The American HORTICULTURAL Magazine spring 1970 / volume 49 / number 2 Journal of the American Horticultural Society, Inc.

2401 CALVERT STREET, N.W. / WASHINGTON, D. c. 20008 For United Horticulture . . . The particular objec.ts and business of the American Horticultural Society are to promote and encourage national in·terest in scientific research and education in horticulture in all of its branches.

1969-1970 EXEOUTIVE COMMI'TTEE* President Secretary MR. FRED C. GALLE (1970) MRS. FRANCIS PATTESON-KNIGHT (1970) Director of Horticulture Hidden Acres Callaway Gardens 8607 Tebbs Lane Pine Mountain, Georgia 31822 McLean, Virgini.a 22101

Treasurer and Immediate Past President First Vice President MR. JOHN H. WALKER (1970) DR. DAVID G. LEACH (1970) Execu.tive Director 1674 Trinity Road The Society of American Florists North Madison, Ohio 44057 901 North Washington Street Alexandria, Virginia 223-14 Second Vice President DR. NEIL W. STUART (1970) Member of the Board Plant Physiologist DR. HAROLD B. TUKEY, SR. (1970) Crops Research Division Professor Emeritus Agricultural Research Service Michigan State University U. S. Department of Agriculture The Maples Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Woodland, Michigan 48897

Assistant Treasurer Assistant Secretary MR. GLENN B. EASTBURN MRS. ELIZABETH G. EASTBURN Finance Officer Executive Director Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C.

• Mem.bers of the 1969·70 Board of Directors per bylaw provision.

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is the official publication of The American Horticultural Society and is issued during the Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall quarters. The magazine is included as a benefit of membership in The American Horticultural Society, individual membership dues being $15.00 a year. THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers which increase knowledge of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript speCifications, please address the chairman of the Edi­ torial Committee. Second class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. Copy­ right © 1970 by The American Hortioultural Society, Inc. The opinions ex.pressed in the articles wh~ch appear in The American Horticultural Magazine are those of the authors and are not necessarily Vhose of It"he Sotiety. They are presented as contributions to contemporary thought. 1969-1970 BOARD OF DIRECTORS MR. VINCENT K. BAILEY, (1971) MR. SRIAN O. MULLIGAN, (1971) DR. HAROLD B. TUKEY, SR., Public Relations Director (1971) Bailey Nurseries, Inc. University of Washington Professor Emeritus 1~25 Bailey Road Arboretum Michigan State University St. Paul, Minnesota 55119 Seattle, Washington 98105 The Maples Woodland, Michigan 48897 MRS. ERNESTA D. BALLARD, MR. R. HENRY NORWEB, JR ., (1970) (1970) Director, Pennsylvania Horti- Director MR. EARL E. VALLOT, (1972) cultural Society Holden Arboretum Owner.,Manager 325 Walnut Street Sperry Road Grandview Nursery Philadelphia, Pennsylvania I!H06 Mentor, Ohio 44060 R . F. D. Box 44 MRS. ERASTUS CORNING, II, MR. JOHN M. PATEK, (1972) Youngsville, Louisiana 70592 (1972) President Box 431 Color Data, Incorporated Albany, New York 12201 434 Mount Airy Drive MR. NATHANIEL WHITnER, MRS. JULIAN W. HILL, (1970) Rochester, New York 14617 (1970) 1106 Greenhill Avenue Bridge Street MR. WILLI AM A. P. PULLMA N, Medfield, Massachusetts 02052 Wilmington, Delaware 19805 (1972) MR. EDWARD P. HUME, (1971) 700 Mayflower Road Horticulturist Lake Forest, Illinois 60045 DR. FRED B. WIDMOYER, (1972) Southern Illinois University DR. LEON C. SNYDER, (1972) Head, Department of Edwardsville, Illinois 62025 Head Horticulture DR. LOUIS B. MARTI N, (1970) Department of Horticultural New Mexico State University, Director Science Box 5·30 Brooklyn Botanic Garden University of Minnesota Las Cruces, New Mex ico 88001 1000 Washington Avenue St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 Brooklyn, New York 11225 DR. NEIL W. STUART, (1971) DR. DONALD WYMAN , (1970) DR. FREDERICK G. MEYER, (197 1) Plant Physiologist Horticulturist Research Botanist in Charge Crops Research Division The Arnold Arboretum of of Herbarium Agricultural R esearch Service Harvard University U. S. National Arboretum U. S. Department of Agriculutre Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts Washington, D. C. 20002 Belts\'ille, Maryland 20705 021 30

PAST PRESIDENTS OF THE SOCIETY Per bylaw provision (1969), past presidents of the Society are members of the Board of Directors-ex officio and without vote. DR. FRED O. COE DR. DAVID VICTOR LUMSDEN DR. FREEMA N A. WEISS (Presiden t 1949-1952) (President 1942-1947) (President 1952-1953) P. O. Box 697 3296 Gleneagles Drive 1240 Raymond Way Ross , California 94957 Silver Sp·ring, Maryland 20906 Charleston, South Carolina 29407

DR. DONOVAN S. CORRELL DR. RUSSELL SEIBERT (President 1956-1957) .J. (President 1963-1965) DR. RICHARD P. WHITE Texas Research Foundation Director, Longwood Gardens (President 1960-1961) Renner, Texas 75079 Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 5367 28th Street N. W. 214-235-6451 19348 Washington, D. C. 20015 DR. JOHN L. CREECH (president 1953-1956) DR. HENRY T . SKINNER New Crops Research Branch, (Presiden t 1962-1963) MR. WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN Plant Industry Station, Director, U. S. National (President 1947-1948) U. S. Department of Agriculture Arboretum 12808 Meadowood DTive Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Washington, D. C. 20002 Silver Spring, Maryland 20904 1969-1970 EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Chairman: Dr. Lorenzo F. Kinney, Jr., Professor Emeri­ Dr. Frederick G. Meyer, Botanist in Charge tus, University of Rhode Island, 1213 of the Herbarium, U.S. National Arboretum, Kingston Road, Kingston, Rhode Island Washington, D. C. 20002 02881 Dr. George H. M. Lawrence, Director, Hunt Vice ChaiTman: Botanical Library, Carnegie-Mellon Univer­ Mrs. Elsa Uppman Knoll, Senior ~dito: , sity, Pittsbu.rgh, Pennsylvania 15213 Sunset Magazine, Menlo Park, Cahforma Dr. Edwin A. Menninger, Horticultural Au­ 94025 thor, Plant Explorer, Drawer 45, Stuart, Florida 33494 COj'e Editon: National CajJital Area Mr. Elvin McDonald, Garden Editor, House Dr. J. T. Baldwin, Jr., Professor of Biology, Beautiful, 717 Fifth Avenue, New York, New College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, York 10022 Virginia 23185 Dr. John L. Creech, Chief, New Crops Re­ Dr. F. L. Steve O'Rourke, Professor Emeri­ search Branch, Plant Industry Station, U .S. tus, Colorado State University, 2236 Frank­ Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mary­ lin Road, Ft. Collins, Colorado 80521 land 20705 Mr. Victor H. Ries, Professor Emeritus, Ohio Dr. L. L. Danielson, Leader, Weed Investi­ State University, 1241 Lincoln Road, Co· gations, Agricultural Research Service, U .S. lumbus, Ohio 43212 Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mary­ Dr. Sigmund L. Solymosy, Professor of Hor­ land 20705 ticulture, Department of Plant Industry, Mr. Robert B. Fisher, Horticulturist, The University of Southwestern Louisiana, La­ Mount Vernon Ladies Association, Mount fayette, Louisiana 70501 Vernon, Virginia 22 121 Mr. Robert L. Ticknor, Associate Professor Mr. Anthony R. Gould, Newsletter Editor, of Horticulture, Oregon State University, Men's Garden Club of Montgomery County, Aurora, Oregon 97002 6613 Elgin Lane, Bethesda, Maryland 20034 Dr. Harold B. Tukey, Sr., Professor Emeri· Dr. Conrad B. Link, Professor of Horticul­ tus, Michigan State University, The Maples, ture, Universi.ty of Maryland, College Park, Woodland, Michigan 48897 Maryland 20742 Dr. Donald P. Watson, Chairman, Depart. Mr. Tom Stevenson, Washington Post-Los ment of Horticulture, University of Hawaii, Angeles Times News Service, Garden Col­ Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 umnist, 6900 Mornington Road, Baltimore, Dr. Fred B. Widmoyer, Head, Department of Maryland 21222 Horticulture, New Mexico State University, Miss Mary Stock, Landscape Architect, Stock Box 530, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88070 Brothers Nursery, 10500 Boswell Lane, Rock­ Mr. Joseph A. Witt, Assistant Director, Uni­ ville, Maryland 20854 versity of Washington Arboretum, Seattle, Dr. Neil W. Stuart, Plant Physiologist, Crops Washington 98105 Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Contributing Editors: Foreign Bel tsv ille, Maryland 20705 Dr. William A. Cununing, Head, Orna­ Mr. Wilbur H. Youngman, Garden Editor, mentals and Fruit Crop Section, C.D.A. Re­ The Washington Star, 12808 Meadowood search Station, P.O. Box 30001, Morden, Drive, Sil ve r Spring, Maryland 20904 Manitoba, Canada Mr. Edmund de Rothschild, International ContTibuling Editors: United States Banker and Horticulturist, P.O. Box 185- Dr. John P. Baumgardt, Landscape Con­ New Court, St. Swithin's Lane, London E.C. sultant, 3431 East 60th Street, Kansas City, 4, England Missouri 64130 Dr. Walter H. Hodge, Head, Science Liaison Dr. R. Milton Carleton, Research Director, Staff, National Science Foundation, c/o Growth Systems, Inc., Glenview, Illinois American Embassy, Tokyo, Japan 60025 Mr. Julien Marnier-Lapostolle, Associate Dr. Fred W. Coe, Amateur Horticulturist, Member of the Museum of Paris; Pro­ Box 697, Ross, California 94597 prietaire, Jardin Botanique "Les Cedres," Mrs. Erastus Corning, II, Amateur Horticul­ St. Jean, Cap Ferrat, France (A .M.) turist, Box 431, Albany, New York 12201 Mr. Tor G. Nitzelius, Curator, Gothenburg Dr. Robert L. Egolf, Student Health Serv­ Botanic Garden, Gothenburg, Sweden ice, University of South Florida, Tampa, Mr. Lanning Roper, Garden Editor, Sunday Florida 33620 London Times, London, England SPRING • 1970 VOLUME 49 • NUMBER 2 In This Issue

Gues t Editorial- "Vanishing Green"-DAvID M. GATES ______. ______. ____ _. ______53

Pompei an G ardens Yield Their Secrets-WILHELMINA J AS HEMSKI 54 Creating a Seed Orchard for Superior Black Locust-FRANK S. SANTAMOUR, JR. ------______. ______64 l\ir Pollution D am age to Longwood Gardens-RussELL J. SIEBERT ____ . ______67 1959 Awards-Ci tations of The A merican Horticultural Society _____ .______70

Advances in Horticulture-NEIL W. STUART, Editol' ___ _.. ____ .______75 Weeds-LORAN L. DA NIELSON, Editor ____ .______. ______. __ _ 79 Plant Nomenclature-MILDRED MATHIAS, Chairman ______81 Garden Notes Woolly Blue Curls-Tl'ichostema lanatwn-]'vIARJORIE G. SCHMIDT ______83 A Bizarre Tree Huckleberry-vVILLI AM L. ALLGOOD ______84 hitillm·ia imperialis-Proper Cold Treatment Vital for Forcing- ROBERT J. ARMSTRONG ------_ . ______-- ______.______86 Stewartia ovala on the Coastal Pla in of Virginia-J. T. BALDWIN, JR. ____ 88 : 970 All-America Selections ______.______90

Where have all the Wild Flowers gone?-THoMAS H ARNEY ______91 Book R eviews-CoNRAD B. LINK, Editor ______93

Editor, FREDERICK G. MEYER Managing Editor, ELIZABETH G. EASTBURN

FRO NT COVER ILLUSTRATION Still life painting of peaches (Pnll1Us peniccl) found at Pompeii, now In the National M use um, Naples.

BACK COVER ILLUSTRATION Detail o f mosaic from House of the F a un, a t Pompeii, now in the N a tional Muse um, N a ple . In this Egyptian scene the leaf, bud, blossom, and seed-pod of the India n lotus (Nelwn bo l1u cit era ) are accura tely portrayed. The m on­ goose, hippopotamus, Egvptia n cobra, clucks, and songbir ds are also pictured.

PIIO'IOS: S \ A'I U ' Y . J ;\SHE~ J SK I The 25th American Horticultural Congress of

The American Horticultural Society •

Participating-

American Association of Botanic Gardens and Arboreta American Society for Horticultural Science Garden Writers Association of America American Horticultural Society •

NOVEMBER 1-4, 1970 THE DEAUVILLE HOTEL MIAMI BEACH, FLORIDA Quest Editorial Vanishing Green The fut~tre of ow' cities and the part hmticultw"e mus t play in their pTese1"vation is a subject of g1'eat imp OTt to all people today. Because of the timeliness of DT. Gates' wOTds, YOUT Editmial Committee is pleased to include heTe the following editorial from the Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin, Vol. 58, No.1, 1970.

Most people are alarmed about the vanishing wilderness. I am of course concerned about our natural areas, but I am concerned also with our vanishing urban parks and greenbelts. St. Louis is a fortunate city with its many tree lined streets and beautiful parks. Not all cities are so green, and St. Louis is cooler because of the trees, and has more shade and less wind. A healthy city is a green city. Plants filter the air and supply the oxygen we breathe. A city of only asphalt and pavement, of sewers and skyscrapers, of freeways and parking lots is a sick city. Man must learn to merge country and city and to integrate greenbelts with residence and business. European cities are tree lined and dotted with parks. By tradi­ tion the European understands the need for urban parks, for Tivoli, and for botanical gardens. We need the right kinds of trees and shrubs for the city. Not all plants will grow in the summer heat reflected from parking lots and buildings. Not every tree will tolerate the masses of salt splashed from the streets in winter into the soil around their roots. Nor is it easy for plants to breathe the chemical laden urban air and remain healthy. We need to plan the proper plants for the city and to cultivate them especially for this purpose. We need to integrate the country with the city and get some of nature back into the urban area. Birds and animals will live with us in the city if we give them the proper habitats, such as cover for quail in our parks, fruit trees for wax-wings in our yards, shrubs with seeds for cardinals, and insects for the warblers tha t migrate through in the spring and autumn.

DAVID M. GATES Director Missouri Botanical Garden St. Louis, Missouri 63110

Pompeian Gardens Yield Their Secrets

WILHEMINA F. JASHEMSKI STANLEY A. JASHEMSKI PHOTOS

ONE AUGUST AFTERNOON ALMOST 1900 years ago a seventeen year old boy named Pliny looked across the Bay of Naples and saw a cloud ot unusual size and appearance; shaped like an umbrella pine, it was sometimes white, sometimes dark and spotted. For two days Vesuvius spewed forth a mixture of ashes and pumice stone, followed by volcanic dust accompanied by successive earthquake shocks. Young Pliny was visiting his uncle, the famous elder Pliny, a well known commander of the Roman fleet stationed at Misenum across the Bay from Naples. Years later the Roman historian Tacitus wrote to Pliny the Younger asking for details regarding the death of his uncle who lost his life in attempting to rescue friends endangered by Vesuvius. Fortunately the two letters written in reply have been preserved giving us a vivid eyewitness report of the eruption in A.D. 79 which completely destroyed the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and the villas in the surrounding countryside. Generations of schoolboys have thrilled to the story of the last days of Pompeii, but scholars have scarcely begun to use the wealth of material preserved at this unique archaeological site. At other sites in the Roman Empire fragmentary remains have survived by chance; in the area destroyed by Vesuvius living cities and villas were preserved just as they were at the moment of destruction. Only at Pompeii is it possible to walk up and down miles of streets and see the homes and gardens of thousands of inhabitants. These gardens hold the key to many un­ answered questions. Gardens had an important place in the life of the ancient Romans. At Pompeii the garden was an integral part of the house and a significant factor in its devel­ opment. There was at least one garden in almost every house, while some houses had three or four. These gardens h ave much to tell us about the people who lived in them. Gardens also played an hitherto unsuspected role in restaurants, hotels, schools, and various types of shops. There were also gardens connected with many pu blic buildi ngs as well as the large vegetable gardens, orchards, vine­ yards, and commercial flower gardens. Because of the intimate relation of the garden to architecture, painting, aesthetic expression, religion, social life, horti­ culture, economics, and city planning the study of the hundreds of gardens pre-

Detail o,f garden painting in House of Venus Marina. Plantings that were too large for the actual garden are pictured behind a painted lattice fence. The two flowering oleanders (Nerium oleander) with characteristic leaves, a myrtle (Myrtus communis) with white flowers, and a stylized pine on which a song thrush is perched are easily identifiable, as is the gray heron. The large flowering tree is

PR1NG 1970 55 The House of Venus Marina. This house takes its name from the large painting of Venus floating on a sea-shell found on the center panel of the rear garden wall. This magnificent house was badly damaged by the earth­ quake of A. D. 62 and not yet completely restored when Vesuvius erupted seventeen years later. The owner must have been very fond of his garden for it was completed first. served by Vesuvius yields new insights is possible to make subsoil excavations on many aspects of Roman life. and determine if the land was planted. My study of these gardens involves the Elsewhere scholars can do little more recovery and preservation of a large than speculate on the probable uses of body of valuable but rapidly disappear­ open land within the ancient city. The ing evidence. Early excavations, often in­ study of land use and city planning is of adequately reported, have been destroyed fundamental importance today, and any by brambles and weather; much was de­ accurate study of urban planning neces­ stroyed in World War II when the Allies sitates a knowledge of the uses of open dropped 161 bombs on Pompeii. land. One of the most striking aspects of I have excavated various types of many gardens is the picture painted on open areas and have proved in each case the wall to create the illusion of a much that they were planted. One of the most larger garden. These paintings, which interesting was attached to the caupona unfortunately deteriorate when ex­ (restaurant) of Euxinus. The owner was cavated and exposed to the weather, are first identified by the large election no- especially important because they pic­ tice near the entrance. The Pompeians ture the plants that grew in the gardens. took their elections seriously, and fre­ They form a unique chapter in the quently painted on their outside walls history of botany and cultivated plants. notices which included their own names Together with carbonized roots, seeds, and those of the candidates they recom­ bulbs, fruits, and nuts they furnish valu­ mended for office. When the interior of able information for the identification this restaurant was excavated three am­ of Pompei an flora. phoras were found with painted inscrip­ But the excavation of an ancient gar­ tions which gave the occupation, name, den gives the only definitive evidence for and address of the owner: its actual appearance and use in antiqui­ ty. Pompeii because of the way in which To the capo, Euxinus, at Pompeii, it was destroyed, is the only city where it near the Amphitheater.

56 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Right: Garden sculpture in the House fo the Vettii. Pompeians were fond of small white marble sculp­ tures, which were very effective in their green gardens. The support of this one is beautifully sculptured with ivy leaves and blossoms.

Rabbit Fountain. Water played an important role in the garden. This charming little fountain statue is typical of many that have been taken to the Na­ tional Museum in Naples. The Vettii had fourteen fountain statues in their garden; today the ancient pipes have been repaired and the fountains play again in the summer sun.

Below: Formal garden in the House of the Vettii. This beautiful peristyle garden surrounded by a covered portico shows the emphasis on design in the planting of Pompeian gardens. They were es­ sentially green gardens, planted with ivy (Hedera helix), myrtle, acanthus (Acanthus mollis), and box (Buxus sempervirens). Small flowers such as vio­ lets, iris, daisies, poppies, roses, and lilies furnished color accents in season. In addition to the counter-room, where spot where a dog had buried his bone! passers-by could be served, there was a (The teeth were later identified by the dining room; a few upstairs rooms Smithsonian Institution as those of a provided lodging for overnight guests. pig.) The next cavity (almost 6 in. in From the counter-room two doors led to diameter), with branching laterals, was a large open area which appeared to be a shaped very much like a gTapevine root. garden, but only subsurface excavation But the most exciting was the discovery could determine if it were planted. This of the cavity of a huge tree root, 23 in. I undertook in the summer of 1964, with in its largest dimension at ground level. the permission and encouragement of The next step was to fill the cavities Professor Alfonso de Franciscis, Superin­ with cement and make -casts of the roots tendent of Antiquities in Campania. Af­ so that we might study their shapes and ter scraping down to the original level identify them. When the 34 cavities that we were rewarded almost immediately we had found had been filled, the ce­ by finding three circular areas (each ment was allowed to harden for three about 3 in. it diameter) filled with days; then the soil was removed. It was lapilli. When the roots of ancient trees clear that Euxinus had a vineyard, for and plants decayed they left cavities, and there were thirty-two grapevine roots the volcanic debris which covered the and the roots of two trees. garden gradually trickled into these un­ The garden apparently was used as all til they were filled. -"\Then the holes were extension of the dining area. There is completely emptied they appeared to be no evidence of a masonry triclinium on the cavities left where three deep roots which customers might recline as they had decayed. The next deposit of lapilli ate, as in some gardens, but no doubt that we cleaned out was baffling; the crowds from the Amphitheater were irregular shape revealed was certainly willing to be served less elegantly at not that of a root cavity. Soon a workman tables set up in the garden rooms and handed me a tooth, then bits of bone under the spreading branches of the two and then two more teeth. It suddenly trees. A painting in another restaurant dawned on us ,that we had found the indicates that table service was not un- Steps in the process of making the cast of a large tree root in the gal'den of Euxinus. Left : Cement is poured into the cavity after it had heen re­ inforced with wire. Right: The surrounding soil is removed and reveals the cast of the tree root. The casts of two vine roots can he seen in the upper right.

58 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY known at Pompeii. The Roman poet 1954-55 uncovered two rooms eq ui pped Martial speaks disparagingly of -this type for making wine which suggested ,that of restaurant and taunts the boor who the area might have been planted. Only does not recline when eating. Graffiti on a subsoil examination of the entire area the west wall of the garden reflect the could definitely reveal its use. This I banter between serving girls and pa­ began in the summer of 1966. Modern trons: roots often destroy all evidence of an­ cient roots but fortunately this insula The blonde taught me to hate h ad much less destructive vegetation brunettes. I will hate them if I am than most, so I was hopeful that we able, if not, unwilling, I shall love might still be able to determine whether them. it had been planted. vVe made a trial excavation along the east wall where The ca.upona of Euxinus enables us to there was a substantial covering of the picture for the first time the rather rus­ original volcanic debris. Digging down tic restaurant with rooms to let, that through more than four feet of lapilli served food and drink at the counter we came to the original ground level. and in the dining room, as well as in the Almost immediately we found a tree garden, to the crowds that came to Pom­ root cavity about 12 in. in diameter at peii for the spectacles in the Amphithe­ ground level. Encouraged by our initial ater. The presence of serving girls re­ success, we ·continued the trench along minds us of the Syrian copa, or hostess, in the east wall, but were disappointed to the delightful little poem in the Appen­ find that the undisturbed covering of dix Ve1'giliana, who invites the traveler lapilli soon ended. The excavators in to stop and enjoy the various pleasures 1955 had removed the volcanic m

SPRING 1970 59 Plan of vineyard excavated by the University of Maryland at end of 1968 season. a,b) unexcavated areas; c) modern house; d,e) masonry triclinia; f) room with wine press; g) shed with ten large terra-cotta containers in which wine was fermented embedded in the ground; h) street; i) city gate; j) unexplored area left for passage of trucks; x) intersection of two paths; k) orchard of Julia Felix. Dots show grapevine roots; small circles, small tree roots 4 inches or less in longest diameter; large circles, medium tree roots; large black circles, large tree roots 12 inches or more in longest diameter. (Funds for the excavations were provided by the General Re­ search Board of the University of Maryland. The work was carried on with the permission and encouragement of Professor Alfonso de Franciscis, Superintendent of Antiquities in Campania, Italy.)

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60 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Vineyard excavated by University of Maryland (see plan). abandoned. We returned and continued broken up into divisions of one-half a digging toward the center of the insula. jugerum (or one-third acre), which is Eventually our luck changed and we approximately the size of each quarter found a generous scattering of small root of our vineyard. cavities all the way to the center of the By the end of the 1966 season we had insula. We also found a large tree root found five large tree root cavities, and cavity; its longest dimension at ground over 200 vine root cavities. The Univer­ level was 15 in. and the root was deep. sity of Maryland excavations during the It began to look as if there had been summer of 1968 brought the total num­ considerable planting in the Cattle Mar­ ber of trees to 38, and of vine roots to ket! over 1,400. The number of vine roots We next continued the trench all the would be almost doubled if the second way across the insula. Almost immedi­ cavity found in many locations was a ately we found eight evenly spaced roots root and not a stake. The mathematical (1 Y2 in. to 4 in. in diameter) , and as we precision with which the roots were lo­ dug, row after row of ancient root cavi­ cated suggests that the ancient owner ties dramatically appeared, until we fi­ had planted with the manual of nally reached the east wall. We then pro­ Columella in hand. He recommended a ceeded to widen our trench on both sides. quick method of laying out a vineyard As we approached the gate, we understood by using a line stitched with purple or why we had been unable to find one row other bright color at ,the same intervals of roots. This row had been left un­ that roots were to be planted. Pliny, the planted and formed a path leading di­ Elder, who was acquainted with this rectly to the entrance. Columella in his area, may well have been reflecting local manual on agriculture, recommends practice when he advised that in a rich that the vineyard might be divided by soil vines should be planted four feet footpaths for the use of laborers in car­ apart. The distance between our vines is rying stakes, repairs for frames. or fruit. almost exactly four R oman feet! During He suggests that the vineyard might be the 1968 season we also uncovered the

SPRT\"C 11)70 Ito 61 Luxurious dining area in gal'den of wealthy Pompeian merchant. In antiquity, vines shaded guests as they reclined on the masonry triclinium which was covered with pillows. Today glass protects the Egyptian scenes which decorate the triclinium. two triclinia in the vineyard, one just inside the entrance across from the Amphitheater, the other near the en­ trance to the building where the wine was made. Our unknown proprietor ap­ parently did a thriving business serving visitors to the Amphitheater. The planting pattern found in this vineyard is strikingly similar to that used in the vicinity of Pompeii today. Even the depressions, sometimes three, often four, that we fOlJnd still perfectly preserved around the ancient roots, were recognized by our workmen as similar to the depressions that they put around their vines to hold water. Modern vineyards nearby probably look much as our vineY

AMmuCAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY trucks, or modern vegetation. We also Moreover the discovery of large CUltI­ hope that in this undisturbed area we vated areas inside the city walls, contrary will find more carbonized material, es­ to what has been written and generally pecially fruit and nuts. believed regarding " the increase in pop­ The discovery of this vineyard is of special importance because it is the first ulation and shortage of land. . . III one ever found which was laid out ac­ Italian cities in the early Empire," is of cording to the precise recommendations great significance for the study of land in the Roman agricultural manuals. use in the ancient city.

Wilhelmina F. Jashemski, Professor of Ancient History at the University of Maryland, at Pompeii, where she has been wmking for fifte en years. She has been accompanied on these trips by her husband Stanley A. Jashemski, who has made a complete photographic record of the sites destroyed by Vesuvius. Dr. Jashemski is well known for her articles and lectures on ancient gm-dens. H er book, The Gardens of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabiae, is nearing comple­ tion. Last year she received a Senior Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities, and was given the Tatiana Warscher Awm-d in Archaeo logy by the American Academy in Rome in recognition of her work al' Pompeii. An important part of her book is the study of all the plants known f?"Om the wall paintings, sculpture, mosaics, cm-bonized remains, and graffiti in the area de­ stroyed by Vesuvius. In her study of the plants of the Pompeian area she is co llaborating with DT. Frederick G. lVIeyer, R esearch Botanis t at the U. S. National Arboretum, who is well known to readers of this magazine.

Text reprinted with permission from the Graduate School Chronicle, University of Maryland, Spring, 1969, with additional photos. Lay-out by Lillian and William Clark.

SPRING 1970 63 Creating a Seed Orchard for Superior Black Locust FRANK S. SANTAMOUR, JR.

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia ing of root sprouts. Thus, the character­ L.) is a tree of exceptional utility. It is istic "sterility" or scarcity of fruit on the the largest of the 10-20 species of this 'Shipmast' trees may probably be regard­ North American genus, and has been ed as a function of self-incompatability used extensively in shelterbelts, for plant­ of this widely planted clonal type. ing mine spoil-banks, for erosion con­ The Soil Conservation Service of the trol, and as an ornamental. The use of U.S. Department of Agriculture initi­ the black locust in aforestation has been ated a selection program in 1938 and, by more widespread in Central Europe 1943, 100 clones had been selected and than in the United States. In Hungary propagated. Over the next several years, alone, more than 200,000 acres have the S.C.S. Section of Hillculture Re­ been planted. In common with other search distributed planting stock of se­ legumes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria are as­ lected types to various institutions for sociated with nodules on the roots of testing. locust. Because of these bacteria and the The U.S. National Arboretum re­ high nitrogen content of the leaf litter, ceived 50 plants of each of five clones, black locust has also been used to im­ including 'Shipmast', in April, 1954. prove soil fertility. The tough, durable, These plants were 1 year old from root decay-resistant wood has long been cuttings. One of the clones (BN 4191), prized for fence posts and items of con­ had been designated as cv. 'Appalachia' struction subject to moisture or weather­ and was selected near Blackwood, Vir­ ing. In addition, black locust is an im­ ginia. The other three clones were se­ portant honey plant. lected from native stands in West Vir­ Unfortunately, the run-of-the-woods ginia. All clones were described as hav­ black locust is a poor-quality tree, with ing a "pinnate" type of growth habit, numerous crooks and forks. However, with a well-defined stem, and major the discovery of a particularly straight, branches on the lower portion of the fast-growing type of locust on Long crown. Island, New York, prompted intensive The planting site chosen at the Na­ interest in black locust and led to a tional Arboretum for these trees was search for other desirable trees. The near Hickey Hill, where the soil type Long Island type has been referred to was a heavy clay. The trees were in the literature as var. Tectissima or planted, without replication, in clonal 'Shipmast'. blocks (generally 5 rows of 10 trees The history of the 'Shipmast' locust, each) with a 12-foot strip between con­ as summarized by Detwiler (1937), indi­ tiguous clones. The spacing was 6 feet cated that it was brought to Long Is­ between trees and rows within a clone. land from an unknown part of the lower The trees were measured in February Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia by a 1968, when they were 14 years old. Total Captain John Sands about the year 1700. Apparently, very few trees sur­ Research Geneticist, U.S. National Arboretum, Crops Division, Agricultural Research Service, vived, and the best formed trees were U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, propagated by the digging and replant- D. C. 20002.

64 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Fig. 1. 'Shipmast' locust, showing Fig. 2. A superior selected locust characteristic poor form, at the Na­ clone H.C. 4149 (NA 4916) at the tional Arboretum. National Arboretum.

height was measured to the nearest foot ter. 'Shipmast' and other clones are pic­ with a Spiegel-Relaskop optical device.1 tured in Figs. 1 and 2. For a more Diameter at breast height (DBH) was complete analysis of these clones in an­ measured to the nearest tenth of an inch other area, see Santamour (1960) . with a steel diameter tape. Each tree was Only 12 trees in the entire planting also checked for borer damage on the showed evidence of attack by the locust lower 6 feet of the trunk. borer, and the death of only two trees 'Shipmast' was the poores t clone, with could be attributed to borer damage. an average height of 31 feet and diame­ Almost all the trees that had been at­ ter of 3.5 inches. Furthermore, trees of tacked were suppressed specimens this clone were generally quite crooked gTowing in the interior of the plots. and had numerous forks. The failure of Thus it would appear that four of the 'Shipmast' to live up to expectations has clones show definite superiority in form, been demonstrated in several tests growth rate, and borer resistance. In throughout the country. The other four situations where it might be desirable to clones were quite similar, with excellent plant black locust, veget·ative propaga­ form and a combined average height of tions from these and other selected 40 feet and diameter of 4.5 inches. Bor­ clones would provide tested, superior der trees of these clones, growing with planting stock. H owever, such propaga­ less intense competition, averaged 48 tion might be too expensive for large­ feet in heig'h t and 6.6 inches in diame- scale planting. Obviously, it would be t "Mention of a trademark or proprietary advan tageous to be able to grow such product does not constitu te a gu aran tee or war­ stock from seed. ranty of the product by th e U.S. Department The planting scheme of the Arbore­ of Agricul ture, and does not imply its approval to the exclusion of other products that may also tum plantation, while definitely lacking be sui table." in statistical value, has provided us with

SPRJ G 1970 65 an opportunity to create a seed orchard fu ll-crowned trees from selected stump for the production of potentially superi­ sprouts. After the sprouts have begun to or seed and seedlings. Locust is insect­ bear seed (3 to 5 years) the overstory pollinated and research in Hungary has trees will be removed. shown that it is highly self-incompatible. The measure of seed superiority must, Thus any seed produced in the orchard of course, be determined by a progeny will result from hybridization between test. In the fall of 1968, seed was collect­ two of the selected ClOlles. ed from this seed orchard and from Ideally, this planting should have native stands. The comparative per­ been thinned 4 to 7 years ago in order to formance of plants derived from these promote the development of longer, two sources wi ll determine the feasibility seed-bearing crowns. vVe plan to develop of utilizing this orchard as a source of this orchard in two stages. In the first superior seed. stage, all 'Shipmast' trees will be re­ moved and the remaining clones thinned References to about nine stems per clone. The re­ Detwiler, S. B. The history of shipmast IOCUSl. maining trees should provide a moderate Jour. Fa?·. 35:709·712 (1937). San tamour, F. 5., Jr. Performance of five selected amount of seed for several years. The black locust clones at the Morris Arboretum. second stage will be the development of Morris Arb. Bull. 1l:67·70 (1960).

66 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Air Pollution Damage to Plants at Longwood Gardens RUSSELL J . SEIBERT

'l\Then I became the director of Long­ During the summer of 1961, June 11 wood Gardens in 1955, I left the Los and 12, to be specific, we observed the Allgeles area where I had spent 5 years first occurrence of "eye smarting" air as the director of the Los Angeles State pollution at Longwood. and County Arboretum, developing an The number of days of perceptible air arboretum under conditions of rapidly pollution steadily increased each succes­ increasing concentrations of noxious air sive summer and early autumn until the pollution. summer of 1965 when we first observed During that period, the Los Angeles its effects in the form of damaging injury County Air Pollution Control District on Petunia "l\Thite Cascade' at Long­ was working out techniques for pin­ wood. pointing sources of air pollution by During the summer of 1967, Long­ means of using highly sensitive indicator wood suffered serious and quite percep­ plants. These techniques satisfactorily tible injury from S02 and from the pho­ proved to the courts countless sources of tochemical oxidants, including both industrial pollutants. Through effective ozone and PAN, Peroxacetyl-nitrate, as control laws and the use of susceptible determined by the types of injury on the indica tor plants along with the recogni­ various Iplants. tion of specific types of injury caused to It was during the summer of 1967 that various plant materials by different spe­ the perceptible presence of plant damag­ cific kinds of air pollutants, it was pos­ ing pollutants was observed to be notice­ sible to bring the many sources of indus­ ably present during atmospheric periods trial pollution down to a minimum. To­ of "Bermuda Highs" lying off the East day, 85 percent of the Los Angeles Coast for periods of two days to a week or County air pollution is caused by the so. During these periods, there was a automobile, or more specifically, the gradual build-up of pollutants. During reciprocating gasoline and diesel engines. these periods of "Bermuda Highs" or Only 15 percent is caused by industry. atmospheric inversions it was also noted As a contrast, the average proportions that there was a slowly moving air mass of pollution sources of other large cities which travelled from south to north. My throughout the U.S.A. are currently re­ son, who at the time was taking flying ported at 40 percent from industry and lessons at the New Castle County Air­ 60 percent from automobiles. port, reported that a concentrated Our first years at Longwood Gardens source of visible pollutants was moving were a delight since there was no per­ north-northwest [rom the power plant ceptible air pollution present and no and refin ery at the Tidewater Complex indica tion of air pollution injury on our near Delaware City which reached even plant materials. On several occasions, beyond the Longwood Gardens area. this fact was confirmed by such people as Plants with uspect injury during the Dr. F. W. W ent, then from the Califor­ summer of 1967 included spinach, beet , nia Institute of Technology, who was Comus fl orida, lilac BTOwallia spe­ expert in recognizing symptoms of air ciosa, Celosia argentea 'Golden Feather', pollution injury on living plant materi­ Ipomoea fi stulosa, Musa X pamdisiaca als. 'Aeae', Greyia sutherlandii, Protea IJil Clor. Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square. cynaToides, PTOtea neriifolia, Passiflom Pennsylvania 19348. ligll la1'1's, Petunia 'White Cascade', and

SPRI G 1970 67 Ajuga Teptans 'Blue', to name but a few. to GinkgO' in Los Angeles, St. Louis, Some of these plants were sent to the and Philadelphia. I am sorry to say I U.S. Department of Agriculture Air Pol­ now see the first symptoms of local in­ lution Laboratory at Beltsville, rVlary­ jury to Ginkgo at Longwood, a tree land, where controlled experimental test­ near the Longwood interchange and ing took place. Growing some plants of entrance where it is subjected to rather each species under activated carbon heavy incidence of auto fumes, the filtered air, then comparing them with greatest contribu tor to the photochemi­ plants of the same species and cultivars cal oxidant types of air pollution. grown under various types of polluted I am especially concerned by the rap· air co nfirmed their susceptibility to the id build·up of increas ing concentrations photochemical oxidant types of pollu­ of hydrocarbon photochemical oxidants tants.* which are reaching out to our area from The summer of 1968 proved to have a the industrial and population centers minimum of air pollution in our area along the Delaware River. I have seen and this, coupled with the fact that this very same type of rapid build-up there were no "Bermuda Highs" of last· take place on the West Coast (Los An­ i ng dura tion, allowed the poIlu tan ts to geles) as I am now seeing here on the be carried away from our area by the East Coast. prevailing northwest to sou theast If this pollution build-up continues flowing air mass. unchecked, it wi ll effectively prevent us Until the summer of 1969 we had (and similar gardens and arboreta experienced a minimum of plant dam­ throughout the United States) from car­ age: apparently because of the scrubbing rying out our objectives after 1974. The actIOn of the frequent rains throughout reason is simple: Air pollution theatens this spring and summer. However, the our main objective-prime horticultural latter part of August and through Sep­ display for the benefit, enjoyment, and tember, we had repeated cycles of air education of the public. The alternative pollution build-up. The most serious is to grow our plants under activated charcoal or other effectively filtered aiT­ o~curred Tuesday and vVednesday, Sep­ tember 23 and 24, 1969. a very expensive, back-handed way to counteract the effects of air pollution. By Wednesday aftetnoon, during the The intelligent course is to control it at Wilmington Air Pollution Alert, we its sow'ee! were able to observe the characteristic Following is a partial list of Long. hydrocarbon oxidant injury taking place wood plants on which there is photo­ on our more susceptible indicator plants chemical oxidant injury traced to the at Longwood's Experimental Green­ high air pollution incidence during Sep­ house; namely, on 'Bel-W 3' tobacco and tember 1969: on CineraTia. Indeed, I am most concerned about RhododenclTon schlippenbachii the damage air pollutants are causing to A juga Teptans 'Blue' L eucospermum conocaTpum our display plants at Longwood Gardens. PTOtea cynaTOides We continue to find more plants which Nicotiana 'Bel-W3'-tobacco are being damaged. I have previously GTeyia sutheTlandii reported photochemical oxidant injury BTO wallia speciosa Petunia 'White Cascade' "'For the lates t reliable illustrated reference work which covers the variolls types of air pol. CaTica papaya-papaya l~ ta nts and the injury caused on different spe· ETythrina spp. cles of plant materials, I would like to refer you ChTysanthemum (trial seedling) to: Handbook of Effects Assessment Vegetation Celosia plumosa 'Fireglow' Damage, edited by Norman L. Lacasse and Wil· Cucumis sativus 'Challenger' liam J. Moroz, Center for Air Environment Stu~ies, The Pennsylvania State University, Uni. Beta vulgaTis 'Burpee Fordhook'­ verslty Park Station, Pa. 16802. $6 .00. chard

68 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Beta vulgaris 'Crosby's Egyptian'-beet things we can do to make further use of Allium cepa-Jap bunching onion nature in pollution control: Phaseolus limensis 'King of the Gar- First, bring together lists of plants den'-lima bean which demonstrate tolerance to man­ Lactuca sativa 'Summer Bibb' made pollutants. This should be done Nicotiana tabacum 'Hill Island' for different climatic zones throughout Gossypium hirsutum- cotton the temperate-to-tropical world. Apium graveolens 'Burpee's Golden' Second, determine which plants are Hibiscus esculentus 'Clemson Spine- the most efficient "smog eaters" and less'- okra which can utilize and eliminate the Iris germanica var. florentina other ingredients of man-made pollution A ,-moracia lapathifolia-horseradish in the air. Syringa-2-3 of our cultivars Third, plant at every opportunity Actinidia arguta those plants that not only enhance the H eliconia caribbaea (yellow flowering) setting but also tolerate the most adverse A nacaTdium occidentale-cashewn ut metropolitan conditions. Cineraria cvs_ Every tree and plant we can grow will bring us that much closer to keeping the It is urgent that local, state, and na­ air breathable. Our survival depends on tional authorities enact and enforce laws our breathing environment. It seems to which will control effectively this rapid­ me that we have every reason to insist ly increasing threat from pollutants­ on plantings and their maintenance in S02, fluorides, oxides of nitrogen, and and around our towns, villages, cities, especially the photochemical oxidant and industrial centers. types- all of which we are finding to be The pollution problem is now inter­ poisonous to various types of plant life. national. In my opinion, the urgency of Meantime, I want to urge here what I our need to find solutions cannot be have stressed before, that here are three over-emphasized.

SPRING 1970 69 1969 Awards and Citations Of The AmericaIl Horticultural Society

The Society's annual awards for excel­ of these distinguished leaders in the hor­ lence in advancing the cause of horticul­ ticultural field, the Society emphasizes ture were made at the A wards Dinner, standards of excellence for all horticul­ a high point of the 24th American Hor­ ture. ticultural Congress at Philadelphia, Pa. Making up the 1969 Awards and Cita­ September 19, 1969. Committee Chair­ tions Committee were Gretchen H arsh­ man Francis de Vos pr::sided at the barger, Fred B. Widmayer, Earl E. Val­ dinner. lot, Anne Wertsner Wood, and Chair­ In recognizing the outstanding work man Francis de Vos.

The Liberty Hyde Bailey Medal fields. He was an assistant to and student to of Liberty Hyde Bailey for six years, Dr. George H. M. Lawrence director of the Bailey Hortorium for An inspznng teacher ana distin­ nine years and edited Baileya, a quarter­ guished Director of the Bailey Hortori­ ly journal of horticultural taxonomy. um and Hunt Botanical Library. He He is currently director of the Hunt helped a generation of horticulturists Botanical Library at the Carnegie­ and gal-denen to undentand and appre­ Mellon University, and editor of Hun­ ciate the taxonomy and litemture of tia, a yearbook of botanical a nd horti­ cult'ivated plants. cultural bibliography. He has written two books, Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, and Introduction to Plant Taxonomy, and scores of papers in scientific journals. Dr. Lawrence has been a trustee of Fairchild Tropical Garden, Coconut Grove, Fla., and of the Robert H. Mont­ gomery Foundation, New York City; is an honorary life member of the Botani­ cal Society of Edinburgh and the Horti· cultural Society of New York; was direc­ tor of the American Horticultural Coun­ cil 1947-~8; a member of the Governing Blntrd of the American Institute of Biol­ ogical Sciences, 1966; chairman of the AHS Nomenclature Committee, 1956-66; Dr. Lawrence earned his undergradu­ and is a member of the American In­ ate degree at the University of Rhode stitute of Graphic Arts. Island and the Ph.D. at Cornell Univer­ Dr. Lawrence is a resident of Pitts­ sity, specializing in botany and related burgh, Pennsylvania.

i(1 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Professional Citation Awarded Award for work and writings on hortic­ to ultural and botanical subjects, and the Dr. Henry T. Skinner Gold Medal of the American Rhododen­ For his outstanding service t'o Ameri­ dron Society for studies, especially, of American native azaleas. can horticulture. His contributions to an undeTStanding ot 1-hododend1'On and In 1968 he received the Norman J ay azalea culture, the development ot the Colman Award of the Ameri·can Associa­ National Arboretum, and to the Ameri­ tion of Nurserymen for contributions in can Horticultural Society have been tru­ the field of horticultural research. ly significant. Dr. Skinner lives in Bowie, Maryland.

Garden Writer Citation to Nelson Coon FOT contributions to the literature of gardening. Th1'Ough his books and arti­ cles, he shaTed his love ot plant's and knowledge ot hOTticultuTe and gaTden­ ing with amateur gcndeneTS, com menial flO1-ists, and nUTSeTymen.

Dr. Skinner was educated at the Wisley School of the Royal Horticul­ tural Society, Cornell University, and the University of Pennsylvania. He served as curator of the Morris Arbore­ tum in Philadelphia before his appoint­ ment as director of the United States National Arboretum in 1952. A regular or honorary member of many professional, horticultural, and Nelson Coon grew up in the violet­ botanical societies, he is a past president growing town of Rhinebeck, N. Y. where of the American Association of Botani­ his father owned a florist business. Dur­ cal Gardens and Arboreta, past president ing the gTeat depression, Coon became of the American Horticultural Society, superintendent 0'£ the arboretum·like and a member of the Commission on grounds of the Perkins School for the Nomenclature and Registration of the Blind near Boston-a position he held International Society for Horticultural until retirement in 1960. Science. Currently he serves as a member He began his horticultural writing as of the Executive Committee of the Coun­ a correspondent for FloTists's Exchange cil of the International Society for Horti­ in 1916 . Since that time he has authored cultural Science. six books, several monographs, and nu­ He has been a recipient of the Jack­ merous magazine articles about plants, so n Dawson Medal of the Massachusetts and is currently garden columnist for Horticul tural Society for research con­ the Boston Sunday H erald and AHS's tributions in plant propagation, The News and Views. American Home Achievement Medal, R ecording secretary of the Garden tbe Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural ' Nriters Association of America, Nelson

- SPRING 1970 , .I Coon is also a member and past pres­ the former organization she earned the ident of the New England Botanical Achievement Medal and the Jane Club, member of the International Soci­ Righter Medal (for roses grown and ety for Horticultural Science, member painted) and from the latter, the Medal and past president of the Dukes County of Merit. Other medals have been Historical Society, tour conductor of the awarded her by the Ambler School of Berke Garden Tours, and a frequent Horticulture for Women and the Penn­ garden club lec turer. sylvania Horticultural Society. He lives in Vineyard Haven, Mass. Mrs. Platt is a resident of Philadel­ phia, Pennsylvania. Citation in Amateur Horticulture to Teaching Citation Dorothy F. Platt to Dr. Alfred N. Roberts For her skill as a gardener) for over 60 years of dedical'ed seTvice and leadership For over 25 years of distinguished in a wiele mnge of horticultuml activi­ service as a teache1- and research worker ties) and for her contributions as a flower in ornamental horticulutre at Oregon illustrator. State University) Corvallis) Oregon.

Dividing her interest between paint­ Dr. Roberts received his academic ing and horticulture, Dorothy Platt has training at Oregon State University and created in watercolors many tropical Michigan State University, earning his plants and flowers, mostly of Guatemala Ph.D. from the latter school. With the .and Hawaii and always with the em­ exception of his World War II naval phasis on botanical accuracy. A collec­ service, he has taught at Oregon State tion of her work was published by Tri­ University since 1940. ton Press. She also illustrated The A past president of the American Soci­ Travellers Guide to Roadside Wild ety for Horticultural Science and on the Flowers) Shrubs and Trees of the United Board of Directors of the International States, by Mrs. Lucien Taylor, and has Plant Propagator's Society, he holds had exhibitions at the New York Botani­ membershi p in several other scientific .cal Garden, the Philadelphia Museum and horticultural societies. He is also a ·of Art, and the Albany, N. Y. Art Insti­ member of several honorary societies tute, among others. and has received two special awards Mrs. Platt attended the first meeting from the American Society for Horticul­ ·of the Garden Club of America in 1913 tural Science . .and has been a member of the Garden His published papers, his own or co­ Club of Philadelphia for 63 years. From authored, number almost 100 and rep-

AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY resent an unusually broad range of top­ Service to Horticulture Citation ics in the horticultural field. to Dr. Roberts is a resident of Corvallis, Elizabeth C. Hall Oregon. For thTee decades of distinguished seT­ vice as LibTaTian and Associate Curator Commercial Citation of Education at the New YOTk Botanical to GaTden. She helped thousands looking Tom Dodd, Jr. tOT answers to their bot'anical and hor­ For developing a gTeat commeTcial ticultuTal problems. nuneTy. His many plant introductions and paTticipation in govemment plant testing and evaluation pTOgTamS have helped to enrich OUT onwmental floTa.

Elizabeth C. Hall received her under­ graduate diploma from Radcliffe Col­ lege and from the Ambler School of Horticulture and her library degree from Columbia University. She studied Tom Dodd is president of the Tom practical gardening for two years at the Dodd Nursery, Inc. of Semmes, Ala­ New York Botanical Garden. As a li­ bama, founded in 1920 by his father. An brarian she has had many titles, vast avid plantsman all his life, Dodd has experience, and impressive responsibili­ been with the nursery since he was a ty at both The Horticultural Society of boy. In his nursery, now over 300 acres, New York beginning in 1930 and The he grows native shrubs and Itrees of the New York Botanical Garden beginning South in an attempt to popularize them in 1937. She is currently Senior Librari­ for garden use. A holly enthusiast, Dodd an for the Horticultural Society (for has introduced and named a number of whom she is compiling a 3500-title book new varieties from his nursery. He is catalog), and is Associate Curator of also interested in magnolias and main­ Education, Emeritus, of the New York tains an excellent coHection in the Botanical Garden. nursery. She is a member of the Woman's Dodd is a member of numerous horti­ National Farm and Garden Association, cultural societies including the Plant the Torrey Botanical Club, and the New Propagators Society, the American Holly York Botanical Camera Club, and is an Society, the American Magnolia Society, honorary member of the Herb Society of the American Rhododendron Society, America and the Garden Club of Or­ Royal Horticultural Society, the Louisi­ ange and Duchess Counties. ana Society for Horticultural Research Mis Hall has received awards from and several trade organ iza tions. the New York Botanical Garden, the Mr. Dodd is a resident of Semmes, Men's Garden Club of ew York, and Alabama. Temple University. She is a lecturer on

SPRING 1970 73 a vanety oE horticultural topics alld con­ FaT 38 years at distinguished semice as tributes to everal proEessional anu hor­ Librm'ian at the Massachusetts HO Ttic­ ticultural publications. ultuml Society and especially tOT heT She lives in New York City. "Dictionary Catalog at the Libral'Y of the Massachusetts HOl'ticult'ural Soci ety." Dorothy S. Manks was educated a l Radcliffe College and Simmons College Service to Horticulture Cit.:.tioll School oE Library Science. After service to with the Brookline, Mass., Public Li­ Dorothy S. Manks brary, she became Librarian oE the Mas­ sachusetts Horticultural Society, serving until her retirement in 1963. H er publications, in addition to the dictionary catalog, include A C lassifica­ tion Scheme tor Horticultul'e and con­ tributions to HOl'ticultul'e Magazine, Flowel' GTOWeT, Library Journal, The New York H el'a lcZ-Tl'ib une, Huntia, and others. She has appeared as lecturer be­ fore the Pennsylvania Horticultural So­ ciety, Old Sturbridge Village, Stur­ bridge, Mass., and various garden clubs. In retirement she is devoting her time to writing, travelling, and music. Miss Manks is a resident of Cam­ bridge, Massachusetts.

74 -\ \I ER ICA:" IIORTICUI.TURAI. SOCIETY N ElL W. STU ART, Editor Advances in Horticulture

Exciting Developments in Fl Hybrid protected from pollination by its own Flowers pollen. The pollen from the other in­ bred line (male or pollen parent) must The outstanding advancement in the be transferred to the stigma of the seed development and production of annual parent line. The simplest method of flowers in rece nt years is due primarily achieving this is to physically remove to the tremendous increase in the use of the anthers or pollen bearing structures the Fl hybrid breeding method. This from the seed parent before the pollen is breeding method h as given large yield shed and manually pollinate with the increases in corn and sorghum, increased pollen from the pollen parent. Flower egg and meat production in chickens hybrids are often hand produced in this and has been responsible for many of manner because of the small amount of the improvements in vegetables. It has seed needed. This method is prohibitive­ also given us many of the new annual ly expensive for most vegetable and field flower cultivars. If you take a quick look crops, however. through one of the recent seed catalogs Plant breeders use every possible you will find F 1 hybrid seed of AgeTa· means to avoid the expense of hand tum, B egonia, Calceolaria, Cyclamen, emasculation and pollination. They do geranium (Pelmogonium) , gloxinia (Sin­ this by finding seed parent lines that ningia) , Iceland poppy (Papaver), I m ­ have defective pollen (male sterility); jJatiens, marigold (Tagetes) , pansy (Vi­ lines that h ave pollen but for some ola) , Petunia, SaintjJaulia, Salpiglossis, reason the pollen will not fertilize its snapdragon (A n tirrhinum) , and Zinnia. own line (self incompatibility) ; lines that actually have pollen that can in­ What is a Hybrid? duce self pollination b ut because of The word "hybrid" h as been used in placement or structure of the anthers, different ways and is the subject of much pollen does not reach the stigma (func­ misunderstanding. Botanically "hybrid" tional male sterility); or lines such as is used to describe the resultant popula­ are found in the composite family that tions tha t originated by intercrossing are fully double and bear no pollen. two or more species. "Hybrid" was used in the annual Advantages of Hybrids flower seed industry to describe many new cultivars that were developed from Hybrids in all plant species are gener­ later generations of intercrosses of other ally more uniform, more vigorous, with varieties. Thus, we have Unwin H ybrid larger flow ers, and blooming over a long­ Dahlias, Burpee H ybrid Zinnias, P acific er p eriod than their op:! n-p ::l!linated H ybrid Delphinium. In recent years counterparts. Also, flower co lors, flower "hybrid" h as become synonymous with types and plant h abits can b :! developed Fl hybrid and is used to describe the in hybrids that are the result of the first generation that is the result of cross­ intermediate development of characters ing two different inbred lines. that cannot be "trued up" in inbred varieties. For example a n ice rich cream How is a Hybrid Produced? colored zi nnia ca n only be obtained by making a cross between yellow and Most annual flowers have both male ivor y. Fully double petunias and African and female flower parts in the sa me marigolds (Tagetes erecta) ca n only be flower. Therefore the inbred line ch osen commercially produced by the hybrid as the female or seed parent must be II !ctho:1. Developments in Some Important Genera Petunia: The Fl hybrid petunia is by far the most important bedding plant in the United States today. Approximately 40% of the annual bedding plants sold are petunias. Over most of the country the petunia gives a continual mass of color from early summer to frost. The contrast between the old, small-flowered, open-branching, mauve or other dull colored petunias and the modern hy­ brids with their large flowers, compact habit and large, heavy, fringed flowers of bright or pleasing pastel colors is truly amazing. It makes one wonder just what is waiting to be uncovered in many of our other garden plants. The double flower forms and the large-flowered or grandiflora types of petunia are completely dependent upon the hybrid method for production. The double character is dominant to the sin­ gle form and is essentially female sterile, PHOTOS GOLDSMITH SEEDS, INC. producing only an occasional functional Snapdragon Fl hybrid 'Madame pistil. The tendency to produce this oc­ Butterfly' casional pistil permits breeding work to proceed, but would be a limiting factor acters such as flower color, increased for seed production by open-pollinated flower size, freedom of bloom, com­ means. The Fl hybrid double-flowered pactness of habit, and earliness of petunias are produced by using a single­ bloom. flowered line for the seed parent and a Snapdragon (Antirrhinum): Fl hy­ homozygous (true breeding) double brid snapdragons of the greenhouse forc­ clone for the pollen parent. in'" type were one of the first Fl flow- tJ • • The double-flowered lines produce ers. The tall strong 'Rocket' vane tIes variable amounts of pollen depending introduced in 1960 were the first out­ upon the individual inbred line, and are door types developed using this method. maintained by cuttings. Likewise, the Since then a number of F 1 hybrid varie­ popular large-flowered or grandiflora ties of different habits have been intro­ class of petunias can only be successfully duced, ranging from the very dwarf 'Flo­ produced by the hybrid method. Like ral Carpet' varieties to semi-dwarf and the double character, the grandiflora half-tall varieties, to varieties generally flower type is dominant to the small or similar to the 'Rockets'. All of these multiflora flower type. The grandiflora have been big improvements over the character is a semi-lethal in the homozy­ comparable open-pollinated sorts, gener­ gous condition, producing a very weak ally having stronger growth with m?re plant. Commercial Fl hybrid grandiflora and longer spikes of flowers bloommg petunia seed is produced by crossing over a longer season. F 1 hybrids have multiflora and grandiflora lines, usually also been developed in the double­ using the multiflora line as the seed flowered form. parent. The newest development has been the Recent breeding work has largely new open-faced or butterfly type. 'Bright been that of making refinements in char- Butterflies', an Fl hybrid mixture of

76 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY flowered open-faced type has been intro­ duced with the name 'Madame But­ terfly'. It is an All-America and All Britain award winner. Like petunia, most of the hybrid snapdragon seed is produced in Central America and J apan by h and emascula­ tion and pollination. Marigold (Tagetes ): Fl h ybrids in the African or American marigold (Tagetes erecta) have been available for about 10 years. The first were the 'Cli­ max' varieties. These were of the tall type as are the more recently introduced 'Gold Coin' series. Both offer an abun· dance of large full-double flowers. R ecently the 'Jubilee' varieties have been introduced. T hey are a semi-tall, hedge type with excellent large full­ double flowers. Last season, 'First Lady', a semi­ dwarf, clear, bright-yellow variety, was added to the list of Fl hybrid marigolds. Petunia Fl hybrid 'Red & White ne­ For some time a variety named 'Red & light' Gold Hybrids', an Fl hybrid between Tagetes erecta, the African or American colors was introduced in 1966. Parent marigold, and Tagetes patula, the lines for this variety were developed French marigold, has been available. from crosses between the 'Juliwa' variety Recently a great deal of interest has (developed by Dr. Edgar Knapp of the been shown in varieties produced by Max-Planck Institute, Heidelberg, Ger­ crossing these species. The resulting hy­ many) and strong, normal flowered brids are generally similar to T. patula American types. This season a double but with many advantages over the

Fl hybrid petunia seed production in Guatemala.

SPRING 1970 77 with rela tively large flowers. Some of these are very outstanding and will un­ doubtedly become extremely popular. Pansy (Viola tTicolol'): As are so many of the recent improvements, the new pansy varieties are Fl hybrids. One characteristic of these varieties is the ability to tolerate much more hot weather than the open-pollinated sorts. 'Majes tic Giants' mixture, a 1966 All­ America award winner, is outstanding for heat tolerance, as well as being free blooming and having very large flowers. Geranium (P elaTgonium zonale) : Un­ til about six years ago when the variety 'Nittany Lion' was introduced, garden geraniums were only grown from cut­ tings. Hybrids were introduced in 1967 and 1968. The 'New Era' and 'Carefree' Petunia Fl hybrid 'Astro' series have greatly increased the use of French marigold. The flowers are larger, the geranium as a garden plant. The the plants bloom more heavily and over seedling geranium offers many advan­ a much longer season. tages, the plants are stronger and better Fl h ybrid marigolds are produced in branched producing a much better gar­ fi eld plots using alternate rows of seed den effect. Several breeding programs and pollen lines. Two distinct forms of are in progress that will yield important male sterility are used so that the seed additional improvements such as earlier line does not pollina te itself. blooming, more dwarf habit and freer Although they are not Fl hybrids, blooming plants. For the first time dou­ there have b een some exceptionally ble-flowered hybrids are being offered good new French marigolds (T agetes this current season. patula) developed the las t few years. Impatiens: Flowers that will grow and The first of these was 'Sparky' developed bloom well in the shade are badly need­ by Mr. Darrell Decker of Chula Vista, ed and none fill the bill better than California. The later introduction of the Impat·iens. Hybrids again have been 'Brocade' series and 'Bolero', an All­ used to greatly improve this crop. The America award winning variety, are of 'Imp' varieties are strong growing with this same general type. All of these com­ many large flowers. The more recently bine large flower size, brigh t colors, ear­ introduced 'Elfin' varieties are very liness and dwarf, free-bloomino- habit to D dwarf and extremely free flowering, al­ make outstanding garden annuals. though with smaller flowers. Both varie­ Zinnia: Great strides h ave been made ties are big improvements over the older in zinnia with the recent introduction of types. Fl hybrids. At the present time h ybrids These are only the highlights of the are available only in the medium tall recent developments in the main annual habit and cactus-flower form. The h y­ flower species. As I go over my own brid va rieties are much superior, with breeding plots and visit other flower stronger growth, a larger number of plant breeders I see many interesting, larger flowers with better doubleness. exciting varieties ahead for the gar­ T he semi-dwarf button type and the larger flowers with better doubleness. very c~warf 'Thumbelina' have given a dener. GLENN A. GOLDSMITH new climension to the zinnia. Many com­ President, Goldsmith Seeds In r. panies are working hard on zinnia hy­ P.O. Box 1347 brids of the dwarf and semi-dwarf habit Gilroy, Califomia 95020

7H AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY LO RAN L. DAN IELS 0 N, EditOT Weeds

Plan Ahead for Effective Weed fumigant such as sodium methyldithio­ Control carbamate [metham], sold as Vapam, before any mulch is laid. Use of methyl L. L. DANIELSON 1 bromide as a soil fumigant is now re­ Last minute decisions are poor substi­ stricted to non-food crop areas with the tutes for well-laid plans for controlling exception of vegetable transplant beds weeds in vegetable and ornamental and fields to be plan ted to tomato crops plantings around the home. Make your or stra wberries. plans now to reduce the manual wear You can easily lay these mulch strips and tear of garden maintenance this on soil prepared for planting; cut holes year by using modern weed control tech­ through them; and set in such trans­ nology. plants as tomato, pepper, cabbage, sweet Plan to use one of the strip mulches. potato, and other plants (Figure I). These include black polyethylen ~ film, Hills of cucumbers, melons, beans, sweet aluminum foil, burlap mats and cloth, corn, and other direct-seeded vegetables and paper mats. All of these strip­ can be planted through appropriately mulches control many germinating spaced openings in the mulch. New weeds and moderately suppress the plantings of strawberries made on 6-inch growth of some perennial weeds in the spacings through the mulch produce immediate area. Bermudagrass, mug­ high yields of top quality fruit. wort, morningglory, and several other VlThere the gardening space is very perennial weeds, however, emerge from small, a trellis-Iikeculture of tomatoes the edges of the mulches and require combined with mulching is highly effi­ continuous hand chopping to control cient. In this method, squares of the them. The pointed shoots of nutsedge mulch are used around single plants grow up through the mulch and emerge grown in wire cylinders for support like knife points. Garden areas badly (Figures 2, 3). We have used the 'Big infested with thes ~ , or other perennial Boy' and 'Belgian' tomato cultivars. weeds, should be trealeu with a soil Yields have averaged about one bushel per plant. A number of other similar 1 Plant Physiologist, Crops Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, U .S. Department varieties adapted to local conditions are of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland. equally productive in this method of

Fig. 1. Tomato plants growing on (A) unmulched row} (B) on row mulched with aluminum foil; and (C) on row mulched WIth burlap mat.

SPRJ I G 1970 79 Fig. 2. Tomato plant supported by Fig. 3. Mature wire-supported tomato wire cylinder placed on a sheet of plant showing ripening fruits. black polyethylene film.

culture. Six plants will provide all of the tremes are minimized by mulches and fruit used by an average family. The reduce stress on the plant. Incidence of wire cylinders have a diameter of 30 fruit rots of melons, cucumbers and to­ inches and a height of 6 feet. Each one is matoes are minimized on mulches. set on a mulch strip 3 x 3 feet. Six Mulches and fumigants can be used plants will thrive on a space 15 feet wide with equal effect in beds for planting and 20 feet long. A liberal application, annual ornamentals. In many instances, one-half teacup, of 5-10-5 or 5-10-10 fer­ cutting and fitting mulches around es­ tablished perennial ornamentals can tilizer is thoroughly mixed with each 16 minimize weed control problems and square feet of soil before the mulch is help to conserve moisture. laid. Weeds in the unmulched areas be­ tween the rows are easily controlled by a Mention of a trademark or proprie­ carefully directed spray of Stoddard tary 'Product does not constitute a solvent cleaning fluid that thoroughly guarantee or warranty of the product by wets the weed foliage but avoids contact the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and with crop plants. does not imply its approval to the exclu­ The same wire support and mulching sion of other products that may also be system can be used to grow cucumbers, suitable. All agricultural chemicals recom­ climbing beans, peas, or other similar crops. mended for use in this report have been registered by the U.S. Department of In addition to con trolling certain Agriculture. They should be applied in weeds, the mulches reduce evaporative accordance with the directions on the water loss from the soil, thus stabilizing manufacturer's label as registered under moisture supply to the crop roots and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and enhancing growth. Soil temperature ex- Rodenticide Act.

80 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY MILDRED E. MATHIAS, ChaiTman Plant Nomenclature

Triolena pustulata-Correct name ventral appendages at the connective for "Bertolonia pubescens" base in the large ones, were well illus­

PHOTO COURTESY A. B. GRAF trated by Ziegler. . Triana published the original descrip­ tIOn of T. pustulata in l87l. In his monograph of the Melastomataceae in 1891, Cognieux did not mention "Ber­ tolonia pubescens." Hopefully, the hor­ ticultural name is later and the epithet would not displace that of Triana in Triolena. References Madicke, O. Ein Beitrag zur Ku1tur der Berto­ lonien. GaTtenwelt 15: 701-703 . 1911. Graf, A. B. Be7·tolonia. Exotica 3: 1152. 1963. Preston, F. G. Bertolonia. Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening (ed. 2) 1: 272·273. 1956. Encke, F. Bertolonia. Pareys Blumengartnerei (ed. 2) 2: 185. 1960. Ziegler, A. Be,-tolonia tJUbescens. Bot. Arehiv. 9: 434, fi g. 128. 1925. Triana, J. T,-iolena pustulata. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. 28: 81. 1871. Cognieux, C. A. Melastomataceae. DC. Mon. Phan. 7: 1-1256. 1891. A greenhouse melastome has long ]. J. WURDACK been cultivated under the name of "BeT­ Smithsonian Institution tolonia pubescens." Herbarium speci­ Washington, D. C. 20560 mens of "BeTtolonia pubescens" Hort. at The New York Botanical Garden and at Ilex Decidua 'Byers Golden'-A New the U.S. N ational Arboretum in Wash­ Yellow Fruited Possum·Haw ington, D.C. are now correctly identified as Triolena pustulata Triana. This is a Some of the cultivated species of hol­ lowland species from Ecuador originally ly, such as Ilex aquifolium, I. cornuta, I. collected over a century ago by Richard glabra, I. aenata, I. vomitoria, and 1. Spruce near Ventanas in Ecuador. It is verticillata, possess yellow-, orange-, or now found in the Provinces of Cafiar, white-fruited types. When occurring in Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Los Rios, also the wild, individuals with atypically in Ecuador. colored fruit may be given a botanical Habit photographs of Triolena pustu­ name, such as I . opaca forma xanthocar­ lata have been published under the pa. Numerous clones selected in the wild name of "BeTtolonia pubescens" by for unusual fruit color have been Madicke in 1911 and in Exotica; 3 by brought into cultivation and given culti­ Graf; the cultivated plants have also been var names, such as I . vomitoria 'Wiggins mentioned by Preston in the Dictionary Yellow'. Also, individuals from among of GaTdening (Second Edition) and by nursery grown seedlings-either as a re­ Encke in PaTeys Blumengiirtnerei (Sec­ sult of open or deliberate selective pol­ ond Edition). The characteristic di­ lination-have been selected and given morphic stamens, with three filiform cultivar status. The last example may be

81 SPRING 1970 record in botanical or horticultural liter­ ature of a yellow-fruited I. decidua. This very beautiful clone is given the cultivar name of 'Byers Golden'. Description of llex decidua Walter 'Byers Golden' n, cv. This clone is a vigorous, heavy ,fruiting, several stemmed and basally branched deciduous shrub with smooth, light gray bark. Specimens in the nursery row have attained a height of more than 12 feet, with an upright stiff habit and ascen­ ding, open, and graceful branching. The leaves are narrowly obovate to elliptic, dull dark green, membranous, ascending and tufted at the ends of the branchlets, 2-3Ys (-4 Vs) inches long, %-Vs inches wide above the middle, with acute and mucronate apices, attenuate-cuneate at base into slender petioles, 2-4 (-6) inches long. The leaf margins are sparsely and irregularly serrulate. The very large /lex decidua 'Byers Golden'. Fruit black-tipped fruits, generally borne in globose or broader than long, up to fascicles of 4-8 on short spurs, are globose Ih inch wide and 1/3 inch long, Yel· to oblate ~broader than long), %-Y2 low Group 13A-13B to Yellow-Orange inches in diameter, :y4 _5/ (-%) inches Group 14A-14B (Royal Horticultural 16 Society Colour Chart, 1966). long, with 4 pyrenes. The golden yellow fruit is defined as 13A and 13B of the illustrated by I. corn uta 'Avery Island' Yellow Group at first ripening, then and I . COTnut

82 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Garden Notes

Woolly Blue Curls-Trichostema Woolly blue curls is a robust, shrubby lanatum plant, two to four feet tall, with many leafy branches from a single trunked Among the bold and spectacular base. Evergreen foliage is narrow, yel­ plants of the California countryside are low-green, disposed in little bundles several shrubby mints, and one of these along the branches. This attractive mint is woolly blue curls, TTichostema lana­ is native to dry slopes of foothills and tum. Early explorers called it romero low mountains from central California because its appearance and odor was to San Diego County. Its natural com­ similar to their aromatic rosemary panions include many typical drought (Rosmarinus) , of the Mediterranean tolerant species, such as yucca, Pen­ region. The common name comes from stemon, Rhus, buckwheat relatives of the plant'S striking inflorescence­ the genus Eriogonum, bladder pod, tubular flowers with exserted, curled sta­ IsomeTis aTb01°ea, and many others. mens against the rosy purple wool which covers the upper branches. These tall Garden information on woolly blue spikes overtop the main plant and bear curls is not extensive, but from my own many blue-purple flowers coming from experience, I know it to be long lived­ inflated, silky buds which are almost as having persisted in my dry border for decorative as the open blossoms. The about 15 years. Propagation from seed height of this colorful display comes may be spotty and cold stratification for during May and June, after which the three months at 32 degrees F. is recom­ spikes may be removed and a second mended. Young plants may be potted or flowering can be expected in mid­ planted directly into permanent garden autumn. quarters where plants often flower the

PHOTOS. RANCHO SANTA ANA BOtAN IC GARDEN Fig. 1. Plant of woolly blue curls, Trichostema lunatum, a shrub two to four feet in height.

SPRING 1970 83 Although it is not yet extensively cul­ tivated, horticulturists of the several botanic gardens consider woolly blue curls to be a most desirable ornamental. In mild climates it is reported to have an exceptionally long flowering period. From such highly colored and free flow­ ering native plants gardeners can have plantings with a western style and flavor not to be found anywhere else in the world.

MRS. MARJORIE G. SCHMIDT Box 325 Hayfork, California 96041

A Bizarre Tree Huckleberry One recent cool morning, I visited a granite outcrop in northeast Newton County, Ga., in search of a stunted tree for a garden. The area is characteristic of the rolling hill country of the lower Piedmont band across north-central

Hg. 2. Close-up showing the blue­ purple flowers set against the rosy purple wool which covers the upper branches. first year. Heel cuttings may be rooted in sharp sand, and this is the best method in cases where superior color forms oc­ cur. In my dry garden several drought tolerant native plants accompanied woolly blue curls, including the tall. spectacular St. Catherine's lace, Eriogo­ num giganteum, FTemontia napensis, Ceanothus impTessus, Ceanothus 'Sierra Blue', BTodiaea spp., Mimulus, Arcto­ staphylos, and Penstemon. BTodiaea cali­ fomica with its large umbels of lilac­ purple bells is a late flowering species, and especially harmonious in this com­ VACCIN1UM ARBOREUM, MUll-.. pany of colorful, indigenous plants. Water is given to this section of my Fig. 1. Tree huckleberry, Vaccinium garden only if the spring season has arboreum. Branches in flower and in been overly warm and without rains. fruit with floral details. From C. S. Full sun, lean soil, and perfect drainage Sargent, Silva of North America. Vol. are requirements which suit all of these. 5, plate 230. 1893.

84 A.\lERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY PHOTO WM. 1. ALLGOOD Fig. 2. Tree huckleberry, showing contorted and twisted branches of speci­ men growing in northeastern Newton County, Georgia.

Georgia. Two surprises awaited me-six limbs of which put Gorgon sisters to deer sunning on the east side of a pine shame with its serpentine branches. thicket and a medusa-like shrub unlike In a preliminary attempt to determine anything I had seen in 50 years of tramp­ the age of the tree, Dr. Brown suggested ing through the Piedmont. it to be younger than its size and charac­ The bizarre specimen has been iden­ ters would indicate, perhaps under 100 tified as a tree huckleberry, farkleberry, years. In attempting to account for the or sparkle berry, Vaccinium arboreum. peculiar growth habit, Dr. Brown ex­ While the blossoms, summer foliage, and plains that the tree huckleberry normal­ fruit are characteristic of this species, ly develops a crown even when young. the growth characteristics beg the issue. One branch will then dominate and Not one of my friends who normally grow essentially upright and develop an­ notice unusual trees has ever seen a tree other higher crown. This growth pattern huckleberry even remotely similar to may be repea ted several times during this one. Normally, the tree huckleberry the life of the plant. develops a spreading crown, but rarely As the photograph shows, no main does it assume the contorted aspect of branch dominates the tree's meandering this specimen with branches that closely growth. A core boring of the trunk be­ resemble Harry Lauder's walking stick, trays the tree's dual characteristics; evi­ Corylus avellana 'Contorta'. dently two shoots entwined at or below Dr. Claude Brown of the University of ground level to part ways again at about Georgia, Department of Forestry, re­ 28 inches above ground. We believe a ports that he has never seen a tree cross section of the main truck would huckleberry quite as large nor anything reveal a figure eight growth with two like it in growth characteristics, the centers and an early joining of the cam-

SPRING 1970 85 bium tissue of each shoot. The shrub is often contorted growth form of old about 12 feet high and irregularly plants. spreading, 22 feet in one direction and 'NILLIAM L. ALLGOOD 18 feet in the other direction. The tree Box 141 measures 28 inches in girth at the base. Oxford, Georgia 30267 Ti ps of the branches fall to the ground Assisted by the editoT. and some are literally covered in humus from its own leaves. The tree is growing in a depression of the granite outcrop, evidently in ex­ Fritillaria imperialis - Proper Cold tremely rich soil, as witnessed by the Treatment Vital For Forcing rapid growth of several slash pines, Pinus elliottii. The depression also Fl-itillal-ia imperialis cv. Lutea, a catches water during limited rainfall member of ,the lily family, is a hardy periods but water does not stand for bulbous plant which normally blooms in lengthy periods. There a ppears to be a the spring. The yellow lily-like flowers colony of tree huckleberries with a simi­ are borne on a stem 2 to 3 feet high, lar habit in the immediate vicinity, ei­ with linear leaves 5 to 6 inches long ther from seeds or root sprouts from the extending two-thirds of the way up the large specimen. Tree huckleberry plants stem. The many flowers hang pendantly with normal growth habit are common in a terminal umbel among 8 to 20 erect in the vicinity of the unusual specimen. linear leaves which are 2 inches or more In the wild, tree huckleberry occurs in in length. sandy or rocky, usually dry woodlands of To force F. imperialis, a cold treat­ the coastal plain and piedmont from ment is recommended. However, this southern Virginia to Georgia and Flori­ report indicates it is very important that da, through the Gulf states, and from the cold treatment be at a sufficiently southern Illinois and Missouri through low temperature. eastern Texas. In the south, the tree In the past, Longwood Gardens has huckleberry is often up to thirty feet tall had considerable difficulty in properly with a crooked trunk, occasionally eight forcing F. impeTialis cv. Lutea. Blasting or ten inches in diameter, and slender, of the flower buds had been the chief more or less contorted branches which difficulty, but non-uniform height and a form an irregular round head. In the variable blooming time were also prob­ north, it is a shrub with many divergent lems. stems. The bark is a beautiful reddish Normally, bulbs were purchased in brown. The flowers are white. The hard, the fall and potted up in early October black berries, produced in abundance in in a rich potting mixture to which were late summer, are inedible. added 6 ounces of lime and 3 ounces of The tree huckleberry or farkleberry is su perphosphate per bushel. These were a native plant we have neglected in then given a cold treatment in a green­ gardens. It is all but unknown in culti­ house held at 40-45° F minimum, the vation, except to a limited extent in temperature going higher if the mini­ areas where it is native. However, it was mum could not be maintained because grown in English gardens in the 18th of higher outside temperatures. This was century. Although the specimen de­ continued until around the first of scribed here is an extreme form of the March when the temperature was raised plant, the normal wild form has much to 50° F at night and 65-70° F during to recommend it for gardens. The beau­ the day. The plants resulting from this ty of the plant comes from the distinc­ method of forcing were not satisfactory. tive habit, the beautiful reddish brown It was therefore decided to run a bark, and the lustrous bright green, cultural study on FTitillaria at the nearly round leaves. Garden architects Longwood Gardens Experimental ought to know about it for the irregular, Greenhouse to see if the situation could

86 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY be improved. The variables decided upon were the temperature of the cold treatment and the potting mixture. The cold treatments were: 1. The normal or control treatment consisting of placing the potted bulbs in a green­ house where light could reach them and the temperature would be held at a 40-45 ° F minimum. The temperature, of course, went higher than this if the outside temperature did not permit the maintaining of the minimum tempera­ ture; II. Treatment by placing the potted bulbs in a dark refrigerator where the temperature could be held at a consistent 36-38° F; and III. Treatment by placing the potted bulbs outside in a pit covered with soil and straw where the minimum temperature would drop to below 32° F. The two potting mixtures were: A. A

PHOTO LONGWOOD GARDENS relatively heavy soil mixture consisting Fritillarro imperialis cv. Lutea grow­ of two parts loamy soil, one part sand ing at Longwood Gardens, Kennett and one part peatmoss; B. A light soil Square, Pennsylvania. mixture which consisted of one part

TABLE 1. Average Bud Counts and Average Height (in inches) of Fritillaria imperialis cv. Lutea I Potting Potting Average MixtuTe A MixtuTe B for both Cold Treatment (heavy) (light) Mixtures

I Bud Count Greenhouse Normal 3.2 3.2 3.2 (40-45° min.) Blasted 4.3 4.3 4.3 Total 7 .5 7.5 7.5 Height 21.7 18.8 20.2

II Bud Count Refrigerator Normal 7 .7 7.5 7.6 (constant 36- 38° min.) Blasted 0.2 0.2 0.2 Total 7 .9 7.7 7. 8 Height 33.8 34.2 34.0

III Bud Count Buried outside Normal 7.7 7 .3 7.5 (min. less than 32°) Blasted 0 .0 0.0 0.0 Total 7.7 7.3 7 .5 Height 32.3 32.2 32.2

Average over-all Bud Count cold treatment Normal 6.2 6.0 Blasted l.5 l.5 Total 7 .7 7.5 Height 29. 3 2 .4 I

PRING 1970 87 loam y soil, one part sand, and two parts of the bud counts tor each treatment and peatmoss. To both of these were added the average height of each treatment are the normal 6 ounces of lime and 3 listed in Table l. ounces of superphosphate per bushel. As can be seen by looking at the data, The cold treatments and potting mix­ bud blasting was nearly eliminated by tures were used in all possible combina­ the cold treatment in the refrigerator tions, resulting in six treatments. Six and was eliminated entirely on those bulbs per treaument were used, making a buried outside. Total bud count was not total of 36 plants in the experiment. affected by the various cold treatments. The bulbs were planted in seven-inch Average height was considerably less pots so that the top of the bulb was just for those plants treated in the green­ below the surface of the soil. house than for those in the other treat­ All treatments were begun on October ments. lO, 1967 and at the end of the cold Potting mixture had no effect on ei­ treatment the bulbs were placed in a ther bud count or plant height. house kept at 50° F at night, 65-70 ° F The conclusion is that a cold treat­ during the day. Those bulbs placed in ment in a refrigerator or co1droom held the greenhouse for the cold treatment at 36-38° F for about four months, and and those placed in the dark refrigerator then removal to a greenhouse held at (Cold Treatments I and II) were trans­ 50° at night and 65-70 ° during the day ferred to the warm house on February for about three weeks before display 28, 1968. The transfer for those buried plants are desired, will produce high in the pit (Cold Treatment III) was not quality blooming plants of Fritillaria done until March 4, 1968, because of imperialis cv. Lutea, with a minimum frozen ground. of bud blasting. This treatment has been When .the plants were moved to the and is being used at Longwood Gar­ warmer greenhouse, they were fertilized dens, with excellent results in forcing with a haH-strength solution (V2 table­ these bulbs for display purposes. spoon per gallon of water) of a 20-20-20 ROBERT J. ARMSTRONG soluble fertilizer at one and three weeks Geneticist after they were removed from the cold Longwood Gardens treatment. Kenn,ett SquaTe, Pennsylvania 19348 On March 20, 1969, those plants given the cold treatment in the refrigerator Stewartm ovata on the Coastal and those held in the 40-45 ° F green­ Plain of Virginia house for .the cool treatment (Treat­ Two populations of Stewartia ovata ments I and II) were in full bloom. The are known on the Coastal Plain of Vir­ bulbs that were buried outside (Treat­ ginia: near Williamsburg, James City ment III) did not come into full bloom County (E.]. Grimes, 1922, Rhodora 24); until March 30,1969. The reasons for the at Merry Point, Lancaster County (Wini­ later blooming of those buried outside fred J. H arley, '1961, Rhodora 63). Actu­ can be attributed partly to the delay in ally, as we now know, the Reverend John bringing them in to the warmer green­ Clayton, rector of James Town Parish house and partly to the fact that tlle from 1684-1686, wrote about the first colder temperatures kept the plants of these populations to Robert Boyle from developing as rapidly as those in in a 1687 letter (J. T. Baldwin, Jr., In the refrigerator and those in the green­ Press, Rhodora) . This species, chiefly in house. the mountains from Virginia (?) and Just before the plants bloomed, bud Kentucky to Georgia and Alabama, is counts were made, with the number of called mountain camellia, though on normal and blasted buds recorded fo r the Coastal Plain-where it flowers in each plant. Heights of the plants were June-it has the common name of sum­ also recorded at this time. The averages mer clogwood.

88 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY uals over a larger area, has filaments on different plants of three colors: white (yellow) ,rose (lavender), purple . . Does this James City County popula­ tlOn of Stewartza ovata result from intro­ ?Tessive hybridization of the two species In the early years of Colonial Virginia? We do not know. Frederick W. Coe (1959, National Ho?-ticultural Magazine 38) thought not. He found there certain individuals with both white-filamented flowers and dark-filamented ones: this I have not obser~ed. Wood (1957) reported a comp~rable situation for a specimen of Stewa:tza ovata from Highlands, North CarolIna, cultivated at the Arnold Arbo­ PHOTOS BY J. T. BALDWI N, JR. retum. And somatic mutations affectino­ Stewartia ovata with white filaments. flower color are frequent in somecultt vars of camellia. But we do know that the are~ where the James City County populatIOn grows ~as early put to agri­ cu!tural use, so Intermediate habitats ml?ht well have been created and popu­ latIOns of some plants eliminated. No stand of S. malachodendron is now known on the peninsula of Virginia, and those closest to WilliamSburg are in Nor. folk and Nansemond counties where the trees flower in May-several weeks be­ fore S. ovata flowers in James City and ~ancaster counties. Both species occur III Cullman County, Alabama, and in Macon County, North Carolina (Clarence E. Kobuski, 1951, Journal of the Arnold Arboretum); it would be of interest to know whether plants with filaments differently colored are in those Stewartia ovata var. grandiflora with areas. purple filaments. Certain of the purple-filamented rep­ resentatives of Stewartia ovata constitute var. grandiflora; the variety was de­ scribed from plants grown in Great Bri­ The only other American species, S. tain. The likelihood is strong that those malachodendron) is primarily on the plants derived from the James City Coastal Plain and in the Piedmont from County population, perhaps by way of Virginia to Louisiana, with an outlying John Clayton (1686.1737) or John station in Arkansas (Carroll E. Wood, Mitchell (1676-1768). Both men botan· Jr., 1957, A rnoldia 17). It is called ized in Virginia, and both were involved silky camellia, from the downiness of with Stewartia. For -this variety Rehder the lower leaf·surface. This plant has states in his Manual: "Fls. 8-10 cm. purple filaments, whereas Stewartia ova­ across, stamens purple; petals sometimes ta generally has white (yellow) fila· up to 8.... Ga. Cult. 191 4." One would ments. But the James City County pop­ like to revisit the area of the origin of ultion, consisting of hundreds of individ· this in troduction.

SPRING 1970 89 I have deposited specimens from the latter flowe r measured four inches J ames City County population in the across. Gray Herbarium and in the Herbarium of the National Arboretum (Baldwin J. T. BALDWIN, JR. 14951) . Julie Hotchkiss photographed a Professor of B iology flower with wh ite filaments and one with College of William and Ma?'Y purple fil aments on June 25, 1969. The WilliamsbUTg, ViTginia 23185

1970 All~America Selections

For some 38 years the All-America grounds competitIon in Canada, the Selections have annually brought to the United States, and Mexico. The AAS gardening public the world's leading program is the only a uthentic pre­ new introductions in vegetable and introductory testing and comparative rat­ flower seeds. Presented here are the 1970 ing of new flow er and vegetab' e seed All-America Selections-four flowers and varieties fo r North America. Entries two vegetables-which should be of come from private, commercial, and special interest to society members. public institution plant breeders from These selections result from open trial around the world. Sponsored by the garden seed industry of the United States and Canada, AAS is a non-profit educa tional institution, self­ p erpetuated by its Council of Judges. The judges are responsible for their trial grounds as well as for the evaluations of merit and behavior of each entry, under their climatic and soil conditions. For more information write "W. R ay Hastings, Executive Secretary, All­ America Selections, P.O. Box 134 1, Har­ risburg, Pennsylvania 17105

New 1970 All-America selections: early giant morning glory 'Early Call Rose', dwarf French marigold 'Bo­ lero', hybrid snapdragon 'Madame Hybrid cherry tomato 'Small Fry' and Butterfly" and dianthus 'China Do~l'. winter squash 'Waltham Butternut.'

90 AMERICAN H ORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Where have all the Wild Flowers gone?

THOMAS HARNEY Bogs, wet and spongy areas where unique forms of plant life flourish, are disappearing in the areas around major cities, dooming some of na ture's loveliest and most unusual wild Howers. What makes the bogs vanish more often than not is man's heedlessness as he bulldozes more and more land areas for housing developments. The death of what may have been the last true bog in the Washington area, near Suitland, Mel., was reported recent­ ly by Smithsonian botanist Stanwyn Shetler. A half century ago Suitland bog was one of a dozen or more magnolia bogs in the. area, so called beca use of -the mag­ Venus Fly trap noha or sweet bay that grew in them. Botanists knew them as the most strikinO" that is formed by plant matter decaying wII'd plant habitat in the vicinity and de-b under cold water. The water-logged, lighted in visiting them to see sphagnum acid peat creates conditions that limit moss and such wild Howers as pitcher the available nitrogen and other nu­ plants, sundews, butterworts, and blad­ trients essential to plant growth. derworts, plants rarely seen except in Pitcher plants, sundews, and butter­ bogs. worts have found a way to compensate But over the last few decades as the for this nitrogen scarcity. They "eat" population has grown, bogs like the Suit­ insects, a habit that makes them one of land bog have been destroyed one by one. the wonders of the plant world. "A single new ditch or truckload of The pitcher plant, so called because of fill can alter centuries-old drainaoe pat- its cluster of pitcher-like leaves streaked . b terns suffiCIently to dry up a little bog with red veins, is attractive to insects be­ or wet sandy flat and doom an ancient cause of its nectar. As the insects feed, population of sundews, pitcher-plants, or they are inclined to stray into the mouth butterworts to certain extinction," Shet­ of the " pitcher." T h e pitcher'S lip h as ler says. stifE, downward pointing hairs, and once These hardy wild Hower species are at the insect begins to move down over home in bogs because they have adapted these hairs there is usually no return. It to cold, soggy, spongy ground that lacks soon reaches a steep, slippery wall that ni trogen. toboggans it down into a pool of water Bogs are nitrogen deficient because a t the bottom of the pitcher. they are built on a foundation of peat The plant releases enzyme inlo the water. These and bacteria, which thrive milhsonian Instilution. in the clige live brine, immedialely be-

SPRI NG 1970 91 gin decomposing the insect. When the an unfortunate fly and then secrete en­ insects are digested the plant is able to zymes to digest it. absorb the nitrogen compounds for in­ Both the pitcher plant and the sun­ ternal use. dews could be seen at Suitland, but Pitcher plants are found in sphagnum when Shetler visited the area recently he bogs across eastern and central North found that bulldozers had graded for a America from as far north as Great Bear nearby housing development and caused Lake, near the Arctic Circle in north­ gravel to wash down a slope into the west Canada, southward to Georgia. heart of the small habitat, destroying A second bog resident in the same most of the pitcher plants and apparent­ geographic range is the sundew, whose ly all of the sundews. glistening leaves appear harmless, but "This is a symbolic tragedy. How do when an unwary insect lands on them you convey the value of these unique he finds himself entangled and trapped plants that are lost and the fact that no in tentacles that hold droplets of a sticky one will ever be able to see pitcher plants fluid. The plant then secretes digestive bloom again in the Washington area?" enzymes. Shetler said. The Venus fly trap is another insectiv­ "Much more tragic than the loss of orous plant found only in the bogs of one small bog is the carelessness that per­ the Coastal Plain of North and South mits man to blindly alter the landscape Carolina. Its spiked leaves are a trap­ without regard for its flowers and other ping mechanism that can snap shut on beauties."

92 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY CONRAD B. LINK, Editor Book Reviews

The Story of The Royal Horticultural to North America and who sent back to Society, 1804 -1968 England many plants native to our western coast. H. R. Fletcher. Oxford University Press, Beginning with its early meetings, the 200 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. papers presented were later published. 1969. 564 pages. Illustrated. $14.75 (Li­ These publications took several forms, with brary) the present one, the "New Series" of the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, On March 7, 1804, seven men met in begun in 1866. London and formed an organization which Shows and exhibitions have been an im­ later became The Royal Horticultural Soci­ portant function of the RHS. They have ety. This meeting had been preceded by ranged from exhibits for members-of special months of correspondence and discussions, plants or groups of plants-to ·the large encouraged by John Wedgewood, son of shows in special exhibit buildings and the Josiah Wedgewood of pot'tery fame. These present shows at Chelsea. seven men, all vitally interested in plants Perhaps one of the most significant meet­ and in horticulture, included three amateur ings sponsored by the RHS was the Interna­ gardeners--John Wedgewood, CharIes Grev­ tional Conference on Hybridization and ille, and R. A. Salisbury; a botanist, Sir Plant Breeding in 1899, at which papers Joseph Banks; two professional gardeners­ were presented by W. Bateson, C. C. Hurst William Forsyth and William T. Aiton, both and Hugo de Vries. These papers, which gardeners 'to King George III; and a nursery­ collectively contained information first pub­ man-seedsma'n, James Dickson. At the next lished by Gregor Mendel in 1865, had essen­ several meetings additional members were tially been lost to the scientific world, having added who also became active and known in been published in a relatively little-known horticultural affairs. A pattern developed for journal. Hugh de Vries was one of three their regular meetings, with talks on plants scientists who had rediscovered Mendel's and gardening by members, shows and ex­ work. The importance of this was recognized hibi,ts of newer and unusual plants. The and the Society published a translation of Society also sponsored expeditions for the Mendel's report in the Journal in 1901. introduction of new plants. Later a publica­ The reader will recognize in this history tion was begun. The society grew so that by many names associated with plants and hor­ 1822 there were 2500 members. At first, only ticulture, persons who are remembered for men attended the meetings, women being their writings, their contributions to our later included as guests at certain events, knowledge of plants, and many who in turn and in 1830, admitted to membership. Wom­ have been honored by having their names en soon became active in the Society, its used in the scientific naming of plants. Not meetings, and shows. only have gardeners and professional horti­ One of the early projects of the Society culturists been involved in the Society, but was to establish a garden for the growing of the Royal family, governmental leaders, as many kinds of plants as possible. This business and professional people, as well. It garden was relocated several times until the has brought together people who represent a present Royal Horticultural Society garden wide range of plant interest. was established at Wisley in 1903. This is a ,fascinating history of an impor­ The RHS established a horticultural ex­ tant segment of horticulture. It is a detailed, amination program for student gardeners at well documented story and makes enjoyable Chiswick Garden, and one of the first certifi­ reading. The author was director of th.e cates was presented on September 26, 1836, Wisley Gardens from 1951 to 1954 and ~s to Robert Fortune who was later to become now Regius Keeper of the Royal BotaniC well known as a plant explorer. He was one Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland. This is an of several men who at one time or another important contribution to the history of went on plant exploration trips for the horticulture. Society. David Douglas was one who was sent CONRAD B. L INK

SPRI 'G 1970 93 Informal Gardening ecologist, urban planner, write.r and lecturer, portrays his adequate understanding of the B. Cary Kilvert Jr., The Macmillan Com­ land including an appreciation of its intrin­ pany, N. Y. and, Collier-Macmillan Ltd., sic value and knowledge of how it can bes t London, England, 1969, 286 pages, illus­ serve mankind. He takes a strong stand tra ted, $5.95. against man's disregard of his natural envi­ InfoTmaL GaTdening is written especially ronment and demonstrates how new knowl­ [or the new homeowner with the desire and edge .and techniques must be applied to the ambition of designing and developing his environment. own landsca pe. The author successfully com­ The author's practical approach, combin­ bines horticultural principles and practices ing scientific insight and constructive envi­ with his own experiences to establish a se­ ronmental design, provides a procedure to quence of steps which should be followed in identify each area of our environment for its developing a landscape site. most su itable use. He begins with the first ·considerations of D esign with NatuTe is a resource book not home ownership-including the often over­ to be read h as tily, but to be absorbed slowly looked topics of preserving -the inherent to develop a foundation of ecological knowl­ features of the site, the land, and the plant edge which may be affective ly appli ed to our care during construction. The author's own disappearing and disintergrating environ- experience with builders and contractors menL adds amusement while emphasizing ·the im­ F. C. GALLE portance of preplanning and "on the site" su pervision by the homeowner. As the land­ sca pe is being developed, Kilvert also recom­ Handbook of Rocky Mountain Plants mnds naturalistic plantings which elimina·te the need for future maintenance. A major Ruth Ashton Nelson. Dale Stuart King, theme of the text is the development of the I'u blisher, Tucson, Arizona 85704. 1969, landscape plan toward livabili,ty and enjoy­ 33 1 pages, illustrated, $6 .95 (thin paper ment. cover, $4.95) (Library) Another feature of this book is its em­ A book of the native plants of the Rocky phasis on conservation of the land's natural Mountains written for those who wish to resources and the economics of landscaping. learn and know the plant he sees, Handbook Many suggestions are made for ·the use of of Rock)) Mounta,in Plants is written in a native plant materials and construction sur­ non-technical manner by one familiar with plus in the landscape. Although the individ­ the plants of the region. The simple keys for ual is encouraged to perform a major por­ identification are based on the most .familiar tion of his own work, the author admits that or obvious characters, with many line conditions often arise which necessitate pro­ drawings to help. fession l consultation. The first section of the book describes the While the book contains much desc riptive general mountain climate, soils, and land­ text, it lacks diagrams which would have scape as they relate to and influence plant been beneficial to the inexperienced garden­ growth. A short description explaining the er. An appendix includes a list of recom­ several zones of vegetation follows, begin­ mended trees and shrubs-but it is limited ning with the Foothills which "extend from and the author suggests consultation with where the plains break at the foot of the local w urces of garden in formation. mountains up to the region where large trees THOMAS J. MCCUBBIN are dominant," to the Montane zone or forested region, to the Subalpine zone and fin ally to the AIpine or Tundra zone-above timberline. Each of these vegetation zones Design With Nature have distinctive -plants found in them, whether in the Rockies of Montana or in Ian L. McHarg. The Natural History Press for th e American Museum of Natural His­ Arizona-a response largely to the elevation tory, Garden City, N.Y., 1969, $19.95. and temperature. More than 975 plants are described, in­ The author h as given us an excellent book cluding details of size, color, and habit of to se rve as a guid e for the 70's on th e growth, often with related items of historical importance of eco logy ~ th e science of man's interest, of Indian lore, and b iographic relati onship to his environment. informat'on. McHarg, a renowned landscape architect, CONRAD B. LINK

04 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Living With Your Land-A Guide to Recommendations for control of the pests Conservation for the City's Fringe are made, with the method and timing of the con trol explained. John Vosburgh. Bulletin 53, Cranbrook The las t chapters are devoted to the de· Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, scription of specific varieties within four Michigan, 1968. 150 p ages. Illustrated. groups: ramblers and climbers; old-fashioned $1.00. (Library) roses, species, and shrubs; the floribundas; Members of the Garden Club of Michigan and the hybrid teas. The author states that provided funds for the preparation of this "the omission of a variety does not mean it is paperback volume which was designed "to unworthy of a place in the garden"-a state­ serve as a guide for persons freshly exposed ment which implies that they are worth a to life at the city's fringe." However, as the place in the garden, at least the English foreword states, "it will h ave little to offer garden. the person who lives in a subdivision in Blanket ,recommendations are intended to which th-ere are six houses per acre." se rve only as a guide. Before purchas ing a There is much practical advice on the variety, a beginner in this country would do concerns of the rural or suburban prope'r'ty­ well to consult with other rose growers or owner: erosion, undesi rable plants and an i­ trial gardens to determine what is best in his mals, attracting des irable wildlife, highways, locality. billboards, and so on. Chapter and appendix The author keeps the text interesting by subjects may give the best idea of the scope: his humorous use of well-placed, well-timed From Wilderness to Subdivision; The Site analogies . This is a worthwhile book for the and the Soil; Water; Vegetation; Neighbors beginner. in Furs; Bird Life; R eptiles and Fish; Lower ALTON J. PERTUIT Animals; Community Affairs; Where to Fi.nd Advice, H elp and Material. Nightshades, The Paradoxical Plants This book will serve as an introduction to the ecology of areas in the northeas t which Charles B. H eiser Jr. "V. H . Freeman and are near urban centers but still afford some Co., 660 Market St., San Francisco, Calif. diversity of flora and fauna. 94104, 1969, 200 pages, Illustrated, $5.95, (Library) ROBERT L. BAKER This is a fa sc in ating acco unt of a family of plants th at a,re familar to all. Some are Rose Growing for Everyone among our most common vegetable6; others, E. B. LeGrice. Faber and Faber, Ltd., 2't decorative garden plants; still others have Russell Square, London. 1969. 151 pages. alkaloids of medicinal va lue while a few are Illustrated. $3.00. (Library) poisonous and of questionable va lue. The family Solanaoeae, the nightshades, One might describe this book for the includes the potato, tomato, egg plant and beginner as a step-by-step recipe-starting pepper; the fl owering kinds-P e tun ia literally from the ground up-for growing BTOwallia , Schiza nthus, Salpiglossis, orna­ roses for personal enjoyment. The author mental CatJsicum; tho,e with medicinal val­ divides the book into three basic parts, ex­ ue-the henbane and belladonna; and so me plaining clearly the functions of and culture of in co nsequential value such as the husk associated with " th e root, the shoots, the tomato, th e wonderberry and tobacco, "the nower and the bush." Filthy Weed" or "Divine Pl ant. " He emphasizes that the proper location The book is written in a conversational and preparation of the bed is basic to suc­ manner that will be of interest to the plants­ cess ful rose growing. Careful detail, with man, gardener, professional plant scientist, cl ea r, easy-to-follow diagrams, is found in and interested reader. H e includes so me­ this important section. t hin ~ of Ih e origin and history of each plant. The one on pruning is clear, concise, and stories of its development, ancient and mod­ well illustrated. One of the important merits ern uses, and some of the fo lklore th at has of the book, I believe, is that the author Sli lTollnded certain of th e nightshades. neve r merely states what must be done, h e The author has made a particul ar study always follows his recommenda tions with of these plants and is thorou,!!hly acquainted reasons. with th e group as a profe sio nal bota nist. Attention is given to the basic disease and H e tells the tory in an interesting. non- in ect pe ts of the rose. These are pictorially technica l manner. illu. tr~ted for the benefit of the beginner. CONRAD B. LINK

SPRING 1970 95 The American Horticultural Society

TH E AZALEA BOOK

The Second Edition of The Azalea Handbook is a delight to gardeners because of its comprehensive and authoritative coverage of the world of azaleas. From the basic how-to's of selecting, planting, fertilizing, and pruning azaleas for ama­ teur azalea-philes to more exact scientific information for experts, The Azalea Handbook is a complete botanical and historical guide to this outstanding plant family. It is based on the combined knowledge of plant explorers, government specialists, foreign collectors, and the author, the late Frederic P. Lee. In addition to a section on the basic horticulture of the plant-its structure, growth factors, soils, nutrition and hybridizing procedures, the book also offers an extensive listing of azalea groups-their classification, description and history-including a revised listing of some of the American and Japanese species and the Satsuki group. Frederic P. Lee was a leading azalea authority and outstanding amateur grow­ er in this country. A retired lawyer, Lee was a former officer of The American Horticultural Society, a long-time member of its Editorial Committee and an officer of many horticul­ tural groups here and abroad. Included in his long list of horticultural honors, is the Gold Medal and Awards Citation of The American Horticultural Society. 408 pages, 6 %, x 9%,. 65 illustrations, 5 in color. Cloth-bound $12.90 ($8.90 to AHS members). Prices include postage, insurance, and han­ dling charges.

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 2401 Calvert Street N. W. Washington, D. C. 20008

Date ______

Please send to me : copy(ies) The Daylily Handbook at $4.40 each -- $ copy(ies) The Daffodil Handbook Paperback at 3.40 each - Cloth-bound at 4.90 each - ______copy(ies) The Peonies Paperback at 3.90 each Cloth-bound at 5.40 each copy(ies) The Azalea Book To members at 8.90 each -

To non-members at 12 .90 each - ---_ ... _-_._ ... -

I enclose the total amount of ______------$ Name ______. ______

Address City ______State ______Zip ______------. -

Price includes postaae and handling May II, 1970 The American Horticultural Society THE DAYLILY HANDBOOK With more than 12,000 named daylilies now available and some 800 new cultivars appearing each year, The Daylily Handbook is a 'must' for lovers of Hemerocallis. Published jointly by the American Horticultural Society and the Ameri­ can Hemerocallis Society, this volume is the most compre­ hensive book ever produced on the daylily. Thirty authorities on Hemerocaltis contributed its 19 chapters and 5 appendices. Subjects covered are history of the daylily, the species, culti­ vars, developmental anatomy and physiology, breeding of diploid daylilies and miniatures, tetraploid daylilies, selecting and evaluating, introducing and registering, propagation, cul­ ture and diseases, and many others. The appendices list hy­ bridizers, growers, breeders of tetraploid daylilies, recom­ mended cultivars by climatic regions, and the all-time great daylilies. Edited by Dr. George M. Darrow, fruit specialist for the U. S. Department of Agriculture for 40 years, now a distin­ guished breeder of Hemerocallis and other award-winning ornamentals, and Dr. Frederick G. Meyer, research botanist in charge of the herbarium of the U. S. National Arboretum and editor of the Society's American Horticultural Magazine. 232 pages. 32 pages of color photographs. 60 black and white photographs and drawings. Paperback (only) $4.40.

THE DAFFODIL HANDBOOK Delightfully informative for the amateur gardener and an ac­ knowledged necessity for the professional, The Daffodil Hernd­ book is comprehensive in treatment and international in scope. The list of its 27 authors is a veritable Who's Who of the daffodil world. In 25 interesting chapters they present com­ plete know-how for growing outstanding daffodils-and enjoy­ ing it. Included are garden guides, instructions on planting, structural and growth factors, soils, nutrition, hybridizing, cultural practice, pest and disease control, facts on hardiness, groups of unique daffodils, lists of breeders and trade sources, and a wealth of botanical and historical information on this well-loved garden star. The editor is George S. Lee, Jr., for­ mer president of the American Daffodil Society and recipient of its Meritorious Service Medal. 240 pages. 56 black and white p'hotographs and drawings. Paperback-$3.40. Cloth­ bound-$4.90.

THE PEONIES Written expressly from the point of view of, and for the use of, horticulturists and gardeners, The Peonies handbook intro· duces the reader to a multitude of beautiful plants. Both the herbaceous peonies (Section 1), and the tree peonies (Section THE PEONIES II) are covered in depth by a committee of distinguished authors, each writing from a lifetime of experience in growing these superb plants about which so little is generally known. Its scope includes chapters on description, culture, propaga­ tion, checklists of varieties, lists of growers, botanical classifi­ cations, pests, diseases, breeding, history, and a co·mpreh e nsive bibliography. It provides authoritative and enjoyable reading for the amateur, the professional grower and the scientist alike. Its editor is Dr. John C. Wister, director emeritus of the Arthur Hoyt Scott Horticultural Foundation, Swarthmore Col. lege and internationally known for his brilliant work with lilacs, peonies and other ornamentals. 220 pages. 60 excellent black and white photographs and drawings. Paperback­ $3.90. Cloth-bound-$5.40.