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Wsn 150 (2020) 132-147 Eissn 2392-2192 Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 150 (2020) 132-147 EISSN 2392-2192 Ionic composition of rainwater from different sampling surfaces across selected locations in Rivers State, Nigeria Daniel Omeodisemi Omokpariola1,*, John Kanayochukwu Nduka1, Patrick Leonard Omokpariola2 and Elshalom Chioma Onomeda Omokpariola3 1Environmental Chemistry Unit, Pure and Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria 2Chemical Evaluation and Regulation Directorate, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control, Lagos, Nigeria 3Applied Geophysics Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria *E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT This study seeks to assess the impact of pH from an array of ions interactions in rainwater samples across different sampling surfaces (ambient, zinc roof, aluminium roof, asbestos roof and stone-coated roof) and locations (Ogale, Eleme, Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome, Obio-Akpor, Diobu, Port-Harcourt and Chokocho, Etche) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Rainwater were sampled from April, 2019 to October, 2019, 2– 3– + + 2+ 2+ + prepared and analysed for pH, Cl¯, SO4 , NO3¯, NO2¯, PO4 , HCO3¯, Na , K , Mg , Ca , NH4 and Al3+.using standard procedure. Statistical and Factor analysis was estimated to give ionic impacts on rainwater quality. The results showed that pH across different sampling surfaces ranged from 6.26 – 7.02 with decreasing location as Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome > Diobu > Chokocho > Ogale which impacts on different cation and anion interactions. Factor analysis showed cumulative variance of 88.79% for ambient, 87.58% for zinc roof, 86.49% for aluminium roof, 89.57% for asbestos roof and 65.89% for stone-coated roof across all four locations which are due to industrial and biomass emission, agricultural, metabolic and mining activities on chemical composition. Therefore, rainwater is safe for drinking but special treatment is needed to make it safe for human consumption. Keywords: Cations, Anions, Rainwater quality, Rivers State, Nigeria ( Received 30 September 2020; Accepted 22 October 2020; Date of Publication 23 October 2020 ) World Scientific News 150 (2020) 132-147 1. INTRODUCTION One of the biggest problems in Nigeria is getting portable water due to the growing water shortage. Piped-borne water is absent or too expensive, which makes rainwater harvesting a cheap source for domestic use as the availability of good quality water is declining. The inadequate supply of portable and safe water is one of the most basic challenges of rural and urban dwellers in Rivers state, Nigeria for decades is obviously stating the truth as one has to trek few kilometers to rivers and streams to get water which is not palatable or safe for human use. A staggering fifty two percent (52%) of Nigerians have no access to improve drinking water supply [1]. Rainwater is harvested during the rainy season into underground tanks and stored into underground plastic or brick tanks using different surfaces for rainwater collection such as such as land surface, rooftops (zinc, aluminium, asbestos, ceramic tiles etc.), ceramic tiles and other catchments areas, which is stored and used during the dry seasons as succor for rural and urban dwellers in Nigeria. The ever-increasing population of Rivers state which is an economic hub of the Oil and Gas, Petrochemical, Manufacturing Industries which are high users of groundwater has either not being treating its wastewater before disposal thereby contaminating the groundwater and surface-water quality. Hence, the demand for portable water keeps increasing; thereby people tend to drink untreated water from privately dug underground boreholes with the perception of being pure. This study seeks to assess the ionic composition of rainwater to establish an alternative to underground water since it is either polluted or unfit for human consumption. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 2. 1. Sampling site and Methods Rivers State is located in southern Nigeria is home to diverse, multi-culture people who speak different languages with a population of over seven million. The climate of rivers state is generally wet with rainfall event that occurs between March to November, 2019; temperature is between 24-28.5 °C, Relative humidity rarely pass below 60%. Rivers state is one of the economic hub of Nigeria with local and international multinational companies engaged in different activities, which release various air pollutant into the environment. The sampling site was Ogale, Eleme (4.79°N, 7.12°E), Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome, Obio-Akpor (4.88°N, 7.02°E), Diobu, Port-Harcourt (4.77°N, 6.99°E) and Chokocho, Etche (4.99°N, 7.05°E) in Rivers State. The sampling period was from April to October 2019. Rainwater samples were harvested above 1m using a precleared bowl and transferred into four different 500ml pre-treated polyethylene bottle from different sampling surfaces: ambient and different roof materials: zinc, aluminium, asbestos, and stone-coated. pH were determined on-site. The samples were well labelled, packaged in a black cellophane and taken to the lab within 24 h of collection and kept in a refrigerator until analysed. Sample preparation and handling were carried out according to American Public Health Association procedures (APHA). -133- World Scientific News 150 (2020) 132-147 Figure 1. Site maps indicating sampling sites -134- World Scientific News 150 (2020) 132-147 2. 2. Analytical method Light metals were analysed by digesting 50 ml rainwater samples with 5 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) for 10 minutes at 165 – 170 °C. The samples were cooled and made up 100 ml deionized water in a volumetric flask. Five metals (Sodium - Na+, Potassium - K+, Magnesium - Mg2+, Calcium - Ca2+, Aluminium-Al3+) were determined in triplicate using Agilient Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission Spectrophotometer 280FS AA Instrument with plasma touch using air–acetylene flame and auto sampler. Selected ions 2– + 3– (Sulphate - SO4 , Ammonium - NH4 , Nitrate - NO3¯, Nitrite - NO2¯, Phosphate - PO4 ) were determined using D5000 Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometer with standard powder pellets Chloride - Cl¯ and Hydrogen carbonate - HCO3¯ were determined in rainwater samples using titrimetry 2. 3. Statistical analysis Microsoft Excel Package 2019 for Windows was used to execute several statistical analysis using different preinstalled Add-ins such as Data Analysis (mean and standard deviation concentration) and XRealStats (Factor Analysis) Graphical presentations were prepared using line plot using Excel Charts. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3. 1. pH value of rainwater The pH mean value of rainwater collected from different sampling surface are shown in Table 1 and Figure 2 ranged from 6.26 to 7.02 respectively. This showed steady increase from acidity to alkalinity by dilution from more rainfall event throughout the sampling months. The pH values for stone-coated roof indicate the impact of limestone (CaCO3) in increasing pH value than other roofing materials [2-4]. The pH of the rainwater plays a more prominent role across different roofing surfaces by an array of anionic releases from industrial and automobile emissions into the atmosphere which reacts atmospheric gases then interacts with water vapour before rainwater deposition on different roofing arrays. This continuous deposition cycle leads to an increase in reactivity, dissolution and solubility of cations from roofing surface or vice versa which leaches and dissolves into rainwater causing negative aesthetic, health and economic impact on consumption or other human activity [5-7] Table 1. pH mean value for different sampling location. Ogale, Rumudomaya/ Diobu, Port- Chokocho, Sampling Surface Eleme Rumuodome, Obio-Akpor Harcourt Etche Type Mean ± Mean ± Mean ± SD Mean ± SD SD SD 6.54 ± Ambient 6.91 ± 0.62 6.78 ± 0.51 6.78 ± 0.75 0.89 -135- World Scientific News 150 (2020) 132-147 6.36 ± Zinc Roof 6.77 ± 0.55 6.50 ± 0.47 6.26 ± 1.07 1.05 6.38 ± Aluminium Roof 6.59 ± 0.64 6.53 ± 0.62 6.43 ± 0.92 0.98 6.60 ± Asbestos Roof 6.86 ± 0.48 6.68 ± 0.58 6.59 ± 1.14 0.80 Stone-Coated – 7.02 ± 0.25 – 6.77 ± 0.63 Roof Figure 2. pH variation due to different locations and sampling surface 3. 2. Anionic composition of rainwater Table 2 shows the anionic concentration level of rainwater collected from different sampling surface. Chokocho showed high proportion of chloride compared to Diobu, Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome, and Ogale. Chloride is found in large amount from industrial brine which increases the corrosiveness of water is due to variation in climatic, marine contribution and geological conditions with anthropogenic activities in the environment [8-9]. Sulphate concentration showed that Chokocho was high compared to other locations which can be attributed to industrial emission that lead to decrease in pH range, increase in corrosion in pipes and also causes gastrointestinal effect in humans [10-11]. The nitrate concentration level in decreasing order based on locations are Chokocho > Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome > Ogale > Diobu which can be attributed to fertilizer, agro-allied industries which is a precursor for decrease in pH and eutrophication in water bodies and cause methaemoglominaemia in bottle-fed babies [11-12]. The nitrite concentration in terms of decreasing level based on locations are Rumuodomaya/Rumuodome > Ogale > Chookocho> -136- World Scientific News 150 (2020) 132-147 Diobu. This could be attributed to elevated temperature and long residence time from industrial emission and microbial reduction of dissolved
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