DOCSLIB.ORG

Scientific Fraud ) !J." } .::; :"I~ I ::.T:U!O L.~ 4-F, J T.F;;­

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Scientific Fraud ) !J. California Institute of Technology Engineering & Science Winter 1991 7 _ 4 In this i.sue I;', ~l. 1,150/" q-, >'h 11 1,3t J,~, ~ ~ 0 '., ';.. '".l.l b: -)1 f' I.f): ., 0.',)9 First Lights > 1-" I , - , ,,LJ~'7 Scientific Fraud ) !J." } .::; :"I~ I ::.t:u!o l.~ 4-f, j t.f;;­ . - '-I~ /2.- .o1l-/r, I) .... ,; "'. t'+t -. 'b~, 1.1 If • ~ ~ ;,, ~I loJ I( 1",_ Technology Lf~IOr 3f7U " i~ "" If l!f Transfer /1 11 " • , ;,).lJ h~ ,, ~ ~ "!> ~, "_ /.>, Is ~I ).. a.- I ~ 4; 7 Semiconductor I I >'f , ,, 1> "II , .... ., Quality Control 'Is i" ,, 0,./, 'i 'l{'1- , ~ ' '''1 i' r 'I $7(, '>'/11 "-1, > • ~'i 1,0:, ~ ~ .., ~I -: /' q, ' " c. t. , u- f'! ~~~ ":lk.i e ... ,- , 11J 3 0 'f l.- , . fo'l' '" ~. "f I ~. (,. I ~ - '>- , ? tl6 . o I,! .,.!- .. - 31.r~{, ) .' J S"7 J. ) , F., a The 10·meter Keck Telescope saw first light in November 1990. California Institute of Technology Winter 1991 Volume LlV, Number 2 2 First Lights The lO-rneter Keck Telescope, with one quarter of its mirror segments installed, produces its first image; its predecessors had different definitions of "first light," as well as different problems. 10 Scientific Fraud - by David Goodstein Caltech's vice provost offers an opinion of what it is and what it isn't, and defends a couple of famous physicists against false charges. 20 Deposit Insurance The layers that make up a computer chip are deposited inside a sealed chamber. A new way to see what's going on within the chamber can improve chip quality. 28 Commercialization of Technology: Key to Competitiveness -by James D. Watkins The Secretary of Energy explains what government can do to bridge the gap between research and development on the one side and practical applications and the marketplace on the other. Departments 36 Books: Aim; Cesaire: Lyric and Dramatic Poetl), 1946-1982 translated by Clayton Eshleman and Annette Smith 38 Lab Notes: Plasma Donor; But \XTilllt Work on a Hibachi? On the cover: A page from Robert Millikan's lab notebooks for his 43 Random Walk oil drop experiments measuring the charge of the electron shows Engineering & Science (ISSN 0013-7812) is published quarterly, E. Micheal Boughton that this one worked Fall, \Vintet, Spring, and Summer, at the California Institute of Pre.ridn7! of the Alt~1J717i Association out to his expecta­ Technology, 1201 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California Thomas W. Anderson tions and would be a 91125. Annual subscription 58.00 domestic; $20.00 foreign air good one to publish. mail; single copies $2.00. Third class postage paid at Pasadena, Vice President 1G1~ InJtitll!c Relations Is this fraud? No, California. All rights reserved. Reprcduction of material contained Robert 1. O'Rourke says David Goodstein herein forbidden without authorization. © 1991 Alumni Associa­ ASJi.rtan! Vice Presidei7t fOI" Public Rc!t1tioilJ in an article beginning tion, California Institute of Technology. Published by the Califor­ nia Institute of Technology and the Alumni Association. Tele­ on page '10. Note that phone: 818-356-3630. Postmaster: Send change of address to Millikan initially wrote Caltech 1-71, Pasadena, CA 91125. STAFF: Editor - Jane Dietrich at the bottom "Could Writer - Douglas Smith PICTURE CREDITS: Cover, 7, 15, 16, inside back cover discard this because Copy Editors - Michael Farquhar, of bad variations in v, - Caltech Archives; inside fronc cover - Carol Lachata, Julie Hakewill, Betsy \"I?oodford & v." and then JPL; 2, 4, 5 - CARA; 10, 12, 14, 15, 19 - Cathy Hill; crossed that out and Production Artist - Barbara Wirick 20, 23-27 - Channing Ahn; 26 - Harry Atwater; 22, decided to "publish BUJiness Manager - Debbie Bradbury this because typical 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 38-42 - Robert Paz; 39 - Mike Circu/t1tion iHan,1gcr - Susan Lee and good." Brown. Photographer - Robert Paz First Lights IIWhere was the gambler that would stake so much . .. 012 a single throw?" Their hundred inch reflector, the clear says Edward Stone, Caltech professor of physics pool, and chairman of the board of the California The polished flawless pool that it must be Association for Research in Astronomy (CARA). To hold the perfect image of a star. And, even now, some secret flaw-none "It tells you that you have a concept that works." knew "It's the first time you can see astronomical Until to·morrow's test-might waste it all. objects well enough to know you can do Where was the gambler that would stake research: says physicist Terry Mast (BS '64), one so much,- of two scientist members of the Keck project. Time, patience, treasure, on a single throw? Even when scientists can define the schedul­ The cost of it,-they'd not find that again, ing of first light, it's still a big gamble on a sin­ Either in gold or life-stuff! All their youth gle throw-especially when it involves a revolu­ Was fuel to the flame of this one work. tionary design and costs $94.2 million. The Once in a lifetime to the man of science, Keck Telescope, "lhen completed at the end of Despite what fools believe his ice-cooled this year on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, will be the With 9 hexagonal seg· blood, ments in place out of There comes this drama. largest in the world. Its la-meter <33-foot) seg­ an eventual total of mented mirror consists of 36 hexagonal mirrors, 36, the 10·meter mir· If he fails, he fails ror of the Kecl!: Tele· Utterly. each about 6 feet wide, 3 inches thick, and scope demonstrated weighing 880 pounds, packed closely together in that its revolutionary So English poet Alfred Noyes, in his epic a honeycomb arrangement. Because the mirrors concept would work. poem Watchers of the Sk)', versified George Ellery have slightly different curvatures dictated by their Hale's invitation to attend "first light" at the respective places in the total hyperboloid, an lOa-inch Hooker Telescope on Mount Wilson in innovative procedure called stressed mirror pol­ 1917. What poet could resist such an oppor­ ishing (which involves forcibly distorting the mir­ tunity? First light-the moment when starlight rors, polishing them, and then allowing them to first falls upon a telescope's mirror-was a more relax into the desired aspherical shape) had to be clearly defined event in those days, and it was a developed. Cradled in position by devices that simple task to bring a poet along to capture the minimize mechanical stresses, the mirrors have emotion of the moment. But, while the first their alignment controlled electronically to an reflection of starlight might appeal to poets, it's accuracy of a millionth of an inch to act in con­ not necessarily very interesting to scientists today. cert as a single optical surface. Exquisitely deli­ With the complex technology of current instru­ cate sensors and actuators on the back of the ments like the la-meter Keck Telescope, "first mirrors perform this alignment twice a second. light" is no longer simply a matter of opening up Jerry Nelson (BS '65), professor of astronomy the dome and taking a peek. "First light really at DC Berkeley and the Keck's project scientist, is the first time the telescope works as a system," had been developing the innovative design for Engineering & Science/\,\Tinter 1991 3 eighr years before a $ 70 million gift to Cal tech ftom the W. M. Keck Foundation made its construction possible. Much doubt and criticism has been expressed along the way. ~Th e exciting thing about building this telescope: says Mast, who has been wirh the project since its begin­ ning, "is that you 're not sure the parts will all play together, even though you've tested them individually." They found out on the night of November 24, 1990. With a telescope that "grows" mirror by mirror, it's difficult to say exactly at what poinr it should be considered ready for first light. How many mjrrors were enough co demonstrate that the whole system worked? Whatever the decision, there would be a ~ momem of truth· when it would be clear whether it was successful. CARA decided to regard the first astronomical image with the 9-segmem array of mirrors as first light. This was one quarter of the instru­ For its first celestial ment's eventual size and equal in light-gathering photograph. taken with a CCD engineer­ power to Caltech's 200-inch Hale Telescope on ing camera at the Palomar Mountain, providing a valid comparison prime focus. the Keck for determining the success of the new technol­ Telescope was trained on NGC 1232. ogy-the optics, the polishing procedure, and a spiral galaxy 65 mil­ the control sys tem. lion light years away. On the night when all this technology came This is a color­ enhanced mosaic of together the Keck scientists picked one of a list four successive expo­ of phorogenic (rather than scienrific) objects ro sures. Blue repre­ look at. NGC 1232 (also known as Arp 41), sents the faintest regions. while white a spiral galaxy 65 million light years away, was indicates the galaxy's located in a region of the sky within the tele­ brightest area. Bright scope's range (the drive and control system for spots in the spiral arms are compact pointing the telescope was not yet fully opera­ star-forming regions. tional), and it would do just fine for revealing 4 Engineering & Science/Winter 1991 The W. M. Keck ObS81'vatory (left) sits with a group of inter­ national companions atop Mauna Kea, an extinct Hawaiian Yol­ cano, where the astro­ nomical "seeing" is ideal.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2016-2017 Year Book Www
    1 2016-2017 YEAR BOOK WWW. C A R N E G I E S C I E N C E . E D U Department of Embryology 3520 San Martin Dr. / Baltimore, MD 21218 410.246.3001 Geophysical Laboratory 5251 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8900 Department of Global Ecology 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.462.1047 The Carnegie Observatories 813 Santa Barbara St. / Pasadena, CA 91101-1292 626.577.1122 Las Campanas Observatory Casilla 601 / La Serena, Chile Department of Plant Biology 260 Panama St. / Stanford, CA 94305-4101 650.325.1521 Department of Terrestrial Magnetism 5241 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. / Washington, DC 20015-1305 202.478.8820 Office of Administration 1530 P St., N.W. / Washington, DC 20005-1910 202.387.6400 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 1 7 Y E A R B O O K The President’s Report July 1, 2016 - June 30, 2017 C A R N E G I E I N S T I T U T I O N F O R S C I E N C E Former Presidents Daniel C. Gilman, 1902–1904 Robert S. Woodward, 1904–1920 John C. Merriam, 1921–1938 Vannevar Bush, 1939–1955 Caryl P. Haskins, 1956–1971 Philip H. Abelson, 1971–1978 James D. Ebert, 1978–1987 Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting President, 1987–1988) Maxine F. Singer, 1988–2002 Michael E. Gellert (Acting President, Jan.–April 2003) Richard A. Meserve, 2003–2014 Former Trustees Philip H. Abelson, 1978–2004 Patrick E.
    [Show full text]
  • Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2p300278 No online items Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Processed by Ronald S. Brashear; machine-readable finding aid created by Gabriela A. Montoya Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague 1 Bowen Papers, 1940-1973 Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection Inventory of the Ira Sprague Bowen Paper, 1940-1973 The Huntington Library San Marino, California Contact Information Manuscripts Department The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2203 Fax: (626) 449-5720 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org/huntingtonlibrary.aspx?id=554 Processed by: Ronald S. Brashear Encoded by: Gabriela A. Montoya © 1998 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Ira Sprague Bowen Papers, Date (inclusive): 1940-1973 Creator: Bowen, Ira Sprague Extent: Approximately 29,000 pieces in 88 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library San Marino, California 91108 Language: English. Provenance Placed on permanent deposit in the Huntington Library by the Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection. This was done in 1989 as part of a letter of agreement (dated November 5, 1987) between the Huntington and the Carnegie Observatories. The papers have yet to be officially accessioned. Cataloging of the papers was completed in 1989 prior to their transfer to the Huntington.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume LX I, I 9
    CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE Of TECHNOLOGY E N GI N E E Volume LX I, N II1llber 3, I 9 9 8 IN THIS ISSUE • Prosecuting Science Simulating Molecules Observing Anniversaries London Bridge? The Manhattan skyline? No, it's an oil refinery. figuring out how to squeeze more gasoline rrom a barrel or crude is just one project a group or theoretical chemists at Caltech have taken on in a series or academic­ industrial collaborations. for more on this partner­ sh ip, see the story on page 20. Photo courtesy or Chevron Corporation. \ California Inst i tute of Technology 2 Random Wa l k 10 Scie ntific Fraud and Misconduct in American Po litica l Cu lture : Reflections on the Baltimore Case - by Dan ie l J. Kevles Excessive zeal on the part of legislators and the media hyped public suspicion of scientists' behavior. 20 " H ave Method , Wi ll T rave l" - by Douglas L. Smi t h Computational chemistry ventures into the Real World as Cal tech theorists tackle industrial problems. 30 Tw o A s tronomical Anniv ers aries : Palomar at 50 Still going strong , the hale and hearty Hale Telescope hits the half century mark. 36 ... and OVRO at 40 Radio astronomers parry, too. On t he Cover: The six IO.4·meter antennas (one 42 Boo ks - The Earth in Tf{rmoil by Kerr y Si eh a n d S i mon LeVay is hidden behind the others here) of the Owe ns 43 Faculty Fil e Valley Radio Observat ory millimeter· wave array can receive signals from up t o Engineering & Science (ISSN 0013-7812) is published Warren G.
    [Show full text]
  • Dancing to the Tempo of LEP
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH-ENERGY PHYSICS CERN COURIER VOLUME 40 NUMBER 10 DECEMBER 2000 Dancing to the tempo of LEP SPIN SUPERSYMMETRY INTERNET Polarized protons accelerated Striking suggestions for How the Web was Born, a new in new RHIC ring p8 additional physics symmetry pl7 book p43 E RI Hew Gêner CES Creative Electronic Systems 70 route du Hunt-dun*! CH-1213 Petit-Uncy, Switzerland Internet: nttp://www.ces.cft I The Ultimate VME Machine CES Switzeriand The RI03 features a twin bus architecture, a Tel: ^41.22.879.51.00 ifque fnter-processor communication mechanism Fax: +4U2.792.57.4d Email; [email protected] for ultra-high-speed data acquisitions g and user-level load balance control CES.O Germany with dedicated hardware. Tel: +49.60.51.96.97.41 Fax; +49.60,51.96.97.33 Sheer Speed: Êttuiil: [email protected] # • VME - block transfers in 2eSST at CES MSâ 300 MBytes/s, single cycles at 20 MBytes/s Tel:+ 1.518.843.1445 Fax;+1.518.643.1447 * Memory - 400 MBytes/s average, Email: [email protected] 800 MBytes/s peak • Multi-Access - VME + PCM + PCI 2 + CPU without global degradation CPU Power: PowerPC 750 or 7400 at maximum available speed I Flexible: Two Independent 64-bit PCI with simultaneous access to the memory I Scalable: Up to four additional PMC's on a PMC carrier system MFCC 844x PMC PROCESSORS • 130 KGates user-FPGA • Continuous acquisition at 50 MBytes/s In 32 or 64~bit mode • Full 750 / 7400 computing core • Full network services on PCI * Complete multi-processing software with connection oriented high-speed data transfers SOFTWARE SUPPORT VxWorics®, Lynxob®, muecat® and LINUX® development software including support for hard real-time target machines.
    [Show full text]
  • Observational Cosmology - 30H Course 218.163.109.230 Et Al
    Observational cosmology - 30h course 218.163.109.230 et al. (2004–2014) PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 31 Oct 2013 03:42:03 UTC Contents Articles Observational cosmology 1 Observations: expansion, nucleosynthesis, CMB 5 Redshift 5 Hubble's law 19 Metric expansion of space 29 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 41 Cosmic microwave background 47 Hot big bang model 58 Friedmann equations 58 Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 62 Distance measures (cosmology) 68 Observations: up to 10 Gpc/h 71 Observable universe 71 Structure formation 82 Galaxy formation and evolution 88 Quasar 93 Active galactic nucleus 99 Galaxy filament 106 Phenomenological model: LambdaCDM + MOND 111 Lambda-CDM model 111 Inflation (cosmology) 116 Modified Newtonian dynamics 129 Towards a physical model 137 Shape of the universe 137 Inhomogeneous cosmology 143 Back-reaction 144 References Article Sources and Contributors 145 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 148 Article Licenses License 150 Observational cosmology 1 Observational cosmology Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. Early observations The science of physical cosmology as it is practiced today had its subject material defined in the years following the Shapley-Curtis debate when it was determined that the universe had a larger scale than the Milky Way galaxy. This was precipitated by observations that established the size and the dynamics of the cosmos that could be explained by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.
    [Show full text]
  • E F L E C T I O N S a Man Not Known to Sleep E
    s u m m e r . q u a r t e r / j u n e . 2 0 1 4 r e f l e c t i o n s a man not known to sleep E. E. Barnard on Mount Wilson According to Allan Sandage, Edward Emerson Barnard was “the last of the great visual observers and the first of the long line of photo- graphic atlas makers with wide-angle telescopes.” William Sheehan, Barnard’s biographer, wrote that he deserves special recognition as “one of the most versatile astronomers of the 19th century, perhaps the last to master the entire field of observational astronomy, and a marvelous visual and photographic observer as well.” Yet Barnard is little known today outside of astronomical circles. Barnard worked on Mount Wilson for about 8 months in 1905. He at mount wilson observatory in 1905 From left: H. L. Miller, Charles G. Abbot, George Ellery Hale, Leonard Ingersoll, Ferdinand Ellerman, was on leave from Yerkes Observatory, along with a Yerkes telescope. Walter S. Adams, Edward Emerson Barnard, Charles Backus. Only Hale, This brief period yielded 40 of the 50 fields of Barnard’s magnificent Adams, Ellerman, and Backus were permanent staff members. star atlas — An Atlas of Selected Regions of the Milky Way — published in 1927. The Milky Way atlas represents the first use of a photographic observations of the night sky and became fascinated with comets, telescope, an unusual instrument sponsored by (and named after) which he began hunting on a methodical basis. Finding that a patron Catherine Wolfe Bruce.
    [Show full text]
  • Speed of Light and Rates of Clocks in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation, Part 1
    GravitationLab.com Speed of Light and Rates of Clocks in the Space Generation Model of Gravitation, Part 1 1 R. BENISH( ) (1) Eugene, Oregon, USA, [email protected] Abstract. — General Relativity’s Schwarzschild solution describes a spherically symmetric gravi- tational field as an utterly static thing. The Space Generation Model (SGM) describes it as an absolutely moving thing. The SGM nevertheless agrees equally well with observations made in the fields of the Earth and Sun, because it predicts almost ex- actly the same spacetime curvature. This success of the SGM motivates deepening the context—especially with regard to the fundamental concepts of motion. The roots of Einstein’s relativity theories thus receive critical examination. A particularly illumi- nating and widely applicable example is that of uniform rotation, which was used to build General Relativity (GR). Comparing Einstein’s logic to that of the SGM, the most significant difference concerns the interpretation of the readings of accelerom- eters and the rates of clocks. Where Einstein infers relativity of motion and space- time symmetry, it is argued to be more logical to infer absoluteness of motion and spacetime asymmetry. This approach leads to reassessments of the essential nature of matter, time, and the dimensionality of space, which lead in turn to some novel cos- mological consequences. Special emphasis is given to the model’s deviations from standard predictions inside matter, which have never been tested, but could be tested by conducting a simple experiment. PACS 04.80.Cc – Experimental tests of gravitational theories. 1. – Introduction; Intended Audience Beware ye, all those bold of spirit who want to suggest new ideas.
    [Show full text]
  • Index to JRASC Volumes 61-90 (PDF)
    THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA GENERAL INDEX to the JOURNAL 1967–1996 Volumes 61 to 90 inclusive (including the NATIONAL NEWSLETTER, NATIONAL NEWSLETTER/BULLETIN, and BULLETIN) Compiled by Beverly Miskolczi and David Turner* * Editor of the Journal 1994–2000 Layout and Production by David Lane Published by and Copyright 2002 by The Royal Astronomical Society of Canada 136 Dupont Street Toronto, Ontario, M5R 1V2 Canada www.rasc.ca — [email protected] Table of Contents Preface ....................................................................................2 Volume Number Reference ...................................................3 Subject Index Reference ........................................................4 Subject Index ..........................................................................7 Author Index ..................................................................... 121 Abstracts of Papers Presented at Annual Meetings of the National Committee for Canada of the I.A.U. (1967–1970) and Canadian Astronomical Society (1971–1996) .......................................................................168 Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Annual General Assembly of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada (1969–1996) ...........................................................207 JRASC Index (1967-1996) Page 1 PREFACE The last cumulative Index to the Journal, published in 1971, was compiled by Ruth J. Northcott and assembled for publication by Helen Sawyer Hogg. It included all articles published in the Journal during the interval 1932–1966, Volumes 26–60. In the intervening years the Journal has undergone a variety of changes. In 1970 the National Newsletter was published along with the Journal, being bound with the regular pages of the Journal. In 1978 the National Newsletter was physically separated but still included with the Journal, and in 1989 it became simply the Newsletter/Bulletin and in 1991 the Bulletin. That continued until the eventual merger of the two publications into the new Journal in 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • “ > > > > > > STEPHEN C. MEYER ”
    HARPER ONE | March 30, 2021 release “This book makes it clear that far from being an un- scientific claim, intelligent design is valid science.” —Dr. Brian D. Josephson, Emeritus Professor of Physics, University of Cambridge, Fellow of the Royal Society, Nobel Laureate in Physics Key Points INSPIRING HOPE: The scientific rediscovery of God provides hope of purpose and meaning to human existence, > contrary to the claims of atheists who assert that human life lacks any ultimate significance. > THEISTIC IMPLICATIONS: Recent discoveries in cosmology showing the universe had a beginning have decidedly theistic implications; namely, they point to a transcendent creator as the cause of the origin of the universe. A UNIVERSE FROM SOMETHING: Physicists such as Stephen Hawking and Lawrence Krauss, who claim to have > explained the origin of the universe from nothing but the laws of physics, inadvertently advance ideas that actually support the God hypothesis. > TACKLING THE MULTIVERSE: The book shows why positing one God is a better explanation than the multiverse hypothesis for the fine-tuning of the physical parameters that have made life possible. > MASTER PROGRAMMER: The book shows that recent discoveries about DNA point to a master programmer or designer for life. > JUDEO-CHRISTIAN TRADITION: Judeo-Christian ideas provided the inspiration for science during the period of the scientific revolution. Devoutly religious scientists such as Johannes Kepler, Robert Boyle, and Sir Isaac Newton show that science and Christianity have not always been at war, contrary to the claims of atheists such as Richard Dawkins, Lawrence Krauss, Neil Tyson, Bill Nye, and others. When you don’t understand the details of living systems, ignorance permits discounting a Creator.
    [Show full text]
  • Not Yet Imagined: a Study of Hubble Space Telescope Operations
    NOT YET IMAGINED A STUDY OF HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS CHRISTOPHER GAINOR NOT YET IMAGINED NOT YET IMAGINED A STUDY OF HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE OPERATIONS CHRISTOPHER GAINOR National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of Communications NASA History Division Washington, DC 20546 NASA SP-2020-4237 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Gainor, Christopher, author. | United States. NASA History Program Office, publisher. Title: Not Yet Imagined : A study of Hubble Space Telescope Operations / Christopher Gainor. Description: Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Communications, NASA History Division, [2020] | Series: NASA history series ; sp-2020-4237 | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Summary: “Dr. Christopher Gainor’s Not Yet Imagined documents the history of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (HST) from launch in 1990 through 2020. This is considered a follow-on book to Robert W. Smith’s The Space Telescope: A Study of NASA, Science, Technology, and Politics, which recorded the development history of HST. Dr. Gainor’s book will be suitable for a general audience, while also being scholarly. Highly visible interactions among the general public, astronomers, engineers, govern- ment officials, and members of Congress about HST’s servicing missions by Space Shuttle crews is a central theme of this history book. Beyond the glare of public attention, the evolution of HST becoming a model of supranational cooperation amongst scientists is a second central theme. Third, the decision-making behind the changes in Hubble’s instrument packages on servicing missions is chronicled, along with HST’s contributions to our knowledge about our solar system, our galaxy, and our universe.
    [Show full text]
  • Events in Science, Mathematics, and Technology | Version 3.0
    EVENTS IN SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND TECHNOLOGY | VERSION 3.0 William Nielsen Brandt | [email protected] Classical Mechanics -260 Archimedes mathematically works out the principle of the lever and discovers the principle of buoyancy 60 Hero of Alexandria writes Metrica, Mechanics, and Pneumatics 1490 Leonardo da Vinci describ es capillary action 1581 Galileo Galilei notices the timekeeping prop erty of the p endulum 1589 Galileo Galilei uses balls rolling on inclined planes to show that di erentweights fall with the same acceleration 1638 Galileo Galilei publishes Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences 1658 Christian Huygens exp erimentally discovers that balls placed anywhere inside an inverted cycloid reach the lowest p oint of the cycloid in the same time and thereby exp erimentally shows that the cycloid is the iso chrone 1668 John Wallis suggests the law of conservation of momentum 1687 Isaac Newton publishes his Principia Mathematica 1690 James Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the iso chrone problem 1691 Johann Bernoulli shows that a chain freely susp ended from two p oints will form a catenary 1691 James Bernoulli shows that the catenary curve has the lowest center of gravity that anychain hung from two xed p oints can have 1696 Johann Bernoulli shows that the cycloid is the solution to the brachisto chrone problem 1714 Bro ok Taylor derives the fundamental frequency of a stretched vibrating string in terms of its tension and mass p er unit length by solving an ordinary di erential equation 1733 Daniel Bernoulli
    [Show full text]
  • The Council and the Governing Board
    The Council Ved Prakash, Secretary, and the Governing Board University Grants Commission, New Delhi. S. G. Rajasekaran, The Council The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai. President V. S. Ramamurthy, Secretary to the Government of India, A.S. Nigavekar, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi. Chairperson, University Grants Commission, New Delhi. C.V. Vishveshwara, Honorary Director, Vice-President Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bangalore. V.N. Rajasekharan Pillai, The following members have served in the Council for Vice-Chairperson, part of the year University Grants Commission, New Delhi. Arnab Rai Choudhuri, Members Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. N. Mukunda, S. S. Dattagupta, [Chairperson, Governing Board], Director, Satyendra Nath Bose National Centre Centre for Theoretical Studies, for Basic Sciences, Kolkata. Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. Deepak Dhar, Shishir K. Dube, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. Director, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. G.K. Mehta, Vice-Chancellor, Ashok Kumar Gupta, University of Allahabad. J.K. Institute of Applied Physics, University of Allahabad. Janak Pandey, Vice-Chancellor, Kota Harinarayana, University of Allahabad. Vice-Chancellor, University of Hyderabad. R.R. Pandey, Vice-Chancellor, A.K. Kembhavi, Deendayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University. IUCAA, Pune. S. R. Rajaraman, A.S. Kolaskar, School of Physical Sciences, Vice-Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. University of Pune. Nityananda Saha, R.A. Mashelkar, Vice-Chancellor, Director General, University of Kalyani. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi. S.S. Suryawanshi, Vice-Chancellor, G. Madhavan Nair, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Secretary to the Government of India, University, Nanded. Department of Space, Bangalore. J.A.K. Tareen, Rajaram Nityananda, Vice-Chancellor, Centre Director, University of Kashmir, Srinagar.
    [Show full text]