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Modification of Expansive Clay Soil Using Fibre and Cement in Combined Measures for Highway Pavement GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186 2691 GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020, Online: ISSN 2320-9186 www.globalscientificjournal.com Modification of Expansive Clay Soil using Fibre and Cement in Combined Measures for Highway Pavement Gabriel Okonkwo Nnaji1, Charles Kennedy2, Paschal Agha Mbeyi3. 1Department of Civil Engineering, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu. 2Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt - Rivers State, Nigeria 3Civil Engineering Technology Department, Akanuibiam Federal Polytechnic Uwana Afikpo, Ebonyi State, Nigeria Authors E-mail:, [email protected], [email protected], ABSTRACT The research work assessed the possible modification of expansive soft clay soils of low and weak geotechnical parameters with irvinga gabonesis fibre + cement at 0.25% +2.5%. 0.5% + 5.0%, 0.75% + 7.5% and 1.0% + 10% to soils corresponding percentage ratios. The soils are classified as A – 7 – 6 /CH on the AASHTO classification schemes / Unified Soil Classification System. The soils are dark grey (from wet to dry states) with a plastic index of 31.10%, 24.55%, 31.05%, and 32.17%. The soils has unsoaked CBR values of 7.35%, 7.75%, 8.15%, and 7.85% and soaked CBR values of 6.35%, 6.23%, 7.05% and 5.55%. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 87.85kPa, 78.75kPa, 105.75kPa, and 85.35kPa at preliminary investigations. Verifiable results of un-stabilized and stabilized results showed tremendously increased in compaction parameters of MDD and OMC to varying percentages. Comparably, results indicated increased in CBR altered soils with optimum mixed percentage ratios of 0.7% to soils. Stabilized clay soils increased in CBR values with an increase in additives percentages to optimum mix ration 0.75% + 7.5%. Dropped in were noticed beyond the optimum mix. Results indicated an increase in UCS with ratio increase to corresponding soils percentages. Results indicated a reduction in the plastic index to increase in corresponding percentage ratios. The entire results indicated the potential of using additives in combine state for weak soil treatment. Key Words: Clay soils, Irvinga Gabonesis Fibre, Cement, CBR, UCS, Consistency, Compaction 1.0 INTRODUCTION Soil stabilization mainly relies on chemical reactions between stabilizers (cementitious additives) and clay minerals to achieve the desired standard for the embankment of highway pavements and is GSJ© 2020 www.globalscientificjournal.com GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186 2692 indicated by FMW specifications (1997). Generally, for the expansion of natural (bitumen) or inorganic (cement or lime) chemical compounds, the ability to disperse the soil and increase the hardness of the soil. Their function is to reduce plasticity and facilitate density. The change of the index properties of the soil by adding chemicals such as cement, cement kiln dust, fly ash, lime or a combination thereof, often alters the physical and chemical properties of the soil, including the cementation of the clay particles. Charles et al. (2018) evaluated the geotechnical properties of an expansive soil found along the Odioku - Odiereke roads in the Niger State of Ahoada -West, Rivers State. Application of two cement agents of hybridized cement and lime with costus afer bagasse fiber to strengthen the failing section of the road. Preliminary investigation values indicate that the soil is highly plastic. The results showed the ability to use bagasse, BSBF as lime in cement and used lime clay soil and laterite with optimum values of 8% cement and lime and 7.5% + 7.5% cement/lime + BSBF. Akobo et al. (2018) evaluated the application of agricultural waste materials of plantain rachis fibers, hybridized with cement and lime and modified the engineering properties of the vast laterite soil. The comparative strength of un-stabilized and stabilized soils with composite materials, the results of compaction tests showed that mixed soil-stabilized soils have a maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) of soil incorporating composite stabilizers agents displayed incremental percentage values for soils with varying percentage ratios. Computed results of the California bearing ratio (CBR) of stabilized and soaked soils with stabilizing agents of cement, lime, and PRF indicate a percentile value increase for the relatively additive to the optimal mixing ratio of 91.75 + 0.75 + 7.5%. Unconfined compressive strength test results of soils stabilized with cementitious agents of cement/lime + PRF showed an incremental percentage value as the ratio of additives to soils in the test results. Barisua et al. (2018) evaluated the differential strength of expanded clay soils with swelling - shrinkage characteristics on the application of two cementitious stabilizing agents of cement and lime in combination with Bagasse fiber fibers of pozzolanic characteristics for agricultural products of costaceous leucerus. The obtained results of the unconfined compressive strength test showed incremental percentile values for the cement/lime + CLBFA combination with cement to lime in higher values. Wikina et al. (2018) evaluated the engineering behavioral characteristics of stable extensional laterite soils with cement, lime and Irvinga gabonisis fibers, their combined strength characteristics. GSJ© 2020 www.globalscientificjournal.com GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186 2693 Percentile descriptive statistical tests of sampled roads maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) are Odioku, 1.006% and 1.010%, Oyigba 1.012%, and 1.022%, Anakpo 1.013% and 1.014%, Upatabo 1.010% and 1.025%, Ihubuluko 1.011% and 1.024% respectively of MDD and OMC at 100% natural soils. The comparatively un-stable and mixed-stable soil maximum dry density (MDD) and the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the compaction test parameters reflect the percentage increase in the percentage ratio of mixed stabilizers in the soil. Charles et al. (2018) investigated the problematic engineering properties of soils with high plasticity levels, high swelling and shrinkage potentials used in pavement design in the Nigerian Niger Delta region. The application of stabilizing agents of cement and costus afer bagasse fiber (bush cane bagasse fiber) was mixed into a single and combines functions to improve their unique properties. The results showed that the material stabilizing the inclusions had improved soil strength. The results of the tests conducted showed that the optimum moisture content increased with increasing cement ratio in both soil (clay) and (laterite). The soil treated with cement decreased in the liquid limit and the plastic limit increased. Soil with cement and fiber products in combination increased CBR values and appreciated both in hanging conditions. At 8% lime, the CBR value reached the optimum, beyond this limit; cracks are present and 7.5% cement + 0. 75% BSBF, reaching the optimum value. Sabat (2012) studied the effects of polypropylene fibers on the engineering properties of RHA-Lime. Polypropylene fibers were added 0.5% to 2% at a 0.5% increase. The determined properties were condensation, the effect of UCS, soaked CBR, hydraulic conductivity and P soaking of 0-day, 7-day and 28-day curing vessels were also studied by UCS. CBR, hydraulic conductivity and swelling pressure. The optimum soil ratio: RHA: lime: fiber was found to be 84.5: 10: 4: 1.5. Ramakrishna and Pradeep (2006) studied the combined effects of RHA and cement on the engineering properties of black cotton soil. From the strength characteristics point of view, they recommended 8% cement and 10% RHA as the optimal dosage for stabilization. Charles et al. (2018) examined the contributive improvement on expansive lateritic soils with less matured characteristics, sensitive to manipulations by many forms with hybridized composite materials of cement + costaceae lacerus bagasse fibre and lime + costaceae lacerus bagasse fibre, their varying strengths and the behavioral attributes for soil modifications. Stabilized soils maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) demonstrated incremental percentile values with an increase in composite stabilizers' inclusion percentages ratio to soils. Unconfined GSJ© 2020 www.globalscientificjournal.com GSJ: Volume 8, Issue 1, January 2020 ISSN 2320-9186 2694 compressive strength test of stabilized soils with cement/lime + CLBF showed incremental percentile relatively to the percentage ratios to stabilizers and soils. Sharma et al. (2008) investigated stable soil behavior with lime, calcium chloride, and RHA. The optimal percentage of lime and calcium chloride addition to RHA was found to be 4% and 1%, respectively, in the stabilization of the soil without expansion. From the viewpoint of UCS and CBR, when the soil was mixed with lime or calcium chloride, and RHA content of 12% was found to be optimal. In expanded soils - RHA mix, 4% lime and 1% calcium chloride were also found to be optimal. Amakiri - White et al. (2018) evaluated the applications of composite materials of cement + plantain rachis fibers and lime + plantain rachis fibers and their performance characteristics for large clay soil amendments. Comparative results of clay soils under natural conditions and composite stabilized clay soils compaction test results of maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content (OMC) possessed incremental percentile values concerning the rate of percentages ratio increase to soils.
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