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AMNH Digital Library 12/06-1/07 KoRi Bustard In Preening Mode ws- ^'' i^i m.--' 9^}^:>f:?-^:':fy ^-^. '/:.\/ tk«£fl-l Up Before Daybreak: Cotton and People in America Deborah Hopkinson Grades 4-8 • 128 pages 0-439-63901-8 •$18.99 X "A model of superb nonfiction writing.... The voices of the children [are] vivid and personal.' —Kirkus Reviews, starred review M "Fine writing. ...Stories of real people. ..sharply focus the dramatic history, as do arresting archival photos." —Booklist, starred review Saving the Buffalo Albert Marrin Grades 4-8 • 128 pages 0-439-71854-6 •$18.99 The amazing story of how the buffalo reached the brink of extinction within the span of a century, and how it was saved. Everybody's Revolution: A New Look at the People Who Won America's Freedom Thomas Fleming Grades 4-8 • 96 pages 0-439-63404-0 • $19.99 Did you know that women, African Americans, Jews, Native Americans, Hispanics, and immigrants from many countries played leading roles in America's struggle for independence? M SCHOLASTIC www.scholastic.com alllidlUHBEia SCHOLASTIC and associated logos are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of Scholastic Inc. mmDECEMBER 2006/JANUARY 2007 VOLUME 115 NUMBER 10 FEATURES COVER STORY 30 BIG BIRD The kori bustard, the world's heaviest flyer, depends on the rain in the Namibian plain for its breeding success. TIM AND LAUREL OSBORNE 36 DIG IT! An air-lubber surveys the pleasures and perils i of the burrowing life. ROBERT R. DUNN 42 HAPPY BIRTHDAY, LINNAEUS '^^E^'rw^^ {^^^^^^^^^^^H Tlie great biological classifier ^^^k '^SI^^^^^B ^^ft ,->'v^. ^^^^^H celebrates his 300th birthday i^KE^ in 2007, while Buffon, born the ^P jndB^/- ^^Mflfl^^^^ same year and Linnaeus 's greatest rival, has been forgotten. Are we celebrating the wrong birthday? I^L RICHARD CONNIFF ON THE cover: Male kori bustard, Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania Photograph by Christophe Ratier 28 BIOMECHANICS The Jaws That Jump Adam Summers 48 THIS LAND Salt of the Earth Robert H. Mohlenbrock 50 REVIEWS: GIFTED IN SCIENCE -^il- Best Books for Young Readers, 2006 Diana Lutz 56 And for the Coffee Table DEPARTMENTS Laurence A. Marschall 4 THE NATURAL MOMENT Get Along, Little Doggies Photograph by Florian Schulz 6 UP FRONT Editors Notebook 8 CONTRIBUTORS 12 LETTERS 14 SAMPLINGS News from Nature 62 nature.net 20 PERSPECTIVES The Good Earth Turn, Turn, Turn Robert Anderson Donald Goldsmith 66 THE SKY IN DECEMBER AND JANUARY Joe Rao 68 AT THE MUSEUM 72 ENDPAPER Fearful Symmetry Shaily Menon PICTURE CREDITS: Page 60 Visit our Web site at 14 www.naturalhistorymag.com It's URg A Video Game BtrHJeadl^^ Takes Off Friday, Nov. 3 at 10pm • SHOOTOUT 8pm/7c THE • LOST EVIDENCE 9pm/8c HISTORY • DOGFIGHTS 10pm/9c CHANNEL, H istory.com \ 4i N MURAL HISTORY December 2006/JBnuary 2007 THE NATURAL MOMENT Get Along, Little Doggies Photograph by Florian Schuiz — THE NATURAL MOMENT UP FRONT See preceding two pages The Long View Our annual double-month issue that brackets the holidays takes the long view this year—26,000 years long. That's the time the Earth needs to do its impersonation of the one-second wobble of a spinning toy top beginning to slo'w down (see "Turn, Turn, Turn," Last winter a pair of coyotes, by Donald Goldsmith, page 20). One consequence of the Earth's slow napping on a fresh pallet of wobble—more properly known as precession—is that the North Star snow in Yellowstone National (Polaris) was not always, and will not always be, the navigator's friendly Park, were roused by the far-off beacon of the north. Goldsmith reminds historians, archaeologists—and howl of a fellow coyote. The male re-enactors—that if they hope to evoke the ancient world, they must re- stood up, shook the snow off his member that the Egyptians, the Greeks, and their contemporaries looked fur, and bayed loudly in response, on a sky whose north pole was closer to the rather dim star Thuban, in while the female stayed curled in a the constellation Draco, the dragon, than to our familiar Polaris. Our de- ball. Then, according to photog- scendants in the 140th century will fmd north easily by looking for Vega, rapher Florian Schulz, she added a bright "summer" star usually too low on the horizon this time of year a more mellow call to the chord, to be visible (at reasonable hours of the night!) at mid-northern latitudes. aimed at her lusty partner. By those standards, the birthdays whose 300th anniversaries we're Coyotes are perhaps the most gearing up for in this issue are recent history. Carl Linnaeus and Georges- vocal wild mammals in North Louis Leclerc, the Count of Buffon, the two leading "natural historians" America, particularly from January of the eighteenth century, were both born in 1707. As Richard Conniff until March, when they couple up tells the tale ("Happy Birthday, Linnaeus," page 42), the two could hardly to mate. But their sounds—howls, have been more divergent in background, or scientifically more at odds: yips, and so-called yip-howls Linnaeus, the provincial, self-promoting Swede, pious and gregarious, the changed throughout Yellowstone man with one great idea whose name resonates in "Linnaean" taxonomy in January 1995, when gray wolves today; and Buffon, the sophisticated Frenchman, poUtically adroit, confi- were brought back into the area. dante of the rich and powerful, brimming with ideas, yet now virtually The coyotes certainly had some- forgotten. Each was the other's greatest enemy. Linnaeus wiU get by far thing to cry out about: their popu- the Panthera /eo's share of the attention in this year's celebrations; but lation was swiftly halved. Even a Buffon, Conniff argues, deserves at least equal honors for his scientific scrawny wolf is three times heavier depth and his adherence to the evidence from nature. than the average, thirty-pound adult coyote, and preys easily on coyote pups. To me and maybe to you, it's comforting, in the bleak midwinter, to Coyotes are adaptable, though; contemplate the Hfe that goes on ceaselessly beneath the frozen soU. they have struck a balance with the In his article "Dig It!" (page 36), Robert R. Dunn takes us on an eye- larger canines in Yellowstone and opening voyage into that flourishing underground ecosystem, where he even benefit from their leftovers. finds an astonishing diversity of burrowing activity. Dunn also reports Particularly when the snow is deep, that biologists have found wonderixiUy creative ways to study hfe in the the wolves seem to leave more soil. One investigator put marine worms in a kind of transparent gelatin, scraps from their winter kills, mak- which approximated the densit)' of sediment; then she flooded the gelatin ing the season easier for scavengers: with Hght.The force made by the worms at various points along their magpies, ravens, . and coyotes. bodies as they burrowed through the gelatin caused differences in how the Schulz had waited nearly an light was reflected. So by watching the worms and their "hght shows," she hour for the coyotes in his picture could tell a lot about the ways they move. to stir. His snowy vantage point was near the Lamar River in the northeast corner of the park. When Neil deGrasse Tyson returns to us in our ne.xt (February 2007) issue the animals finally broke the chilly with a fascinating tale of neutrinos, the "httle neutral ones" from silence, Schulz, his toes thoroughly the depths of space that ceaselessly zip through our bodies. Until then, numbed, was grateful for the we wish you a joyous hoHday season and a peaceful New Year. wake-up call. —Erin Espelie —Peter Brown 6 NATURAL HISTORY December 2006/January 2007 " " -le Ultimate ^^ Holiday Gift Box. From your favorite niece to your finicky boss, delight everyone on your shopping Ust with outstanding illustrated reference books from National Geographic. The one present that gives them the world. National Geographic Concise National Geographic Family Theories for Everything History of the World Reference Atlas of the World, An Illustrated History of Science An Illustrated Time Line Second Edition Editors' Pick - Kirkus Reviews Editors' Pick - Kirkus Reviews "Altogether a great package" - Booklist Eyewitness to the Civil War National Geographic National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America, "Tell my father I died ivith my face Encyclopedia of Space Fifth Edition to the enemy, "Amazing photographs of deep space that only "For most of the past decade, my choice has — Colonel Issac E. Avery recent technology [can] capture. been the National Geographic guide" - The Washington Post — Bird Watcher's Digest D NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC Available wherever books are sold or call 1-888-647-6733. visit www.nationalgeographic.com 1 CONTRIBUTORS Although based in southern Germany, the nature and wildlife photographer FLORIAN SCHULZ ("The Natural Moment," page mm 4) spends much of his time abroad. During the past few years, largely under the sponsorship of the Blue Earth AlUance, he has Peter Brown Editor-in-Chief traveled extensively through the northern Rocky Mountains. Mary Beth Aberlin Steven R. Black Executive Editor Art Director One result is an award-winning book, Yellowstone to Yukon: Free- Board of Editors dom to Roam (The Mountaineers Books, 2005). The photo- Erin Espelie, Rebecca Kessler, graph of two coyotes featured in these pages is another. More of Schulz's pho- Mary Knight. Vittorio Maestro, DoUy Setton tographs of the Rockies are on display at the American Museum of Natural Geoffi'ey Wowk Assistant Art Director History in New York City, through January 15, 2007, as well as on his Web site, Graciela Flores Editor-at-Large www.visionsofthewilcl.com.
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