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Ciconia Episcopus During 2012-20 from North India

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Ciconia Episcopus During 2012-20 from North India ISSN 2710‐1142(online) SIS Conservation, 2020, 2, 42‐46 RESEARCH ARTICLE Observations on distribution and feeding behavior of Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus during 2012-20 from north India Nawin Kumar TIWARY1* 1Department of Environmental Studies, Indraprastha College for Women, University of Delhi, Delhi, India. *E.mail: [email protected] Abstract Woolly­necked Stork Ciconia episcopus is a tropical species which has its distribution range in south Asia and south­east Asia with a stronghold of its population in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, and Indonesia. It inhabits a wide range of habitat from wetlands, rivers, ponds, tanks, mudflats, and agricultural fields. Despite its population having a strong presence in India, little is known about their habitat preferences, nesting, and foraging behavior. This paper reports observations about the habitat use and observation of a previously unknown foraging habit of the species in northern India. Wetlands (58.3 % of sightings) and agricultural fields (37.5 % of sightings) were found to be the most occupied habitats with an average flock size of 1.87 ± 0.25. This study also reports an unusual feeding behavior among Woolly­necked Stork which may be a true scavenging behavior or an opportunistic feeding of insects from an animal carcass. Woolly­necked Storks appear to be relatively plastic in their ability to use both wetlands and agricultural fields and being able to scavenge when the opportunity was available. Detailed studies on habitat use and foraging requirements of the species are missing and are required to assist with developing a better ecological understanding of the species. Keywords Woolly­necked Stork, flock size, habitat use, north India, scavenging. Udagedara 2017). Studies from around the world Introduction have mostly focused on the breeding of the species and provide basic information about their nesting Woolly­necked Stork Ciconia episcopus is a period, mating display, nesting substrate, and glossy­black stork with a fluffy white neck and clutch size. They are solitary nesters (Vaghela et al. white under tail coverts. It is distributed in south 2015) and prefer tall trees located in any natural Asia and south­east Asia with a large part of its landscape for placing their platform nests. population in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, However, there are existing records of their nesting Thailand, and Indonesia (BirdLife International on trees in villages (Choudhary et al. 2013; 2017). It inhabits a wide range of habitat from Kularatne and Udagedara 2017) and unique wetlands, rivers, ponds, tanks, mudflats, and substrate like mobile towers in urban areas agricultural fields. Despite its population having a (Vaghela et al. 2015). Even in the domain of stronghold in India, robust ecological knowledge breeding ecology, information on vital rates like about their habitat preferences and key vital nest survival for the species is not available. functions like nesting and foraging is largely missing (Jangtarwan et al. 2019; Kularatne and Woolly­necked Stork is predominantly carnivorous Article history with a wide range of dietary preferences including Received: 22 July 2020, frogs, reptiles, molluscs and large insects (Ali and Received in revised form: 04 August 2020, Ripley 1978; del Hoyo et al. 1992). They also Accepted: 06 August 2020, Published online: 05 October 2020 occasionally forage for fishes in dried up water © 2020 The Authors. SIS Conservation. Published by: IUCN Stork, Ibis and Spoonbill Specialist Group www.storkibisspoonbill.org/sis­conservation­publications/ 42 Tiwary, 2020 Observations of Woolly‐necked Storks in north India Figure 1. A map showing records of Woolly‐necked Stork presence at 15 locations in North India. The description of the location marker is in Table 1. Serial number of a location as per their first appearance in the table is used as labels. holes and streams. Studies have shown that natural wetlands are their preferred foraging sites (Sundar observations were made in the early morning (0600 2006) but they also use agricultural fields, to1000 h) using a pair of binoculars. marshes, and flooded pastures. The species is thought to be threatened by fragmentation and loss Results of habitat which have negatively impacted its Woolly­necked Storks were sighted in different population, mainly in south­east Asia where a habitats with most of the observations in marked decline is observed over the past few unprotected agricultural wetlands (N = 8), years (BirdLife International 2017). The absence protected wetlands (N = 6), agricultural fields (N = of baseline data on the distribution and ecology of 9), and riverbeds (N = 1) (Table 1). The average the species and lack of a better understanding of flock size of Woolly­necked Stork observed was relative threats is a major challenge in devising 1.87 ± 0.25 (range = 1 to 8). Mean flock size for effective conservation strategies for this species. the species was estimated to be 2.33 ± 0.62 in This note reports observations about the habitat agricultural fields and 1.57 ± 0.17 in wetlands. The use and one instance of scavenging by Woolly­ largest recorded group was a flock with eight necked Storks in northern India. individuals foraging in an agricultural field near Palson village, Uttar Pradesh along with other Methods and study area waterbird species. They were seen foraging alongside other species (45% of sightings) like The observations on Woolly­necked Stork were made Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Black­ mainly in four states of northern India, viz. Delhi, headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan. From Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, Cattle Rajasthan, the Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur was Egret Bubulcus ibis, Little Egret Egretta garzetta the only site where data was recorded. During several and Grey Heron Ardea cinerea. field visits from 2012 to 2020, we conducted extensive surveys in these four states to record sightings of the In June 2018, an unusual feeding behavior was focal species (Figure 1). Field surveys were conducted observed. A pair of Woolly­necked Stork was seen for 10 to 14 days, every year between November to feeding on a cattle carcass in Keoladeo National March. Counts were made at focal wetlands and all the Park, Bharatpur, India (Figure 2). They were seen road routes traversed to reach these wetlands. digging their beak into the flesh of the dead Observation on habitat use, flock size, flock animal. They were either feeding on the flesh or composition and foraging behavior were recorded. All were picking up insects or maggots from the 43 Observations of Woolly‐necked Storks in north India Tiwary, 2020 Figure 2. A pair of Woolly‐necked Stork feeding on the cattle carcass at Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, India. Photograph by Nawin K. Tiwary. rotting carcass. Another interesting observation from unprotected agricultural wetlands with very was made in January 2020, when a pair of Woolly­ few from a protected reserve. These observations necked Stork was seen foraging for insects in are identical to those from another agricultural freshly plowed agricultural fields along with a landscape in south­western Uttar Pradesh where flock of Cattle Egrets (Figure 3). One foraging the storks also used irrigation canals, fallow fields individual in this pair had a considerably larger or and grasslands (Sundar 2006). Unprotected overgrown lower mandible. Despite this deformity wetlands, which are mostly outside the protected in its beak structure, the bird was able to forage area network, are fast diminishing due to rapid normally alongside its conspecific. urban expansion and agricultural intensification. Discussion In our study, the mean flock size for Woolly­ necked Stork was estimated to be 1.87 ± 0.25, Sightings of Woolly­necked Stork in north India however, in one case the largest recorded flock was during the study reflects that both wetland and of 8 individuals. Woolly­necked Storks are known agricultural fields were used by Woolly­necked to exhibit social foraging behavior during non­ Stork, and they were seen largely in small flocks breeding seasons (Pande et al. 2007) and aggregate of 2­3 individuals. Most of the observations were in large numbers in foraging patches usually Figure 3. Woolly‐necked Stork feeding with a flock of Cattle Egret in a freshly tilled agricultural field. The unusual growth in the lower mandible can be seen in this individual. Photograph by Nawin K. Tiwary. 44 Tiwary, 2020 Observations of Woolly‐necked Storks in north India Table 1: Woolly‐necked Stork Ciconia episcopus sightings in north India. Sightings are provided in chronological order. species. Detailed studies on habitat use and located in the vicinity of water bodies. They foraging pattern can be very useful in filling the mostly feed on large insects, frogs, crabs, lizards, gaps in the knowledge about this species. and snakes (Ali and Ripley 1978). However, there Maintaining agricultural landscape with are no previous records of scavenging behavior in interspersed wetlands can be a key in developing a Woolly­necked Storks. The unusual feeding congenial habitat for the Woolly­necked Storks. behavior observed by us may be a true scavenging behavior or an opportunistic feeding of insects Acknowledgments from the animal carcass. In either case, this remains a unique photo documentation for this I thank Indraprastha College for Women, University of Delhi 45 Observations of Woolly‐necked Storks in north India Tiwary, 2020 for the award of an Undergraduate Research Grant which Lynx Edicions, Barcelona, Spain. assisted in some parts of the fieldwork. I thank Dr. K. S. Jangtarwan, K., T. Koomgun, T. Prasongmaneerut, R. Gopi Sundar for his constructive comments on the initial Thongchum, W. Singchat, P. Tawichasri, T. Fukayama, S. drafts of this manuscript and suggesting some useful Sillapaprayoon, E. Kraichak, N. Muangmai, S, literature. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. Abdul Jamil Urfi for Baicharoen, C. Punkong, S. Poyacheknagul, P. Duengkae many insightful discussions I had with him on the storks of and K.
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