x 2 = 2mks 13. Who was the champion of indirect rule as a system of colonial administration in Nigeria? (1 mark) Fredrick Lugard 1 x 1 = 1mk 14. Name two military alliances formed by the super powers during the cold war era. (2 marks) - NATO - Warsaw pact 1 x 2 = 2mks 15. State two aims of Pan Africanism. (2 mks) -Unite all the people of Africa origin in the struggle against Europe domination - Change the ideology of white dependence/European colonization - Improve African welfare conditions in the Diaspora/continent - Restore dignity of black people - Great forum to protest against European colonization/racial discrimination - Fight for member countries undergoing colonization. 1 x 2 = 2mks 16. Identify one condition necessary for one to be elected as a senator in the U.S.A. (1 mk) -Be at least 35 years old - Have been American citizen for at least 9 years - Be a resident of the state he wants to represents 1 x 1 = 1mk 17. Give any two reasons why Adolf Hitler was interested in Russian at the onset of the second world war. (2 marks) He was against the Russian communist ideology that was anti-nazist He was interested with minerals and oil fields in Russia. 1 x 2 = 2mks SECTION B (45 MARKS) 18. a) Give five reasons why the British used indirect rule to administer Northern Nigeria. (5 marks) i) To avoid resistance from the people of Northern Nigeria ii) The British had inadequate personnel for the vast territory iii) There was an already established system of administration iv) There was communication barrier between the British and the local communities History & government v) It was difficult to reach all parts of the territory due to inadequate transport and communication system. vi) To reduce cost of administration vii) The method had successfully been used in some of their colonies 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five effects of the indirect rule in Northern Nigeria. (10 marks) i) Traditional rulers became unpopular among their people due to their new roles of collecting taxes forceful recruitment of fellow Africans as labourers for European. ii) It helped to preserve Africans cultures in Northern Nigeria because the British did not want to interfere with the African way of life. iii) It led to the abolition of slavery and slave trade in Northern Nigeria iv) The British abolished their systems of taxation and replaced it with a single tax levied on each village. v) Retention of Muslim law/Sharia in the North made the area lag behind 5 x 2 = 10mks 19. a) Give five distinction between man and apes. (5 marks) - Mans brain capacity is larger than those of apes - Man has a culture as opposed to apes - Man has a straight forehead as opposed to apes that have a sloping forehead - Man has a well refined speech unlike the apes - Unlike apes man has an upright posture - Man can read and reason unlike apes 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Discuss five ways in which homo erectus attempted to better his life in the stone age period. (10 marks) -They made tools called Acheullian that included scrappers, choppers or hand axes used for digging up roots skunning animals cutting a scrapping animals skin. - Speech for communication - Homo erectus used crude form of communication based on gestures growling and whistling. - Cloth making -man wore animals skin that were scrapped from animals. This made him warm -Invented fire-fire helped to soften his food, keep himself warm, protect himself against wild animals - Lived in caves - Homo erectus stayed in caves where he could rest with his family. - Art work-he develops artwork e.g painting cave walls with pictures of animals he hunted or hoped to hunt, drew his prey with arrows piercing through it. 5 x 2 = 10mks 20. a) What factors led to the abolition of the slave trade in the 19th Century. (5 mks) - Introducing and use of machines in industries and farms removed need for slaves. - Leading economist like Adam smith argued that slaves were less productive than free people. - When America became independent in 1776 Britain turned to Africa for raw material - Christian missionaries and humanitarian groups argued that slavery was inhumane - The French revolution of 1789 spread ideas of liberty, fraternity and equality of human kind. - After the American civil war USA closed the American - Market and abolished slavery in America 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five effects of the Tran Atlantic slave trade on West African Communities. (10 marks) -Serious depopulation in the raided areas of West Africa - West Africa lost in the most productive member of society - Death of many people due to slave capture, sale and shipment to America - Local industries declined due to the importation of Western manufactured goods - In the affected areas, wealthy classes of merchant emerged and in some cases took up political leadership at their communities. - Growth of some cities along the West Africa coast e.g Elmina, Goree, Dakar and Lagos. - The trade led the rise of Mullato population as a result of intermarriage with European and Africans - Sierra Leone and Liberia were rounded as settlement for the Freed slave - It was a forerunner to the European colonization at West Africa. 5 x 2 = 10mks 21. a) Identify five methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa during the 19th C. (5 marks) -Diplomacy - Signing of treaties - Luring of chiefs/Treachery - Divide and rule - Military conquest /force 5 x 1 = 5mks b) What were the terms of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. (10 marks) -Any European power occupying any part of Africa had to inform others. -Any claim of African territories was to be followed by actual/effective occupation of the area. - Freedom of navigation of R.Niger, Congo and Zambezi. -King Leopold II of Belgium recognized as the leader of Congo - European powers to stop slave trade and encourage legitimate trade. - Protection of white man interest irrespectively of their nationality ie traders, missionaries, explorers etc 5 x 2 = 10mks SECTION C (30 MARKS) 22. a) Identify three advantages of land enclosure system in Britain during the agrarian revolution. (3 marks) -Led to development of large scale farming, thus bringing more land under production. - Led to increased food production since more land was brought under use - Increased population because of improved standards of living due to food security. History & government - Facilitated mechanization of agriculture eg used seed drill - Establishment of industrialization which provided employment for the displaced. - Enhanced control of pests and diseases which led to the production of high quality production - Facilitated crop rotation - The farms were easily managed 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six remedies to food shortages in Africa. (12 marks) - Family planning should be encouraged by the governments. - Land reclamation should be practiced - The government should stop civil wars - Provision of extension services by the governments to farmer. - The governments should make funds available for machinery and farm input - The government should introduce good food storage facilities and control of diseases and pests eg the respective governments - The government should reduce taxation on farm inputs to encourage farmers to increase their produce. -Re-afforestation, terracing and intercropping to be encouraged by the government as a way of managing the environment. - Intensive agricultural research should be done to develop drought resistant quick maturing crops. - The government should introduce new farming methods to increase food production. -Resolved that all .countries have a right to self determination. 6 x 2 = 12mks 23. a) How does one become a member of the House of Lords in Britain? (3 marks) -By being appointed by the monarchy - Through hereditary - Appointment by virtue of position e.g church leadership or military position. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Discuss the functions of the house of the Lords in Britain. (12 marks) -Sit as court of appeal to hear criminal cases - Assist house of commons in the process of law making - Debate/address non-controversial bills when the house of common has no time for them. - Hold bills from house of common for sometime long enough to seek public opinion/approval. - Debate general issues of national importance. - Scrutinizes /questions government /ministers on various issues of national interest. 6 x 2 = 12mks 24. a) Identify any three treaties that were signed at Versailles after World War I. (3 marks) -Treaty of Versailles with Germany (28th January 1919) - Treaty of st. German with Australia (10th Sep 1919) - Treaty of Neuilly with Bulgaria (27th Nov 1919) - Treaty of Trianon with Hung army (4th Jun 1920) - Treaty of Lausanne with Turkey (Aug 1920) b) Discuss six problems faced by the League of Nations. (12 marks) -Non commitment of the government by members of state e.g USA refused to join the league USSR joined in 1934 - Nations followed their own interest and ignored those in the wider world - The league needed its own military to effect/carry out its wishes which they lacked - Britain and France adopted the policy of appeasement towards dictators - Many people and their governments were held back by prejudice and routine - There was weakness in the covenant. It was difficult to arrive at unanimous decisions as stipulated in the covenant - The great economic depression of 1929 led to unemployment and failing standard of living in many countries causing decline of the league. - Financial shortage to implement its programmes. 6 x 2 = 12mks

History & government MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all the questions in this section 1. Which two areas of study does political history deal with. (2 marks) 2. State two ways that archaeologist and paleontologists discover and locate historical sites. (2 marks) 3. Name two pre-historic sites in Kenya. (2 marks) 4. Who was the common ancestor of the three distinct groups of the luo. (1 mark) 5. Give the name given to the originally inhabited settlements of the Mijikenda community. (1 mark) 6. List two reasons why the attempt by the Portuguese to spread Christianity failed in Kenya. (2 marks) 7. Identify one archaeological evidence that prove that there was contact between Kenya and the outside world. (1 mark) 8. Identify two fundamental conditions that every human right must fulfill. (2 marks) 9. Give two social factors that promote national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) 10. List two functions reserved for the countries in the devolved system of government in Kenya. (2 marks) 11. State two ways in which constitution specifies a marginalized community in Kenya. (2 marks) 12. State two specific services that the local government provide to the people residing in particular localities to during colonial period. (2 marks) 13. Name one community which actively resisted the British occupation. (1 mark) 14. Give two reasons why Kenyan were not grow coffee until 1937. (2 marks) 15. Identify one way in which the national government uses equalization funds. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions only in this section 16. a) Name five Eastern Cushitic speaking groups in Kenya. (5 marks) b) Explain the results of the migration and settlement of cushites in Kenya. (10 marks) 17. a) List three imported items from Syria during the Indian Ocean trade. (3 marks) b) Explain six effects of plantation agriculture in Kenyan coast by 19th C. (12 marks) 18. a) Identify three ways in which the Indians reacted towards the recommendation of Devonshire White Paper 1923. (3 marks) b) Explain six negative effects of urbanization during colonial era. (12 marks) 19. a) Give three categories of community land ownership in Kenya as stipulated in the constitution. (3 marks) b) Discuss six effects of the colonial land tenure system. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 20. a) State the composition of a county assembly in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain six objectives of a devolved system of government in Kenya. (12 marks) 21. a) Identify three reasons why General elections are held regularly in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Explain the main Election Flows reported in the Kriegler and Waki report that necessitated electoral reforms. (12 marks) 22. a) State five roles of political party leaders in Kenya. (5 marks) b) Discuss the powers and the functions of the president of Kenya. (10 marks) History & government MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all questions in this section. 1. Identify two chemical methods of dating fossils? (2 marks) 2. List down two pre-historic sites found in Tanzania. (2 marks) 3. Give two factors that influenced early man to domesticate animals. (2 marks) 4. Name two types of trade. (2 marks) 5. State the main disadvantage of water transport. (1 mark) 6. Outline two uses of copper in pre-colonial Africa (2 marks) 7. Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens. (2 marks) 8. State two functions of the Katikiro in Buganda kingdom during the 19th century. (2 marks) 9. Give two reasons why the Europeans were interested in Africa in the 19th C. (2 marks) 10. Outline factors that influenced the British to use direct rule in Zimbabwe. (2 marks) 11. Mention two main organs of the League of Nations. (2 marks) 12. State two social developments in Democratic Republic of Congo since independence. (2 marks) 13. Identify two elective posts in USA. (2 marks)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions only in this section. 14. a) State five reasons for success of early agriculture in Egypt. (5 marks) b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in United States of America (U.S.A) (10 marks) 15. a) Give three ways in which poor means of transport contribute to food shortage in Africa. (3 marks) b) Explain six effects of railway transport in Europe. (12 marks) 16. a) Outline five social effects of industrial revolution in Western Europe. (5 marks) b) Explain five reasons why Britain pioneered in industrial revolution. (10 marks) 17. a) State three reasons why the British easily defeated the Ndebele in 1893. (3 marks) b) Explain the effects of Ndebele war of 1893. (12 marks)

SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 18. a) Identify three qualifications an individual had to fulfill to be assimilated in Senegal. (3 marks) b) Explain six reasons why the application of the policy of assimilation by the French in Senegal failed. (12 marks) 19. a) State three objectives of economic organisation of West African States (ECOWAS). (3 marks) b) Explain six challenges encountered by the organisation of African Unity (O.A.U) (12 marks) 20. a) Give three functions of the cabinet in India. (3 marks) b) Explain six factors that help to check the powers of the president of USA. (12 marks)

History & government MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25MARKS) Attempt all the questions in this section. 1. Which two areas of study does political history deal with. (2 marks) i) Peoples ways of ruling /leadership ii) Peoples leaders iii) Systems of administration Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 2. State two ways that archaeologist and palaeontologists discover and locate historical sites. (2 marks) i) By looking for areas where tectonic forces (faulting) or erosion has occurred ii) Use of vision that helps them find on the surface a small part of an early settlement iii) Through historical research iv) Long experience and skill to identify a potential site for archaeological site. v) During cultivation and building construction. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 3. Name two pre-historic sites in Kenya. (2 mks) i) Kariandusi ii) Rusinga Island iii) Fort Ternan iv) Olorgessaile v) Hyrax Hill vi) Njoro river cave vii) Koobi Fora Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 4. Who was the common ancestor of the three distinct groups of the Luo. (1mark) - Ramogi 1 x 1 = 1mk 5. Give the name given to the originally inhabited settlements of the Mijikenda community. (1 mark) -The Kaya 1 x 1 = 1mk 6. List two reasons why the attempt by the Portuguese to spread Christianity failed in Kenya. (2 marks) i) Islam had already set roots at the coast ii) The character of the Portuguese of being proud and ruthless iii) Islam religion was very accommodative of the African culture. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 7. Identify one archaeological evidence that proof there was contact between Kenya and the outside world. i) Presence of pottery ii) Iron tools iii) Beads iv) Coins 1 x 1 = 1mk 8. Identify two fundamental conditions that every human right must fulfil. (2 marks) i) A condition of life which is necessary for the development by human personality ii) A social character as it presupposes the existence of other members of the society. iii) It must be enjoyed equally by all members of the society. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 9. Give two social factors that promote national unity in Kenya. (2 marks) i) Education ii) National language iii) National activities eg national holidays, games and sports iv) Mass media v) Inter-community marriage Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 10. List two functions reserved for the counties in the devolved system of government in Kenya. (2mks) i) Health services ii) Transport iii) Planning and development iv) Agriculture Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 11. State two ways in which the constitution specifies a marginalised community in Kenya. (2 marks) i) A community that has relatively small population and has been unable to fully participate in the integrated social and economic life. ii) A community that out of a need or desire to preserve its unique culture and identify from assimilation. iii) An indigenous community that has retained and maintained a traditional lifestyle and livelihood based on hunter and gatherer economy. iv) A pastoral persons or communities. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks 12. State two specific services that the local government provided to the people residing in particular localities to during colonial period. (2 marks) i) Provide a legal forum for local people to make decisions that touched on their day to day affairs through committees History & government ii) To make use of local resources to achieve development iii) To provide an important link between the central government and rural community. 2 x 1 = 2mks 13. Name one community which actively resisted the British occupation. (1 mark) i) The Nandi ii) The Agiriama iii) Sections of Agikuyu iv) Bukusu 1 x 1 = 1mk 14. Give two reasons why Kenyan were not allowed to grow coffee until 1937. (2 marks) i) African grown coffee would be prone to disease which would spread to settler farms. ii) Africans lack of knowledge in coffee cultivation would lower the quality of Kenyan coffee. iii) African labour would not be available to European farms iv) Africans would bring unnecessary competition to the market 2 x 1 = 2mks 15. Identify one way in which the national government uses the Equalization funds (1 mark) i) To provide basic services eg water, roads, health services to marginalised areas. 1 x 1 = 1mk SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions in this section. 16. a) Name five Eastern Cushitic speaking groups in Kenya. (5 marks) i) Borana ii) Somali iii) Gabra iv) Rendille v) Burji vi) Oromo/Orma/Galla b) Explain the results of the migration and settlement of the Cushites in Kenya. (10 marks) i) There was conflict which led to death and destruction of prosperity ii) Displacement of other communities eg the Bantu from Shungwaya iii) Led to formation of alliance e.g the Rendille and Samburu against the Turkana iv) Led to increase in population in the region v) Increased cultural interaction with the neighbouring e.g circumcision , taboo against eating fish and ageset system vi) They intermarried with local communities eg the Pokomo and Borana vii) Trading activities intensified in the region eg Samburu and Maasai viii) Led to re-distribution of population in the region ix) Led to assimilation and absorption of some communities eg the Bantu ix) There was adoption of new economic activities eg some Oromo and Somali took up crop cultivation from the Bantu x) Led to spread of Islam in the region. 5 x 2 = 10mks 17. a) List three imported items from Syria during the Indian Ocean trade. (3 marks) i) Beakers ii) Bowls iii) Swords iv) Pans of iron 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six effects of plantation agriculture in the Kenyan coast by 19th C.(12 marks) i) Need for slave labour increased ii) Growth of cash crops e.g. cloves for export led to international trade iii) Introduction of new crops at the coast e.g. cloves and coconuts iv) Agro-based industries emerged v) Some towns like Malindi and Mombasa grew vi) Increased Oman Arabs settlements at the East African Coast to do agriculture vii) There was suffering and misery by the slaves who worked for long hours. 6 x 2 = 12mks 18. a) Identify three ways in which the Indians reacted towards the recommendations of Devonshire White Paper of 1923. i) They opposed in total White settler dominance in Kenya calling for equality of all races ii) They opposed policies in residential segregation and restriction on their ,immigration iii) They called for direct and adequate representation in the Legco iv) The Indians objected to separate taxation for Europeans and Indians and segregated education. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six negative effects of urbanization during colonial era. (12mks) i) Unemployment became rampant due to increased competition for few available jobs ii) It led mushrooming of slums which were congested and unhygienic. iii) Led to emergence of social vices like alcoholism, drug abuse promiscuity with the hope of escaping trouble. iv0 The migrants adopted cultural ideas and practices from other ethnic groups without wholly abandoning their own hence erosion of African traditions and morals as Africans imitated Western cultural practices. v) There was very poor remunerations and unfavourable working conditions hence formation of trade unions. vi) Houses in towns were occupied according to various racial groups with Europeans occupying best facilities leading to racial discrimination vii) The mass rural urban migration brought about intensification of migration regulations to control the number of African migrants leading to Kipande system. History & government viii) Economic activities in rural areas were disrupted by absence of men as most work was left to women and children. 19. a) Give three categories of community land ownership in Kenya as stipulated in the constitution . 3 marks) i) Land lawfully registered in the name of group representative. ii) The land transferred to a specific community through a legal process iii) Land declared to be community property by an act of parliament iv) Land lawfully held or used by a specific community as community forest, grazing area or shrines. 3 x1 = 3mks b) Discuss six effects of the colonial land tenure system. (12 marks) i) There was widespread landlessness as Africans lost their ancestral lands. ii) There was reduction in land available to the Africans as a result of rapid growth in population. iii) There was deterioration of quality of land due to fragmentation. iv) They led to overstocking of pastoral and agricultural communities leading to problems such as famine and livestock diseases vi) There was disintegration of social and cultural institutions in the reserves due to ethnic boundaries fixation thus separation of African communities. 6 x 2 = 12mks SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 20. a) State the composition of a county assembly in Kenya. (3 marks) i) Members elected by the registered voters of the ward ii) Special seat members to fulfil the two thirds gender rule iii) members representing marginalised groups including persons with disability and the youth. iv) The speaker (ex-official) b) Explain six objectives of a devolved system of government in Kenya. (12 marks) i) To promote democratic and accountable exercise of power. ii) To foster national unity by recognising diversity iii) To give powers of self-governance to the people and promote participation of people in decision making. iv) To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs to further their development. v) To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalised communities. vi) To ensure equitable sharing of national and local resources vii) To facilitate the decentralization of state organs and heir functions and services from the capital of the country. viii) To have checks and balances and the separation of power ix) To promote social and economic development and the provision of easily accessibility services throughout the country. 6 x 2 = 12mks 21. a) Identify three reasons why General elections are held regularly in Kenya. (3 marks) i) It is a constitutional requirement ii) They give the people of Kenya a chance to pick leaders of their choice an in whom they have confidence to run their government. iii) They keep leaders on their toes aware that they can be voted out if they fail to deliver services. iv) They give citizens a chance to exercise their democratic right of electing leaders of their choice. v) They help generate new ideas by offering alternative ways of running the government through different parties manifestos. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain the main Election Flaws reported in the Kriegler and Waki report that necessited electoral reforms. (12 marks) i) Irregularities in the voter register ii) Imbalanced distribution of registered voters among the constituencies iii) Several cases of cheating were reported iv) Exclusive strongholds v) Defective system of vote tallying and relaying of information vi) Incompetence of the ECK officials vii) Integrity of the results - some of the reforming officer did not sign some of the crucial election documents as required. viii) Composition of the ECK- The appointment of the commissioners was suspicious that the government was hell-bent to rig the elections. 5 x 2 = 10mks 22. a) State five roles of political party leaders in Kenya. (5 marks) i) Promoting and upholding national unity through party activities ii) Enforcing adherence to the principle of good governance, democracy, human rights, gender equality and equity. iii) Working to advance the goals of the party and ensure their programme are carried out to the satisfaction of the party. iv) The leader of the majority party has to ensure and maintain support for legislation v) The leader of minority party has to protect the rights of the minority. vi) The leader of the majority party has to ensure accountability and transparency in the party and the government. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Discuss the powers and functions of the president of Kenya. (10 marks) i) As head of state the president represents the government and the people of Kenya both locally and internationally. ii) As head of government the president has the powers to nominate deputy president, appoints or dismisses the cabinet secretaries, director of public prosecution. iii) Has the duty to address the opening of each newly elected parliament (legislative powers) History & government iv) He/she chairs cabinet meetings, directs and co-ordinates the functions of ministries and government v) The president is the commander in chief of the Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) vi) The president confers honours in the name of people and the Republic for their outstanding performance. vii) He/she presides over national holidays in the country e.g. Jamhuri, Madaraka and Mashujaa viii) The president has the role of safeguarding the respect of the constitution, sovereignty, national unity, diversity and human right and the rule of law. 5 x 2 = 10mks

History & government MERU SOUTH FORM 4 JOINT EVALUATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 MARKS) 1. Identify two chemical methods of dating fossils? (2 marks) i) Radio -carbon dating ii) Potassium Argon dating 2 x 1 = 2mks 2. List down two pre-historic sites found in Tanzania. (2 marks) i) Olduvai George ii) Apis rock iii) Eyasi/simila iv) Ganusi 2 x 1 = 2mks 3. Give two factors that influenced early man to domesticate animals, (2 marks) i) Competition for food between human beings and animals ii) Natural calamities that destroyed vegetation and drove away wild animals iii) Some animals had economic value iv) Availability of animals that could be domesticated v) Some animals were social to man vi) Population increase which made natural food to be scarce vii) Hunting wild animals was becoming tiresome 2 x 1 = 2mks 4. Name two types of trade. (2 marks) i) Local trade ii) Regional trade iii) International trade 2 x 1 = 2mks 5. State the main disadvantage of water transport. (1 mark) i) Fatal accidents leading to loss of lives 1 x 1 = 1mk 6. Outline two uses of copper in pre-colonial Africa. (2 marks) i) Making weapons ii) Making alloys iii) Used as a medium of exchange iv) Used as trading commodity v) Making tools vi) Marking utensils /containers vii) Making ornaments 2 x 1 = 2mks 7. Identify two social functions of the ancient city of Athens. (2 marks) i) Acted as centre of Greek culture ii) Acted as a religious centre iii) It was a sports centre iv) It was an educational centre 2 x 1 = 2mks 8. State two functions of the Katikiro in Buganda kingdom during the 19thC.(2mks) i) Organised tax collection ii) Organised public works iii) Planned wars in Kabaka’s name iv) Protected the Kabaka during war v) Informed the Kabaka on decisions he made on court issues 2 x 1 = 2mks 9. Give two reasons why the Europeans were interested in Africa in the 19thC. (2 marks) i) Spread Christianity ii) Explore /adventure iii) Trade iv) Campaign for the abolition of slave trade and slavery 2 x 1 = 2mks 10. Outline factors that influenced the British to use direct rule in Zimbabwe. (2 marks) i) Acquire full control of the economy so as to exploit resources ii) Traditional system of administration had been disrupted during the conquest period iii) Availability of European administrators iv) British had lost confidence in traditional African leadership due to outbreak of Chimurenga wars. 2 x 1 = 2mks 11. Mention two main organs of the league of Nations. (2 marks) i) The Assembly ii) The council iii) The secretariat iv) Permanent court of international justice v) International labour office 2 x 1 = 2mks History & government 12. State two social developments in the Democratic Republic of Congo since independence. (2 marks) i) Change of name from Zaire to DRC ii) Support sport activities by the government iii) Government encouraged dropping of foreign names and use of indigenous ones iv) Government has support and imported the education sector v) Government has supported culture e.g music vi) Government has supported and improved the provision of health service. vii) Government has introduced pension schemes for workers. 2 x 1 = 2mks 13. Identify two elective posts in USA. (2 mks) i) President ii) Governor iii) Senator iv) Member of House of representing 2 x 1 = 2mks SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions only in this section 4. a) State five reasons for the success of early agriculture in Egypt. (5 marks) i) Availability of water for irrigation and domestic use from river Nile. ii) The Nile valley was secure from external invasion iii) Availability of indigenous crops and animals iv) Its nearness to Mesopotamia from where they borrowed agricultural knowledge v) Availability of fertile soil (Silt) along the river banks vi) Availability of slave labour vii) Invention of new farming tools viii) Improvement of storage facilities 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five effects of Agrarian revolution in United States of America (U.S.A) (10 marks) i) Diversification of Agriculture ii) More land put under cultivation iii) Increase in food production due to use of new farming methods iv) Development of Agricultural related industries v) Use of machines which replaced slave labourers in the farms vi) Increased international trade vii) Development of good transport systems viii) Increased population due to availability of enough food ix) Promotion of research and scientific inventions. 5 x 2 = 10mks 15. a) Give three ways in which poor means of transport contribute to food shortage in Africa. (3 marks) i) Poor transport leads to delays in transportation of food causing wastage and losses ii) Poor transport discourages from producing more iii) Poor transport has led to high transportation cost leading to high prices of food iv) Poor transport undermines effectiveness agricultural extension officers. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six effects of railway transport in Europe. (12 marks) i) It has promoted the movement of people ii) It has led to the development of trade iii) It has led to industrial development iv) It has led to the growth of towns v) It has enhanced the spread of ideas vi) It has created job opportunities vii) It has led to improvement of agricultural viii) It is a source of government revenue ix) It has facilitated the exploitation of natural resources. 6 x 2 = 12mks 16. a) Outline five social effects of industrial revolution in Western Europe. (5 marks) i) Led to urban migration in search for employment ii) Led to poor sanitation and gabbage disposal iii) Increase in crime and social evils due to high unemployment iv) Increased environmental pollution v) Led to rise of social classes in the society vi) Development of service industry vii) Lead to exploitation of women and children viii) Poor housing led to emergence of slums. 5 x 1 = 5mks b) Explain five reasons why Britain pioneered in industrial revolution. (10 marks) i) Availability of capital ii) Existence of cottage industries which formed the foundation iii) Availability of both internal and external market iv) Availability of sources of raw materials v) Availability of sources of industrial energy vi) Availability of god transport and communication systems History & government vii) Availability of both unskilled and skilled labour viii) She had enjoyed along period of peace and political stability ix) She had a strong navy which protected her trading ships x) Existence of well developed banking and insurance systems xi) Government policy of free trade which remove trade barriers 5 x 2 = 10mks 17. a) State three reasons why the British easily defeated the Ndebele in 1893. (3 marks) i) British had superior weapons ii) The British soldiers had trained in military tactics iii) Disunity among the African communities iv) The Ndebele had been weakened by outbreak of small pox v) The British had recruited Africans for reinforcement vi) Execution of African leaders demoralised the warriors. 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain the effects of Ndebele war of 1893. (12 marks) i) Loss their independence /colonised ii) Land alienation /creation of reserves iii) Forced labour was introduced iv) Introduction of heavy taxation v) Their cattle was confiscated vi) Loss of lives viii) Destruction of property ix) Led to emergence of hostility between the Africans and Europeans 6 x 2 = 12mks SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in this section. 18. a) Identify three qualifications an individual had to fulfil to be assimilated in Senegal. (3 marks) i) Ability to read and write in French ii) If one had knowledge of the French language iii) Convert to Christianity iv) If one had worked for some years in the French civil service v) If one shows total loyalty to the French government 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six reasons why the application of the policy of assimilation by the French in Senegal failed. (12 marks) i) Opposition by some communities who never wanted to abandon their culture ii) Faced hostility from traditional African rulers who didn’t want to lose their authority iii) Faced hostility from Muslims who didn’t want to convert to Christianity. iv) Met opposition from French traders who feared competition from Africans v) The government found it expensive to implement the policy vi) Met opposition from the French people in France who feared being outnumbered in the chamber of deputies. vii) Experienced racial discrimination from French men who never wanted to be equal to the Africans viii) The policy undermined the French goal of economic exploitation. 6 x 2 = 12mks 19. a) State three objectives of economic organisation of West African States (ECOWAS). (3 marks) i) Liberalise trade between member states ii) Promote co-operation between member states iii) To improve relations between member states iv) To improve the living standards of the people of the member states v) To create a custom union in the region vi) To promote industrial development among member states vii) To promote cultural interaction among member states 3 x 1 = 3mks b) Explain six challenges encountered by the organisation of African Unity (O.A.U) (12 marks) i) Political instability ii) Leader disputes iii) Personality differences between African leaders iv) Ideological differences between member states v) Divided loyalty vi) National interests vii) Inadequate funds viii) Lack of standing military force ix) Interference by major powers in Africans affairs x) Neo-colonialism xi) Violation of human rights by the leaders xii) Lack of continuity due to short tenure of the chairman 6 x 2 = 12mks 20. a) Give three functions of the cabinet in India. (3 marks) i) Approve proposals of government policy/bills ii) Recommend major appointments by the government iii) Settle inter-departmental disputes iv) Co-ordinate government activities and oversee implementation of its policies v) Formulate government policies 3 x 1 = 3mks History & government b) Explain six factors that help to check the powers of the president of USA. (12 marks) i) Senate approves appointment to senior positions ii) Congress can refuse to approve use of public finds for a foreign policy it disagree with iii) Congress can impeach a sitting president iv) The supreme court may declare a president to have acted unconstitutionally v) The constitution limits a presidential terms to two four-year terms vi) The mass media closely monitors the president’s action vii) Pressure groups check presidential actions viii) Public opinion influences the president’s actions ix) Presidential actions can deny his party majority in the congress congressional elections

History & government GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 Time 2 hours 30 minutes SECTION A (25 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section in the answer booklet provided 1. Give the main reason for studying social history (1 mk) 2. Identify two activities that influenced early man to set up permanent settlement (2 mks) 3. Which was the first cereal to be domesticated in the world? (1 mk) 4. State two limitations of canal transport (2 mks) 5. State how the abundance of wood fuel facilitated the growth of Meroe as an early urban centre (1 mk) 6. Name two officials who assisted the ruler of the Shona to administer the kingdom (2 mks) 7. State two factors that facilitated scientific revolution in Europe (2 mks) 8. State two pull factors that led to the scramble for Africa (2 mks) 9. Name the first Senegalese Deputy who was elected to the French National Chamber of Deputies (1 mk) 10. Identify two political reforms introduced by Frederick de Klerk that led to the achievement of Black majority rule in South Africa (2 mks) 11. Give one reason why Germany was overconfident of speedy and overwhelming victory over her enemies in the first World War (1 mk) 12. State one African state in the commonwealth which is not a former British colony (1 mk) 13. State two roles of the Council of Ministers in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (2 mks) 14. What was the main weakness of the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania (1 mk) 15. Give two ways in which the policy of nationalization slowed down economic development in Tanzania during the reign of Julius Nyerere (2 mks) 16. State two components of Congress in U.S.A. (2 mks) 17. Identify one way through which the powers of the President of U.S.A is checked (1 mk) SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided 18. a) State five hunting methods used by early man (5 mks) b) Explain five benefits of settling in villages during the Late Stone Age period (10mks) 19. a) Give five reasons why animal transport was not a reliable form of transport in ancient times (5 mks) b) Explain five disadvantages of Air Transport to modern man (10mks) 20. a) Outline three tactics employed by Samouri Toure of the Mandika to resist the French rule (3 mks) b) Explain six results of Lozi collaboration (12mks) 21. a) Give five reasons why there were civil wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) soon after independence (5 mks) b) Describe five economic developments in Tanzania since independence (10mks) SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in the answer booklet provided 22. a) Outline the structure of the French system of administration in West Africa (5 mks) b) Explain five factors that led to the failure of indirect rule in southern Nigeria (10mks) 23. a) Give three reasons why the Treaty of Versailles led to the second world war (3 mks) b) Explain six characteristics of the League of Nations (12mks) 24. a) Identify three similar features of political systems in the United States and Britain (3 mks) b) Explain six functions of the British parliament ( 12mks)

GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 History & government Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 JULY/AUGUST 2016 Time 2 hours 30 minutes SECTION A (25 MARKS) Attempt all the questions in this section. 1. Identify two periods in History (2 mks) 2. Name the hominid whose remains were discovered in Fort Tenan (1 mk) 3. Name two sub-tribes of the Abaluhya (2 mks) 4. State one evidence that the Chinese traders reached the East African Coast (1 mk) 5. State one way in which force can be used to resolve conflict (1 mk) 6. Name the document in which the rights of a child are contained (1 mk) 7. Give two characteristics of human rights (2 mks) 8. Identify two ways in which direct democracy is exercised (2 mks) 9. Identify two Luo communities that resisted the British during colonial rule in Kenya (2 mks) 10. State two provisions of the crown-land ordinance of 1915 (2 mks) 11. State two features of the political organizations which were formed in Kenya before 1939 (2 mks) 12. State one reason for the declaration of the state of emergency in Kenya in 1952 (1 mk) 13. Name the administrative head of Kenya’s National Assembly (1 mk) 14. What was the main method used by Tom Mboya in the struggle to protect African rights against colonisation (1 mk) 15. Identify two changes which were introduced by the Inter-Party Parliamentary Group (IPPG) in 1997 (2 mks) 16. What is contained in National Budget ? (1 mk) 17. Give one reason why the government of Kenya should conserve the environment (1 mk)

SECTION B: 45 MARKS Answer any three questions in this section 18. a) Give five economic activities of the Bantu (5 mks) b) Describe the political organization of the Luo in pre-colonial Kenya (10mks) 19. a) Identify five reasons why trade developed between the East African Coast and Arabia by the 8th century (5 mks) b) Explain the effects of Arab settlement along the East African Coast (10mks) 20. a) Explain five causes of the Somali resistance to the British rule in Kenya (5 mk) b) Explain five factors which enabled the British to establish their colonial rule in Kenya easily (5 mks) 21. a) Name three clergymen who were involved in the struggle for multiparty in Kenya in 1990’s (3mks) b) Explain six ways in which political pluralism has enhanced democracy in Kenya (12mks)

SECTION C: 30 MARKS Answer any two questions from this section 22. a) List the symbols of national unity (3 mks) b) Explain six significance of National Integration in Kenya (12mks) 23. a) State the composition of Kenya's cabinet (3 mks) b) Explain the functions of the cabinet in Kenya (12mks) 24. a) Identify three members of the County Executive Committee (3 mks) b) Explain six reasons for preparing the National Budget in Kenya (12mks)

GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) History & government 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 JULY/AUGUST 2016 Time 2 hours 30 minutes SECTION A - 25 MKS 1. Identify two periods in history (2 mks) i) Pre- history ii) History (1 x 2 = 2 mks) 2. Name the hominid whose remains were discovered in fort Tenan Kenyapithecus (1 x 1 mk) 3. Name two sub-tribes of the Abaluhya (2 mks) i) Bukusu ii) Tiriki iii) Wanga iv) Tachoni, v) Kisa, vi) Bunyore, vii) Samia viii) Maragoli, ix) Marama, x) Idakho xi) Isukha xii) Khayo xiii) Marachi (1 x 2 mks) 4. State one evidence that chinese traders reached the African Coast (1 mk) i) Presence of Chinese coins ii) Porcelain remains iii) Written documents i.e. Periplus of the Erythrean sea (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 5. State one way in which force can be used to resolve conflict (1 mk) i) Disarming the warring sides ii) Declaration of curfew iii) Policing the area (any 1 x 1 mk) 6. Name the document in which the rights of a child are contained ( 1 mk) The United Nations Convention on child’s right (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 7. Give two characteristics of human rights ( 2 mks) i) They are universal ii) They are Indivisible iii) They have limitations iv) They can be suspended (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 8. Identify two ways in which direct democracy is exercised (2 mks) i) Referendum ii) Plebiscite iii) Recall iv) Initiative (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 9. Identify two Luo communities that resisted the British colonial rule in Kenya ( 2 mks) i) Ugenya ii) Kisumu iii) Sakwa iv) Uyoma Any 2 × 1 = 2 marks 10. State two provisions of the crown land ordinance of 1915 (2 mks) i) Land registration scheme for settlers ii) The period was increased from 99 years to iii) 999 years iv) It increased lease acreage from 5000 - 7500 v) acres vi) Africans rights to own land was removed vii) Settlers were not to sell land to any other race viii) All Kenyan territory became crown land ix) All Maasai were removed from Laikipia plateau (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 11. State two features of the political organizations which were formed in Kenya before 1939 i) They were ethnic based ii) Were moderate in their demands iii) Their grievances were similar (Any 2 x 1 = 2 Mks) 12. State one reason for the declaration of the state of emergence in Kenya in 1952 (1 mrk) History & government i) To stop Mau Mau Killings i.e. a chief was killed ii) To destabilize the MauMau activities iii) To stop Guerrilla attacks by the freedom fighters (any 1 x 1 = 1 mrk) 13. Name the administrative head of Kenya's National Assembly (1 mrk) Clerk to the National Assembly (1 x 1 mrk) 14. What was the main method used by Tom Mboya in the struggle to protect African rights against colonization Trade Unionism (1 x 1 = 1 mrk) 15. Identify two changes which were introduced by the Inter-Party Parliamentary group (IPPG) in 1997 (2 mrks) i) Increased the number of electoral commissioners to include the opposition ii) Political parties were to inform the police of their intended rallies but not ask for licenses iii) Chief act was removed iv) Kenya broadcasting co-oporation was mandated to give equal and fair coverage to all political parties. v) Police act was amended to make it impartial. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mrks) 16. What is contained in a National budget (1 mrk) i) National Expenditure ii) National revenue (any 1 x 1 = 1 mrk) iii) Financial statements/policies 17. Give one reason why the government of Kenya should conserve the environment To protect natural resources ( 1 x 1 = 1 mrk) SECTION B - 45 MKS Answer ANY three questions in this section 18.a) Give five economic activities of the Bantu (5 mks) i) They participated in local and regional trade ii) They practised farming (crop farming) iii) They were livestock keepers iv) They practised hunting and gathering v) They practised crafts such as iron smithing basketry and pottery vi) Some Bantu communities e.g. the vii) Mijikenda practised fishing (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) b) Describe the political organization of the Luo in Pre-colonial Kenya (10 mrks) i) The Luo were a decentralized community led by council of elders ii) The lowest level of political structure was the family whose head was referred to as Jaduong iii) Several families who traced their ancestry to a common ancestor forms one clan. iv) Within the clan was a council of elders called Doho the council of elders solved disputes v) Below the Doho were lineage councils called Buch Dhoot vi) Several clans came together to form oganda. The Oganda’s council of elders were called Buch Piny whose leader was Routh vii) Buch Piny settled inter clan conflicts viii) The Luos had a group of warriors called Thuondi who defended the community and conducted raids. 19. a) Identify the Effects of Arab settlement along the East African Coast i) Introduction of Islamic religion ii) Intermarriages between the Arabs and local Bantu, giving rise to the Swahili people. iii) Emergence of Kiswahili language iv) Spread of Islamic culture v) Adaption of Islamic education (madrassa) vi) Introduction of Islamic laws (Sharia) vii) Introduction of crops such as rice, millet, cloves, vegetables and fruits (1 x 5 = 5 mks) b) Explain five reasons why trade developed between the East African Coast and Arabia by the 8th century i) Availability of trade goods e.g. gold, ivory, slaves, porcelain bowls ii) High demand for trade items from the coast iii) Existence of enterprising ,merchants both in foreign lands and on the East African Coast iv) Existence of local trade v) Accessibility of East African Coast by sea. vi) Monsoon winds facilitated the movementof the ships. vii) The prevailing relative peace and stability along the East African Coast. viii) Natural harbours for safe docking of the vessels xi) Indian Banyans provided credit facilities to trader (Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) 20. State five causes of the Somali resistance to the British rule in Kenya (5 mrks) i) The Somali were opposed to division of Somaliland into British & Italian sphere of influence. ii) They were opposed to punitive expeditions iii) Were opposed to being controlled by the British who were Christians iv) British attempted to stop the Somali as they raided their neighbour. v) British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic lifestyle any 5 x 1 = 5 mrks b) Explain five factors which enabled the British to establish their colonial rule in Kenya easily. (10 mks) i) Disunity among Africans - they were unable to fight a common enemy ii) British had a well trained army compared to Africans iii) British had superior weapons that enabled them to conquer Africans with ease History & government iv) Africans had been decimated & weakened by natural calamities e.g. drought, famine & diseases. v) Collaboration by Africans enabled them to entrench their rule. vi) The missionaries had prepared Africans to be submissive vii) Construction of the railway easened the movement of the British forces. (any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) 21.a) Name three clergy who were involved in the struggle for multiparty in Kenya in 1990’s (3 mrks) i) Henry Okullu ii) Timothy Njoya iii) Bishop Alexander Muge iv) Bishop Gitari (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mrks) b) Explain six ways in which political pluralism has enhanced democracy in Kenya (12 mks) i) It has reduced dictatorship in Kenya ii) Has encouraged freedom of expression iii) Has promoted healthy competition in politics iv) Has led to freedom of association v) Promoted political education & awareness among Kenyans. vi) Has created a link between the people and government vii) Has kept the government alert, transparent & accountable. viii) Free and fair manner in the election of l leaders. ix) Has provided alternative approach to the management of political & economic affairs. x) Has led to repealing of oppressive and unjust laws. xi) Has contributed to free and independent trade unions xii) Has promoted independent & impartial judiciary (6 x 2 = 12 mks) SECTION C : 30 MARKS Answer ANY two questions in this section 22.a) Lists down three symbols of national unity (3 mrks) i) National Flag ii) National Anthem iii) Coat of Arms iv) Loyalty Pledge v) National Awards (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mrks) b) Explain six significance of National Integration in Kenya (12 mrks) i) Enhances national unity ii) Encourages socialization of people with diverse backgrounds iii) Encourages rapid economic growth & development iv) Encourages patriotism & nationalism v) Promotes peaceful co-existence vi) Enables a country to develop a sense of national direction vii) Promotes easy, efficient & accurate communication Any 6 x 2 = 12 mks 23.a) State the composition of Kenya’s cabinet i) The president ii) The deputy president iii) Cabinet secretaries iv) The Attorney general (1 x 3 = 3 mks) b) Explain the function of the cabinet in kenya i) The cabinet formulates government policies on domestic and international issues. ii) Defend government policies iii) Explains government policies to the people in their capacity. iv) To supervise the implementation of government policies by civil servants in their ministries v) Advises the president on matters related to the administration of ministries. vi) Represents the president in local and international fora. (2 x 6 = 12 mrks) 24. a) Identify three members of the county Executive Committee (3 mrks) i) Governor ii) Deputy governor iii) Representative of youth & marginalized iv) Appointee of the governor b) Explain six reasons for preparing the National Budget in Kenya (12 mrks) i) Gives the government an opportunity to review its tax system ii) Lays down government plan to raise revenue and its services iii) To justify borrowing in case of deficit iv) To explain to development partners its development agenda v) For equal and balanced development vi) Enables the National Assembly to check and scrutinize use of public funds vii) To minimize wastage as government spends its revenue (Any 6 x 2 = 12 mrks)

GEM SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAMS 2016 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (K.C.S.E) 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 History & government JULY/AUGUST 2016 Time 2 hours 30 minutes SECTION A 25 MARKS 1. Give the main reason for studying social history (1 mk) In order to understand and appreciate people’s practices, religious beliefs and taboos. (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 2. Identify two activities that influenced early man to set up permanent settlement(2 mks) i) The domestication of crops and animals ii) The making of tools and weapons iii) The invention and use of fire iv) The security of a site from wild animals (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 3. Which was the first cereal to be domesticated in the world (1 mk) Barley 4. State two limitation of canal transport i) It is very expensive to construct and maintain ii) Needs constant dredging/cleaning iii) It is not suitable where the bedrock is permeable. iv) It requires heavy traffic to justify its construction. any 2 x 1 = 2 marks 5. State how the abundance of wood fuel facilitated the growth of Meroe as an early urban centre Wood fuel was used in iron working industry as meroe was rich in iron (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 6. Name two officials who assisted the ruler of the shana to administer the kingdom (2 mks) i) The head cook ii) Head gate steward / chamberlain/chancellor iii) The head drummer iv) The head of the army v) The treasurer vi) The senior son in law vii) The nine principal wives of the king viii) The king sister (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 7. State two factors that facilitated scientific revolution in Europe (2 mks) i) The period of renaissance (rebirth) encouraged further learning research. ii) Government and individuals supported research financially. iii) Need to find solution to problems iv) Religion could not answer all questions. v) Overseas exploration and discovery of new lands stimulated learning. (any 2 x 1= 2 mks) 8. State two pull factors that led to the scramble for Africa (2 mks) i) Vast resources in Africa e.g. gold, ivory e.t.c. ii) African communities were highly decentralized iii) African communities were weakened by diseases and calamities which made them easy to conquer. (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 9. Nme the first Senegalese deputy who was elected to the French National Chamber of Deputies Blaise Diagne (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 10. Identify two political reforms introduced by Frederic de Klerk that led to the achievement of black majority rule in South Africa (2 mks) i) He released all political prisoners ii) Relaxed apartheid laws e.g. pass laws iii) Allowed Africans to join political parties (any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 11. Give one reason why German was overconfident of speedy and overwhelming victory over her enemies in the first world war The schlieffen plan - Germany had devised it to over run her enemies (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 12. State one African state in the commonwealth which is not a former British colony (1 mk) i) Mozambique ii) Cameroon (any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 13. State two roles of the council of ministers in the economic community of West African states (ECOWAS) (2 mks) i) Manage the affairs of ECOWAS ii) Advise the authority iii) Provide directions to the surbonate organs of ECOWAS (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 14. What was the main weakness of the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania (1 mk) It promoted laziness/people were demotivated to work (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mk) 15. Give two ways in which the policy of nationalization slowed down economic development in Tanzania during the reign of Julius Nyerere (2 mks) i) Some industries collapse ii) Most foreign investors withdrew from the country iii) Most Tanzanians developed a negative attitude to work hence relied on government support.(any 2 x 1 = 2 mks) 16. State two components of congress in the U.S.A. (2 mks) i) House of senate History & government ii) House of Representative (any 2 x 1= 2 mks) 17. Identify one way through which the powers of the president of U.S.A. is checked (1 mk) i) Media ii) Public Opinion iii) Supreme Court iv) Congress (any 2 x 1 = 1 mks) SECTION B 45 (MARKS) Answer any three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

18.a State five hunting methods used by early man (5 mks) i) Stoning & spearing animals ii) Digging large pits on the path through which animals went to drink water & covering the pit with delicate stones and grass iii) Chasing animals over steep cliffs and forcing them to fall over and break their limbs. iv) Driving animals in swampy areas where they get stuck used fire to hunt by scaring them to swampy areas or over cliffs. v) Waiting for animals near water points vi) Man killed animals that were injured by others. (Any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) b) Explain five benefits of settling in villages during the late stone age period (10 mks) i) Helped each other in times of hardships e.g. sickness/ companionship ii) Provided security to each other iii) Helped each other in building huts, making clothes e.t.c. iv) Language developed/ speech or spoken language v) Religious beliefs developed vi) Started burying the dead. vii) Agriculture developed viii) With development of Agriculture there was surplus food which man exchanged/ development of trade. ix) Man developed a way of maintaining law and order/ beginning of government x) Helped in sharing resources (any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) 19. a Give five reasons why animal transport was not a reliable form of transport in ancient times (5 mks) i) It was slow and tedious ii) Pack animals could be attacked by wild animals diseases, causing insects and diseases iii) Animals could only travel during day time not at night. iv) They could only carry small amounts of goods v) Some pack animals such as donkeys are very stubborn when tired and heavily loaded. vi) They could easily get feigned (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) b. Explain five disadvantages of Air transport to modern man (10 mks) i) Aeroplanes pollute the environment due to waste discharge by burning fuel ii) It is prone to international terrorism where aeroplanes are often hijacked iii) It is a very expensive mode of transport iv) Its accidents are very fatal and many times there are minimal survivors v) It is often affected by weather changes. vi) Operating them require highly skilled personnel (any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) 20. a) Outline three tactics employed by Samoure Toure of the Mandinka to resist the French rule (3 mks) i) Applied scorched earth policy ii) Guerrilla warfare iii) Transfer for his empire to the east iv) Diplomacy i.e. signing treaties (any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) b) Explain six results of Lozi collaboration (12 mks) i) The Lozi lost their independence to the British ii) The leaders gained recognition/fame iii) They were protected from their traditional enemies iv) The Lozi assisted the British to conquer other communities of the Ndebele. v) Trade between the Lozi and British increased vi) The Lozi benefited from the missionary work in education / health vii) The Lozi acquired manufactured goods viii) Christianity was spread in the region.

ix) The land was alienated x) Their cattle were confisticated xi) They had to pay taxes to the British xii) Lewanika power were greatly reduced xiii) He become a mere employee of the company receiving only a stipen. xiv) He lost control of the former vassal chiefs who could no longer pay tributes to him. xv) The Lozi aristocracy was broken/ the royal class reduced to positions of tax collectors for the company History & government xvi) Led to the arrival of more settlers in Baroste land. xvii) Barotse was finally incorporated into Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) as a British protectorate.(any 6 x 2 = 12 marks) 21.a Give five reasons why there were civil wars in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) soon after independence i) Struggle among leaders e.g. PatriceLumumbavs Joseph Kasavubu/ ideological differences. ii) Some provinces wanted to secceed & forming their own governments e.g. Kasai & Katanga iii) Military coups e.g. 1965 by Mobutu & 1999 by Kabila iv) Fight from rebel groups v) Military dictatorship by Mobutu Seseseko vi) Political assassinations e.g. Lumumba & Kabila (any 5 x 1 = 5 mks) b) Describe five economic developments in Tanzania since Independence (10 mks) i) In 1964 Nyerere launched a 5 year plan to streamline project initiation and implementation ii) Expansion of industry and agriculture iii) The Arusha Declaration of 1967 based on self reliance & socialism favoured public control of major plan the government & co-operatives. iv) Development of Agro-based industries, non agricultural industries like steel, oil & cement. v) Launching of NYS led to est. of settlements & income generating projects. vi) Nationalization and Africanization entailed the transfer of businesses & enterprises formerly held by European to Africans. vii) Encouragement of foreign investment led to railways, roads & pipelines. viii)Entry into economic blocks enlarged her market e.g. East African co-operation e.t.c (Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) SECTION C (30 MARKS) Answer any two questions in the answer bookletprovided 22a) Outline the structure of the French system of administration in West Africa i) France had eight colonies in west Africa which formed the Federation of French West Africa ii) The Federation was goremed from one capital at Dakar Senegal iii) The Federation was headed by a Governor General who was answerable to the French minister for colonies in Paris iv) Under the Governor General was a Lintenant General in charge of each colony v) A colony was divided into cercles (provincial) each under a commandant de. cercle vi) A cercle /province was divided into districts vii) A sub-division was divided into cartons (location) each under a chef de carton viii) Cartons were further divided into sub-location (village elder) (ant 5 x 1 = 5 mks) b) Explain five factors that led to the failure of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria (10 mks) i) Southern Nigeria did not have a centralized system of government suitable for the application of indirect rule. ii) Lack of homogeneity in the south as there were many ethnics groups languages and customs to be understood iii) The British introduced new ideas such as forced labour and direct taxes which influenced the people. iv) The failure of the British administrators to fully understand how the social economic and political system of southern Nigeria (based on the uba) operated made item give up easily. v) Opposition from the educated elite who felt left out of the administration of their country. vi) The educated people in southern Nigeria resented the chiefs appointed by the British because they were illiterate. vii)The obas southern Nigeria had defined powers e.g. mediation and when they were given wide ranging powers people become discontented. viii) There was communication barrier between British supervisors, warrant chiefs and people which created misunderstanding ix) Misuse of power by warrant chief e.g. raising taxes for their own benefit and harassing women sexually. x) Use of excessive force to support any form of resistance provoked resentment. (any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) 23.a) Give three reasons why the Treaty of Versailles led to the second world war (3 mks) i) Severe punishment meted to Germany made her bitter and resentful. ii) Italy considered a major power was treated like a minor power which caused bitterness. iii) The interests of minority were not considered e.g. Serbia & Bosnia which later acted as the immediate cause of the war. iv) Major powers like U.S.A. didn't join the war making it weak (Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) b) Explain six achievements of the League of Nations (12 mks) i) Maintained peace in the world for about 20 years ii) Encouraged members to settle disputes through the international court of justice e.g. Iraq and Turkey iii) It established the ILO which helped to promote workers welfare iv) The League improved the life of people in trust colonies v) The League assisted refugees & drought stricken areas. vi) The League helped to reconstruct the economics of many European countries after war. vii) Administered the region of Saar and Danzing city successfully. ix) Promoted international co-operation both in economic & social spheres e.g. education and drug trafficking x) It helped in arms regulation, manufacturing and their sales xi) Laid down the foundation for the formation of UNO xii) The league ensures the signing of peace pact to promote security e.g. Locerno treaties of 1925 (any 6 x 2 = 12 mks) 24a) Identify three similar features of political systems in the United States and Britain History & government i) Holding of periodic/regular general elections ii) Freedom to form political parties to compete for power. iii) Creating checks and balances to ensure those in power do not abuse their authority.(Any 3 x 1 = 3 mks) b) Explain six functions of the British parliament(12 mks) i) Parliament discusses and make laws it alsoamend law when need arises. ii) Controls government expenditure iii) Approves government budget and ways of raising revenue. iv) Checks the powers of the executive to ensure that the rule of law is maintained by passing a vote of no confidence. v) House of lords sits as the final court of appeal mostly in criminal cases. vi) Discusses, debates issues of national importance. vii) Represents the interests of the electorate. viii) Directs foreign policy (any 6 x 2 = 12 marks)

History & government VIHIGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM– 2016

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (k.c.s.e.)

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST, 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS SECTION A ( 25 MKS) Answer all the questions in this section. 1. Give two types of monarchical government (2mks) 2. Name the earliest ancestor of man whose skull was discovered in the Fayuni valley in Egypt. (1mk) 3. Give the main reason why agriculture developed in Egypt (1mk) 4. Identify one invention that revolutionilised agriculture food preservation in the 19C (1mk) 5. What was the main item of trade during in Trans Saharan trade (1mk) 6. Give two main effects of great American railway line (2mk) 7. Give the main contribution of William Morton’s contribution to surgical science 8. Who were the founders of Kilwa? (1mk) 9. State the initial problem that London experienced (1mk) 10. State the main method used by Europeans to occupy African (1mk) 11. Outline two importance of Berline City in African’s colonial history (2mk) 12. Mention two characteristics of assimilation (2mk) 13. Mention two external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism. (2mks) 14. Give one way in which colonial rivalries between European nations contributed to outbreak of world wars. (1mk) 15. Name two organs of united nation (2mk) 16. Give one distinct feature of the British premiership (1mk) 17. Identify two African camps that were broken by the formation of organization of African union (2mks) SECTION B (45 MKS) Answer any three questions form this section. 18. a) Give five characteristics of agriculture in the united state of America during the African revolution (5mks) b) Discuss the social-political effects of Agrarian revolution in Europe. (10mk) 19. a) Give three factors that hindered industrialization in Europe in the 19C b) Discuss the impact of Industrial revolution in Africa (12mks) 20. a) Name three key spirits of Mwari cult of the Shona (3mks) b) Explain the reasons why the Shona allied with the Ndebele in the chimurenga War (12mks) 21. a) Give five objectives of the economic community of West African state (ECOWAS) (5mks) b) Explain the achievement of economic community of West African states (10mks) SECTION C ( 30 MKS) Answer two questions from this section 22 a) Give five benefit of the partition of Africa (5mks) b) Explain obstacles the colonial government, faced in their colonial administration in Africa (10mks) 23 a) State five economic challenges facing the Democratic Republic of Congo since independence (5mks) b) Explain five economic developments in the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) since independence. (10mks) 24 a) State five sources of Britain unwritten constitution (5mks) b) Explain the functions of the prime minister in Britain (10mks)

VIHIGA SUB-COUNTY JOINT EVALUATION EXAM– 2016 History & government

Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (k.c.s.e.)

311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT PAPER 1 JULY/AUGUST, 2016 TIME: 2½ HOURS 1. Give two types of monarchical government i) Absolute monarch ii) Constitutional monody ( 2mks) 2. Name the earliest ancestor of man whose skill was discovered in the Fayuni valley in Egypt. ( 1mk) i) Aegyptopithelus 3. Give the main reason why agriculture developed in Egypt ( 1mk) Availability of water form river Nile/ jeshte silt brought by riner Nile form the Highlands 4. Identify one invention that revolutionilised agriculture food preservation in the 19C (1mk) i) Canning process ii) Pasteurization iii) Refrigeration 5. What was the main item of trade during in Tarns Saharan trade ( 1mk) Salt 6. Give two main effects of great American railway line ( 2mk) i) Lid to opening of the interior of the identified states for settlement, industry and agriculture. ii) It connects the vast USA from East to West. iii) It is the nexns of American railway network. 7. Give the main contribution of William Morton’s contribution to surgical science (1mk) Use of ethinal to reduce pain during an operation. 8. Who were the founders of Kliwa? ( 1mk) The Persians 9. State the initial problem that London experienced ( 1mk) i) Razed by fire 120AD ii) Outbreak of diseases such as plague iii) Internal revolts by peasants who destroyed property in the towns 1x1=1mk 10. State the main method used by Europeans to occupy African ( 1mk) Military conquest/used of force 1x1=1mk

11. Outline two importance of Berline City in African’s colonial history ( 2mk) i) It was where European powers met to decide on colonizing Africa in 19 C ii) It was where African was shared/partitioned by European scrambling for African in 1884 - 5 12. Mention two characteristics of assimilation ( 2mk) i) Administrative assimilation. ii) Political assimilation iii) Personal assimilation 2x1= 2mks 13. Mention two external factors that facilitated the growth of African nationalism. ( 2mks) i) African participation in world wars ii) Spread of Lennist-maxists ideas iii) Pan-African where founders were based in USA iv) United nation that stressed the need for political independence. v) Nationalism in Asia/ independence of India in 1947 14. Give one way in which colonial rivalries between European nations contributed to outbreak of world wars. ( 1mk) Colonial dispute highlighted political tension among European powers that later resulted in world wars. 1x1 =1mk 15. Name two organs of united nation ( 2mk) i) The assembly ii) The council iii) The permanent court of justice 2x1 =2mks 16. Give one distinct feature of the British premiership ( 1mk) The leader of the party with majority parliamentarians becomes the prime minister. 1x1 =1mk 17. Identify two African camps that were broken by the formation of organization of African union ( 2mks) i) The Casablanca group ii) The Brazzaville group

SECTION B (45 MKS) Answer any three questions form this section. History & government 18. a) Give five characteristics of agriculture in the united state of America during the African revolution ( 5mks) i) large-scale farming ii) use of farm machinery iii) research into better hybrid seeds and livestock breeds iv) application of fertilizers v) use of disease and pest control measures. 5x1 = 5mks b) Discuss the social-political effects of Agrarian revolution in Europe. (10mk) i) population increased due to abundant food supply. ii) Increase in the population of landless peasants. iii) The enclosure system led to rural urban migration. iv) Poor living conditions in the urban areas due to overcrowding v) The landless people were subjected to poverty. vi) Growth of capitalists farming which was don by a few professional farmers. vii) Clan conflicts between the workers and capitalists. viii) It led to the growth of a working class which was made up of the landless peasant 5x2 = 10mks 19. a) Give three factors that hindered industrialization in Europe in the 19C ( 3mks) i) the Napoleonic wars and its effects ii) the existence of despotic autocrats for example in Rassia iii) the thirty years war in France and Britain iv) poor infrastructure v) political instability vi) expanse of small autonomous states. 3x1 = 3mks b) Discuss the impact of Industrial revolution in Europe (12mks) i) the emergence and growth of urban centre ii) there was population groth due to improved medical facilities iii) it caused congestion in factory, towns which led to poor working conditions for the workers. iv) The quest for employment in towns led to increased rural-urban migration. v) Itled to emergence of classified social classes of upper, middle and lower. vi) Led to spread of communicable diseases. vii) Emergence of slums viii) Child labour was intensified. ix) There was improvement in infrastructure and transport. x) Led to development of agricultural industry xi) It stimulated inventions and research. 5x2= 10 mks 20. a) Name three key spirits of Mwari cult of the Shona ( 3mks) i) the vadzimu vemisha- family spirit ii) the mhondoro – clan spirit iii) chaminuka- National spirit 3x1 = 3mks b) Explain the reasons why the Shona allied with the Ndebele in the chimurenga War (12mks) i) The British South Africa company administration was harsh/cruel to the Shona. ii) The company had confisticated/shona cattle and alienated chona land iii) The company officials interfered with shone-Portuguese trade in gold, ivory,gun powder iv) They were to provide labour to European farmers. v) Shona chiefs lost traditional position as land custodian and rulers in the face of company officials. vi) The company levied high taxes on the Shona irrespective of their collaboration in 1893 Ndebele wars. vii) European missionaries disregarded and abused the shone traditional. Mwari/Mlimo cult and medium spirit leaders. a)Give five objectives of the economic community of West African state ( ECOWAS) (5mks) i) To promote interstate economic cooperation. ii) To enhance/raise the living standards of the members state. iii) Undertake to boost the projects that enhance economic development and independence for tit members. iv) To develop and improve agricultural and industrial sectors of members states. v) To remove tariffs/custom barriers that hinder free flow of trade. vi) To create a large common marked for regions trade. vii) To enhance development of transport, communication and other infrastructure facilities for the benefit of member states. viii) To establish and support the formation of technical and specialized agencies for mutual interest. ix) To enhance free movements of persons with members states. b) Explain the achievement of economic community of West African states (10mks) i) Unite states with defends into social, economic and political ii) Raised sense of mutual responsibilities and co-operation. iii) Increased economic cooperation iv) Solved internal and external conflicts in member states. v) Promoted cultural international vi) Provides financial assistance development. vii) Resolved civil strife in Sierra Leone and Liberia SECTION C ( 30 MKS) History & government Answer two questions from this section/ 22a) Give five benefit of the partition of Africa (5mks) i) It actualized and reaffirmed Europeans claim of African land. ii) It helped to avert inter European war over rivalry on African claims iii) It enhanced individual European states in establishing their administration in Africa. iv) It enabled European states to send their unemployed people to work and settle in Africa. v) Individual European states exploited African resources for their industries. vi) Each European state with claims in Africa was able to expand its industrial markets to Africa. vii) It promoted formation of commercial companies which were given charters to exploit African resources. b) Explain obstacles the colonial government, faced in their colonial administration in Africa (10mks) i) Governments lacked the geographical -know how of their colonies ii) There was poor and under developed transport infrastructure which hindered the administrations, mobility. iii) They lacked common lingua Franca with the local people. iv) Were affected by tropical diseases. v) Africans rebellion vi) Lack of support from home government. vii) Poor infrastructure to facilitate the administration. viii) In later stage Africans started to agitate for independence. 5x2 = 10mks 23a) State five economic challenges facing the Democratic Republic of Congo since independence (5mks) i) Inadequate exploitation of her mineral, forestry and agricultural resources ii) Poor road and railway transport network to link up its economic resources areas iii) Limited capital to invest in industrial development. iv) In adequate development in communication v) Continued plunder of natural resources by rebels Rwandese and Ugandan supporters. vi) Escalating oil prices and inflation which cause economic slum. 5x1=5mks. b) Explain five economic developments in the Democratic republic of Congo (DRC) since independence. (10mks) i) Zaire embarked in exploitation of her mineral resources such as copper, uranium, chrome and cold. ii) Major industries were nationalized alongside encouraged foreign investment. iii) Agriculture production increased as the government divested funds to the sector. iv) There was improvement inroad, railway and water transport that saw the expansion of port of matadi. v) The construction of infadydro power dam promoted industrial development. 5x2=10mks 24a) State five sources of Britain unwritten constitution (5mks) i) Constitutional milestones eg the magina carta ( 1215) ii) The traditional, customs and rules of the British parliament. iii) Constitutional conventions or political traditions which have been followed/applied over a period of time. iv) Case law which refers to specific ruling made by the British courts on the principles of state. v) Legislations such as the petition of Right Act (1628) the Habeas corpus/ Act (1679) and bill of rights Act (1689) 5x1 = 5mks) b) Explain the functions of the prime minister in Britain (10mks) i) Appoints and dismisses cabinet minister with the consent of monarch ii) Chairs cabinet meetings. iii) Is the leader of the house of common iv) Is the chief executive of the British Government v) Initiates both domestic and foreign policies. . vi) Represents Britain in international for a vii) Recommends to the sovereign the appointments of senior civil servants and as the chief justice and high commission. (2x5 = 10mks

History & government GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 - (311/1) July/August 2016 Time: 2½ hours SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. What is the significance of Rusinga island to the history of Kenya. (1 mark) 2. Give two roles of the council of elders (Njuri Ncheke) of the Ameru in the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 3. Give two organs of the National security in Kenya today. (2 marks) 4. Give one way of getting slaves during the long distance trade along the Kenyan Coast up to the 19th Century. (1 mark) 5. Identify one way in which the colonial government controlled the migration of Africans into urban areas. (1 mark) 6. List two causes of the Agiriyama resistance to colonial rule in Kenya. (2 marks) 7. Identify one challenge of the Harambe philosophy in Kenya. (1 mark) 8. Name two aspects of fair labour practices as contained in the constitution of Kenya (2010) (2 marks) 9. Give two merits of dual citizenship. (2 marks) 10.Give two reasons which make the chiefs' barazas in Kenya important (2 marks) 11. State two pre-colonial economic activities of the Luo in Kenya. (2 marks) 12. Identify two problems that Christian missionaries in Kenya in the 19th Century. (1 mark)

13. Identify one factor that enabled the white settlers to establish farms in the white highlands. (1 mark) 14. State one institution that may limit parliamentary supremacy in Kenya. (1 mark) 15. Enumerate one responsibility of the Governor in colonial Kenya. (1 mark)

16. State one duty of a presiding officer during elections in Kenya. (1 mark)

17. What is the main role of the Ethics and Anti-corruption commission of Kenya. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided.

18. a) Give five economic activities of the Borana in the 19th Century. (5 marks)

b) Discuss five results of the migration of the Cushites into Kenya. (10 marks) 19. a) Why did the Arabs come to the Kenyan Coast by the 7th century? (5 marks) b) Discuss five negative effects of Portuguese rule at the Coast of East Africa. (10 marks) 20. a) State five activities of the Imperial British East Africa Company (IBEAC) between 1888 and 1895. (5 marks)

b) Explain five reasons which made the Imperial British East African Company (IBEAC) rule come to an end in 1895. (10 marks) 21. a) Identify five problems faced by political parties in Kenya between 1992 and 2007. (5 marks) b) Explain five problems which Daniel Moi faced as president of Kenya. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Give five requirements that one needs to meet to be an independent candidate for election to the National Assembly. (5 marks) b) Explain five weaknesses that led to the disbandment of the Electoral Commission of Kenya after 2008 post-election violence. (10 marks) 23. a) State three members who constitute the cabinet of the Republic of Kenya. (3 marks) b) Describe six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. a) State three reasons that can lead to the removal of the County Governor from office. (3 marks) b) Explain six functions of a county government in Kenya as enshrined in the constitution. (12 marks)

History & government GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 - (311/2) July/August 2016 Time: 2½ hours SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. State two uses of stone tools by early man during the lower Palaeolithic period. (2 marks) 2. Identify the farming method used by the early people of Mesopotamia to plant the cereal crops. (1 mark 3. State two limitations of using anthropology as a source of historical information. (2 marks) 4. Identify the major contribution of Landsteiner in the field of medicine. (1 mark) 5. Mention one merit of using pipeline in the transportation of oil. (1 mark) 6. State two shortcomings of using Barter trade during the pre-colonial era. (2 marks) 7. Identify two metals that were used as currency in the pre-colonial period in Africa. (2 marks) 8. Identify one characteristic of the Roman roads. (1 mark) 9. Mention one method used by the Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa. (1 mark) 10. Identify one economic exploitative measure put in place by the Europeans during the colonial period.(1 mark) 11. Name two areas in Senegal where the French policy of Assimilation was applied. (2 marks) 12. State the main political contribution of Nelson Mandela to the history of South Africa? (1 mark) 13. Identify two Europeans powers that belonged to the Tripple Entente alliance during the first world war. (2 marks) 14. Name one body of the league of Nations that was formed after the first world war (1 mark) 15. Identify the pioneer leader of the Non-Aligned movement. (1 mark) 16. Name two English speaking member countries of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) (2 marks) 17. Give two functions of the judiciary in the USA. (2 marks) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) Identify three theories that explains the origin of human beings. (3 marks) b) Describe the cultural practices of early man during the Mesolithic period. (12 marks) 19. a) State three reasons why the Europeans demand for African slaves increased greatly during the 16th Century. b) Explain six economic impacts of the Trans-Atlantic trade to the African communities. (12 marks) 20. a) State five roles played by the Lukiiko in the administrative organization of the Buganda kingdom.(5 marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Shona during the 19th Century. (10 marks) 21. a) State five reasons why Samori Toure was able to resist the French people for so long. (5 marks) b) Explain five reasons why the Ndebele and Shona were defeated by the British during the Chimurenga War of 1896 - 1897. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Identify five methods used by the African nationalists to articulate their grievances during the struggle for independence in South Africa. (5 marks) b) Explain five factors that posed a setback to the nationalists activities in South Africa prior to independence in 1994.(10 marks) 23. a) State three social challenges facing independent African counties today. (3 marks) b) Explain six problems that the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. (12 marks) 24. a) Give three main powers of the president as stated by the constitution in India. (3 marks) b) Explain six functions of the USA congress. (12 marks)

History & government GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 - (311/1) July/August 2016 Time: 2½ hours 1. What is the significance of Rusinga island to the history 9. Give two merits of dual citizenship. (2 marks) of Kenya. (1 mark) i) One enjoys rights and privileges of both countries. - The remains of Dryopithecus Africanus / Proconsul ii) One can get employment in both countries. were found. iii) One can own property in both countries. any 2 ×1 = 2 2. Give two roles of the council of elders (Njuri Ncheke) marks of the Ameru in the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) i) Solving land and inheritance disputes. 10. Give two reasons which make the chiefs' barazas in ii) Court of appeal. Kenya important (2 marks) iii) Presiding over religious functions. i) Spelling of government policy to peoples. iv) Advise the warriors before war or raids. ii) Elders discuss matters affecting their areas. v) Negotiated for peace with other communities. iii) Mobilize local communities to support local projects. vi) Making laws. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks iv) Settle minor disputes in communities. any 2 × 1 = 2 3. Give two organs of the National security in Kenya marks today. (2 marks) i) National intelligence service. 11. State two pre-colonial economic activities of the Luo in ii) Kenya Defence Forces. Kenya. (2 marks) iii) National Police Service any 2 × 1 = 2 marks i) Fishing. 4. Give one way of getting slaves during the long distance ii) Livestock keeping. trade along the Kenyan Coast up to the 19th Century. iii) Trade i) Slave raids iv) Crafts / pottery / basketry / boat making. ii) Warfare/ selling of captives. v) Cultivation / sorghum / finger miller. iii) Chiefs sold criminals. vi) Hunting and gathering. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks iv) Kidnap of lone travellers / children. 12. Identify two problems that Christian missionaries faced v) Selling of debtors. in Kenya in the 19th century. (2 marks) vi) Enticing children with sweets. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks i) Tropical diseases. 5. Identify one w ay in which the colonial government ii) Hostility from African communities. controlled the migration of Africans into urban areas iii) Competition from Islam i) Head count of those allowed to live in urban areas. iv) Poor transport. ii) Strict rules on migration / creating reserves. v) Language farmer iii) Kipande system vi) Rivalry among mission groups. iv) Construction of small houses. vii) Opposition from slave traders. v) Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to viii) inadequate funds and suppliers undertake in towns lived there. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark ix) Lack of enough personnel. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks 6. List two causes of the Agiriyama resistance to colonial 13. Identify one factor that enabled the white settlers to rule in Kenya. (2 marks) establish farms in the white highlands. (1 mark) i) Taxation i) Government policy and support ii) Land alienation ii) Favourable climate /adequate rainfall iii) Disruption of ivory trade by British iii) Transport / railway and feeder roads. iv) Loss of independence. iv) Fertility of the soil. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark v) Disrespect of their culture. 14. State one institution that may limit parliamentary vi) Forced recruitment into police / fighting in colonial supremacy in Kenya. (1 mark) war.any 2 × 1 = 2 marks i) International criminals courts. 7. Identify one challenge of the Harambe philosophy in ii) Courts of law Kenya. (1 mark) iii) County assembly i) Misappropriation of funds. iv) Presidency ii) Forceful contribution hence detested. v) Peoples customs and traditions. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark iii) Abuse by those not vulnerable. 15. Enumerate one responsibility of the Governor in iv) Monotony and unpopularity due to poverty colonial Kenya. (1 mark) v) Avenue for corruption. i) Representing the British government in the colony. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark ii) Head of executive council. 8. Name two aspects of fair labour practices as contained iii) Assented to laws from LegCo. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark in the constitution of Kenya (2010) (2 marks) 16. State one duty of a presiding officer during elections in i) Fair wage for work done. Kenya. (1 mark) ii) Reasonable working condition. i) Supervise counting of votes. iii) Right to join and participate in trade union activities / ii) Assist illiterate and those physically challenged to vote. strike. iii) Ensure votes cards are valid. iv) To join employers organizations. iv) Announce results for polling stations. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks v) Ensure order in the polling stations. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark History & government 17. What is the main role of the Ethics and Anti-corruption ii) Mismanagement of funds / corruption. commission of Kenya. (1 mark) iii) Shortage of administrators. - To investigate and recommend for prosecution of iv) Resistance of local communities. corruption cases. v) Shortage of funds. vi) Poor communication between company officials and SECTION B (45 marks) colonial office in British. Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the vii) Tropical diseases / unfavourable climatic conditions.any answer booklet provided. 5 × 2 = 10 marks 21. a) Identify five problems faced by political parties in 18. a) Give two economic activities of the Borana in the Kenya between 1992 and 2007. (5 marks) 19th Century. (5 marks) i) Inadequate funds. i) Reared animals. ii) Harassment by police and provincial administration. ii) Trade iii) Internal conflicts. iii) Crops growing iv) Tribalism / regionalism iv) Wearing baskets v) Inexperienced leadership. any 5 × 1 = 5 marks v) Fishing b) Explain five problems which Daniel Moi faced as vi) Tool making / weapon making. president of Kenya. (10 marks) vii) Hunting and gathering. any 5 × 1 = 5 marks i) Attempted comp in 1982. b) Discuss five results of the migration of the Cushites ii) Constant criticism of governance / one party rule. into Kenya. (10 marks) iii) Freeze in donor funding. i) Population increase iv) Opposition from political parties after 1992 ii) Wars v) Corruption / land grabbing / misuse of funds. iii) Adoption of mixed farming from Bantu vi) Weak economy / poverty. iv) Formation of alliances against the Turkana. vii) HIV/AIDS v) Population redistribution. viii) Strained political relations with some neighbours. vi) Enhanced trade. ix) Famine / Elnino rains. any 5 × 2 = 10 marks vii) Cultural practices / circumcision. viii) Intermarriages. SECTION C (30 marks) ix) Displacement of people. any 5 × 2 = 10 marks Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 19. a) Why did the Arabs come to the Kenyan Coast by the 7th century? (5 marks) 22. a) Give five requirements that one needs to meet to be i) To trade an independent candidate for election to the National ii) Spread Islam. Assembly. (5 marks) iii) Establish settlements i) Not be a member of a political party three months to date iv) Fleeing from religions and political ears in Arabia. of election. v) To explore. any 3 × 1 = 3 marks ii) Registered voter. b) Discuss five negative effects of Portuguese rule at iii) Proficiency in English, Kiswahili and maths. the Coast of East Africa. (10 marks) iv) Moral and Ethical requirements loaf Bankrupt. i) Disruption of Coastal trade. v) Support of at least 1000 registered voters. ii) Undermined Islam. any 5 × 1 = 5 marks iii) Constant rebellion hence deaths. iv) Decline and rain of coastal town /Gedi b) Explain five weaknesses that led to the v) Harshness leading to suffering of the people. disbandment of the Electoral Commission of Kenya vi) Loss of life and destruction of property. after 2008 post-election violence. (10 marks) vii) Introduced guns hence increased warfare. i) Anomalities in voter register / decreased names / viii) Intensified slave raiding / depopulation. exclusion. ix) Led to conquest by European powers. any 6 × 2 = 12 ii) Disparity in voting population in constitutes some more marks or less. 20. a) State five activities of the Imperial British East iii) Inflation of votes in stronghold of main political parties / Africa Company (IBEAC) between 1888 and 1895. vote buying. (5 marks) iv) Political zoning / barring other parties. i) Trade / legitimate. v) Tallying of roles in some instances not transparent. ii) Put up administrative posts for law and order. vi) Several successful petitions for parliamentary seats. iii) Discouraged slave trading. vii) Returning officers not signing key documents. iv) Surveyed Uganda railway. viii) Unsatisfactory appointment of some commissioners in v) Provided information about interior of E.A 2007 to the ECK vi) Promoted spread of Western civilization. any 5 × 2 = 10 marks vii) Suppressed African resistance against British. 23. a) State three members who constitute the cabinet of viii) Construction of roads / infrastructure. any 5 × 2 = 10 the Republic of Kenya. (3 marks) marks i) President b) Explain five reasons which made the Imperial British ii) Deputy president East African Company (IBEAC) rule come to an end in iii) Cabinet secretaries 1895. iv) Attorney General i) Lack of enough qualified administrators. any 3 × 1 = 3 marks History & government b) Describe six functions of the cabinet in Kenya. (12 marks) b) Explain six functions of a county government in i) Formulate national and foreign policies. Kenya as enshrined in the constitution. (12 marks) ii) Advise and assist the president in governance. i) Promotion of agriculture. iii) Initiate / approve new bills for discussion in parliament. ii) Control health services / control of air pollution and noise iv) Supervise implementation of government policies in pollution. ministries. iii) Cultural activities, public entertainment and public v) Initiate development projects of ministries in various amenities like libraries. parts of the country. iv) Animal control and welfare vi) Discuss important issues with the president. v) Trade control and development vii) Prepare the budgets for presentation to the National vi) County planning and development. Assembly vii) ECDE, village polytechnics and child care facilities. viii) Appoint Board members to parastatals. viii) Implement specific national government policies on ix) Defend government policies collectively. natural resources and environmental conservation. any 6 × 2 = 12 marks ix) County public works and services. 24. a) State three reasons that can lead to the removal of x) Storm / water management in build up areas. the County Governor from office. (3 marks) xi) Water and sanitation. i) Violation of law / constitution that is gross. xii) Fire fighting and disaster management ii) Committing crimes under national or international law. xiii) Control of drugs and pornography. iii) Abuse of office / misconduct. xiv) Ensure participation of communities and locations in iv) Physical or mental incapacity. governance. any 3 × 1 = 3 marks any 6 × 2 = 12 marks

History & government GUCHA SOUTH EVALUATION TEST (GSET) Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 - (311/1) July/August 2016 Time: 2½ hours 1. State two uses of stone tools by early man during the 10. Identify one economic exploitative measure put in place lower Palaeolithic period.2 marks) by the Europeans during the colonial period.(1 mark) i) For cutting meat i) Land alienation ii) For sharpening bone / wood. ii) Forced labour iii) For digging up roots. iii) Forced taxation iv) For killing animals during hunting iv) Payment of low wages. v) For protection / defence. 11. Name two areas in Senegal where the French policy of vi) For scraping animals skins. Assimilation was applied. (2 marks) vii) For skinning animals after hunting. i) St. Louis 2. Identify the farming method used by the early people of ii) Dakar Mesopotamia to plant the cereal crops. (1 mark) iii) Rufisque i) The broadcasting farming method 1 × 1 = 1 mark iv) Goree any 2 × 1 = 2 marks 3. State two limitations of using anthropology as a source 2. State the main political contribution of Nelson Mandela of historical information. (2 marks) to the history of South Africa? (1 mark) i) It is time consuming method of acquiring information - He led South Africa to independence in 1994 ii) The method is expensive as it involves a researcher living 13. Identify two Europeans powers that belonged to the among people. Tripple Entente alliance during the first world war. iii) The researcher may find it difficult to adapt fully to the environment during a research period. i) Britain iv) A researcher may miss an important information when ii) France observing people in their own culture. 1 × 1 = 1 mark iii) Russia any 2 × 1 = 2 marks 4. Identify the major contribution of Landsteiner in the 4. Name one body of the league of Nations that was field of medicine. (1 mark) formed after the first world war (1 mark) i) He devised the blood - grouping technique.1 × 1 = 1 mark i) The secretariat 5. Mention one merit of using pipeline in the ii) The assembly transportation of oil. (1 mark) iii) The council i) It is easier to maintain pipelines. iv) International labour organization ii) Its is safer to transport oil by pipeline. v) Specialised commissions and committees. iii) The Pipeline delivers oil faster. vi) Permanent court of international justice. iv) The Pipeline ensures regular/ continuous supply of oil. 15. Identify the pioneer leader of the Non-Aligned any 1 × 1 = 1 mark movement. (1 mark) 6. State two shortcomings of using Barter trade during the - Juwaharlal Nehru 1 × 1 = 1 mark pre-colonial era. (2 marks) 16. Name two English speaking member countries of the i) Some of the products were not easily divisible into Economic Community of West African States smaller quantities. (ECOWAS) (2 marks) ii) Some of the barter items were inconvenient to handle. i) Nigeria iii) There was lack of double coincidence of wants. ii) Ghana iv) It was not easy to agree on the valve of some items. iii) Sierra Leone any 2 × 1 = 2 marks iv) Gambia 7. Identify two metals that were used as currency in the v) Cameroon any 2 × 1 = 2 marks pre-colonial period in Africa. (2 marks) 7. Give two functions of the judiciary in the USA. (2 i) Silver marks) ii) Copper i) To punish the law breakers / offenders. iii) Gold ii) To provide the legal advice to the executive and iv) Iron legislature. v) Bronze any 2 × 1 = 2 marks iii) To settle disputes. 8. Identify one characteristic of the Roman roads. (1 iv) To interpret the constitution. any 2 × 1 = 2 marks mark) SECTION B (45 marks) i) They had tunnels / bridges. Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the ii) They were durable. answer booklet provided. iii) They were well drained. 18. a)Identify three theories that explains the origin of iv) They were straight. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark human beings. (3 marks) 9. Mention one method used by the Europeans to acquire i) The creation theory / Biblical theory colonies in Africa. (1 mark) ii) The evolution theory / Darwinian theory. i) Military conquest. iii) The mythical theory / traditional theory. ii) Signing of treaties. b) Describe the cultural practices of early man during the iii) Treachery Mesolithic period. (12 marks) iv) Company rule. i) Man invented and used fire widely v) A blend of diplomacy and force. any 1 × 1 = 1 mark ii) Man made the Acheulian tools and used them for History & government different purposes. him and the people. iii) Clothes : man made and wore clothes from hides and v) The symbol of fire in the king's court kept burning until skins. the end of the King's reign. iv) Man lived in groups of small people for security reasons. vi) The king was a symbol of national unity. v) Settlement: man lived in Rock shelters and caves for vii) At the point of the king death the fire was put off in the protection from rain and wind. king's court. vi) Communication: Man developed different languages to viii) The empire was divided into provinces ruled by lesser enhance communication. chiefs. vii) Painting - man learnt to paint caves rocket Art as a way ix) The important chiefs in the kingdom sent their sons to of preserving his cultural heritage. pay the king homage and with the king's tribute. viii) It recorded a period when religion developed. any 6 x) The king was assisted in administration by the senior × 2 = 12 marks officials such as the court Steward treasurer 19.a) State three reasons why the Europeans demand for commander-in-chief of the army, the queen mother, African slaves increased greatly during the 16th nine principal wives among others. Century. (3 marks) xi) The king had a strong standing army used for defence i) The African slaves appeared strong and suitable for and expansion. manual work. xii) Through his authority the king controlled trade activities ii) They were available in large numbers. - in the kingdom. any 5 × 2 = 10 marks iii) They were cheaper to obtain than European labourers and American Indians 21. a) State five reasons why Samori Toure was able to iv) They were immune to tropical diseases resist the French people for so long. (5 marks) v) They were less expensive. i) Samori was a soldier with skills of organizing his army to any 3 × 1 = 3 marks fight. b) Explain six economic impacts of the Trans-Atlantic ii) Samori was a Muslim who believed he was fighting a trade to the African communities. (12 marks) jihad and this made his soldiers to fight with unity and i) The Trans-Atlantic trade led to the introduction of determination. manufactured goods to Africa which undermined the iii) Samori had a large army, well trained, disciplined and indigenous industries. equipped with modern fighting weapons. ii) If led to the African leaders to accumulate enormous iv) Samori soldiers knew well the French fighting wealth from the trade. techniques as many of them had defected from the iii) It led to the development of ports and cities along the French army. West African Coast. v) Samori adopted the guerrilla warfare technique which iv) The Trans-Atlantic trade contributed to the decline of the delayed the conquest. Trans-Saharan trade. vi) Samori's army had unity with the army and the civilians. v) If deprived Africa of the labour force which in turn led to vii) Samori enjoyed a continuous supply of modern weapons the decline of Agriculture. from his own military workshop. vi) It led to the destruction of African properties. viii) Samori's army knew well the terrain making fighting vii) If contributed to the rise of kingdoms due to the wealth easy. obtained. ix) Samori used diplomacy and negotiation before viii) It widened the gap between the rich trade merchants employing military force. and the poor. any 6 × 2 = 12 marks x) Most of Samori's army had experience in warfare because 20. a) State five roles played by the Lukiiko in the most of them had served in the colonial army. administrative organization of the Buganda kingdom. xi) Samori used scorched - earthy policy whereby he (5 marks) destroyed all crops to deny the enemy food. any 5 i) The Lukiiko made laws. × 1 = 5 marks ii) Lukiiko advised the Kabaka mainly on matters affecting the kingdom. b) Explain five reasons why the Ndebele and Shona iii) Lukiiko represented the people grievances and needs to were defeated by the British during the Chimurenga the Kabaka. War of 1896 - 1897. iv) Acted as the final court of Appeal that settled disputes in i) The Ndebele and Shona were disunited. the kingdom. ii) The arrest and execution of their leaders demoralised v) Directed the collection of taxes in the kingdom. them. vi) Planned for expenditure of the tax collected. iii) The British got reinforcement from Botswana and South vii) They helped the Kabaka in general administration of the Africa. kingdom.any 5 × 1 = 5 marks iv) The Indunas of the Ndebele and Shona lacked the military practice. b) Describe the political organization of the Shona v) The British army were well organized and trained as during the 19th Century.(10 marks) compared to the African warriors who were less skilled. i) The Shona kingdom was ruled by an emperor as the head vi) Unlike the Ndebele and the Shona the British used the of state. superior weapons. ii) The king (Mwene Mutapa) was the chief religious vii) The Ndebele had the social class who refused to authority who only communicated with the spirits of the cooperate against their enemy the British. any 5 ancestors. × 2 = 10 marks iii) The king had divine power. iv) The Mwene Mutapa used the spirits as a link between SECTION C (30 marks) History & government Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the ix) Environmental pollution. any 3 × 1 = 3 mark answer booklet provided. b) Explain six problems that the Democratic Republic of Congo has faced since independence. (12 marks) 22. a) Identify five methods used by the African i) Coup d'état due to competition for power. nationalists to articulate their grievances during the ii) Dictatorship especially under Mobutu who stubbornly struggle for independence in South Africa. (5 refused to introduce political pluralism. marks) iii) These had been civil wars between the government and i) The nationalists who were arrested and detained went on the rebel forces. hunger strikes. iv) The DRC had incurred huge foreign debts due to bad ii) They used trade unions to press for better working governance. conditions. v) The country has been experiencing fluctuating prices of iii) Armed struggle / violence. the main exports i.e. Diamond, copper, crude oil. iv) They organized peaceful protests to force the vi) There is widespread corruption in the country due to government to listen to them. inefficiency in the public sector. v) They used the mass media to highlight the injustices of vii) The social services in the country such as education, the apartheid regime. medical care are inadequate. vi) They organized the protest marches demonstrations and viii) These has been a demand for change of the constitution defiance campaigns. which has not take place well. vii) They used the international fora e.g. UNO ix) Efforts to restore law and order in the country has been viii) They organized political parties to articulate their futile. demands to the white authority in South Africa. x) There has been attempt of invasions in the country from ix) They used churches which were instrumental in the the neighbouring countries. campaign against the apartheid regime. xi) The country section of members has ever had a secession x) They used secret meetings and public rallies. of trying to form their own state. any 6 × 2 = 12 xi) They used underground meetings as a secret weapon. marks any 5 × 1 = 5 marks 24a)Give three main powers of the president as stated by the constitution in India. b) Explain five factors that posed a setback to the i) The president has power to declare a state of emergency in nationalist activities in South Africa prior to a state. independence in 1994. (10 marks) ii) He / She has power to assent or veto a Bill. i) Many nationalists were killed by the adamant regime. iii) Has power to dissolve parliament ii) The nationalists faced harassment, arrests and detention. iv) Has power to appoint the prime minister. iii) Most nationalists were forced to flee their country. v) The president has power of being the commander-in-chief iv) Pass laws were enforced to prevent their freedom of of the armed forces. movement as nationalists. vi) Has power to appoint the state governors and supreme v) Trade unionists and another leaders were intimidated by court judges. security agents. vii) The president is the major symbol of national unity. vi) Their political parties were banned. any 3 × 1 = 3 marks vii) African journalists were harassed and their newspapers b) Explain six functions of the USA congress. (12 proscribed by the colonial government. marks) viii) Some nationalists were radical and lacked unity. i) The USA congress reflects the collective aspirations and ix) The high levels of illiteracy among the nationalists made interests of the American people. them not to offer any support. ii) It approves taxation measures and ensures that the x) The south African government employed divide-and-rule government expenditure is properly used and accounted tactic which caused disunity among the African for. nationalists. iii) It has a task of making laws. any 5 × 2 = 10 marks iv) The congress is empowered to amend the laws but only after the state has given approval. 23. a) State three social challenges facing independent v) It acts as a check on the executive arm of the government African counties today (3 marks) by examining the administrative work of the i) Illiteracy due to inadequate education facilities. government. ii) Inadequate health care vi) It can appoint a commission of inquiry to investigate any iii) Population explosion. problem of national importance. iv) Diseases e.g. HIV/AIDS vii) The congress closely monitors the conduct of the v) Unemployment president, vice president and the senior public officials. vi) Overcrowded living conditions especially in towns. viii) The congress approves treaties with foreign countries. vii) Social problem e.g. rising crime rate and prostitution. ix) It approves the appointment of the senior civil servants viii) Refugees menace - an influx of refugees in some by the president. any 6 × 2 = 12 marks countries.

History & government KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMIANTION 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT FORM 4 Pre - mock TIME 2 ½ HOURS

SECTION A (35 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section

1. State two ways of identifying an archaeological site (2marks) 2. State two environmental factors that led to migration and settlement of Kenyan communities (2marks) 3. What was the base of the political organization among the cushites during the pre-colonial (1mark) 4. Give one major cause for increased slave trade in East African coast in the 19th century (1mark) 5. Define human right? (1mark) 6. Outline two ways through which Islam was spread in Kenya by 1500AD (2marks) 7. State two reasons for the collaboration of chief Odera Akango of Gem and Asembo with the British (2marks) 8. Name the document that clashed settlers hopes of making Kenya a white man’s country (1mark) 9. State two roles played by Wangari-Maathai in the liberation of women in Kenya (2marks) 10. Identify the person who organized the Agriama resistance against the British (1mark) 11. Give two rights of persons with disabilities in Kenya (2marks) 12. Identify the main reason for the British colonial government to encourage white settlers to come to Kenya (1mark) 13. Which Kenyan leader spearheaded the use of “Uhuru na kazi” during the colonial period? (1mark) 14. Identify two composition of the county government (2marks) 15. State the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. (1mark) 16. Give two reasons why independent churches were established in Kenya during the colonial period. (2marks) 17. What was the main feature of the 1886 Anglo-German agreement? (1mark)

SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section 18. a) Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo from their original homeland (5marks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period (10marks) 19. a) State five reasons why Christian missionaries established mission stations in Kenya (5marks) b) Explain five factors that hastened the achievement of independence in Kenya after 1945 (10marks) 20. a) Apart from the Nandi, name three other communities which resisted the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya (3marks) b) Discuss six reasons why the Nandi were able to resist the British for a long period. (12marks) 21. a) Identify three sources of revenue for the colonial government in Kenya (3marks) b) Explain six challenges faced by the British administrators as they tried to establish their colonial rule in Kenya (12mks)

SECTION C ANSWER TWO QUESTIONS FROM THIS SECTION

22. a) State five values and principles of public service (5marks) b) Discuss five functions of public servants in Kenya (10marks) 23. a) State three democratic entitlement of a Kenyan citizen (3marks) b) Discuss six civic responsibilities of a Kenyan citizen (12marks) 24. a) State five functions of the correctional service in Kenya (5marks) b) Explain five shortcomings of prison sentences in Kenya (10 marks)

History & government KEIYO SOUTH JOINT EXAMIANTION 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT FORM 4 TIME 2 ½ HOURS MARKING SCHEME SECTION A (35 MARKS) Answer all the questions in this section 1. State two ways of identifying an archaeological site (2mks)  Areas where faulting or erosion has occurred  Historical research of places mentioned in historical documents like Kariandusi.  By observing the physical features of a given place for example an arrangement of some stone in a regular patter.  Farmers and constructors may accidentally expose ancient object that may arouse the curiosity of an archeologist.  Through experience and skill identifying a historical site. 2. State two environmental factors that led to migration and settlement of Kenyan communities (2mks)  Drought and famine  Floods  Diseases and epidemics 3. What was the base of the political organization among the cushites during the pre-colonial (1mk)  Family (1 x 1 = 1mks) 4. Give one major cause for increased slave trade in East African coast in the 19th century (1mk)  Increased internal demand for slave labour on clove plantation in Zancibar, pemba and Mombsa.  The siege Fort Jesus by the Arabs  Promulgation 5. Define human right? (1mk)  These are accepted principles of fairness and justice to all human beings (1 x 1 = 1mk) 6. Outline two ways through which Islam was spread in Kenya by 1500AD (2mks)  Through contact with Arab traders  Through intermarriage with the people of Kenya  Through building of mosques in which the idea of Muslim were preached.  Through madarasa  Through imitating the lifestyle of the Muslims.  Through the use of sharia laws. 7. State two reasons for the collaboration of chief Odera Akango of Gem and Asembo with the British (2mks)  He knew that the British were determined to colonise the region and fighting them was useless.  Neighbouring communities of Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa and Ugenya threatened his people  He realized he could gain modern education and other benefits through collaborating with the British. 8. Name the document that clashed settlers hopes of making Kenya a white man’s country (1mk)  The Devonshire white paper (1 x 1 = 1mk) 9. State two roles played by Wangari-Maathai in the liberation of women in Kenya (2mks)  Gave massive support to a group of women who had formed a movement known as realize political prisoners.  Spoke on behalf women in united nations special sessions in the general assembly. 10. Identify the person who organized the Agriama resistance against the British (1mk)  Mekatilli wa Menza (1 x 1 mk) 11. Give two rights of persons with disabilities in Kenya (2mks)  To be treated with dignity and respect  To access educational institutions and faculties reasonable  Reasonable access to all place i.e. transport.  Use of sign language.  Access to materials and devices e.g. hearing aid wheelchair, magnifying lens etc. 12. Identify the main reason for the British colonial government to encourage white settlers to come to Kenya (1mk)  To raise revenue for the British administration through farming (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 13. Which Kenyan leader spearheaded the use of “Uhuru na kazi” during the colonial period? (1mk)  Oginga Odinga (1 x 1 = 1 mk) 14. Identify two composition of the county government (2mks)  County assembly  County executive committee History & government  County public service 15. State the main reason why poll tax was introduced in Kenya during the colonial period. (1mk)  To force Africans to work in European settler farms. 16. Give two reasons why independent churches were established in Kenya during the colonial period. (2mks)  For preservation of African culture e.g. polygamy female circumcision  Expulsion of African from European schools and churches.  Poor interpretation of the scriptures.  African wanted to Africanize Christianity .i.e. practicing their culture and traditions in worship.  Dissatisfied with how standard education given to them  Wanted leadership positions.  Perceived missionaries and aspects of colonialism 17. What was the main feature of the 1886 Anglo-German agreement? (1mk)  It was the division of the East African mainland into British and German spheres of influence (1 x 1 = 1mk) SECTION B (45 MARKS) Answer three questions from this section 18. a) Outline five reasons for the migration of the Luo from their original homeland (5mks)  Population pressure  Internal conflicts/family feuds/civil wars  External attacks/aggression  Spirit of adventure/exploration  Outbreak of diseases and epidemics  Search of good grazing land and water (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period (10mks)  They were organized in clans made up of related families.  Clan members were loyal and could not betray each other.  The clan was headed by council of elders chosen from family heads.  The council of elders solved disputes and maintained law and order among the community.  Each of these clans was headed by a Sultan who had limited authority  At the age of 10-15 years boys were circumcised and formed age-sets.  The initiates joined junior warriors. Senior warriors and then promoted to become elders.  Somali warriors were professionals and defended their community against external attacks.  Warriors from different clans joined forces when neighbouring communities threaten their security 19. a) State five reasons why Christian missionaries established mission stations in Kenya (5mks)  They were established to serve at centres for converting Africans  Served as centres where Africans could be taught basic literacy to enable them read the bible.  To train catechists who would in turn facilitate the spread of Christianity,  Were centres for spreading western European culture.  They were settlements for freed slaves and other displaced person.s  Serve as a base where missionaries could operate from.  To teach Africans new methods of arming, carpentry and masonary  To promote European colonization. (Any 5 x 1 = 5mks) b) Explain five factors that hastened the achievement of independence in Kenya after 1945 (10mks)  Western education enabled Africans to articulate their grievances.  The experience of World War II by the ex-soldiers.  The granting of independence to India and Pakistan.  The Atlantic charter of 1941 supported decolonization.  The Labour Party in Britain favoured decolinisation.  The emergence of USA and USSR as superpowers supported decolonisation.  The taxpayers in Europe were against colonisation because it was expensive.  The United nations supported decolonization (Any 5 x 2 = 10 mks) i) a) Apart from the Nandi, name three other communities which resisted the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya  Agiriama  Bukusu  Abagusii  Som History & government b) Discuss six reasons why the Nandi were able to resist the British from a long period. (12mks)  The Nandi countryside consisted of forests, caves and hill and therefore, favoured guerrilla warfare. It was hard for the British to suppress them, since they were not familiar with the terrain.  The Nandi regimental age-set system supplied with young men who were experienced in battle. Disciplined, organized and effective.  They had some knowledge of weapons manufacture. The local ironsmiths were able to make and repair their own weapons e.g. spears and arrows.  The regular supply of food and war equipment sustained the fighters for a long period  The wet and cold climate caused respiratory diseases among the British troops, which slowed their advance, whereas the Nandi were accustomed to the climate.  Their mixed economy substantially aided them when British burned and destroyed their crops, they were able to live on their livestock  They were helped by the kipsigis fighters and managed to overpower the British for six weeks in 1900. The Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori provided refuge for their livestock  The Orkoiyot was their symbols of unity and strength. His supernatural powers gave the warriors the courage and determination to fight on.  The Orkoiyot, Koitalel arap Samoei was an able leader. He provided both direction and inspiration (Any 6 x 2 = 12mks) 20. a) Identify three sources of revenue for the colonial government in Kenya (3mks)  Taxes levied on Africans  Loans from banks and other financial institutions  Selling of agricultural produce  Grants from colonial office in London Any 3 x 1 = 3mks) b) Explain six challenges faced by the British administrators as they tried to establish their colonial rule in Kenya  Resistance from the local communities was a major hindrance to the establishment of colonial rule e.g. Nandi resistance  Insufficient personnel to administer the country was also a challenge. The colonial government did not have enough trained personnel to man various sectors.  The colonial authorities did not have adequate funds to enable them finance most of their activities.  The vastness of the country. It was not easy for them to travel throughout the vast country as they tried to establish their control.  The administrators had to reckon with the tropical climate conditions which were different from those of their country of origin. It was therefore not easy as they went about establishing colonial rule  The colonial authorities also faced communication problems. They did not understand the local language and had to rely on translations.  They were faced with tropical diseases e.g. malaria. 6 x 2 = 12 marks SECTION C ANSWER TWO QUESTION FROM THIS SECTION 21. a) State five benefits of democracy (5mks)  Promotes citizens participation in elections.  Enables good and quality representation.  Balances liberty of the individual with that of state.  It promotes patriotism and reduces chance of revolution.  Promotes peace and stability.  Leads to the general growth and development of the nation (Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks) b) Explain five functions of the Senate in Kenya (10mks)  Debates and approves bills concerning counties.  Determines the allocation of national revenue to the county governments  Initiates bills concerning the counties.  It represents the counties and swears to protect the interests of the counties.  Participates in the oversight of state officers by considering and determines resolutions to impeach both the president and his deputy.  Overseas expenditure of national revenue allocated to the county government. (Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks )

22. a) State five values and principles of public service (5mks) i) Effective use of national resources ii) Impartial and equitable provision of services iii) Efficiency in service delivery iv) Upholding high standards of professionalism v) Propagating fairness and merit during appointments and promotions (Any 5 x 1 = 5marks ) b) Discuss five functions of public servants in Kenya (10mks) History & government  Public servants maintain law and order in the country e.g. the police.  They provide continuity in government through record keeping.  Public servants implement government policies in their respective departments  They advice cabinet secretaries on matters of policy e,g, principals secretaries  They prepare departmental plans and ministerial budget . which are compiled and presented to the parliament for discussion  Public servants for instance, members of the Kenya revenue authority collect taxes for the government.  Public servants are responsible for sound financial management of their ministries e.g. the principal secretaries.  Public servants offer direct service to the people especially those who work in government officer or institutions development projects in their areas of jurisdiction (Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks) 24. a) State five functions of the correctional service in Kenya ( 5mks)  To provide safe and secure custody of convicted persons  To execute court orders in regard to punishment of offenders  To rehabilitate prisoners through counseling through the sale of the products made by the prisoners  To look after the welfare of prisoners by providing food, uniform and medical care  To provide formal education to those interested. (Any 5 x 1) 5mks) b) Explain five shortcomings of prison sentences in Kenya ( 10 marks)  Prison sentences do not always transform prisoners to better pepple as some seem to enjoy prison life; hence commit crimes soon after release.  Counseling which is one of the methods used to rehabilitate prisoners i.e. not effective especially to those who lack strong foundation on morality.  Some convicts are unable to reform due to their personalities e.g Kleptomanian  Financial constraints also reduce the effectiveness of prison sentences as those who acquire skill while in prison are sometimes unable to start businesses for lack of money.  Rampant unemployment is another factor that contributes to the weakness of prison sentences. Ex=convicts rarely get employment and this forces may to revert to crime to get the basic necessities of life.  Prison life facilitates interaction between criminals and petty offenders in some cases the petty offenders leave prison equipped with skills of big crime.  Poor living conditions in prison tends to dehumanize harden and embitter some inmates making them unable to fit in society after prison.  Stigmatization of ex-convicts by the society tend to make them bitter. Many ex-prisoners re-engage in crime to hit back at the society (Any 5 X 2 = 10 mks)

Top grade predictor publishers 270 | P a g e History & government REVISION EXERCISE WESTLANDS JOINT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/1 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 1 July/August 2016 Time 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided. 1. Name one branch of history. (1 mark) 2. Name two original inhabitants of Kenya during the pre-colonial period. (2 marks) 3. State two social functions of Orkoiyot of the Nandi. (2 marks) 4. Give two written evidences of contacts between the East Africa coast and the outside world upto 1500 AD. (2 marks) 5. State two items of trade from China to East African coast by 1500 AD (2 marks) 6. State two factors that promoted the spread of Islam in the East African Coast. (2 marks) 7. Identify one condition for citizenship by registration. (1 mark) 8. Name the two houses of parliament at independence. (2 marks) 9. State the basic institution in an indirect democracy. (1m ark) 10. Name the treaty that concluded the partition of East Africa. (1 mark) 11. Give one type of oath administered to the Agiriama warriors during their resistance. (1 mark) 12. State two reasons why Local Native Councils were established in colonial Kenya (2 marks) 13. Name the community that spearheaded the trade union movement in colonial Kenya. (1 mark) 14. Identify two social challenges which faced Daniel Arap Moi's presidency between 1978 and 2002 (2 marks) 15. State main function of the Attorney General in Kenya. (1 mark) 16. Identify the most outstanding sport in Kenya. (1 mark) 17. Name one member of the county executive committee. (1 mark)

SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) State five reasons for the migration of the Eastern Bantu from Shungwaya during the pre-colonial period. (5 marks) b) Explain the political organisation of the Somali during the pre-colonial period. (10 marks) 19. a) State five factors that influenced plantation agriculture along the Kenyan Coast. (5 marks) b) Explain five challenges which hindered missionary activities in Kenya in the 19th Century. (10 marks) 20. a) Identify five demands of Kenya African Union (KAU) in colonial Kenya. (5 marks) b) Explain five factors that led to the establishment of independent churches during the colonial period in Kenya.(10 marks) 21. a) State five functions of the National Land commission. (5 marks) b) Explain five social impacts of National philosophies in Kenya. (10 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) Identify three peaceful methods of conflict resolution. (3 marks) b) Describe six factors that promote national unity in Kenya. (12 marks) 23. a) Give three reasons for conducting General elections in Kenya. (3 marks) b) Discuss six challenges facing the National Intelligence Service in Kenya. (12 marks) 24. a) State three functions of a county Governor (3 marks) b) Describe six ways in which the national government manages public finance. (12 marks)

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WESTLANDS JOINT EXAMINATION Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 311/2 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Paper 2 July/August 2016 Time 2 ½ hours SECTION A (25 marks) Answer ALL questions in this section in the answer booklet provided.

1. State two limitations of using anthropology as a source of information on History and Government. (2 marks) 2. Identify one theory that explains the origin of man. (1 mark) 3. Give two inventions of farm machinery in the USA during the Agrarian Revolution. (2 marks) 4. State two methods of acquiring slaves during the Trans-Atlantic trade (1500-1700AD) (2 marks) 5. Give two uses of the wheel in Mesopotamia. (2 marks) 6. State one advantage of electricity as a source of energy. (1 mark) 7. Give two problems that faced London as an early urban centre. (2 marks) 8. Identify one category of the ancestral spirits among the Shona. (1 mark) 9. Give two characteristics of a good constitution. (2 marks) 10. Name two African signatories of the Buganda Agreement of 1900. (2 marks) 11. Name the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC) (1 mark) 12. State the main objective of the United Nations Organization (UNO). (1 mark) 13. State one political impact of the cold war on Germany. (1 mark) 14. Give two reasons why the Pan-African movement was not active in Africa before 1945. (2 marks) 15. Give one function of the Executive Secretariat of the ECOWAS. (1 mark) 16. Identify one social reform introduced by Mobutu Seseseko in DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo.) (1 mark) 17. Name the body that conducts elections in India. (1 mark) SECTION B (45 marks) Answer ANY THREE questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 18. a) State three physical changes that occurred in early man as he evolved from ape-like creature. (3 marks) b) Explain six uses of fire in the Middle Stone Age. (12 marks) 19. a) Identify three earliest forms of written messages (3 marks) b) Explain six positive results of air transport. (12 marks) 20. a) State three terms of the Berlin Conference (1884 - 1885) (3 marks) b) Explain six reasons for the African defeat during the Chimurenga war. (12 marks) 21. a) Identify three differences between the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) and African Union. (AU) (3 marks) b) Explain six challenges facing COMESA today (12 marks) SECTION C (30 marks) Answer ANY TWO questions from this section in the answer booklet provided. 22. a) State five privileges enjoyed by the assimiles in West Africa. (5 marks) b) Discuss five reasons for the failure of indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. (10 marks) 23. a) Give five reasons for the failure of the League of Nations. b) Explain six factors that facilitated the Allied success in the World War II (1939 - 1945) (10 marks) 24. a) State five levels of elections in the USA. (5 marks) b) Explain five functions of the British Monarch. (10 marks)

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