Preliminary survey of Boulder

An Overview of documented on and around Boulder Island and proposed future measures of improvement

A preliminary survey conducted by the Team of Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation

April 2016

Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents 2 2 Location 4 3 Current state 6 3.1 Marine survey 6 3.1.1 Objective 6 3.1.2 Observed species 6 3.1.3 State of the Boulder Island Reefs 12 3.1.4 Dynamite fishing around Boulder Island 13 3.2 Terrestrial Surveys 14 3.2.1 Objective 14 3.2.2 Observed species 14 4 Suggested Measures 17 4.1 Water based measures 17 4.1.1 Permanent moorings 17 4.1.2 top protection 18 4.1.3 care 19 4.1.4 Coral garden / reef rejuvenation 19 4.1.5 Proposing a No-take Zone 20 4.1.6 Long term observation 21 4.2 Land based measures 21 4.2.1 Regular cleanups 21 4.2.2 Wind and weather monitoring 22 4.2.3 Fresh water supplies 22 4.2.4 Salt water flushing for toilets 22 4.2.5 Suggestions for other bungalows 22 4.2.6 Gardening 22 4.2.7 Micro grid solar power 22 4.3 Other Suggestions 23 4.3.1 Up cycling trash found on 23 4.3.2 Research collaborations 23 4.3.3 Hiking paths across the island 23 4.3.4 Resting areas/viewpoints 23 4.3.5 Provide guests with garbage bags on arrival 23 4.4 Research Barge 23 4.4.1 Securing option A 24 4.4.2 Securing option B 24 5 Literature 25 6 Table of Figures 26 7 Appendix 27 7.1 Species lists 27 7.1.1 Coral 27 7.1.2 Anemones 27 7.1.3 28 7.1.4 Echinodermata 29 7.1.5 Molluscs 29 7.1.6 Others (marine) 29

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 2 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.1.7 30 7.1.8 30 7.1.9 31 7.1.10 Reptiles 31 7.2 List of in 32

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 3 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

2 Location Boulder Island is located within the Mergui Archipelago in southern Myanmar (Fig 1). Fig 2 shows the general overview of Boulder Island with the key bays and various hiking paths.

Figure 1 - Overview of Mergui Archipelago & Boulder Island

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 4 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Figure 2: Satellite imagery of Boulder Island with key labels. Brown lines indicate hiking trails

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 5 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

3 Current state 3.1 Marine survey

3.1.1 Objective To survey the present species around the island and propose a dedicated area for reef rejuvenation in Boulder Bay and suggest immediate steps for better protection of the existing coral.

3.1.2 Observed species

Coral A large variety of various coral species (Fig 3-5) were found throughout the sampling area, with two species prominent in the waters around Boulder Island. coerulea (Fig 4) appears very prominent in Boulder Bay as well as Sisters Bay. This species is identified by the IUCN as vulnerable at this stage and the abundance of it around Boulder Island helps to make a strong case towards protecting this area. Heliopora coerulea is particularly susceptible to due to its shallow distribution and therefore greater risk of disappearing within one generation and consequently is closely observed in many regions. The second highly abundant species is tuberculosa (Fig 3), which represented more than 50% of the coral in Moken Bay during the survey period. Though it is listed as Least Concerned from the IUCN, this coral in Moken Bay is well established, but also under the threat of coral bleaching. As its is in shallower water, which is more sensitive to temperature changes, this put additional stress on the coral and the potential of becoming endangered. During the survey we identified several IUCN Red Listed coral species, though without long-term survey and more rigorous observations, the exact species could not be identified. These species and several coral types are in desperate need of protection (Appendix 7.1.1). Even with only a few species identifications and a relatively brief survey, the coral around Boulder Island should be able to make a strong point towards a No Take Zone designation and lay the groundwork towards more detailed research work (genetic IDs, collecting samples, laboratory identification, etc.) in the future. There are more than 400 coral species documented for the alone, therefore is difficult to create full species identification. For a more complete survey and listing of all coral species in the survey area, a long-term observation with full SCUBA gear would be necessary. This would allow sufficient time for documenting and collecting detailed observations on the coral and the associated species of and .

Figure 3: Montipora tuberculosa coral

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 6 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Figure 4: Heliopora coerulea coral

Figure 5: patella coral

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 7 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Anemones Several large accumulations of anemones were observed throughout the surrounding waters of Boulder Island. The largest was found on the eastern side of the island with several colonies of (Fig 6) located on top of big coral blocks and boulders at 2 to 7 meters depth. Sisters Bay had the second high densities of Heteractis magnifica in place. Entacmaea quadricolor (Fig 7) was only found in Boulder Bay with only single individuals and no larger colonies were observed. However, this particular kind of anemone is home to amphippion, which was present in the observed samples of Entacmaea quadricolor. This would indicate that there are more individuals in the area than we could initially find. Single individuals of all species (Appendix 7.1.2) were observed throughout all the bays of the island.

Figure 6: Heteractis magnifica anemone

Figure 7: Entacmaea quadricolor anemone

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 8 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Even though anemones and the associated anemone fish are a major attraction for snorkeler and divers in tropical waters, none of the observed species are listed in the IUCN or other organizations for endangerment. However, anemones do provide an indication of water quality around the island.

Fish With more than 400 different species of reef fish confirmed in the Mergui Archipelago, Boulder Island contains a large variety of reef fishes ranging across families and of all sizes (Fig 8-10). During every data collection, we could add new species to the full listing of observed species (Appendix 7.1.3), thus increasing the overall species list of Boulder Island. To provide a completed listing of all existing fish species would require a longer research period and full SCUBA gear to reach various depths. A large majority of the observed species during our survey was reef-associated, prominently visible in juvenile fish, as they seek shelter in the reef top as well as in broken coral along the seabed.

Figure 8: nigropunctatus - Black Spotted Toadfish

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 9 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Figure 9: – Western Anemone Fish

Figure 10: Amphiprion ocellaris - False Clown Anemone Fish

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 10 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Echinodermata Various types of Echinodermata were observed during the data collection on Boulder Island (Appendix 7.1.4), none of the observed species were in the listing of IUCN. Nevertheless the abundance of sea cucumbers (Fig 11) is an indication of the health of the substrate. Sea cucumbers clear the substrate from all dead particles and excrete clean . The amount of sea urchins also provides an indication of a well-balanced ecosystem. The small accumulations of sea urchins were limited to areas of rich growth, as no large areas of bare rock could provide the needed habitation.

Figure 11: Bohadschia graeffel - Marbled Sea Cucumber

Molluscs A prominent representative of marine mollusks is the Giant Clamp (Fig 12), which was documented in various sizes and colors throughout the surrounding waters of the island. Only a few mollusks were observed during the survey (Appendix 7.1.5), but a larger variety seems to be present, as indicated by the manifold shells found across the Boulder Island beaches.

Figure 12: maxima - Giant Clamp

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 11 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

3.1.3 State of the Boulder Island Reefs The structure and health of the coral reefs around Boulder Island indicates past destruction, but is currently in a state of positive rejuvenation (Fig 14). Large areas of coral, especially inside Boulder Bay, may appear “dead”, but are in fact still alive (Fig 13). After a coral bleaching event, the larger coral died off, causing the colorless (white) coral. However, this stable substrate provides algae the basis for development and reintroduction. Over time coral can grow back onto this stable substrate and build secondary reefs (new reefs using the older primary reef as their base structure). Coral is slow growing and will grow back if suitable stable substrate is present (Fig 14). Boulder Island shows a suitable stable substrate that the coral is using to build secondary reefs.

Figure 13: Destroyed Reef

Figure 14: Juvenile coral regrown on previously bleached coral with algal layer

Large areas of the previously bleached coral are also covered in a brown looking layer. This is in fact already coral growing back. Most coral is very slow growing, however, certain pioneer species have

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 12 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island the ability of faster growth (up to 1cm/year). These species take over in the first years of a new or rejuvenated reef growth and then slowly reducing as the slow growing species “catch up”. The broken coral patches in the bays also provide an important habitat for various juvenile fish species, as it is very similar to the reef top, though in deeper waters. This provides better protection and independence from the large tidal changes. The reef-top does provide better protection from larger predators, but during full moon and the associated low tides there is a danger of falling dry outside the tidal pools. This can cause juveniles to migrate to deeper with similar structures, such as bleached reef structures or accumulations of rocks and boulders. This was observed in across Moken Bay and Sisters Bay.

3.1.4 Dynamite fishing around Boulder Island Though we did not witness dynamite fishing around Boulder Island, we heard various reports on this destructive fishing method. During one of our surveys, we did encounter several floating dead , aka Pufferfish, in a single location. This usually is a sign of immediate stress and/or pressure impact and could be a sign of dynamite fishing in the immediate area.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 13 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

3.2 Terrestrial Surveys

3.2.1 Objective To establish a baseline database of existing species on Boulder Island. Future work could include the creation of a guidebook for hikes and complete species lists for Boulder Island. Understanding the terrestrial landscape and species can help with suggestions for future development and possible alterations to the Boulder Island Eco Resort for a more environmental friendly development and impact.

3.2.2 Observed species

Plants Various species of plants could be observed on the island. With thousands of tropical species, specific identification proved difficult. A tropical botanist would be required for confirmation and to compile a complete species list of Boulder Island. We did identify prominent species, such as the Barringtonia asiatica - Fish Poison Tree and Cerbera odollam - Suicide Tree, found throughout the island, while the Pandanus odoratissimus - Screw Pine was located in rocky outcroppings along the waterfront. Unfortunately no edible fruit plants were found on Boulder Island. This could be due to the soil , soil health or salinity or perhaps the distribution of fresh water sources. A full list of currently identified species can be found in the appendix 7.1.7.

Birds A large variety of birds are present on the island (Appendix 7.1.8). Photo identification provided the most accurate identification, though difficult due to the vegetation and terrain of Boulder Island. Caloenas nicobarica - Nicobar Pigeon (Fig 15) was observed and is currently listed as Near Threatened in the IUCN Red List. Ducula bicolor - Pied Imperial Pigeon and Copsychus malabaricus - White-Rumped Shama (Fig 16) were widespread across the island. While Haliastur indus - Brahmany Kite, Haliaeetus leucogaster - White-Bellied Sea Eagle and Egretta sacrata - Egret appeared to be the predominate marine birds. Though extensive observation were made of Boulder Island, many species are still yet to be identified and were unable to be photographed for a positive identification. A longer study would be required to determine if the species observed are residents of Boulder Island, seasonal visitors or in migration.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 14 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Figure 15: Caloenas nicobarica - Nicobar Pigeon

Figure 16: Copsychus malabaricus - White-Rumped Shama

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 15 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Mammals The only mammals witnessed on the island were a species of jungle rat and jungle mouse as well as a species of flying bat (Appendix 7.1.9). Unfortunately identifying pictures were not possible during our survey time. This species could also be an effect of fishing boats/cargo boats coming onto the island or perhaps a native species. The island appears to not have a sufficient size to provide a livable habitat for larger mammals. Though a longer survey could provide more detail, it seems unlikely that a larger (other than the jungle rat species) resides on Boulder Island.

Reptiles A variety of reptiles reside on the island (Appendix 7.1.10). These include Malayopython reticulates - Reticulated Python (Fig 17), Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima - Golden Tree Snake and Varanus salvator - Malayan Water Monitor. Several species of geckos and small lizards may reside on Boulder Island, though a more extensive survey would be required for positive identification.

Figure 17: Malayopython reticulatus - Reticulated Python

Insects Extensive varieties of butterflies and other insects were observed during the stay on the island. However, for identification an expert on insects with sufficient time would be required. With many species of insects prevalent throughout South East identification is very difficult without a prominent insectologist present.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 16 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

4 Suggested Measures 4.1 Water based measures

4.1.1 Permanent moorings During our underwater survey, we repeatedly encountered broken coral. This appeared to be the result of dropped anchors and the attached anchor chains/ropes. This was confirmed as many often had a “center” of destruction and serious damage extending to one or more directions. With permanent moorings installed there would be no future need for boats to drop anchor and further destruction can be prevented.

Long-tail moorings For snorkeling trips around the island the Boulder Island long-tail could be utilized. Though the anchor is properly sized and not fitted with excess chain, the anchoring can still cause significant damage to coral. Though smaller than usual boat anchors, the anchor can still damage coral heads, which happened during one of our marine surveys. We would suggest to install permanent moorings for the long-tail, fitted with a medium sized anchor and chain up to a buoy on the surface. The long-tail could then easily be tied up to the buoy, reducing damage to coral and offering a quicker and safer solution than repeated anchorages to smaller bays.

Figure 18: Suggested locations for long-tail moorings around Boulder Island

Figure 18 shows the locations of possible mooring sites. These five locations were determined to be the prime snorkeling/diving spots around the island. More detailed information on sand patches

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 17 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island and exact locations for the moorings can be established with dedicated snorkeling trips and are usually visible from the surface.. Inside Boulder Bay a larger mooring could be considered, as the long-tail spends extended periods of time anchored there.

Permanent moorings for visiting vessels Inside Boulder Bay additional moorings (Fig 19) can be installed to complement the planned barge. This would allow the barge to stay exclusive to Boulder Eco Resort, while visiting vessels are invited to use the provided moorings.

Figure 19: Suggested sites for permanent moorings inside Boulder Bay

4.1.2 Reef top protection On low tide the reef top falls partially or completely dry (depending on the extend of the tides) and invites visitors to explore. However, the reef top is a sensitive system, filled with small caves, cracks and crevasses which provide a safe environment for juvenile fish, , Echinodermata, etc... By walking across the reef top the existing coral can easily be damaged. The simple act of walking gently across can crush important micro cave systems underneath. With the arrival of the barge to Boulder Island, we would suggest to attach the barge with a floating jetty to land. This would allow visitors to use the jetty as a bridge to the barge as well as viewing the marine life, without interfering with the habitat itself.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 18 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

4.1.3 Coral care During our various underwater surveys, we observed various amounts of garbage, such as bags, cans and glass bottles, as well as old fishing nets snagged on the (Fig 20). Garbage, such as plastic bags, can suffocate the coral until it is dead and then can move to other corals nearby. Old nets locked in the coral can continue catching fish (“ghost fishing”), for years after they were discarded or lost. We would strongly suggest having a skilled team to remove all garbage underwater. The quick removal of the garbage will reduce the damage now and in the future.

Figure 20: Part of fishing net snagged on coral in Moken Bay (the net has been removed after documenting)

4.1.4 Coral garden / reef rejuvenation

Possible locations A suitable location for a coral garden is in Boulder Bay near Boulder Beach, on the west side of the bay. This location provides areas of broken coral surrounded by anemones and intact coral, as well as large sandy areas towards the middle of the bay. In the sandy areas a coral garden could be established, providing suitable substrate for the coral to grow on (e.g. reef balls). This would protect the existing coral of future degradation and allow the broken coral the opportunity to grow back. A second suitable location is in the center of Boulder Bay, in between the large. This location, near the proposed spot of the barge and complimented with a floating jetty, invites guests to “plant” their own coral. The location provides easier access for long-term projects, though is more susceptible to monsoon winds. In both locations the substrate (rock, concrete etc.), the basis of coral growth, must be anchored against any strong waves.

Natural reef rejuvenation During many underwater assessments, areas of broken coral were observed with layers of new growing coral on top of the old coral (Fig 21). New coral requires a stable substrate to grow; this can be large blocks of stone or smaller pieces of old coral (Fig 22). The faster growing species are the dominant species for several years, before the

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 19 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island slower growing species can establish and increase in size. Many of the faster growing species appear in brown shades and may give the impression of a dead reef. This is the first step in a process from a dead reef into a living ecosystem. The reefs inside the bays of Boulder Island are in a good state, though they are recovering from previous destruction and decay. The need for protection at this stage is still needed, since another setback of growth would negate the several years of recovering and rejuvenation. Other protective measure, such as banning all dynamite fishing and reducing careless anchoring, would drastically help in the coral recovery and rejuvenation.

Figure 21: Slow growing coral (blue) surrounded by faster growing coral (brown) on loose previously broken coral ground

Figure 22: Broken coral in sufficient depth can be a suitable substrate for new coral to settle

4.1.5 Proposing a No-take Zone With the current species and marine life present, a protected area of 2 nautical miles (nm) around the island would provide sufficient protection of Boulder Island (Fig 23). This radius would not include any further than Boulder Rock and accounts for the steep drop of depth around the island beyond 20 meters. As coral is the main sessile that needs protection and is most common in the upper 20 meters of depth, arguments for a wider range including deeper water

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 20 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island would be difficult. With a proposed 2 nm radius, Boulder Rock would also be under protection, which appears to be heavily fished during our survey period. A recovery of the fish stocks around Boulder Island due the No-Take Zone could have positive effects on all the populations of fish around the immediate islands as well. After population saturation is reached, the individuals would start migrating in surrounding waters (i.e. spillover effect) and this would benefit Boulder Island as well. With the impact of predators higher in the food chain (e.g. ) the population in the ecosystem would be kept healthy and therefore more stable in the future.

Figure 23: Proposed No-Take Zone around Boulder Island (Red = 2 nm)

4.1.6 Long term observation In order to completely document the development and rejuvenation of the reefs as well as the marine fauna and flora, we suggest a long-term observation and study of Boulder Island. This would allow the documentation of all developments in the area and methods used for future reference as well as the possible expansion of the No-Take Zone in cooperation with neighboring islands. Boulder Island could be an example for implementation on other islands throughout the Mergui Archipelago. 4.2 Land based measures

4.2.1 Regular Beach cleanups Even though the main beaches (Boulder Bay, which includes Boulder Beach and Eagle Beach) are very clean and mostly free of plastics, the more remote bays contain significant amount of trash. Our assumption is that currents, winds and waves are bringing this garbage to the beaches. To verify this, each beach will need to be frequently cleaned and the amount of trash weighed and documented. After one year trends can be observed – Is the pollution based on the season?, Which beach gets the most pollution, in which time of the year?.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 21 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

4.2.2 Wind and weather monitoring By keeping a detailed track of wind speed, wind direction as well as rainfall, the data can provide knowledge about the visibility in the sea, possible storms and the clarity of the fresh water. The logging of rain quantity during the rainy season gives valuable insight into the state of the freshwater pond, which has decreased its level more than two meters in about 2 months (end January to early March as observed). We could not yet verify if the pond has a fresh water source in terms of a spring or if it is solely rainwater fed, which would again imply proper weather monitoring.

4.2.3 Fresh water supplies The water level of the fresh water pond appears to have dropped in the observed time already and raises the question of the source of the fresh water. As a preliminary measure, additional water containers could be put in place to collect more fresh water during the rainy season. These containers should be the first ones to be used up in the following season in order to prevent the water from going stale and to avoid adding chemicals.

4.2.4 Salt water flushing for toilets One additional consideration for saving water is to use salt water for toilet flushing. This could reduce the water consumption during toilet usage. However, depending on the system of wastewater disposal, the flushing water might find its way back into the ground water connected to the fresh water pond and contaminate the fresh water source. Therefore careful consideration should be made before any excess salt water is used on land.

4.2.5 Suggestions for other bungalows During our stay on Boulder Island we noticed the bungalows further away from the common bathroom were outfitted with separate bathrooms inside. We suggest in order to reduce water consumption and cost, to install composting toilets for future constructions. These are odor-free and only have to be emptied periodically – everything is biodegradable and non-toxic. (Natures Head and Airhead are the current marine solutions available on the market).

4.2.6 Gardening For reduced dependency on external food supplies from Kawthaung, establishing a small-scale organic garden could provide ample fresh vegetables. In preparation and before setting up the garden, we strongly suggest checking exactly what plants to plant. Plants that would thrive easily on the island have the potential of becoming an aggressive invasive species. Basic vegetable could be the solution as it might be very difficult for them to expand into an invasive species, due to water and soil quality. Proper soil and consideration of pollination should also be considered.

4.2.7 Micro grid solar power We suggest that the individual bungalow roofs could be utilized at small micro grid solar plants. The power consumption of one bungalow could be entirely powered with 240 Watts of solar panels hooked to 200 AmpH batteries. This could power the entire systems of the bungalow with a given light and ventilator run off a 12 Volt (V) grid. In addition, an inverter can be added to the system for charging computers or larger electronics. Most modern cameras, tablet computers and phones can be charged off USB, which can be integrated directly into a 12 V system, directly powered by the solar panels. These individual micro plants (each bungalow) can then be linked in parallel to one larger power source, making a parallel linkage possible in case of uneven power consumption. Kitchen and common area could be equipped with larger quantities of solar panels and batteries to suit the

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 22 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island increased consumption. All lights fixtures could be converted to 12 V and LED lights, further reducing power consumption. The generator as a backup will still be operational on the island and can charge all batteries at once, if needed. More efficient appliances will cost an initial higher investment, but will save resources and money in the long term. This can involve LED lights, 12 V fridges and freezers, as well as other 12 V appliances, which can easily be run off a sufficient solar array, without any need for 220 V system. 4.3 Other Suggestions

4.3.1 Up cycling trash found on beaches To raise awareness among the visitors of the island the trash on the beaches can be collected with the guests and in workshops made into sculptures. Perhaps showcasing the amount of trash that is washed up on the beaches in X-amount of time. It will also provide a visible impact of trash on the island and the Mergui Archipelago.

4.3.2 Research collaborations For long-term research in higher detail, collaborations with foreign and local universities, NGOs and research facilities should be established. These connections can acquire external funding for repeated expeditions onto the island and conduct long-term projects on an annual basis, supporting both, the research and the resort. Project Manaia is already in contact with several Universities around the world and can help to facilitate these connections, communications and collaborate in the research expeditions, providing the logistics, transport and support on the ground.

4.3.3 Hiking paths across the island During our stay we transected the entire island, created and enhanced hiking paths of various difficulties. A hike based on the ability of each visitor of the Eco Resort can easily be suggested. Full lists of completed and proposed hikes are visible on the attached map as the brown paths (Fig 2). Future improvements of hiking paths can include signposts, guides and ropes for more difficult passages between boulders.

4.3.4 Resting areas/viewpoints Across the island small rest stations could be set up along the hiking paths as well as small benches on key viewpoints. Garbage bins to reduce littering can accompany these stations. This solution allows visitors a chance to stay and rest in particular areas more comfortable as well as spends extended periods of times on hikes, taking a lunch with them or to go for day hikes with resting options along the way.

4.3.5 Provide guests with garbage bags on arrival With a significant amount of time being spent outside the bungalows, provide guests with several garbage bags upon arrival for hikes or time on the beach. This encourages them to take responsibility of trash removal and to assist in the continual upkeep of the island. Garbage bins can also be spread out across the island, but could raise logistical trash removal issues in the future. 4.4 Research Barge The mooring for the research barge has already been proposed in the center of Boulder Bay just off the large rock, which is submerged at high tide. For aesthetic and safety reasons we suggest the anchor points of the jetty to be made of concrete, anchored into the rocks and then built up around the concrete in hardwood (similar to the water tower base).

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 23 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

4.4.1 Securing option A We propose to build a solid platform on top of the big flat rock with four to six concrete poles as a solid base, then to use I-Bars of 5 meters in length to connect the barge to that platform on swiveling arms. This keeps the barge at a safe distance from the rocks and works as a firm anchor point to the shore. An additional safety measure is extra moorings added towards the east side of the bay, utilizing the two big sandy spots. The swiveling arms get secured to the barge itself with pins fitted on welded securing points, what easily can be taken out during monsoon season to relocate the barge and leave all the necessary pieces in place for the next season, without extra setup work in the following years.

4.4.2 Securing option B The barge gets secured to permanent moorings in the same location as option A (one of the securing points can still be an anchor in the rocks on shore), with the barge free floating. But this option does not account for the horizontal shifting of the barge. This makes an extremely movable gangway necessary. An option is to put the upper part of the gangway secured to the jetty on a pivoting point (free spinning), while also swiveling to adjust with the tides. The other side of the gangway will have wheels that roll over the deck of the barge to accommodate wave movement and tidal changes.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 24 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

5 Literature

ALLEN GR; 1972: The Anemonefishes: their classification and biology. TFH Publications, Neptune City, NJ

Bruce AJ, 1976a: Caridea and “commensalism.” Micronesica, Vol. 12, pp. 83-98

Dunn DF; 1981: The clownfish sea anemones: (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) and other sea anemones symbiotic with pomacentrid fishes. Trans Am Phil Soc 71:1-115

Fautin DG; 1992: Anemonefish recruitment: the roles of order and chance. 14: 143-160

Fautin DG & Allen GR, 1997: Field guide to anemonefishes and their host sea anemones, 2nd ed. Perth, : Western Australian Museum. Electronic version: http://biodiversity.uno.edu/ebooks/intro.html

Glynn PW, Mate JL, Baker AC, Calderon MO, 2001: Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1977-1998 El Nino southern oscillation event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982-1983 event. Bull Mar Sci 2001; 69: 79-109

Goldberg J., Wilkinson CR, 2004: Global threats to Coral reefs: coral bleaching, global , disease, predator plagues and invasive species. Wilkinson CR (ed) Status of coral reefs of the world: 2004, Vol. 1.

Wilkinson C; 2004: Status of Coral reefs of the world: 2004, Col 1+2. Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Australia, p 557.

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 25 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

6 Table of Figures

Figure 1 - Overview of Mergui Archipelago & Boulder Island 4 Figure 2: Satellite imagery of Boulder Island with key labels. Brown lines indicate hiking trails 5 Figure 3: Montipora tuberculosa coral 6 Figure 4: Heliopora coerulea coral 7 Figure 5: Turbinaria patella coral 7 Figure 6: Heteractis magnifica anemone 8 Figure 7: Entacmaea quadricolor anemone 8 Figure 8: Arothron nigropunctatus - Black Spotted Toadfish 9 Figure 9: Amphiprion akallopisos – Western Skunk Anemone Fish 10 Figure 10: Amphiprion ocellaris - False Clown Anemone Fish 10 Figure 11: Bohadschia graeffel - Marbled Sea Cucumber 11 Figure 12: Tridacna maxima - Giant Clamp 11 Figure 14: Juvenile coral regrown on previously bleached coral with algal layer 12 Figure 15: Caloenas nicobarica - Nicobar Pigeon 15 Figure 16: Copsychus malabaricus - White-Rumped Shama 15 Figure 17: Malayopython reticulatus - Reticulated Python 16 Figure 18: Suggested locations for long-tail moorings around Boulder Island 17 Figure 19: Suggested sites for permanent moorings inside Boulder Bay 18 Figure 20: Part of fishing net snagged on coral in Moken Bay (the net has been removed after documenting) 19 Figure 21: Slow growing coral (blue) surrounded by faster growing coral (brown) on loose previously broken coral ground 20 Figure 22: Broken coral in sufficient depth can be a suitable substrate for new coral to settle 20 Figure 23: Proposed No-Take Zone around Boulder Island (Red = 2 nm) 21

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 26 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7 Appendix 7.1 Species lists

7.1.1 Coral

Species Common name English

Acropora sp Acropora lutkeni Acropora divaricata Acropora lovelli Acropora digitifera chagius Fungiacyathus spp. Fungus Coral Turbinaria patulla

7.1.2 Anemones

Species

Entacmaea quadricolor Heteractis magnifica Heteractis crispa

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 27 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.1.3 Fishes

Species Common name English

Abudefuf vaigensis Sergeant Majorfish aureus Golden Damsel Amphiprion akallopisos Western Skunk Anemonefish Amphiprion ocellaris False Clown Anemonefish Amphiprion ephippium Tomato Anemonefish Arothron nigropunctatus Black-Spotted Toadfish Arothron stellatus Giant Puffer cuning Yellowtail Fusilier Caesio xanthonota Yellowback Fusilier Chaetodon auriga Treadfin Chaetodon collare Red-Tailed Butterflyfish Chaetodon decussatus Indian Vagabond Butterflyfish Chaetodon triangulum Indian Triangular Butterflyfish Chrysiptera cyanea Blue Damsel Dascyllus aruanus Humbug Damsel Dascyllus trimaculatus Three Spot Dascyllus hystrix Spot Fin Porcupinefish Echeneis naucrates Live Sharksucker caeruleus Green Birdmouth Gymnothorax fimniatus Gymnothorax javanicus Giant Moray acuminatus Pennant Coralfish Labroides dimidiatus Bluestreak Cleaner Wrasse Lutjanus carponotatus Spanish Flag Snapper Myrichthys colubrinus Banded Snake Eel orbicularis Orbicular Batfish Plectorhinchus vittatus Oriental Sweetlips Pomacanthus imperator Emperor Angelfish Pomacentrus similis Similar Damsel Pogoplites diacanthus Regal Angelfish Scarus maculipinna Spot Fin Parrotfish Sphyraena Great Barracuda Stegastes punctatus Blunt Snout Gregory Stegostoma fasciatum Zebra Triaenodon obesus White-Tip Reefshark crocodilus Houndfish Valenciennea puellaris Orange-Spotted Sleeper Goby Zanclus cornutus

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 28 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.1.4 Echinodermata

Species Common name English

Acanthaster planci Crown of Thorns Bohadschia graeffei Marbled Sea Cucumber schmideliana Indian Cushion Seastar Diadema setosum Black Diadema Sea Urchin Linckia laevigata Blue Sea Star Stichopus chloronotus Orange-Spiked Sea Cucumber

7.1.5 Molluscs

Species Common name English

Lambis crocata Orange Spider Conch Phyllidia varicose Varicose Wart Slug Sepia pharaonis Pharao Cuttlefish Tridacna maxima Fluted Giant Clamp Tridacna squamosa Squamose Giant Clamp

7.1.6 Others (marine)

Species Common name English

Spirobranchus giganteus Christmas Tree Worm

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 29 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.1.7 Plants

Species Common name English

Artocarpus sp. Barringtonia asiatica Calamus sp. Caryota mitis Fishtail Palm Cerbera odollam Suicide Tree Clerodendrum inerme Wild Jasmine Corypha sp. Crinum sp. Glairicidia sp. Guettarda speciosa Hylocereus sp. Pandamus odoratissimus Screw Pine Talipariti tiliaceum Beach Hibiscus

7.1.8 Birds

Species Common name English

Ardea sumatrana Great-Billed Heron Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon Chalocophaps indica Emerald Dove Copsychus malabaricus White-Rumped Shama Corvus macrorhynchos Large-Billed Crow Dicaeum cruentatum Scarlet-Backed Flowerpecker Ducula bicolor Pied Imperial Pigeon Egretta sacrata Pacific Reef Egret Eurystomus orientalis Dollarbird Haliaeetus leucogaster White-Bellied Sea Eagle Haliastur indus Brahmany Kite Motacialla cinerea Grey Wagtail Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Sparrow Pycnontus atriceps Black-Headed Bulbul Todiramphus chloris Collared Kingfisher Treron pompadora Pompadour

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 30 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.1.9 Mammals

Species Common name English

Muroidea sp. Jungle Mouse Muroidea sp. Jungle Rat Pteropus sp. Flying

7.1.10 Reptiles

Species Common name English

Chrysopelea ornata ornatissima Golden Tree Snake Gekkota sp. Gecko Malayopython reticulatus Reticulated Python Varanus salvator Malayan Water Monitor

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 31 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

7.2 List of endangered species in Myanmar

Family Species Group

Giant Clam Tridacna gigas Clams

Acropora Coral Acropora humilis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora lutkeni Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora selago Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora divaricata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora horrida Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora lovelli Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora secale Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora digitifera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora hoeksemai Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora loripes Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora rudis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora dendrum Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora glauca Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora loisetteae Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora palmerae Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora carduus Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora listeri Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora nasuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora verweyi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora austera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora formosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora kosurini Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora multiacuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora vaughani Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora aspera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora florida Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora monticulosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora turaki Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora acuminata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora echinata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora millepora Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora tenuis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora aculeus Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Acropora Coral Acropora donei Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Agassiz's Coral Cyphastrea agassizi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Alveopora catalai catalai Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Alveopora allingi Alveopora allingi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Alveopora spongiosa Alveopora spongiosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 32 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group

Astreopora moretonensis Astreopora moretonensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Astreopora macrostoma Astreopora macrostoma Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Astreopora expansa Astreopora expansa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Australomussa rowleyensis Australomussa rowleyensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Birdsnest Coral Seriatopora caliendrum Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Blue Coral Heliopora coerulea Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Bubble Coral Plerogyra sinuosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Cat's Eye Coral Cynarina lacrymalis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Cauliflower Coral Pocillopora eydouxi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Cauliflower Coral Pocillopora ankeli Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Closed Brain Coral Leptoria phrygia Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Crust Coral Leptastrea inaequalis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Crust Coral Leptastrea bottae Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Crust Coral Leptastrea bewickensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Crust Coral Leptastrea aequalis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Echinopora horrida Echinopora horrida Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

False Flower Coral Anacropora spinosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

False Pillow Coral Pseudosiderastrea tayami Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Fraggle Reef Alien Eye Micromussa minuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Free-living Stony Coral Heliofungia actiniformis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Fungia fungites Fungia fungites Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniastrea peresi peresi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniastrea palauensis Goniastrea palauensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniastrea minuta Goniastrea minuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniastrea favulus Goniastrea favulus Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora tenella tenella Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora stokesi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora planulata Goniopora planulata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora minor Goniopora minor Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora lobata Goniopora lobata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora columna Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Goniopora burgosi Goniopora burgosi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Grape Coral cristata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Green Hammer Coral Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Green Torch Coral Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Hard Coral Diploastrea heliopora Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Hydnophora Coral Hydnophora microconos Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Hydnophora Coral Hydnophora exesa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Isopora palifera palifera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Isopora cuneata Isopora cuneata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia laxa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia helianthoides Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia stelligera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia rotundata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 33 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group

Knob Coral Favia maxima Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia matthaii Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia maritima Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Knob Coral Favia lizardensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Lobophyllia diminuta Lobophyllia diminuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Lobophyllia dentatus Lobophyllia dentatus Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Millepora murrayi Millepora murrayi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montastrea annuligera Montastrea annuligera Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montastrea valenciennesi Montastrea valenciennesi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montastrea salebrosa Montastrea salebrosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montastrea magnistellata Montastrea magnistellata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montastrea colemani Montastrea colemani Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora capitata Montipora capitata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora peltiformis Montipora peltiformis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora caliculata Montipora caliculata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora malampaya Montipora malampaya Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora calcarea Montipora calcarea Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora incrassata Montipora incrassata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora angulata Montipora angulata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora friabilis Montipora friabilis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora foveolata Montipora foveolata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora foliosa Montipora foliosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora venosa Montipora venosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora efflorescens Montipora efflorescens Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora undata Montipora undata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora crassituberculata Montipora crassituberculata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Montipora turtlensis Montipora turtlensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites halicora Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites flexuosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites complanata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites acuticollis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites abdita Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites vasta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites russelli Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Moon Coral Favites micropentagona Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Ocellated Coral Cyphastrea ocellina Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Octopus Coral fascicularis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Octopus Coral Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Open Brain Coral Trachyphyllia geoffroyi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Organ Pipe Coral musica Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Oulophyllia crispa crispa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Oulophyllia bennettae Oulophyllia bennettae Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pachyseris Pachyseris rugosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Palauastrea ramosa Palauastrea ramosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 34 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group

Pavona venosa venosa Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pavona minuta Pavona minuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pavona decussata Pavona decussata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pavona cactus Pavona cactus Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pearl Bubble Coral Physogyra lichtensteini Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pectinia teres Pectinia teres Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pectinia paeonia Pectinia paeonia Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pectinia lactuca Pectinia lactuca Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Pectinia alcicornis Pectinia alcicornis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Platygyra yaeyamaensis yaeyamaensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Platygyra verweyi Platygyra verweyi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Platygyra ryukyuensis Platygyra ryukyuensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Platygyra lamellina Platygyra lamellina Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Platygyra acuta Platygyra acuta Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites stephensoni Porites stephensoni Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites nigrescens Porites nigrescens Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites murrayensis Porites murrayensis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites lobata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites cylindrica Porites cylindrica Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites aranetai Porites aranetai Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Porites annae Porites annae Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Psammocora obtusangula Psammocora obtusangula Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Psammocora digitata Psammocora digitata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Psammocora contigua Psammocora contigua Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Seriatopora stellata Seriatopora stellata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Smooth Bum Coral Heteropsammia eupsammides Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Smooth Cauliflower Coral Stylophora pistillata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Starry Cup Coral Acanthastrea rotundoflora Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Starry Cup Coral Acanthastrea hemprichii Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Symphyllia hassi Symphyllia hassi Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Turbinaria Coral Turbinaria stellulata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Turbinaria Coral Turbinaria reniformis Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Turbinaria Coral Turbinaria peltata Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Turbinaria Coral Turbinaria mesenterina Corals, Jellyfish, Sea Anemones

Phricotelphusa elegans Phricotelphusa elegans Crustaceans

Phricotelphusa callianira Phricotelphusa callianira Crustaceans

Asian Bonytongue Scleropages formosus Fishes

Banded Eagle Ray Aetomylaeus nichofii Fishes

Bigeye Tuna Thunnus obesus Fishes

Black-blotched Stingray Taeniura meyeni Fishes

Brown-marbled fuscoguttatus Fishes

Bumphead Parrotfish Bolbometopon muricatum Fishes

Clubnose Guitarfish Rhinobatos thouin Fishes

Duskytail Grouper Epinephelus bleekeri Fishes

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 35 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group

Estuary Cod Epinephelus coioides Fishes

Freshwater microdon Fishes

Giant Wrasse Cheilinus undulatus Fishes

Hammerhead Shark Sphyrna mokarran Fishes

Hardnose Shark Carcharhinus macloti Fishes

Japanese Devilray Mobula japanica Fishes

Knifetooth Sawfish Anoxypristis cuspidata Fishes

Narrowsnout Sawfish Pristis zijsron Fishes

Oceanic Whitetip Shark Carcharhinus longimanus Fishes

Pale-edged Stingray Dasyatis zugei Fishes

Polkadot Cod areolatus Fishes

Porcupine Ray Urogymnus asperrimus Fishes

Roving Coralgrouper Plectropomus pessuliferus Fishes

Sharpnose Guitarfish Rhinobatos granulatus Fishes

Sharptooth Lemon Shark Negaprion acutidens Fishes

Slender Hammerhead Eusphyra blochii Fishes

Spotted Eagle Ray Aetobatus narinari Fishes Whale Shark Rhincodon typus Fishes

Whitecheek Shark Carcharhinus dussumieri Fishes

Widenose Guitarfish Rhinobatos obtusus Fishes Arnold's Paa Frog Nanorana arnoldi Amphibians Balloon Frog Glyphoglossus molossus Amphibians Blyth's River Frog Limnonectes blythii Amphibians Tonkin Toad Bufo pageoti Amphibians Arakan Forest Turtle Heosemys depressa Reptiles Asian Giant Tortoise Manouria emys Reptiles Asiatic Softshell Turtle Amyda cartilaginea Reptiles Bengal Monitor Varanus bengalensis Reptiles Big-headed Turtle Platysternon megacephalum Reptiles Black Marsh Turtle Siebenrockiella crassicollis Reptiles Burmese Peacock Softshell Turtle Nilssonia formosa Reptiles Burmese Peacock Turtle Morenia ocellata Reptiles Burmese Roofed Turtle Kachuga trivittata Reptiles Burmese Starred Tortoise Geochelone platynota Reptiles Cantor's Giant Softshell Pelochelys cantorii Reptiles Elongated Tortoise Indotestudo elongata Reptiles Gavial Gavialis gangeticus Reptiles Giant Asian Pond Turtle Heosemys grandis Reptiles Jagged-shelled Turtle Pyxidea mouhotii Reptiles Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle Chitra indica Reptiles River Terrapin Batagur baska Reptiles Crocodylus porosus Reptiles South Asian Box Turtle Cuora amboinensis Reptiles Three-keeled Asian Turtle Melanochelys tricarinata Reptiles

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 36 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group Andaman Drongo Dicrurus andamanensis Birds Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus Birds Asian Golden Weaver Ploceus hypoxanthus Birds Asian Green Broadbill Calyptomena viridis Birds Austen's Brown Anorrhinus austeni Birds Baer's Pochard Aythya baeri Birds Bar-tailed Pheasant Syrmaticus humaie Birds Beach Thick-knee Esacus giganteus Birds Beautiful Nuthatch Sitta formosa Birds Black Magpie Platysmurus leucopterus Birds Black-and-yellow Broadbill Eurylaimus ochromalus Birds Black-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus diardi Birds Black-bellied Tern Sterna acuticauda Birds Black-headed Threskiornis melanocephalus Birds Black-necked asiaticus Birds Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa Birds Blue-banded Kingfisher Alcedo euryzona Birds Blue-rumped Parrot Psittinus cyanurus Birds Blyth's Kingfisher Alcedo hercules Birds Blyth's Tragopan Pheasant Tragopan blythii Birds Brown-winged Kingfisher Pelargopsis amauroptera Birds Buff-necked Woodpecker Meiglyptes tukki Birds Buff-vented Bulbul Iole olivacea Birds Chestnut-backed Laughingthrush Garrulax nuchalis Birds Chestnut-bellied Malkoha Phaenicophaeus sumatranus Birds Chestnut-naped Forktail Enicurus ruficapillus Birds Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltonii Birds Chevron-breasted Babbler Sphenocichla roberti Birds Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus Birds Cinnamon-headed Green-pigeon Treron fulvicollis Birds Crested Fireback Lophura ignita Birds Crested Jay Platylophus galericulatus Birds Crested Partridge Rollulus rouloul Birds Dark-throated Oriole Oriolus xanthonotus Birds Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus Birds Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata Birds Eurasian Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus peregrinus Birds Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca Birds Ferruginous Partridge Caloperdix oculeus Birds Fiery Minivet Pericrocotus igneus Birds Firethroat Luscinia pectardens Birds Garnet Pitta Pitta granatina Birds Giant Nuthatch Sitta magna Birds Giant Pitta Pitta caerulea Birds

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 37 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group Gray-sided Thrush Turdus feae Birds Great Argus Argusianus argus Birds Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis Birds dubius Birds Greater Spotted Eagle clanga Birds Green Iora Aegithina viridissima Birds Green Peafowl Pavo muticus Birds Grey-bellied Bulbul Pycnonotus cyaniventris Birds Grey-headed Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Birds Gurney's Pitta Pitta gurneyi Birds Hooded Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina cucullata Birds Hume's Pheasant Syrmaticus humiae Birds Indian Skimmer Rynchops albicollis Birds Laggar Falcon Falco jugger Birds Large Green-pigeon Treron capellei Birds Leptoptilos javanicus Birds Lesser Fish-eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Birds Lesser Green Leafbird Chloropsis cyanopogon Birds Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus Birds Long-billed Partridge Rhizothera longirostris Birds Long-tailed Parakeet Psittacula longicauda Birds Malayan Peacock-pheasant Polyplectron malacense Birds Pitta Pitta megarhyncha Birds Maroon-breasted Philentoma Philentoma velata Birds Masked Finfoot Heliopais personatus Birds Moustached Hawk-cuckoo Cuculus vagans Birds Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica Birds Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer Birds Olive-backed Woodpecker Dinopium rafflesii Birds Oriental Darter Anhinga melanogaster Birds Painted Stork leucocephala Birds Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea Birds Pallas's Fish-eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Birds Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus Birds Pink-headed Duck Netta caryophyllacea Birds Plain-pouched Hornbill Aceros subruficollis Birds Puff-backed Bulbul Pycnonotus eutilotus Birds Red-crowned Barbet Megalaima rafflesii Birds Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus Birds Red-throated Barbet Megalaima mystacophanos Birds Red-throated Sunbird Anthreptes rhodolaemus Birds Rufous-collared Kingfisher Actenoides concretus Birds Rufous-crowned Babbler Malacopteron magnum Birds Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensis Birds

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 38 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group Rufous-rumped Grassbird Graminicola bengalensis Birds Sarus Crane Grus antigone Birds Scaly-breasted Bulbul Pycnonotus squamatus Birds Scaly-sided Merganser Mergus squamatus Birds Scarlet-rumped Trogon Harpactes duvaucelii Birds Sclater's Monal Pheasant Lophophorus sclateri Birds Short-tailed Babbler Malacocincla malaccensis Birds Slender-billed Babbler Turdoides longirostris Birds Slender-billed Vulture Gyps tenuirostris Birds Snowy-throated Babbler Stachyris oglei Birds Spoon-billed Sandpiper Eurynorhynchus pygmeus Birds Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis Birds Storm's Stork stormi Birds Straw-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus zeylanicus Birds Streaked Bulbul Ixos malaccensis Birds Tickell's Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli Birds Wallace's Hawk-eagle Spizaetus nanus Birds Ward's Trogon Harpactes wardi Birds White-bellied Heron Ardea insignis Birds White-browed Nuthatch Sitta victoriae Birds White-cheeked Partridge Arborophila atrogularis Birds White-chested Babbler Trichastoma rostratum Birds White-crowned Hornbill Aceros comatus Birds White-fronted Scops-owl Otus sagittatus Birds White-rumped Falconet Polihierax insignis Birds White-rumped Vulture Gyps bengalensis Birds White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni Birds Yellow-rumped Honeyguide Indicator xanthonotus Birds Anderson's Squirrel Callosciurus quinquestriatus Mammals Asian Elephant Elephas maximus Mammals Asian Golden Catopuma temminckii Mammals Asian Small-clawed cinerea Mammals Asian Tapir Tapirus indicus Mammals Asiatic Black thibetanus Mammals Assam Macaque Macaca assamensis Mammals Banded Palm Civit Hemigalus derbyanus Mammals Banded Surili Presbytis femoralis Mammals Banteng Bos javanicus Mammals Bengal Slow Loris Nycticebus bengalensis Mammals Black Finless Porpoise Neophocaena phocaenoides Mammals Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor Mammals Capped Langur Trachypithecus pileatus Mammals Chinese Goral Naemorhedus griseus Mammals Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla Mammals

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 39 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group Chinese Serow Capricornis milneedwardsii Mammals Clouded nebulosa Mammals Cuon alpinus Mammals Dusky Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus obscurus Mammals Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Hoolock leuconedys Mammals Eld's Browantlered Deer Cervus eldii Mammals lutra Mammals Fea's Muntjac Muntiacus feae Mammals viverrinus Mammals Goral Naemorhedus goral Mammals Himalayan Musk Deer Moschus leucogaster Mammals Hog Arctonyx collaris Mammals Hoolock Gibbon Bunopithecus hoolock Mammals Indo-pacific Hump-backed Sousa chinensis Mammals Indochinese Lutung Trachypithecus germaini Mammals Irrawaddy Dolphin Orcaella brevirostris Mammals Javan Rhinoceros Rhinoceros sondaicus Mammals Lar Gibbon Hylobates lar Mammals Large Flying-fox Pteropus vampyrus Mammals Large Indian zibetha Mammals Large-spotted Civet Viverra megaspila Mammals Leopard pardus Mammals Malayan Slit-faced Bat Nycteris tragata Mammals Malayan Helarctos malayanus Mammals marmorata Mammals Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina Mammals Palawan Arctictis binturong Mammals Phayre's Leaf-monkey Trachypithecus phayrei Mammals Red Goral Naemorhedus baileyi Mammals Red Serow Capricornis rubidus Mammals Sambar Deer Rusa unicolor Mammals Seladang Bos gaurus Mammals Shortridge's Langur Trachypithecus shortridgei Mammals Smooth-coated Otter perspicillata Mammals Prionodon pardicolor Mammals Stump-tailed Macaque Macaca arctoides Mammals Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis Mammals Sunda Pangolin Manis javanica Mammals Takin Budorcas taxicolor Mammals Temminck's Flying Squirrel Petinomys setosus Mammals Panthera tigris Mammals Tufted Deer Elaphodus cephalophus Mammals Vordermann's Flying Squirrel Petinomys vordermanni Mammals Wild Asian Buffalo Bubalus arnee Mammals

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 40 Preliminary survey of Boulder Island

Family Species Group Afzelia xylocarpa Afzelia xylocarpa Plants Amboyna Wood Pterocarpus indicus Plants Anisoptera scaphula Anisoptera scaphula Plants Anisoptera costata Anisoptera costata Plants malaccensis Aquilaria malaccensis Plants Borneo Teak Intsia bijuga Plants Burretiodendron esquirolii Burretiodendron esquirolii Plants Calocedrus macrolepis Calocedrus macrolepis Plants Cleidiocarpon laurinum Cleidiocarpon laurinum Plants Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei Cleidiocarpon cavaleriei Plants Cycas simplicipinna Cycas simplicipinna Plants Cycas siamensis Cycas siamensis Plants Dipterocarpus turbinatus Dipterocarpus turbinatus Plants Dipterocarpus kerrii Dipterocarpus kerrii Plants Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Plants Dipterocarpus gracilis Dipterocarpus gracilis Plants Dipterocarpus dyeri Dipterocarpus dyeri Plants Dipterocarpus costatus Dipterocarpus costatus Plants Dipterocarpus baudii Dipterocarpus baudii Plants Dipterocarpus alatus Dipterocarpus alatus Plants Hopea helferi Hopea helferi Plants Hopea griffithii Hopea griffithii Plants Hopea ferrea Hopea ferrea Plants Hopea apiculata Hopea apiculata Plants Hopea sangal Hopea sangal Plants Hopea odorata Hopea odorata Plants Magnolia rostrata Plants Mann's Plum Yew Cephalotaxus mannii Plants Parashorea stellata Parashorea stellata Plants Rosewood Dalbergia oliveri Plants Shorea roxburghii Shorea roxburghii Plants Shorea henryana Shorea henryana Plants Shorea gratissima Shorea gratissima Plants Shorea farinosa Shorea farinosa Plants Taiwania Taiwania cryptomerioides Plants Vatica cinerea Vatica cinerea Plants Vatica lanceaefolia Vatica lanceaefolia Plants Andaman Crow Euploea andamanensis Insects

Project Manaia – Association for Ocean Conservation 41