FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA Public Disclosure Authorized

FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP) NIGERIA

Public Disclosure Authorized IN COLLABRATION WITH FEDERAL ROADS MAINTENANCE AGENCY (FERMA) FINAL REPORT

Public Disclosure Authorized FOR

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE PERIODIC MAINTENANCE OF RUMUOKURUSHI – Public Disclosure Authorized CHOKOCHO ROAD

OCTOBER, 2010 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 1 LIST OF TABLES ...... 4 LIST FIGURES ...... 6 LIST OF PLATES ...... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 8 CHAPTER ONE ...... 12 1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 12 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 12 1.2 NIGERIA ...... 14 1.3 THE APPLICANT ...... 15 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA) ...... 16 1.5 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 16 1.5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTATION: ...... 16 1.5.2 SCOPE OF WORK: ...... 17 1.6 REVIEW OF ESMF FOR THE FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT ...... 17 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP REPORT ...... 18 1.8 POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 19 1.8.1 THE 1999 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ...... 19 1.8.2 THE NATIONAL POLICY ON ENVIRONMENT...... 19 1.8.3 ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK ...... 20 1.8.4 NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY ...... 20 1.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 21 1.9.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ...... 21 1.9.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES ...... 21 1.9.3 NIGERIAN EMP PROCEDURE ...... 23 1.9.4 OTHER NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ...... 24 1.9.5 STATE LEGISLATIONS ...... 25 1.10 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ...... 28 1.11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ...... 29 CHAPTER TWO ...... 31

2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ...... 31 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ...... 31 2.1.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ...... 31 2.1.2 BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT ...... 31 2.2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 31 2.2.1 USING OTHER TRAVEL MODES ...... 32 2.2.2 ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS ...... 32 2.2.3 DESIGN VARIATIONS OF ALIGNMENT AND GRADE ...... 32 2.2.4 NO-PROJECT ...... 32 2.2.5 PREFFERED ALTERNATIVE: REHABILITATING THE EXISTING ROADS ...... 33 2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT ...... 33

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2.3 .1 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY ...... 33 CHAPTER THREE ...... 34

3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 34 3.1 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 34 3.2 DESIGN STANDARDS ...... 34 3.3 LAYOUT AND EXISTING CONDITIONS OF THE ROAD ...... 35 3.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS ...... 39 3.5.1 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...... 39 3.5.2 RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY ...... 39 3.6 STAFFING AND SUPPORT ...... 39 3.6.1 FACILITIES AND SERVICES ...... 39 3.6.2 BASE CAMP ...... 39 3.7 PROJECT SCHEDULE ...... 39 CHAPTER FOUR ...... 40

4.0 BASELINE DESCRIPTION...... 40 4.1 STUDY APPROACH ...... 40 4.1.1 QUALITY ASSURANCE ...... 40 4.1.2 SAMPLE COLLECTION AND HANDLING ...... 40 4.1.3 FIELD METHODS AND LABORATORY ANALYSIS ...... 40 4.1.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ...... 40 4.1.5 DATA CODING AND MANIPULATION ...... 41 4.2 TOPOGRAPHY ...... 41 4.3 SOILS, AGRICULTURE AND LANDUSE...... 41 4.3.1 SOIL STUDIES ...... 41 4.3.2 AGRICULTURE ...... 48 4.3.3 LANDUSE ...... 48 4.3.4 EROSION ...... 49 4.4 SURFACE WATER...... 49 4.4.1 HYDROBIOLOGY ...... 53 4.4.2 SEDIMENT STUDY ...... 56 4.4.3 FISHERIES ...... 59 4.5 VEGETATION STUDIES ...... 59 4.6 WILDLIFE STUDIES ...... 69 4.7 GEOLOGY/GEOMORPHOLOGY ...... 80 4.7.1 HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 81 4.8 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY...... 82 4.9 AIR QUALITY ...... 82 4.10 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 85 4.10.1 STAKEHOLDER COMMUNITIES ...... 85 FIG. 4.6: TYPICAL LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 87 4.10.2 LAND OWNERSHIP/TENURE SYSTEM ...... 87 4.10.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS ...... 87 4.11 BASELINE HEALTH SURVEY...... 95 4.11.1 COMMON DISEASES ...... 95 4.11.2 LIFESTYLE HABITS ...... 95 4.11.3 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ...... 96 4.11.4 HEALTH FACILITIES ...... 97 4.11.5 COMMUNITIES HEALTH NEEDS: ...... 97 4.11.6 HEALTH DETERMINANTS ...... 97 4.12 PUBLIC INFORMATION AND CONSULTATION PROGRAMME ...... 98 4.12.1: CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES ...... 98

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4.12.2: CONSULTATION ...... 99 4.12.3: LEVELS OF CONSULTATION ...... 101 4.12.4: FUTURE CONSULTATION ...... 101 4.12.5: IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS ...... 102 4.12.6: CONSULTATION STRATEGIES ...... 103 4.12.7: LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT ...... 103 CHAPTER FIVE ...... 104

5.0 PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 104 5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 104 5.1.1 BASIS FOR SCREENING ...... 104 5.1.2 SCOPING...... 106 5.3 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS ...... 106 CHAPTER SIX ...... 112 6.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 112 6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION ...... 112 6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS ...... 114 6.4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATIONS ...... 114 6.4.1 AIR QUALITY: ...... 114 6.4.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 114 6.4.2 DUST ...... 115 6.4.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 115 6.4.3 NOISE ...... 115 6.4.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 115 6.5.0 LAND RESOURCES: ...... 115 6.5.1 SITE CLEARING ...... 115 6.5.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 116 6.5.2 VEGETATION CLEARING...... 116 6.5.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 116 6.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ...... 116 6.6.1 MITIGATION ...... 116 6.7 HYDROLOGY ...... 116 6.7.1 CROSSING OF RIVERS, STREAMS, CANALS AND RAVINES; ...... 116 6.7.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 117 6.7.2 EROSION AND LANDSLIDES DUE TO RAINS ...... 117 6.7.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 117 6.7.3 WASTE DUMPS ...... 117 6.7.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 117 6.8 WATER QUALITY ...... 117 6.8.1 RIVER/STREAM AND LAKE SEDIMENTATION; ...... 117 6.8.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 117 6.8.2 USE OF CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES; ...... 118 6.8.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 118 6.8.3 FUEL AND OIL SPILLS; ...... 118 6.8.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 118 6.8.4 FUEL SPILLS FROM ROAD USAGE ...... 118 6.8.4.1 MITIGATION ...... 118 6.9.0 BIOLOGICAL: ...... 118 6.9.1 LAND CLEARANCE AND LOSS OF HABITAT; ...... 118 6.9.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 118 6.9.2 BIODIVERSITY LOSS ...... 119 6.9.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 119

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6.10.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC: ...... 119 6.10.1 SPREAD OF STIS INCLUDING HIV AIDS ...... 119 6.10.1.1 MITIGATION ...... 119 6.10.2 RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION ...... 119 6.10.2.1 MITIGATION ...... 120 6.10.3 ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE SITES ...... 120 6.10.3.1 MITIGATION ...... 120 6.10.4 TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND ROAD ACCIDENT ...... 120 6.10.4.1. MITIGATION ...... 120 CHAPTER SEVEN ...... 127

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...... 127 7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 127 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) ...... 128 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ...... 129 7.4 MONITORING PLAN ...... 130 7.4.1 MONITORING OBJECTIVES ...... 130 7.4.2 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ...... 131 7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ...... 137 7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP...... 137 7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING ...... 138 7.8 COST ESTIMATES ...... 140 7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 140 CHAPTER EIGHT ...... 141

8.0 REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 141 8.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 141 8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES ...... 141 8.2.1. REHABILITATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ...... 141 CHAPTER NINE ...... 146 9.0 CONCLUSION ...... 146 REFERENCES ...... 148 ANNEX 1 ...... 150 ANNEX 2 ...... 153 ANNEX 3 ...... 163

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: World Bank Operational Policies Table 4.1: Physico-chemical properties of soil of Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road Project (Dry season) Topsoil

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Table 4.2: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rumukurushi – Chokocho Surface Water (Dry Season)

Table 4.3: Heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in surface water (Dry Season) Table 4.4: Physico Chemical Properties of Sediment in Rumukurushi - Chokocho Study Area. (Dry Season)

Table 4.6: Floristic Composition of the Vegetation By Study Site (Vss), % Frequency of Occurrence And Economic Importance Of Some Species at the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route. Table 4.7: Inventory of Wildlife species at the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route Table 4.8: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Samples along route Table 4.9: Air Quality Parameters Measured along the Project Route Table 4.10: World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Maximum Exposure to Major Pollutants and Possible Effects if Limits are Exceeded Table 4.11: Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard Table 4.12: Age and sex structure of project‟s area communities Table 4.13 Enrollment by Level of Education (Millions) Table 5.1: Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components Table 5.2: Impacts Significance Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix for Environmental Consequences Table 5.4 Example of further definition of consequence – severity rating for risk matrix Table 5.5: Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Table 7.1: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program Table 7.2: Budget and Responsibilities Table 8.1: Monitoring Variables, Linkages, Indicators and Frequency Table 9-2: The Stakeholder Identification Matrix

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LIST FIGURES

Figure 2.1 FMENV EIA Process Flow Chart Figure 4.1: Maximum values of Heavy metals concentrations in soils of Road Route Figure 4.3: Percentage composition of different groups of Phytoplankton in the study area Figure 4.2: The distribution of landuse along the route Figure 4.5: pH Values for Rumukurushi – Chokocho surface water. Figure 4.4: Percentage composition of the different groups of zooplankton in the samples stations Figure 4.6: Typical Local Administrative Structure of the Project Area Figure 9-1: Spectrum of Engagement.

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LIST OF PLATES Plate 4.1: Forest vegetation of different plant species at Rumukurushi – Chokocho route area Plate 4.2: A typical Farm Stead often sited along the route Plate 4.3: A typical Palm Bush in the project area Plate 4.4: Musanga cecropoides (Umbrella tree) Plate 4.5: Raphia hookeri (Raphia palm) Plate 4.6: African Civet – a species of wildlife found in the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route Plate 4.7: Dilapidated community primary school structure in the project area Plate 4.8: Local Market structures in the study area

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY INTRODUCTION

The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) through the Federal Ministry of works (FMW) requested the World Bank‟s support towards the Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP). The purpose is to meet the immediate and short term funding needs for the federal road network and to support Government‟s efforts with policy and institutional reforms promoting improved service delivery, road management and financing. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate Rumukurshi - Chokocho road, a road which has been identified as one of the major raods in deplorable conditions in the country to ease the difficulty being faced by road users. Over the past years, the road network has expanded rapidly to accommodate steady increase in freight and passenger traffic. The Rumukurshi - Chokocho road in Southern Nigeria is strategically located such that it is important for the economy of the country.

The project is specifically the road rehabilitation of 17km Rumukurshi – Chokocho section of the highway located in Rivers State, South – South Nigeria which links Umuahia – Ubakala road with Umuahia – Ariam – Ikot Ekpene road in the South –East par of the country.

OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The objectives of the EMP for the 17km Rumukurshi - Chokocho Road road are to:

 identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation; and  propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts.  the identification and assessment of environmental effects of rehabilitation works within the 17 km section of the road.  Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement.  propose mitigation measures including environmental management plan/ procedure. Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The following steps were employed in preparation of this EMP:

 Identification of effects  Prediction of effects  Evaluation and Interpretation of impacts  Communication  Inspection procedures

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The following considerations were the goals of the assessment methodology used:

 Comprehensiveness - ability to handle all possible range of elements and combinations thereof;  Selectivity - capability to identify early in the procedure those aspects that are important;  Mutual exclusiveness - should be able to examine every component of an impact from different perspectives  Confidence limits - is the method able to ascertain and isolate uncertainties;  Objectivity- should allow no bias either from the assessor or project initiator;  Interactions - should be able to examine both sides of a coin and provide feedback

POLICY FRAMEWORK The EMP studies are carried out within the legal framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities. The EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar. OP.4.01 and Nigerian EIA Act are also similar. World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of divergence between World Bank safeguard policy and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria that of the World Bank will take precedence.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The proposed activity is a road rehabilitation project of the approximately 17 km Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road. It involves the scarification of failed section of the Road, provision of base material, prime coat, Single Coat Surface Dressing, re-instatement of shoulders, construction of concrete lined drains and earth drains.

PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include; Taking no action or no project option, Using alternative travel modes, Improving the existing facilities and alternative alignments, Construction of a multi-lane alternative alignment and Design variations of alignment and grade.

POTENTIAL & ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The project despite been small in magnitude and scope, is expected to generate the following impacts:

 Site Clearing & Earthworks: at this stage of the project, impacts that are expected to arise include; Air Quality impairment through dust generation during scarification,

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Biodiversity loss through clearing of adjoining road side vegetation, changes in river hydrology and damage to aesthetics through burrow pit excavation for fill material.

 Culverts and Drains demolishing/ construction activities will lead to generation of noise from machinery operations, impact on air quality from dust and fumes generation by heavy duty machines/ equipment, traffic obstruction and increased risk of accident.

 Pavement & Surfacing activities would lead to impact on surface water through run off of washed areas/ asphalt into the neigbouring water body, noise generation during surface dressing and air/ gaseous emissions.

 Socio-economic impacts that may arise include displacement of small road side businesses which have in most cases encroach into the main road corridor. There may all be impact on crops due to vehicles manoeuvring during site preparation and surfacing activities. There would also be loss of farmland due to burrow pit acquisition. The project may in addition lead to Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers. Aside of the negative impacts, the project is expected to generate a lot of positive impacts such as job creation (even though for a short term), ease of transportation leading to reduced transport fares and significant reduction in rate of accidents.

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings.

On the social concerns of the project, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post- construction demobilisation of large contingent of workers would be given adequate attention in view of its socio-economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour including the use of BCC/IEC materials

INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP

The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives: propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project, promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection and execute concrete means of applying the EMP.

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In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements.

EMP BUDGET

Based on available data, a sum of N750M will be allocated to the project. Of the total budget, it is recommended that at least 0.01% of the total budget will be allocated for environmental and social concerns.

Budget and Responsibilities

Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility

Mitigation N7.5m Contractor

Management N3.25m RSDT

Capacity Strengthening N3.25m RSDT/World Bank

Monitoring N5.25m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env

Total N19.25m

CONCLUSION

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed periodic maintenance of Rumukurshi – Chokocho road was carried out in compliance with existing EIA national guidelines and regulation of Nigeria ands World Bank safeguards policies. The EMP described the baseline condition of the affected area, identified the project‟s potential environmental impacts and proffered appropriate mitigation measures. In view of the fact that all stakeholders have been carried along during the preparation of the EMP there is no unprecendeted adverse environmental, health, social or cultural issues that may warrant the cancellation of the proposed project, it is therefore recommended that project implementation can commence with strictly adhering to the proffered mitigation measures. In particular, the EMP contains mitigation measures that would ensure that the residual impacts are managed within acceptable limits.

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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, an oil rich nation and with some 150 million inhabitants. Despite its rating as the 5th largest oil producing nation in the world, the country is still rated very low in terms of infrastructural development, especially with respect to road infrastructure issues. According to FERMA, about 80% of Nigerian roads have exceeded their lifespan and what is needed is total reconstruction and rehabilitation. It is evident that carrying out repairs on such roads is no longer necessary, and “would amount to waste of funds since they are bound to fail within the shortest possible time".

The critical nature of the situation is reflected in the tragically high road death statistics recorded by the World Health Organization in Nigeria. These attain as many as 32,000 deaths a year, with a significant proportion attributable to bad roads, and place Nigeria at the top of the worldwide list of nations with unacceptably high road traffic casualty figures. However, according to FRSC statistics, Total road accident cases recorded for 2008 was 11,346 compared to the 2007 figure of 8,477 cases, representing an increment of almost 15%. These figures are alarming just as the number of deaths associated with road traffic accident escalated by almost 20% from the 2007 figure of 4,673 to 6,661 deaths in 2008. Many public analysts attribute the state of raod infrastructural decay in Nigeria to decades of culpable negligence on the part of Government and Government officials, arising from a mix of corruption and inadequate political will.

However, there now seems to be a ray of hope for both road users and the road industry, especially as the Federal Government of Nigeria has made roads rehabilitation and development its major focus for the next five years. This new emphasis flows from the recent peace partnership initiative between the Nigerian government and the Niger Delta militants engaged in a freedom struggle and agitating for more government attention. Indeed, the amnesty initiative extended by the Government to the militants has ushered in peace as well as an avalanche of new resource development which has inspired the Nigerian government's

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commitment to working with development partners and international road construction firms to make faster progress towards implementing the Government's agenda for the rapid socio- economic development of the Country, especially the Niger Delta; a region hitherto enmeshed in a crisis, characterised by militant attacks on strategic oil facilities, that not only reduced oil production by 700,000 barrels per day below Nigeria's OPEC quota of 2 million.

The recent resolve of the Federal Government of Nigeria to stamp out criminal tendencies in the Niger Delta region has produced an Action Plan, which constitutes a key platform for significant remedial actions to address the underdevelopment of the region. The plan includes a focus on infrastructural development, particularly with regard to new roads and maintenance. A variety of current opportunities have been opened for road construction companies through well-funded intervention agencies. Moreover, given that the issue of addressing the Niger Delta crisis is a top priority of the Nigerian government, it is expected that willing road construction companies will be greatly facilitated and spared much of the red tape and bureaucracy usually associated with project execution through government establishments in Nigeria.

The overall Nigerian economy at present is largely dependent on road transportation due to near total collapse of the rail system. Industrial, agricultural, service, trade and other major sectors of a country‟s economy depend to a large extent on the efficiency of the existing road network. In the Nigerian context, the emphasis on the development of infrastructure, including roads and highways is evident in some of the recent important road projects, which have been conceived to enhance the socio-economic development of the country. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate the 17KM Rumukurshi to Chokocho Road in Rivers State, South South Nigeria which integrity has been compromised and rendered unmotorable due to effects of gully erosion and washouts. The highway which serves as an important transportation route for agricultural commodities around the area.

While the justification of road development and maintenance projects from socio-economic considerations cannot be overemphasized, the cumulative environmental consequences of such projects need to be brought to fore with due emphasis on scientific basis. It is apparent that previously the planning and designing of highways are normally done, almost purely, on the basis of economic and traffic flow considerations. However, the environmental impacts of road construction and operation and maintenance activities with potential air and noise

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pollution and possible dislocation and disruption of the delicate balance of the fragile eco- system and the need to evolve an efficient approach to deal with such effects are now receiving focused attention. In recent times, the issue of transport and the environment has assumed a relatively high priority at the national and global level. This is well reflected in the action plan for sustainable transport development into 21st century, which emerged from the United Nations conference on environment and development (Rio De Janeiro, June 1992).

In order to achieve synergy between environmental protection and execution of road sector projects of this magnitude an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. It is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of Environment formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). In the same vein, other multilateral aid agencies, including the World Bank and African Development Bank as well as European Union require EIA as part of their conditions for project financing and support. The need for EIA of road projects may be seen in the context of sustainable development, to:

 Promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resource use and management opportunities.  Ensure that environmental concerns are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the project decision making process.  Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development proposals.  Maintain eco-system and conserve bio-diversity.  Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and the ecological processes which maintain their functions.

The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) in compliance with the national and international regulations of minimizing impact on the environment in which it operates planned to conduct an Environmental Imp Assessment (EIA) of the project area prior to its commencement. This EIA presents the environmental studies and impact assessment of the road development project in compliance with the provisions of the EIA Act 86 of 1992.

1.2 NIGERIA

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The size of Federal Republic of Nigeria covers an area of 923,768 km2 with a population of over 120 million growing at over 3% per annum. The country lies in the tropics between latitudes 4oN and 14oN and longitudes 3oE and 14oE. The growth of the Nigeria‟s economy as in many other developing economies depends to a large extent on the quality of its road infrastructural network. The Nigerian transport infrastructure comprises 200,000km road network, 3,600 km of narrow gauge Railway, 6 Sea Ports and inland waterways, 4 international and 14 domestic airports and 4,000km of oil and gas pipeline. The road network is the dominant internal transport mode for the haulage of people, goods and services, accounting for 95% of the domestic traffic flows and providing the only access to the rural communities where majority of the economically active population live. The network of roads comprises 33,000km Federal Highways, 50,000km State Highways and 117,000km Local Government feeder roads. The demand for good road network is growing with the rapid rise in the traffic volume. The number of vehicles in Nigeria is presently put at about 1,000,000 of which 44% are passenger cars, 20% are buses and 30% Lorries and vans, 1% road tractors and 5% motorcycles.

Fig 1.1 Map of Nigeria 1.3 THE APPLICANT The applicant for the Environmental Impact Assessment is Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) which is an Agency under Federal Ministry of Works & Housing established to assume responsibility for the maintenance of all Federal roads nationwide.

FERMA recognizes the importance of comprehensive environmental planning and management to any successful project and is committed to undertaking the necessary studies

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to understand the environmental situation and to address areas where significant environmental imp may be experienced. The key premise which affects this EIA process was established from the initial stages of development to provide general guidance, framework and a commitment to standards acceptable nationally and internationally.

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The objectives of the EMP for periodic maintenance of Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road are to:

 identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation; and  propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts.

Specific objective of the EIA Study focus on the following issues:

 Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement.  Establish the existing biological, physical, and socio-economic conditions of the project area.

 Characterize the environment thereby identifying the resultant hazards (including social) associated with the proposed development.

 Assess proactively the potential and associated impact (including health and socio- economic impacts) of the proposed project.

 Make recommendations to eliminate/mitigate/control the magnitude and significance of the hazards and effects.

 Recommend control techniques to eliminate/minimize the severity of the effects and to manage it.

1.5 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE

1.5.1 Objective of the Consultation:

The objective of this consultation is to undertake an EMP with a view to ensuring that implementation of the federal roads project does no harm to the environment and population. In preparing this EMP, Integrated Advance Quest Engineering Limited in strict observance of the EMP Terms of Reference (TOR) carried out the following:

 Review of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for the project (FRDP).

 Review of relevant Nigerian law and procedures;

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 Review EMPs prepared for other recent World Bank projects in Nigeria

 Consultation with relevant stakeholders

 Conducted Field Work for the collection of original and relevant data (Qualitative and Quantitative Data)

 Compiled Data collation, and Analysis

 Prepared and Submission of Draft Reports

1.5.2 Scope of Work:

The scope of Work covering the following tasks describing the most important work done under this study was also strictly observed. i). Description of Proposed Projects ii). EA Requirements/Regulations. iii). Description of the Environment iv). Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project. v). Analysis of Alternatives of the Proposed Project vi). Development of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to Mitigate Negative Impacts vii). Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of EMP: viii). Monitoring and Evaluation: ix). Public Information and Consultation 1.6 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

The Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP) seeks to improve Federal Highways in Nigeria to reduce travel costs and increase access to goods and services.

A 1999-study on selected sections of the road network in Nigeria found that only about 26% were in good condition. Current estimates show that only about 11 % of the Federal roads are still in good condition.

Hence, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), through the Federal Ministry of Works Housing and Urban Development (FMWHUD), requested World Bank‟s support for the FRDP. The project is meeting the immediate and short term funding needs for the Federal road network and supporting Government‟s efforts with policy and institutional reforms promoting improved service delivery, road management and financing.

17 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road

The principal development objectives are: (i) to reduce road transport costs along the roads supported by the project; (ii) to introduce total asset management methods for delivery and management of federal roads; and (iii) to plan and facilitate sustainable financing arrangements for the road sector.

The FRDP is organized into three components to support both the implementation of the proposed reform and the financing of critically needed investments. The three main components are:

. Policy and Institutional Reforms

. Institutional Capacity Building

. Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Federal Roads

The main activities under the Federal Roads Development Project entail the upgrading and maintenance of the Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road using modern methods based on best practices.

The Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road is classified as a Category B project, implying that the impacts are small scale and site-specific; thus easily remedied. In recognition of the fact that environmental and social concerns may arise as a result of the proposed project, the FMWHUD commissioned an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) study in fulfilment of the World Bank requirements.

The ESMF was prepared to satisfy national and state regulatory requirements as well as World Bank‟s mandate for project of such magnitude and it addresses the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the project.

As a category B project, the Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road is not expected to have large- scale adverse impacts on the natural environment, health and safety, of communities and individuals. The ESMF provided guidelines to follow as to how to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP REPORT

Deliverables and Reporting Requirements

The EMP report is concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text focused on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The Report was organised according to the outline below:

 Executive Summary

 Introduction (Chapter One)

 Project Justification (Chapter Two)

 Description of the Proposed Project (Chapter Three)

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 Description of the Environment (Chapter Four)

 Significant Environmental Impacts (Chapter Five)

 Mitigation Measures (Chapter Six)

 Environmental Management Plan (Chapter Seven)

 Remediation Plan after closure of Construction Phase (Chapter Eight)

 List of References

 Appendices:

. List of Environmental Assessment Preparers;

. List of Persons and Stakeholders met

. Environmental and Social management clauses that would be inserted in Contracts 1.8 POLICY FRAMEWORK

In ESIA studies such as this, all actions that will result in physical, chemical, biological, cultural and social modifications of the environment as a result of the new project/development are assessed. Also, the EMP report should serve as a means of assessing the environmental impacts of a proposed action plan, rather than as a justification for decisions already made or actions already taken. Usually the EMP study is carried out using a systematic, multi-disciplinary approach and should incorporate all relevant analytical disciplines to provide meaningful and factual data, information and analyses. Also, EMP studies are carried out within the framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities.

1.8.1 The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria

The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Section 30) confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government to regulate the operations and development activities in this sector. These, together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an EMP of the project. The development will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that apply to the subject development:

1.8.2 The National Policy on Environment

The National Policy on the Environment was launched by the President in Abuja on 27 November 1989 (FEPA, 1989). The goal of that policy was to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to:

• Secure for all Nigerians a quality environment adequate for their health and well- being.

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• Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations.

• Restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems.

• Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts.

• Co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organisations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental pollution.

1.8.3 Economic Policy Framework

The Federal Government of Nigeria‟s recently adopted National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy (NEEDS) clearly defines its medium-term economic reform agenda and provides an overall policy objective for the country. The policy rests on promoting growth through a market-based economy with greater private sector participation in the economy and Government‟s role limited to the provision of adequate infrastructure and necessary services.

The implementation of the NEEDS is crucial to the attainment of the country‟s Millennium Development Goals (MDG).

1.8.4 National Transport Policy

As part of the Government‟s reform policy; the Transport Sector Reform Implementation Committee (TSRC) formulated a National Transport Policy in 2003. The goal of the policy is to:

. Promote an efficient and affordable integrated transport network.

. Improve the safety, security, quality and speed of movement of goods and people.

. Increase the involvement of the private sector in the financing and operation of transport related services.

. Promote qualitative road infrastructure and operations through greater effectiveness and efficiency in meeting customer needs.

. Structure the infrastructure to ensure environmental sustainability and internationally accepted standards.

. Promote a culture of maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure.

. Build strong financial base (both public and private) for the creation, maintenance and upgrading of transport infrastructure.

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1.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK

1.9.1 National Legislations

 Federal Roads Maintenance Agency Act No. 7 of 2002 of 30 November 2002 as amended by 23 May 2007, the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (Amendment) Act 2007.

 Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act No 58 of 30 December 1988 : FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990

 National Environmental Protection (Pollution abatement in Industries and Facilities generating Waste) Regulations, 1991

 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (FEPA, 1991).

 National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15

 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992

 Federal Ministry of Environment Procedural Guidelines for EIA

 Harmful Waste Act No. 42 of 25 November 1988

 August 1991 Federal National Parks Act

 Forestry Act, 1958

 Land Use Act 1978

 National Policy on the Environment

 Quarries Act 350 LFN of 1990

 Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guideline for Infrastructure development projects (1995) of the Federal Ministry of Environment.

 Federal Highways Draft Act 2001. It provides guidelines and standards for construction, maintenance and operation of highways,

1.9.2 National Environmental Guidelines

The introduction of guidelines and standards was part of the implementation of the National Policy on Environment and the environmental pollution abatement strategy contained therein. The guidelines and standards relate to six areas of environmental pollution control:

• Effluent limitations. • Water quality for industrial water uses at point of intake.

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• Industrial emission limitations. • Noise exposure limitations. • Management of solid and hazardous wastes. • Pollution abatement in industries.

National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (1991)

This regulation was issued in 1991. It provides national Guidelines and Standards for industrial effluents, gaseous emissions, noise, air quality and hazardous wastes management for Nigeria.

National Environmental Protection S. I .9 (Pollution and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations, 1991

This provides general guidelines for the containment of pollution in industries that generate harmful wastes.

National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15

This provides general guidelines for the management of solid and hazardous wastes in Nigeria and emphasises the followings;

Waste Notification :Industries are obliged to notify the FMENV of all toxic hazardous and radioactive wastes which are stored on site or which are generated as part of operations (Regulations 1991, Article 2).

Waste Management: With regard to waste management, a legal basis exists in Nigeria for the establishment and implementation of a “cradle-to-grave” tracking system. Specifically, the Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations 1991 provide for the establishment of a documentation scheme to cover the generation, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes.

Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992

This Act provides the guideline for activities or development projects for which EIA/EMP is mandatory in Nigeria. Such developments include oil and gas fields, conversion of mangrove swamps covering area of 50 hectares or more for industrial use, land/coastal reclamation projects involving an area of 50 hectares or more. Pursuant to this, the EIA Act No 86 of 1992 sets out the procedure for prior consideration of environmental and social issues in certain categories of public and private development projects.

Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guidelines for EIA

The FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 allocates powers of environment legislation making and enforcement to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment. (FMENV)

In-line with its functions, FEPA has published the EIA/EMP Sectoral Guidelines (revised in September 1995). The guidelines cover major development projects and are intended to

22 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road

inform and assist proponents in conducting EIA/EMP studies.

1.9.3 Nigerian EMP Procedure

The FMEnv developed a National EMP Procedure (FEPA 1985) in response to the promulgation of the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992. The procedure indicates the steps to be followed from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment.

The procedure for EMP involves the project proposal stage where the project proponent notifies FMEnv of the proposed project in writing. The project proposal is expected to contain all relevant information on the project, including a land-use map.

This stage is followed by the screening phase, during which the Ministry will carry out, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and assign the project into a category based on the following criteria;

 Magnitude,  extent or scope,  duration and frequency,  risks,  significance and  Mitigation measures available for associated and potential environmental impacts.

The location of the project if in Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) is also an important criterion in project categorization. The areas categorized as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) include coral reefs, mangrove swamps, small islands, tropical rainforests, areas with erosion-prone soils, natural conservation areas, etc.

There are three categories (I, II, III) in FMEnv‟s EIA/EMP Procedural Guideline. Category 1 projects are subjected to full-scale EIA/EMP. It consists of, among others, construction of Roads and Infrastructure projects like, Railways, Ports and Harbours, airports, Electrification Projects etc.

Projects listed in Category II may not require a full-scale EIA/EMP except when such a project is located in an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and in this case the project will be automatically assigned to Category I. The requirement for Category II projects is a partial EIA/EMP. Also, mitigative measures or changes in project design (depending on the nature and magnitude of the environmental impacts) as well as further actions may be required from the proponent. Category II projects include reforestation/ afforestration projects, land and soil management, small-scale irrigation and drainage, mini hydro-power development, small-scale development of petroleum or related activities, etc.

Category III projects are those expected to have essentially beneficial impacts on the environment. For projects in this category, the Ministry will issue an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Projects in this category include family planning programme, institutional development, environmental awareness projects, etc.

Another stage of FMEnv‟s EMP procedure which comes up after the project proposal stage in the scoping stage, the main feature of which is that the proponent will be required to submit a Terms of Reference (TOR) for the proposed EMP study. In some cases, the Ministry may demand a Preliminary Assessment Report, and any additional information from the proponent to assist in vetting the scope and the TOR of the proposed EMP study. This stage is followed by actual implementation of the EMP study, preparation of Draft Final and Final EMP

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Reports, review process and approval/certification.

Apart from the general EIA/EMP Guidelines, the Ministry has also prepared sectoral guidelines for EMP in different industrial sectors, including the Infrastructure Sector.

1.9.4 Other National Legislations

Apart from the FMEnv guidelines highlighted above, there are other legislations that have been put in place to serve as a check on the operators of oil and gas industries. Some of these are summarized below:

(i) Penal Code

The Nigerian Penal code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for “Any person who: Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhoods or passing along a public way or, does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal”.

The Explosives Act

This Act was promulgated in 1964 and empowers the Minister of Mines & Power (now Solid Minerals) to make regulations on the importation, manufacture, storage and use and the ownership and possession of explosives.

Endangered Species Act (1985)

The endangered species Act No. 11 of 1985 prohibits the hunting, capture and trade of endangered species.

Quarries Act Cap 385 Laws of Federation of Nigeria, 1990

The act provides for and regulates quarrying activities in Nigeria. It prohibits unauthorized quarrying activities for industrial use and diversion of water course or impounding of water for that purpose. The Act gives the Minister for Mines and Power the power to make regulations for prevention of pollution of natural water supply.

Land Use Act 1978

States that “… it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved”.

National Inland Waterways Authority Act (1997)

Act 13 of 1997 establishing the National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) repeals the Navigable Waterways (Declaration) Act of 1988. The NIWA is managed by a governing board, whose functions, among others, include the following:

24 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road

• Serve as the body providing regulations for all inland navigation;

• Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation;

• It is charged with undertaking capital and maintenance dredging, and hydrological and hydrographic surveys;

• Design of ferry routes and operate ferry services within the inland waterways systems; and

• Involved in the survey, removal and receipt of derelicts, wrecks and other obstructions from inland waterways, and undertake the installation and maintenance of lights, buoys, and all navigational aids along water channels

1.9.5 State Legislations

The Nigerian Constitution allows States to make legislations, laws and edicts on the Environment as environmental is listed under the concurrent schedule of the 1999 Constitution.

The EIA Act No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State Ministries of Environment (SMENV) and Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPA), to participate in regulating the consequences of project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SMENVs thus have the responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states.

In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Act FEPA 58 of 1988 Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), the State Environmental Protection Agencies and the State Ministry of Environment were formed in Rivers State which are important stakeholders in the proposed project because the site of the project is within the State.

The functions of the SMENV/SEPAs include:

 Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMENV in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment;

 Co-operate with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of environmental education;

 Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards;

 Monitor the implementation of the EMP and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developments policies and projects within the State.

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Figure 1-1: The flow chart of the EMP process in Nigeria

26 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

27 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

1.10 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES

The World Bank has operational safeguard policies, which apply to various development projects which the bank is either implementing or funding. The objective of these policies is to prevent or at least minimize social environmental risks while increasing socio-economic benefits of approved projects. The effectiveness and positive impact on development of projects and programmes supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of these policies. The Bank‟s safeguards policies include:

. OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

. OP 4.04 Natural Habitats

. OP 4.09 Pest Management

. OP 11.03 Cultural Property

. OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

. OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples

. OP 4.36 Forests

. OP 4.37 Safety of Dams

. OP 7.50 Projects in International Waterways

. OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas The federal government of Nigeria has the responsibility for ensuring that safeguards aren‟t violated. In preparing this EMP, a consideration of the type of the planned investments vis-a- vis the requirements of the Bank Safeguard policies has led to the determination that only the World Bank safeguards policy on Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) apply: However, a complete description of the Bank safeguards and their triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank‟s official web site www.worldbank.org.

The already identified World Bank‟s operational policies that are triggered by the FRDP are summarized below:

Table 1-1: Applicable World Bank Operational Policies

Operational Brief Description Policy

World Bank financed projects must be environmentally sound and sustainable. The type and detail of the EA is dependent on the nature, Environmental scale and potential environmental risks. The safeguard instrument used assessment (EA) here is the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF).

28 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

From the above it is clear that the World Bank safeguard policy on environmental assessment and Nigerian EIA Act are similar. For instance, World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of divergent between WB safeguard policy and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria that of the World Bank will take precedence. 1.11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS

Global and Regional Treaties and Conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on National Governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements through national legislation. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of Conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. UNEP (1991) provides an overview of applicable, international Treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are reviewed briefly below:

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendment

The objectives of this Convention adopted in 1985 are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer and to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the Ozone Layer.

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn Convention

The Bonn Convention‟s adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation.

Convention on Biological Diversity

The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and adopted in 1994, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies.

Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention

This Convention adopted in 1972 defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view.

In addition, Nigeria is a signatory to the following relevant international conventions:

- The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968;

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- The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972;

- The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, 1973;

- Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979.

- The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989;

- The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995;

- The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992;

30 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT

Road Transportation is a key to Nigeria‟s economy considering its vast area and the near comatose of other means of transportation such as the railway. This however could only be effective with sustainable and motorable road networks across the rural, semi-urban and urban districts of the country. The need for this project cannot be over-emphasized when viewed alongside the distribution and the way of life of the inhabitants of the area which is agriculture and trading.

2.1.1 Project Objectives

The primary objective of the Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road Rehabilitation project is to provide efficient and motorable road between the affected communities and beyond and further easy the movement of goods and services thereby reducing the cost of transportation and by extension, prices of goods and services.

Other specific objectives of the project include creation of employment, reduction of accident due to poor state of the current road.

2.1.2 Benefit of the project

• Reduction of accident rates from the current level.

• Contribute to the development of affected towns and communities

• Reduction of man-hour loss due to improved road network.

• Creation of job opportunities 2.2 Project Alternatives

Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include;

i. Taking no action or no project option

ii. Using alternative travel modes

iii. Improving the existing facilities

iv. Taking alternative alignments construction of a multi-lane, controlled access facility on new location.

v. Design variations of alignment and grade.

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In conceiving the development options and scenarios, the following main factors were also considered:

 availability of raw materials,

 process facilities,

 Cost effectiveness and more effective utilization of resources.

2.2.1 USING OTHER TRAVEL MODES

Other modes of efficient passenger travel and goods movement over long distances include air, rail, transit, and marine. With regards to goods movement the only realistic alternative to trucking is rail. Rail, transit and air travel are all feasible alternatives for transporting passengers. However, currently there is no functional passenger rail service in Rivers State. Air service is prohibitively expensive as expressed by majority of stakeholders and by far the least sustainable method of travel. Therefore other modes of travel are not seen as effective alternatives. This is a very cost alternative, and shall add no value to the micro economics of the areas even if it is considered. This option is therefore rejected.

2.2.2 ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS

Alternative alignment options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive, and could lead to loss of revenues from diverted traffic. It would also entail very high costs for property acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base, and reduced access. This alternative is not acceptable as it would be prohibitively expensive. It will also create greater environmental and social impact on the adjoining communities.

2.2.3 DESIGN VARIATIONS OF ALIGNMENT AND GRADE

Since the road is expected to serve the same purpose which is to rehabilitate it to near its original quality and functionality, this alternative is defective as it will create an uneven road alignment. For this reason, this option is rejected.

2.2.4 NO-PROJECT

This a no-project or no-development scenario in which road development/improvement project is not executed. With the “no-project” option, existing levels of service and safety deficiencies in the project area will worsen as automobile and truck traffic volumes continue to increase and would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or expensive. This will negatively impact the nation‟s economy that is highly dependent on good road network. This scenario is therefore rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation‟s growing transport needs.

In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce poverty in the region.

In addition, the consequences of the alternative without the project are inter alia, lack of fluidity of traffic and blockage of sub regional integration, worsening of poverty in the areas concerned and lack of contribution to the development of trade within the nation.

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2.2.5 PREFFERED ALTERNATIVE: REHABILITATING THE EXISTING ROADS

Rehabilitate the Rumuokurushi – Chokocho road to facilitate more efficient haulage of people, goods and services. It will accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region and promote economic development in and around the project corridors. This alternative is acceptable. 2.3 VALUE OF THE PROJECT

It has been estimated that over 593 million naira will be required for the implementation of the project. The proposed project cost includes land acquisition and demolishing of structures/ compensation, mobilization, construction and decommissioning other activities. The project intends to employ about 30 – 40 people directly and over 100 people indirectly during execution. Priority will be given to qualified persons from the host community, followed by nearby communities. The total value of the project that will be brought into the local economy can be regarded as the benefits described earlier. The implication of this is that if identified negative cost and impact can be carefully mitigated, then the project would contribute an overall net positive economic benefit to the nation.

2.3 .1 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY

The sustainability of the project is based on the fact that the intended communities particularly those in and around the three identified L. G. As would continue to use the road as their major access and would ensure that willful destruction or damage of the road infrastructure is not allowed. Other sustainability factors for the road include;

• Life Span

It is expected that the road will remain viable and sustained for at least fifteen (20 - 25) years or more.

• Technical

The road rehabilitation project will be executed by experienced engineers and monitored by qualified resident Engineer.

• Environmental

An adequate environmental management plan, EMP, to be put in place is envisaged to environmentally sustain the project throughout its life span.

A good housekeeping practice will be maintained and the project will implement all the regulations related to EMP.

• Social

FERMA and RSDT will ensure that adequate compensation is paid to all affected person as well as ensuring cordial relationship with stakeholders and communities by the contractor. The people of the area shall be given consideration in employment.

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CHAPTER THREE PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION In this chapter, activities connected to the achieving successful rehabilitation of the Rumuokurushi – Chokocho road which include project‟s engineering design, construction, operation and abandonment activities would be discussed. In general issues pertaining to the design standard and concepts, the construction, operating philosophy and schedule for the project as key components would be dealt with.

The project is specifically the road rehabilitation of 17km Rumukurshi – Chokocho section of the highway located in Rivers State, South – South Nigeria which links Umuahia – Ubakala road with Umuahia – Ariam – Ikot Ekpene road. The activities involved in the project comprise site clearing, raising of the low lying areas of the road with lateritic material, construction of concrete lined drains, arresting the washout areas and placing stone pitching. Others are placing of slabs on concrete lined drains, provision of lateritic sub base, crushed rock stone base construction of box culverts, surface dressing of shoulders, prime coat, asphalt concrete laying, removal of debris.

3.1 PROJECT LOCATION The proposed Rumukurshi - Chokocho road to be rehabilitated is located in Rivers State, South Nigeria. The road links various communities along its about 17km distance from Rumukurushi to Chokocho. The road is an important link that serves the purpose of daily commuting of workers to from Port Harcourt the state capital and the transportation of various goods particularly agricultural commodities to nearby markets.

3.2 DESIGN STANDARDS The existing alignments of the road will in most cases meet the design standards required of Federal Highways in the country without much impediment and re-alignment. In general, the road design has been carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works‟ “Highway Manual Part I – Design”, from inception. The design speed required is as per national speed limit of 100Km/hr. Permanent features like bridges and culverts that have been compromised shall be rehabilitated in accordance with the Federal Highways standards to return the road to its normal condition.

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The rehabilitation project as planned, would be based on the following acceptable national design standards:

REHABILITATION ROAD PROJECT DESIGN

(i) Design Speed - 100km/hr (ii) Type of Road - Single lane carriageway (iii) Carriageway Width - 7.30m (iv) Shoulder Width - 2.75m (v) Maximum Grade - 5% (vi) Pavement Laterite subbase, crushed stone base course, with thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing capacity (vii) Surfacing AC binder and wearing courses (Road Note 29 or Road Note 31) shall be used for pavement/Surfacing Design) (viii) Design parameters Curve radius, curve lengths, sight distances and other parameters shall correspond to the 100km/hr design speed.

3.3 LAYOUT AND EXISTING CONDITIONS OF THE ROAD Prior to the commencement of the environmental impact assessment, site assessment of the proposed road to be rehabilitated covering the approximately 17km length of the Rumuokurushi - Chokocho road was undertaken with the following objectives:

 To assess the present condition of the local network at each location so as to determine the present state of effects of the local environment  To ascertain the details of the road geometry (width, slopes, curvature, etc) pavement construction method and pavement conditions, drainage location and condition of structures;  To identify rock cuts, agricultural farms, steep side slopes and other control, bridge crossings, expensive buildings and structures are also noted; and  To ascertain the present site of the road development in its locality, the communities served by the section of the highway, the common goods moved, the alternative mode of transportation, problems militating transport and travel within these locations.

35 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Furthermore, road inventory sheets were prepared along the route of the project during the detailed assessment study. The following were the observations made:

(i) Pavement

The integrity of the 17KM Road pavement which was made up of an asphalted concrete surfacing was observed to have been largely compromised and rendered unmotorable due to effects of gully erosion and washouts. There is prevalent pavement distress and total failure features like potholes, culvert failure, ruts and edge failure were prevalent along the carriageway. The shoulders were observed to have major erosion problem occasioned by long period of runoff and poor drainage.

(ii) Existing Alignment

The alignment generally traverses a flat to gently rolling terrain in various points along the route. The existing alignment of the road shows significant sign of long-term distress due to neglect and poor maintenance especially along the planned rehabilitation section. This therefore calls for some form of improvement of the vertical and horizontal alignment to satisfy geometric design requirements.

(iii) Carriageway and Shoulders

The Rumuokurushi - Chokocho Road section was designed to the standard highway codes of the country. The road is about 7.30m wide and the width of the existing shoulders varied from 1.20 to 1.5m (of the required width of 2.75m). The road even though originally paved with asphaltic material, its present condition is generally poor and below acceptable international standard with prevalent washout portions and deep potholes caused by gully erosion.

(iv) Furniture

The traditional highway furniture such as road markings and safety warning signs and kilometre posts for proper direction of traffic are virtually non-existent along this road. Where they exist, they are in a very poor condition or having the inscriptions on them faded thereby becoming illegible and of no help to road users. Embankments and some bridges also lack guardrails. The reason for this deplorable condition of road furniture could be traced to poor maintenance of the roads.

(v) Drainage

36 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

The area where the road passes is characterized by torrential form of rainfall with some seasonal streams which criss-crossed the road at various points. Consequently, tThere are a number of bridges and culverts along the section of the road, which is apparently because of the high incidence of rainfall and the fact that the terrain is undulating thus forming many water pathways. However, from the assessment, it was noticed that over a significant part of the road, side drains were not provided which is likely one of the reasons why the pavement has completely failed in places.

(vi) Construction Materials

Quality construction materials - gravel and fill material are abundant around the road corridor. Aggregates can be sourced from neighbouring quarry sites while sand can be obtained from the several riverbanks that are easily accessible from the project site.

(vii) Project Overview/ Scope of Work The road has been in existence for several years and the resulting wear and tear due to human influence and whether effects have combined to contribute in bring the road to its present state of disrepair. In addition to these is the absent of maintenance effort to keep the highway in optimum user-friendly state. At this stage, the activity to be carried out is rehabilitation of the 10km long section of the road which broadly involves;

(a) site clearing and earthworks

(b) construction of drains and culverts

(c) surfacing and pavement

The detailed scope of work for the project are as follows:

(a) Site Clearance and Earthworks - Clearing of site of all forms of bush, grass and trees by the road site - Vegetation Clearing - Pothole cutting - Scarification of failed sections - Burrow pits excavation. (b) Culverts and Drains - Demolition and removal debris of failed pipe Culverts - Excavation and backfilling works

37 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

- Laying of precast pipe and Concrete works (c) Pavement and Surfacing - Supply of fill (lateritic & crushed rock) materials, base and sub base compacting - Laying of prime Coat - Laying of Asphaltic concrete binder/ wearing course and Surface dressing

(viii) Input and Output of Raw Materials and Products

Raw Material Supply Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for scarification, grading/ earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, creation of road pavement, Asphalt overlay (coal tarring) and bridge works, and construction materials including bitumen, crushed rock/ gravel and lateritic material to be burrowed from nearby pits.

Project Staffing and Support The project is expected to generate employment for reasonable number of people (both skilled and unskilled) directly and indirectly through sales of food to the workers by the local community and other services.

Facilities and Services

(i) Sources of Energy Available to the Project The project would be supplied with sufficient petroleum products including motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil in such sufficient quantity as needed throughout the execution period. These products are readily available in and around the project location on demand and reasonable cost.

(ii) Base Camp A temporary base camp for construction activities shall be established for effective execution of the project. This would be established near Rumuokurushi which is the major township in the area to serve as the Base Camp/ co-ordination office. All basic facilities such as First Aid, sanitary and messing facilities shall be provided sufficient enough for number of workers expected on site which will be made available in the camp and at construction site to serve emergency cases.

38 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

3.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS

3.5.1 Construction Materials Quality construction materials - gravel and fill material are abundant around the road corridor. Aggregates can be sourced from neighbouring quarry sites while sand can be obtained from the several riverbanks that are easily accessible from the project site.

3.5.2 Raw Material Supply Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for scarification, grading/ earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, creation of road pavement, Asphalt overlay (coal tarring) and bridge works, and construction materials including bitumen, gravel and fill material usually excavated on site.

3.6 STAFFING AND SUPPORT The project is expected to provide employment for reasonable number of people (both skilled and unskilled) directly and indirectly through sales of food to the workers by the local community.

3.6.1 Facilities and Services Sources of Energy Available to the Project Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources in Nigeria available to the project.

3.6.2 Base Camp A temporary base camp for construction activities shall be located adjacent to FERMA Field Observation Office and Camp. All necessary sanitary and messing facilities shall be provided for an estimated 45 workers expected on site.

3.7 PROJECT SCHEDULE The total duration from zero date to commissioning of the road will be determined. The remaining phases required prior to construction include completion of the environmental impact assessment, detailed field survey for the Highway rehabilitation project. The Highway is expected to be maintained and to remain in operation for a long time to come before another round of maintenance work.

39 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 BASELINE DESCRIPTION 4.1 STUDY APPROACH Introduction

The rationale behind the establishment of the existing environmental condition is to provide qualitative and quantitative baseline information on the different environmental components of the proposed project area against which future departures/deviation as a result of the road project will be weighed. The presentation given here represents a summary of the baseline report.

4.1.1 Quality Assurance The quality assurance programme covers all aspects of the study, including sample collection, handling, laboratory analysis, data coding and manipulation, statistical analysis, presenting and communication of results.

4.1.2 Sample Collection and Handling This was carried out as far as possible in accordance with national guidelines where logistic and safety considerations precluded strict compliance with the above guidelines and standards, other proven, scientifically acceptable methods of sample collection and handling were used. Sampling points were established and co-ordinates of the sampling points taken using the Global Positioning System (GPS). Fast changing parameters were determined in-situ using calibrated instruments.

4.1.3 Field Methods and Laboratory Analysis Laboratory Analysis

The methods of analysis used were those specified in national and other International Analytical Standards such as APHA for water quality. Trace metal analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer duly calibrated using appropriate standards. Physicochemical parameters were determined using DREL 2000 HACH Spectrophotometer and Orion ISE Meter Model 710A, duly calibrated with standards, as well as Flame Photometer.

4.1.4 Statistical Analysis Errors in field data include those resulting from the instrument and those introduced by the observer. With proper, sustained calibration of the instrument and the use of standardised observational procedures, equipment errors were brought to acceptable minimum. However, other errors arise from the method of sampling. Errors often arise from two-stage sampling or sub sampling, or even from the fact that the samples collected are not representative samples of the medium. There are also spatial variations of the same medium, e.g., soil and water. Thus, it is necessary to determine the true mean and the estimated variance among the number of samples taken, so as to establish a reasonable level of confidence in the results obtained. A good result is obtained when the variance is within 5% of the mean.

40 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4.1.5 Data Coding and Manipulation EMP studies in most developing countries where reliable data banks are non-existent, invariably involve acquisition of large amounts of baseline data. To ensure preservation of the integrity of data collected, data coding forms for use in the field were designed in such a way that field data could be directly entered into computer data sheets.

Since their analysis may be required in legal proceedings, it is essential to establish sample authenticity. Samples must be properly sealed and labeled. All data collected were labeled and the following information provided among others:

- Identification code or sample number

- Date and time of sampling

- Description of sample

- Methods of sampling

- Particulars of any photographs taken.

Movements of all samples were included on the samples record. Basic information was recorded together with results of analysis in a register.

4.2 TOPOGRAPHY The land surface of the Niger Delta slopes gently in a north-south direction to the sea, a topography configuration, which has evolved from the sedimentation patterns of the last 75,000 years (Allen 1975)

The topography of the Rumukurushi to Chokocho Road route is characterised by a relatively homoclinal (gently inclined) relief formed from aggradational materials stretching from Rumukurushi to Chokocha area. (Ofomota, 1975) The homoclinal relief is occasionally broken in some places by small hogback ridges and shallow swamp basins around this axis.

4.3 SOILS, AGRICULTURE AND LANDUSE

4.3.1 Soil Studies A total of fifty-two soil samples were collected from thirteen transects along the Rumukurushi – Chokocho proposed Road routed.

At each soil sampling point along each transect, samples were collected at two depths (0-15cm, and 15-30, i.e. at top and sub soil levels, using the Dutch soil Auger. At each sampling point and level, soils from three spots were bulked together, mixed thoroughly, and composite sample collected into pre-labelled polythene bags for laboratory analysis.

41 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Soil samples for Total Petroleum Hydrocaron (TPH) analysis were collected in amber glass bottles, preserved in ice-packed cooler and subsequently transported to the laboratory for analysis. Soil samples for microbiloy analysis were also stored in MCB bottles, stored in cool conditions and transported to the laboratory immediately for analysis.

Physical properties of the soil such as texture, organic matter, and colour were observed and recorded in the field. These properties observed in the field were further confiremed by laboratory test.

Soil Condition

The soils of the area (Rumukurushi – Chokocho road route) are deriving from coastal plain sands. They are a part of the coastal plain stretching from the West of Benin formation to Calabar (Andersen 1967). This coastal plain is composed of sandy deposites originally laid down at, or near sea level in Oligocene to Pleistocene times.

The site-specific soil data for the proposed project area, consisting of physico-chemical characteristics, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon, and heavy metal concentrations for dry season (reviewed) concentrations are as shown in Table 4.1.

Textural Classification

Soil textural classification is the relative amounts of sand, silt, and clay present in a soil. The texture of soil determines the water absorption/infiltration rate, and water holding capacity. It also determines the amount of soil aeration, ease of tilling, and soil fertility. (Odu et al, 1986).

The percentage of sand particles in the soil of the project area is more than fifty at both of topsoil, and subsoil levels. Thus the soil of the project area is sandy.

Soil pH

Soil reaction (pH) is a measure of the free H+ ion concentration of soil solution. It influences the availability of certain elements in the soil. The pH of the soils ranged from 3.95 to 4.53, and 3.95 to 4.63 at the topsoil and subsoil, for the rainy and dry seasons respectively. Essentially, the soils are acidic using the classification of Anon (1986).

Organic Carbon

Soil organic matter consist of dead decayed, and decomposing animals and plants residues soil organic matter is a source of soil nutrients such as Nitrate (Oxidized form of Nitrogen) Phosporus, sulphur, and serve as source of nutrient to micro organisms.

The rainy season values for the soil organic matter content ranged from 0.63% to 1.94% at the topsoil level, and 0.60% to 1.84% at the subsoil level. Soil organic mater level for the dry season was 0.60% to 1.90% at the topsoil, and 0.60% to 1.73% at the subsoil level.

42 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Conductivity

The electrical conductivity of a soil expresses the soil‟s total ionic strength, both cations and anions. Low total ionic strength of soil solution indicates low dissolved salts, and vise – versa.

Soil electrical conductivity values of all the soil samples at both the surface and subsoil levels, and at both seasons‟ studies were low. The upper most value of electrical conductivity was 72µs/cm for transect 12.

Nitrate

Nitrate-Nitrogen is a macro plant nutrient in the soil. It influences plant growth more than most plant nutrients, and it is the most key element in plant growth. Nitrate deficiency symptoms in plants include yellowing, sclerosis, and leaves wilting. Nitrate values in the soils ranged from 0.00mg/kg to 1.00mg/kg in the subsoil during the rainy season. Dry season values ranged from 0.60mg/kg to 1.90mg/kg at the topsoil, and from 0.06mg/kg to 1.00mg/kg at the subsoil level.

Available Phosphorus

Phosphorus is a key plant nutrient. The phosphorus in soil occur either as occluded, solution, or available. Plants can only utilize the available phosphorus from the soil. Available phosphorus contents of <8ppm, 8ppm to 20ppm, and >20ppm could be classified as low, moderate, and high respectively. (Enwezor et al, 1989). Thus available phosphorus values of the soils were low, as all transect values for both seasons study, and for top and subsoil/levels were all less than 8ppm.

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

The amount of exchangeable cations per unit weight of dry soil is a soil fertility determinant. The CEC levels of the soils of the study area were low. Values for rainy season ranged from 3.28meq/100g to 6.32meq/100g for topsoil, and 3.29meq/100g to 6.50meq/100g for subsoil. Dry season topsoil value ranged from 3.25meq/100g to 6.59meq/100g at the topsoil, and 3.26meq/100g to 6.62meq/100g. These finding corroborates with the normal background concentration of CEC (1-5meq/100g in sands) – (Donahue, 1990).

Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH)

43 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Petroleum Hydrocarbons are important environmental pollutants in terrestrial and marine environments. Analytical results of the soils of the project area indicted that Petroleum hydrocarbon content were below the detection limit of the analytical equipment in top and surface soils, for both rainy and dry seasons.

Heavy Metals

Low levels of many heavy metals are naturally present in most soils. Pollution problems can arise from discharge of heavy metals – containing waste products from industrial processes and municipal sources, from where toxic amounts may be absorbed by plants or animals.

Heavy metals exist in several oxidation states, each with different reactive, toxicological, and bioconcentration potentials. Metals such as Cd, Pb, and Zn are toxic in their cationic form, while others require biochemical transformation to become toxic.

The heavy metals profile of the Rumukurushi – Chokocho route indicated that Mn, Cd, Cr, Pb (except in few cases) were below 0.01mg/kg. Irons content of the soils were higher in concentration; ranging from 37mg/kg to 93mg/kg in the rainy season and 39mg/kg to 97mg/kg in the dry season.

Zinc (Zn) and Cu exhibited concentrations that were comparable to corresponding naturally occurring soils concentrations as reported by Alen et al (1974)

100

80

60

40

20

0 . Mn Cd Cr Pb Zn Fe Cu

Fig. 4.1: Maximum values of Heavy metals concentrations in soils of Road Route

The soils of the Rumukurushi - Chokocho route are fertile, non-contaminated, and able to support plant growth.

Soil Microbiology

44 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Total heterotrophic bacteria counts and fungi were relatively high in the surface soils (averaging 6.10x106and 8.8x105cfu/g, and 6.106x 8.6x105.for the rainy and dry seasons respectively), the population of hydrocarbon degraders (generally <0.01% of heterotrophic forms for both seasons) was however very low, (2.4x101 for bacteria and 0.15x101 for Fungi during rainy season, and 2.4x101 for bacteria and 0.14x101 for fungi during the dry season). These values are indicative of unimpacted environment. Bacillus species made up 41% of heterotrophic bacterial microbial occurrence, Enterobacter sp made up 29%, Pseudomonas sp, Alkaligenes and Klebsiella made up the remaining percentage. There was a low population and frequency of occurrence of oil-degrading bacteria.

The prominent isolates were Pseudomonas fluorescens and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolates belong to three orders: Pseudomonadales (11 spp), Beggiatoales (3 sp), and Eubacteriales (21 spp).

45 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Table 4.1: Physico-chemical properties of soil of Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road project (Dry season) Topsoil

Sample pH Cond O/M NO3 Av. P CEC Na Ca K TPH Mn Cd Cr Pb Zn Fe Cu Sand Silt % Clay code % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg % % µs/cm mg/kg meq/100g mg/kg mg/kg

SS1T 4.00 27.5 0.80 0.38 3.00 4.70 14.26 3.76 10.0 <0.01 BDL <0.01 0.01 <0.01 6.00 39 11.50 80.29 14.73 4.98

SS2T 4.10 30.2 1.60 0.55 1.60 3.25 9.51 4.10 10.0 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 6.00 41 13.00 73.55 23.28 3.17

SS3T 4.00 3.00 1.00 0.65 2.00 4.50 11.69 4.11 19.6 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 5.29 45 9.86 75.64 19.20 5.16

SS4T 3.95 21.5 0.93 0.45 2.51 5.17 17.30 5.00 11.1 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 0.02 4.70 56 14.10 73.51 19.41 7.08

SS5T 4.00 50.0 1.15 1.00 1.63 6.35 13.19 4.00 9.8 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.53 45 9.32 66.70 28.53 4.77

SS6T 4.10 61.0 1.37 1.00 4.10 6.21 4.00 3.62 12.0 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 6.00 53 17.50 76.30 18.93 4.27

SS7T 4.31 38.5 1.90 1.00 3.00 6.59 8.10 3.82 13.5 <0.01 BDL <0.01 0.001 <0.01 5.00 97 13.88 73.97 19.22 6.81

SS8T 3.91 49.5 0.98 0.50 2.76 4.00 7.25 5.19 9.9 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 5.58 93 12.00 61.67 29.00 9.33

SS9T 4.00 54.2 1.80 1.00 4.65 4.00 11.15 4.86 15.0 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 0.02 6.30 85 11.16 67.62 24.88 7.50

SS10T 4.00 68.1 0.60 0.09 1.93 5.17 9.00 3.73 9.1 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 5.51 79 11.50 61.83 32.00 6.17

SS11T 4.10 72.0 1.00 0.50 1.60 3.51 8.59 4.53 17..0 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.23 72 14.00 61.97 29.48 8.55

SS12T 4.35 73.0 1.00 0.65 3.55 4.20 12.40 5.28 13.2 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.79 83 16.13 60.70 30.00 9.30

SS13T 3.96 63.2 0.90 0.01 3.10 5.43 13.23 5.20 15.1 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 6.12 89 15.00 69.79 21.00 9.21

Min. 3.91 21.5 0.60 0.01 1.60 3.25 4.00 3.62 9.1 <0.01 BDL <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.23 39 9.32 60.70 14.73 4.12

Max. 4.35 73.0 1.90 1.00 4.65 6.59 17.30 5.20 19.6 <0.01 BDL <0.01 0.01 0.02 6.30 97 17.50 80.29 32.00 933

Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010

46 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Table 4.1 Continued (Dry season) Bottom soil

Sample pH Cond O/M NO3 Av. CEC Na Ca K TPH Mn Cd Cr Pb Zn Fe Cu Sand Silt Clay code % Pmg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg % % % µs/cm mg/kg meq/100g mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg

SS1B 4.00 27.5 0.60 0.35 2.81 4.70 14.20 4.70 3.73 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 6.00 39 11.50 79.84 15.16 5.00

SS2B 4.00 30.0 1.53 0.50 1.60 3.26 9.68 4.10 10.0 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 6.00 41 13.10 78.85 17.0 4.15

SS3B 4.00 30.0 1.00 0.68 1.97 4.51 11.50 4.00 20.0 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 5.00 44 9.78 64.96 26.80 8.24

SS4B 3.96 21.8 0.89 0.46 2.48 5.00 17.00 5.10 11.0 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 4.50 56 14.00 72.58 23.50 3.92

SS5B 4.00 50.0 1.10 0.99 2.43 6.32 13.00 4.39 10.1 <0.01 BDL <0.001 0.02 <0.01 4.50 45 9.35 75.04 19.28 5.32

SS6B 4.00 60.1 1.32 1.00 4.00 6.00 4.50 3.50 11.1 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 6.12 51 17.16 65.07 29.93 5.00

SS7B 4.10 38.5 1.64 1.00 3.11 6.62 8.13 3.41 13.2 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 5.28 96 13.93 76.80 18.93 4.27

SS8B 3.90 50.0 0.92 0.49 2.75 4.13 7.52 5.26 10.0 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 5.50 90 12.00 69.99 23.16 6.85

SS9B 3.99 55.0 1.73 1.00 4.30 4.00 12.00 4.50 15.1 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 0.02 6.29 86 11.00 61.65 29.00 9.35

SS1B 4.00 68.3 0.60 0.09 1.99 5.12 9.00 3.56 9.7 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 0.01 5.56 79 11.58 67.30 25.18 7.52

SS11B 4.11 72.6 0.91 0.56 1.67 3.61 8.50 4.67 11.2 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 4.25 73 13.98 60.10 32.80 7.10

SS12B 4.30 73.0 1.00 0.69 3.52 4.28 11.96 5.00 15.4 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 4.70 83 16.15 60.62 30.46 8.92

SS13B 4.31 63.8 0.90 0.06 3.48 5.50 1308 5.25 12.8 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 6.10 88 15.00 60.07 30.00 9.30

Min. 3.90 21.8 0.60 0.06 1.60 3.26 4.50 3.41 9.7 <0.01 BDL <0.001 <0.01 <0.01 4.25 39 9.35 60.10 15.16 3.92

Max. 4.31 73.0 1.73 1.00 4.30 6.62 17.00 5.26 15.4 <0.01 BDL <0.001 0.02 0.02 6.29 96 17.16 79.84 32.90 9.3

Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010

47 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4.3.2 Agriculture The agricultural system in the study area consists of rotational bush fallow, tree crops production, livestock farming, and wetland farming. Fallow is the dominant means of soil fertility maintenance. However, due to the population pressure in the state, fallow periods are increasingly been shortened.

The production of tree crops is normally in small scale, and large scale cropping. Farmers undertake small scale cropping, while large scale cropping is undertaken by corporate organizations and government departments. The major tree crops include oil palm, rubber, plantain, orange, banana, and cocoa. Arable crops cultivated in the area mainly cassava, maize, cocoyam, vegetable, and yam.

4.3.3 Landuse Landuse in the proposed route is mainly for tree crops cultivation (oil palm, rubber), arable crops cultivation, settlements and roads, industrial, commercial, and fishing areas. A significant portion of land in the area is rocky, hilly fallow, and covered with natural forest trees, especially at the Chokocho axis of the Road route.

The distribution of landuse at the Rumukurushi – Chokocho road route is represented in Fig. 4.2 below.

9

Settlement/roads 32 Tree crops plantation 26 Industrial/commercial

Fishing Areas

6 Hilly rocks/fallow forests 27

Fig. 4.2: The distribution of landuse along the route

48 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4.3.4 Erosion Heavy rains, gently undulating topography, loose, highly porous, permeable and unstable soils that are easily washed away, coupled with deforestation, over cultivation and opening of roads without adequate maintenance, are primary causes of erosion in the proposed project area.

4.4 Surface Water The summary of the physicochemical characteristics of surface water bodies around Rumukurushi – Chokocho axis for dry season (reviewed) is presented in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rumukurushi – Chokocho Surface Water (Dry Season)

WS WS Ma Mea Parameter WS3 WS4 WS5 Min. FEPA WHO 1 2 x n

25. Temp. (oC) 23.0 24.5 25.0 23.2 24.0 23.0 23.9 35.0 25.0 0

6.8 pH 6.62 6.70 6.52 6.81 6.50 6.50 6.63 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 1

8.3 DO mg/l 6.98 6.71 7.00 8.35 7.15 6.70 7.24 NL >5.00 5

BOD mg/l 6.78 6.50 6.75 6.30 7.10 6.30 7.1 6.69 10 NL

10. COD mg/l 10.3 9.6 10.0 8.2 10.0 8.20 9.62 NL NL 3

83. 39.2 Cond (us/cm) 29.1 23.8 26.5 33.6 83.1 23.8 NL 4,000 1 2

47. 45.4 TDS (mg/l) 47.5 43.5 44.0 46.2 45.8 43.5 - - 5 0

Turbidity 18. 17.1 17.0 18.4 16.1 17.5 16.9 16.1 10 5.0 (NTU) 4 8

TSS mg/l 13.8 13.6 15.2 14.8 16.9 13.6 16. 14.8 30 NL

49 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

9 6

14.9 Cl- mg/l 15.6 13.3 14.2 15.8 16.0 13.3 16 600 250 8

0.5 NO (mg/l) 0.53 0.32 0.41 0.30 0.26 0.26 0.36 NL 45 3 3

10.4 10. HCO = 6.25 9.38 5.58 7.00 6.25 7.73 3 6 46

1.1 PO 3- (mg/l) 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.13 0.50 0.50 0.91 NL 5.0 4 3

<0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 TPH (mg/l) 0 0.00 10 0.01 1 1 1 1 1 1

1.5 Ca(mg/l) 0.69 0.83 1.00 1.23 1.56 0.69 1.06 - 7.5 6

1.1 Na (mg/L) 0.98 0.81 0.75 1.00 1.16 0.75 0.94 6

<0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 Pb(mg/l) 0 0.00 0.05 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1

Fe(mg/l) 8.43 7.64 9.00 7.39 8.50 7.39 9 8.19 1.0 0.3

<0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 Mn(mg/l) 0 0.00 NL 0.1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Cu(mg/l) 0.13 1.00 0.68 2.50 1.69 0.13 2.5 1.20 1.5 1.0

<0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 <0.0 Cr(mg/l) 0 0.00 1.03 0.05 1 1 1 1 1 1

Zn(mg/l) 5.87 6.00 5.43 6.10 5.62 5.43 6.1 5.80 1.0 5.0

Source: Fieldwork, 2010 pH

50 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

The pH levels of the surface water of the study area in dry season were acidic and within the limits and standards stipulated by the FMENV. Dry season pH levels ranged from 6.50 (WS5) to 6.81 (ws4)

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

Dissolved Oxygen is essential to maintaining the high forms of aquatic biological live. The Dissolved oxygen levels of the project area surface water body were greater than 5mg/l minimum requirement recommended by the FMENV. The DO levels ranged from 6.71mg/l (WS2) to 8.35mg/l (WS4) in the dry season.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

The BOD is an important indicator of stream/rivers pollution. It is a measure of the oxygen required by microorganisms while breaking down organic matter. The BOD levels of the surface waters were low, which is an indication that surface water in the study area is free from organic matter pollution at the time of this study. Dry season values ranged from 6.30mg/l (WS4) to 7.10mg/l (WS5).

Conductivity

The conductivity of a water body is an index of the total ionic content of the water, and therefore indicates the freshness or otherwise of the water body. (Egborge 1994).

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Turbidity

Values of TDS ranged from 43.5mg/l (WS2) to 47.5mg/l (WS1) in the dry season. Total Dissolved Solids in the surface water of the project area is low. The TDS values could increase from these background values during project execution.

Turbidity values ranged from 16.1 NTU (WS3) to 18.4 NTU (WS2) for the dry seasons. The most obvious change in water quality during construction activities across surface water bodies is increased turbidity.

51 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Heavy (Trace) Metals

The values for heavy metals were all below detection limit (<0.01) for dry seasons except for Cu, Zn, and Fe heavy metals. These metals have been reported to be higher concentrations in the Niger Delta region. Maximum values of Cu, Zn, and Fe were 10.25mg/l.

Surface water microbiology

The results of the Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacteria (HUB), Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF), and Hydrocarbon Utilizing Fungi (HUF) of the surface water of Rumukurushi - Chokocho study area are presented in Table 4.3 below.

Total heterotrophic bacteria counts in the dry season ranged from 5.6 x 102 cfu/ml, to 8.4x104 cfu/ml. Total hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria count ranged from 1.0x101 cfu/ml (station2) to 3.2 x 103 cfu/ml (station4) The population count of heterotrophic fungi in the dry season ranged from1.1x101 cfu/ml (station2) to 4.2x101 cfu/ml (station3). Hydrocarbon utilizing fungi ranged from no growth in station 3 to 1.3x102 cfu/ml in station 3.The heterotrophic bacteria were found to be present in all the sampled stations in both seasons. The strains with the widest distribution were, Klebsiella, Bacillus and Pseudomonas in that decreasing order of population. The hydrocarbon-utilizing bacteria were present in all the sampled stations except in station 4 during the wet season study. The heterotrophic fungi were also present in all the sampled stations though with a relatively lower population as compared to total bacterial heterotrophs. The predominant fungal isolates in the surface water of the study area were aspergillus, candida, and mucor. The counts of the hydrocarbon utilizers (both bacteria and fungi) were low as compared to total viable heterotrophs in both seasons. However their presence in stations 4 and 5 confirms the conclusions reached by Odokuma and Okpokwasili (1993), of their enduring presence in the Niger Delta ecosystems even when there are high industrial activities. The observed low counts of the hydrocarbon degraders compared to the heterotrophs may be attributed to the relatively pristine nature of the Rumukurushi – Chokocho road axis to hydrocarbon exploration activities.

Table 4.3: Heterotrophic and hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria and fungi in surface water (Dry Season)

52 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Sampl THB HUB % Predominan THF HUF % Predomina e (Cfu/m t Bacterial nt Fungal (Cfu/ l) HU Isolates (Cfu/ml (Cfu/m HU Isolates Statio ml) B ) l) F ns

1. 5.6x10 2.9x10 0.51 Klebsiella + 3.0x101 1.0x101 0.33 Candida 2 3 Proteus spp -

2 8.4x10 1.0x10 0.11 Klebsiella + 1.1x101 NG- NG Mucor 4 1 Bacillus

3 6.4x10 2.1x10 0.33 Bacillus + 4.2x101 1.3X10 0.30 Candida 4 2 Aeromonas 2 spp

4 7.3x10 3.2x10 0.43 Pseudomona 3.1x101 1.0X10 0.32 Mucor 2 3 s aeroginosa 1

5 6.0x10 2.3x10 0.38 Proteus spp 2.0x101 1.0X10 0.50 Mucor 2 2 1-

NG=No Growth Source: Fieldwork, 2010

4.4.1 Hydrobiology Planktons

Plankton is an assemblage of all the floating and drifting microscopic organisms in the surface region of the aquatic ecosystem. However some forms of plankton such as fish larvae, crustaceans and arrow worms can swim well (Hardy and Brainbridge, 1954).

Phytoplanktons are the microscopic plant components of the plankton. They are the primary producers, being capable of photosynthesis, providing food directly or indirectly for other aquatic forms.

Zooplanktons are the microscopic animals components of the plankton and include the juvenile and larval stages of larger animals such as fish lavae/ embrayo, molucs and the permanent zooplankton (euphesids, chaetognaths, jellyfish, cepodes, etc.

53 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Zooplankton not only indicates the effect of low level changes or pollution in the water body, but also an important link in the aquatic food chain.

Phytoplanktons.

The result of the phytoplanktons species distribution abundance for the dry season are as outlined in fig. 4.3.

During the dry season the Bacilliarophyceae were more abundant, followed by the Dinoflagellates, chlorophyceae and cyanophyceae in decreasing other of abundance.

Bacilliarophycea

Cyanophyceae

Chlorophyceae

Dinoflagellates

Fig 4.3: Percentage composition of different groups of Phytoplankton in the study area

The distribution abundance, species richness and diversity of the phytoplankton taxa in all the samples stations may be as a result of the uniform distribution of the nutrients.

The variations in the species composition and abundance in different study stations is attributed to different sources, types and rate of nutrients inputs to the environment from anthropogenic and

54 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) natural sources. Species responds differently to different concentration of phosphorurs and other nutrients (starchowiz, 1990) with nitrogen being probably the major nutrients limiting primary production in many tropical water system (Owens and Esaias, 1976).

The Bacilliophyceae (diatoms) were also the most abundant (57%) phytoplanktons taxon during both the rainy and dry season.

Species abundance and diversity values of phytoplankton were higher than those of the zooplankton. This is normal with natural ecosystems as the phytoplankton occupies the lowest ring of the trophic level serving as food for higher organisms.

Zooplankton

A total of twenty species of zooplankton were observed during the study. A list of zooplankton species of the Rumukurushi – Chokocho study area is presented in fig. 4.4 for the dry season studies. Cepepoda presented highest to the species number with 44% whiles Pisces, Lamellibranch, annelida and Gastropoda made up 7.5%, 4.2%, and 1.3% of species numbers respectively. Other zooplankton species (Crustacea 1.8%, Cylopoida 9.6% Calanopoida 2.7% and Harpacticoida 1.9%) made up the remaining percentage of the species number.

Copepoda

Pisces

Lamellibranch

annelida

Gastropoda

Crustacea

Cyclopoida

Clanoida

Harpacticoida

Fig 4.4: Percentage composition of the different groups of zooplankton in the samples stations

55 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4.4.2 Sediment Study Sediment is a veritable parameter of measuring quality of aquatic ecosystems. The sediment of a water body can be used to determine the presence of and or contamination. Sediments accumulate heavy metals and hydrocarbon contaminants. Also the stationary nature of the sediment enables it to indicate the types and concentrations levels of the localized contaminants.

The physico-chemical characteristics of the sediments of Rumukurushi – Chokocho area are presented in table 4.4. The sediments were discovered to be predominantly sandy loam. The pH of the sediment was discovered to be acidic (mean 4.21). Conductivity values of the sediment were low, with mean values were ((105µs/cm) dry season.

Mean values of Nitrate, phosphate, sulphate contents of the sediment were 0.22pp, 1.04ppm, and 0.12ppm respectively

Except for iron and copper values other trace/heavy metals values were very low during the dry season.

The concentrations of the total petroleum hydrocarbon contents of the sediments were very low, and below the detection limit (<0.01pp) of the analytical equipment in the dry season.

4.35 4.3 4.25 4.2 4.15 Raining Season 4.1

Concentration 4.05 Dry Season 4 3.95 WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 Water sample station

Fig. 4.5: pH Values for Rumukurushi – Chokocho surface water

Table 4.4: Physico Chemical Properties of Sediment in Rumukurushi - Chokocho Study Area. (Dry Season)

56 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Parameters/Unit SED- SED- SED- SED-4 SED-5 Mean Min Max s 1 2 3

pH 4.28 4.25 4.21 4.08 4.23 4.21 4.08 4.28

E C(us) 68.4 120.3 98.0 101.2 140.0 105.58 68.4 140

C (%) 3.00 2.84 2.09 2.86 2.80 2.72 2.09 3

N (%) 2.18 2.01 1.99 2.04 2.08 2.06 1.99 2.18

P (ppm) 1.22 0.98 1.04 1.07 0.87 1.04 0.87 1.22

NO3 (ppm) 0.22 0.18 0.21 0.32 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.32

NO2 (ppm) 0.10 0.12 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.1 0.14

2- SO4 (ppm) 0.13 0.11 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.12 0.1 0.14

Na (meq/100g) 164.0 163.2 164.0 167.0 164.1 164.46 163.2 167

K (meq/100g) 209.0 220.0 217.1 219.0 214.9 216.00 209 220

Ca (meq/100g) 6.17 6.80 7.14 10.20 10.5 8.16 6.17 10.5

Mg (meq/100g) 164.0 163.2 167.0 165.2 160.9 164.06 160.9 167

CLAY (%) 3.24 2.73 1.88 2.66 2.68 2.64 1.88 3.24

SILT (%) 7.22 6.25 4.02 9.36 6.28 6.63 4.02 9.36

SAND (%) 89.54 91.02 94.12 87.98 91.04 2 90.74 87.98 94.12

Fe (ppm) 98.23 124.0 108.3 132.21 214.02 135.36 98.23 214.02 2 3

Mn (ppm) 0.45 0.69 0.71 0.68 0.75 0.66 0.45 0.75

Zn (ppm) 12.03 10.05 17.22 16.04 16.21 14.31 10.05 17.22

57 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Cu (ppm) 10.23 13.24 16.88 17. 30 17.01 11.47 10.23 17.01

Pb (ppm) 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.04

TPH (ppm) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.00 0 0

Source: Fieldwork, 2010

Sediment Microbiology

The microbial characteristics of the sediments in the study area are shown in Table 4.5 below. The presence of hydrocarbon utilizers (bacteria and fungi) in sediments of an aquatic environment is an indication of hydrocarbon contamination. More so as sediments are sedentary waterbed materials that can accumulate contaminants (USEPA 1991).

The total heterotrophic bacteria in the dry season sediment sample ranged from 6.23x102cfu/g sed (station 4) to 9.60x102cfu/g sed (station 2). Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria ranged from 1.00 x 104 cfu/g sed. (stations 4&5) to 1.5x104cfu/g sed (station1). Heterotrophic fungi count in the dry season ranged from 2.50x102 cfu/g sed. (station 5 to 6.60 x102cfu/g sed. (station1). Hydrocarbon utilisers counts in the culture media were barely ten in all the sample stations culture media.

The dorminant bacterial heterotrophs in the sediments of the study area are and aeromonas, while the dorminant heterotrophic fungi are aspergillus and pennicllum The sediments of the study area are devoid of hydrocarbon utilizing fungi and a relatively low level of hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria. In contaminated sediment preservation and remediation studies, relatively low counts or absence of hydrocarbon utilisers is an indication of no hydrocarbon contamination, and pristine hydrocarbon environment. (USEPA 1991).

Table 4.5: Sediment Microbiology of Project Area (Dry Season)

S/N THB HUB Predominant THF HUF Fungal Bacterial Isolates (Cfu/ml) (Cfu/ml) Isolates (Cfu/ml) (Cfu/ml)

1. 6.30x102 1.15x104 Bacillus 6.60x102 0.00x101 Candida

2 9.60x102 1.13x104 Pseudomonas 4.00x102 0.00x101 Mucor

3 7.20x102 1.12x104 Bacillus 4.20x102 0.00x101 Penicillium

58 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4 6.23x102 1.00x104 Pseudomonas 3.00x102 0.00x101 Aspergillus

Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010

4.4.3 Fisheries Within the period of dry season field study a total of eighteen species representing eleven families of finfish were observed to have been landed. The species listed are the dominant ones. The morphometric measurements of the fish indicated that they are mostly small- sized. Dissection of a few fish samples showed no pathological conditions.

4.5 Vegetation Studies Vegetation studies were carried out in 5 transects established in each of the 10-vegetation study sites (VSS) located along the proposed Right-Of-Way (ROW) for the Road Project.

At all the study sites, there was gross anthropogenic pressure on the vegetation due to farming activities, which is the major economic base of people. There are no primary rain forests left. The commonest habitats observed included-Oil Palm bush, Bush fallows, cultivated farmland and Secondary/Riparian forest. With the deforestation problem in the area, the Indian Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris, seems to be highly favoured and flourishing in almost all the habitats. The Secondary/Riparian forests, also threatened by deforestation, are dominated by Bambusa vulgaris, followed by Elaeis guineensis, Raphia sp, while ferns, sedges and grasses form thick undergrowths.

Maintenance of Homestead tree crops and vegetables is a common practice in every community, and in some areas homestead cropping has been extended to the shorelines of streams. These Crops were mainly, native pears, mangos, oranges, Avacado pear, Pineapples, Guava, Banana, Plantain, Coconut, Pawpaw, Yams, cassava, and the hard-textured vegetable. Throughout the area, India bamboos are used to stake both yams and the Gnetum africanum.

Table 4.6: Floristic Composition of the Vegetation By Study Site (Vss), % Frequency Of Occurrence And Economic Importance Of Some Species at the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route.

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 Elaeis guineensis 36 60 10 4 6 25 16 20 15 Sources of palm oil

59 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 5 5 and Kernel

Musanga cecropoides 2 5 1 10 7 Umbrella tree 8

Harungana 2 1 4 2 Fuel wood; locally madagascariensis 0 endangered

Bamboos vulgaris 80 72 90 8 4 66 2 80 14 Widely used for 3 2 0 staking yam and „Afang‟

Anthocleista vogelli 8 6 Leaves useful in tieing kolanut; papper, etc

Pterocarpus 2 8 Used in the santaniloides 0 constructions of canoes anD water crafts

Mitragyna ciliate 2 5 Abura‟ – A source os timber

Miltragyna stipulosa 1 3 Abura‟-A source os timber

Azadirachta indica 3 1 5 2 Used in the treatment oF malaria (Neem)

Ginelina arborea 8 1 8 Used in match 0 industries for making splints

Garcina kola 5 2 Bitter cola used for enterainment (edible)

Garcinia manni 1 2 Used as chewing stick

60 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 for cleaning the teeth

Pentaclethra 1 3 Oil bean tree, has macrophyilla edible seed

Chrysophylium 2 Star apple albidum

Anacardium 2 3 Cashew; Edible fruit occidentale

Ficus exasperate 3 2

Dracena arborea 15 22 1 10 Used in making 4 boundary

Irvingia gabonensis 3 Bush mango; source of „Ogbono‟

Raphia hookeri 18 12 1 2 12 5 15 12 8 Source of Palm wine 5 0 and thatch material

Raphia vinifer 10 3 5 2 5 Source of bamboo, palm and thatch material

Mangifera indica 45 52 32 2 3 30 1 25 14 28 Fruit-source of 0 2 8 vitamin. C., provides excellent shade

Dacryodes edulis 42 30 20 1 4 36 2 20 16 40 8 0 4

Cocos nucifera 56 25 8 3 8 5 2 5 8

Carica papaya 5 2 5 8 6 Fruit-source of vitamin. C and papain

61 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 Pisidium guajava 5 14 5 8 3 2 4

Musa sapientum 33 25 6 4 1 16 1 10 14 18 A staple food 0 2

Musa paradisiacal 28 18 10 1 1 10 7 6 10 A staple food 2 9

Artocarpus communis 5 1 5 Bread fruit 2

Afzelis africana 2 1 3 2 3 Leaves used as vegetable

Dennettia tripetala 2 5 5 Pepper fruit-for entertainment

Citrus reticulate 10 1 8 1 10 5 Fruit-source of 2 5 Vitamin. C

Citrus sp. 6 10 17 1 5 2 5

Nephrolepis sp. 2 10 2 6 7 Fem

Alocasis sp. 10 2 1 10 12 Aquatic weed

Caladium saggitifolius 8 5 5 12 18 Omamental cocoyam (non-edible her)

Pistia stratiotes 2 8 Aquatic weed

Nymphaea lotus 5 3 Aquatic weed

Lemna sp. 4 Aquatic weed

Ceratophyilum 4 2 Aquatic weed demersum

62 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 Azolla sp. 2 Aquatic weed

Polygonuim sp. 6 5 Aquatic weed

Vossia cuspidate 12 10 10 Aquatic weed

Echinochica stagnina 10 2 6 Aquatic weed

Ipomoea repans 12 1 2 Aquatic weed

Commelina nudiflora 5 3 10 8 Terrestrial/Aquatic 3 Weed

Panicum maximum 18 10 14 8 6 15 Terrestrial weed

Kyllinga sp. 2 2 14 Terrestrial weed

Mariscus sp. 13 5 8 1 Terrestrial weed 0

Cyperus articulatus 16 18 15 12 8 Sedges

Cyperus rotundus 3 15 Sedges

Fimbristylis sp. 10 15 8 Sedges

Sida acuta 12 3

Urena lobata 15 10 Terrestrial weed

Emilia praetermissa 2 8 2 4 8 Terrestrial weed

Marantcchica 8 10 4 10 12 Terrestrial weed cuspidate

Sellaginella sp. 45 6 2 1 Have broad leaves: for 0 wrapping „agidi‟

Aneileme sp. 13 4 2 3 Used in forming pad

63 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 for load e.g. firewood

Paliaota hirsute 5 4 5 6 Aquatic and terrestrial weed

Ludwigia decurrens 10 6 Aquatic

Sinilax anceps 5 1 Aquatic weed

Digitaria horizontalis 10 4 Thomy creeper; inflicts wound easily

Dissotis rotundifolia 2 5 2 Creeper

Dioscorea bulbifer 15 12 14 1 5 10 8 12 Creeper 8

Dioscorea cayenensis 2 15 Aerial yam

Dioscorea alata 8 2 Yellow yam

Disocorea dumetorium 4 10 5 12 6 10 4 Water yam

Xanthosoma 2 4 Sweet yam sagittifolium

Colocasia sp 5 16 5 Coco yam; stem

Manihot esculentia 12 1 20 8 1 23 1 12 23 Coco yam; com edible 0 5

Manihot utilissima 18 25 16 1 7 5 9 18 16 Cassava 2

Talinum triangulare 20 8 Cassava

Telferia 10 6 Water leaf (Vegetable) occidententalis

64 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

ECONOMIC

PLANT SPECIES IMPORTANCE /

5

REMARK (S)

VSS1 VSS2 VSS3 VSS4 VSS VSS6 VSS7 VSS8 VSS9 IVSS10 Genetum, 24 15 28 3 25 1 20 16 10 Fluted pumkin buncholzianum 0 3 (vegetable)

Vernonia amygdalina 5 2 5 Afang‟ (vegetable)

Ocimum gratissimum 2 1 2 Bitter leaf (vegetable)

Hibiscus esculentus 2 3 2

Capiscum sp. 5 12

Amaranthus sp. 3 5 8

Source: Fieldwork, 2010

65 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Plate 4.1: Forest vegetation of different plant species at Rumukurushi – Chokocho route area

Plate 4.2: A typical Farm Stead often sited along the route

66 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Plate 4.3: A typical Palm Bush in the project area

67 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Plate 4.4: Musanga cecropoides (Umbrella tree)

68 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Plate 4.5: Raphia hookeri (Raphia palm)

4.6 WILDLIFE STUDIES Wildlife studies were carried out following the conventional field methods (Dasmann, 1964; Moshby, 1963; smith, 1964); unstructured interviews of local hunters and knowledge of community members, observations, sightings by means of a pair of binoculars with magnification of 7x50mm, and local assistants who helped to locate the habitats of most resident species. All animal remains brought out by the local hunters were identified to possible Taxonomic levels using the field guides and keys (Kingdom, 1997; Happold, 1987; Elgood, 1960; Branch, 1958). Counts of these animals and their ecological niches were noted as a measure of abundance and those captured were subsequently released in consonance with conservation practices and regulations.

The bulk of wildlife habitat in the local study area is however, devastated due to the unbridled deforestation going on in the place. The shoreline or Riparian forests are now the only refuges or rendezvous of wildlife of the area, and from these sites they make incursions to neighbouring farmland and bush fallows to forage. The commonest animals known here are Giant rats,

69 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Grasscutters, Porcupine, African Civets, Bush pig, antelopes and a few species of monkey. Snakes such as Naja nigricollis, Bitis gabonica, Dendrogagesis jainesoni and Python sp, are abundant, especially near streams and waterfront.

There was consensus of opinion among interviewed hunters that Pangolins, Genets, Royal antelopes, chameleons, crocodiles, Nile monitor, eagles and woodpeckers were endangered. Birds community sighted in most stations were-kites, Hawks, Pied Crow, common Bulb vultures, African swift, weavers, shrikes, etc.

Plate 4.6: African Civet – a species of wildlife found in the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route

Investigations into the contemporary wildlife in the area reveal the occurrence of a wide variety of vertebrates most of which are, low and mid successional species (Smith 1964). Their checklist, distribution and conservation status are presented in table 4.9. Results show that of the

70 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) species identified in the ten stations there were 19 families, 20 avian species from 12 families; 19 reptilian species from 12 families and 6 amphibian species from 4 families.

Mammalia

The most abundant mammalian fauna in all the ten stations are the grass cutter, Thryonomys swinderianus, the Brush tailed porcupine, Atherurus africanus and the gian rat, Cricetomys gambianus which inhabit forest edges and bush fallows, from where they make incursions into cultivated farmlands to destroy food crops at night. Also ubiquitous and abundant are the squirrels, whose vocalizations were frequent on young oil palm trees and lower tree branches, especially in the morning and evening hours. Because of extensive deforestation problem in the area, larger mammals such as Cephalophus maxwelli, Tragelaphus scriptus, T. Spekei, potamochoerus porcus, Viverids and primates are now restricted to the riparian forest areas. According to hunter‟s report the mammals rarely encountered nowadays (i.e endangered species) include-Manis sp (Pangolins), Neotragus sp (Royal antelopes), Nandina binotata (spotted palm civet), Calagos spp (Bush babies), Perodictcus potto (Bosman‟s Potto) and Genetta sp (Genets). On the other hand one of the most ubiquitous mammals in the area are fruit bats (Megachiropterans), which are frequently attracted to ripe fruits in their numerous orchards.

Aves

The avifauna assemblage of the area under survey was found to consist mainly of Kites, Pied Crow, hawks, swifts, pigeons, Common bulbul, vultures, herons, Allied Hornbill, Egrets, Kingfishers, etc, shopws the frequency of birds by families recorded for 3 hours at strategic points in each station during the survey. The data reveals that commonest families were ploceidae (weavers), Micropopidae (Swifts), Pycnonotidae (common Bulbul) and Columbiidae (Pigeons) and doves. The was also observed That while kites, vultures and hawks hovered around human settlement for preys, weavers, swifts and Common Bulbul, were frequently found in cultivated Farmland and bush fallows, where they fed on seeds, fruits and insects. Species of Kingfishers and Egret were often sighted on the stream shorelines and environs searching for fish, aquatic insects and frogs. Among the rare species of the area are woodpeckers, Parrots and Shrikes.

Reptillia

71 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Data on the reptilian fauna of the study sites reveal a satisficatory conservation status for small lizards like Agama agama, and Mabuya affinis. On the other hand, reptiles like the skink Mabuyu maculilabris, the forest gecko, Hemidactylus sp. Chameleons, and Chelonians generally are critically endeangered. Large lizards such as Crocodylus tetraspsis and Varanus niloticu are also critically endangered. There is however a consensus of opinion among the hunters that snakes are preponderant throughout the study area, the commonest species being-the spitting cobra Naja nigrocollis, Emerald green snake, Gastropyxis smaradgina, the green mamba, Dendoaspis jamesoni, Gabon viper, Bitis gabonica, the python. Python reguis and P. sebae. Most of them inhabit the humid riparian forests and Bush fallows. The general depletion in the slacertilia and chelonians is traceable to the extensive deforestation throughout the area.

Amphibia

The shoreline of the streams and ponds occurring in the area were veritable breeding grounds for amphibians. Widely distributed were Rana sp and Xenopus tropicalis. The latter in some localities along the ROW constituted an important component of the basket trap fishery. The Goliath frog, Gigantorina golath, had a restricted range in some encountered deep ponds. In all the stations, Rhcophoids (tree frogs) are reported to be rare, but the probability of spotting one is higher at the riparian forest locations. Only one species, Hyperoluis sp was recorded during the survey.

S = Satisfactory; EN = Endangered; V= Vulnerable; K = Suspected to be in EN or V categories; I = Indeterminate

IUCN = International Ranking in 1994 IUCN Red list

WCMC = National Ranking in WCMC‟s 1988 Nigeria Biodiversity Report

DCR- 11= Ranking in Federal Endangered Species Decree No. 11 of 1985 (Schedule 1 & 2)

72 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Table 4.7: Inventory of Wildlife species at the Rumukurushi – Chokocho Road route.

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

M/01 Mammalia Maridae Cricetomys S - - - gambianus (Giant oR Gambian Ral)

M/O2 Mammalia Thyonomidae Thryonomys S - - - swinderianus (Gane Ral or Grass cutter)

M/03 Mammalia Thyonomidae Atherurus S - 1 1 africanus (Brush-tailed Porcupine)

M/04 Mammalia Soricidae Protoxerus S - - - strangeri (Giant Forest squirrel)

M/05 Mammalia Soricidae Xerus S - - - erythropus (West African Ground squirrel)

M/06 Mammalia Suiidae Potamocheorus S - - - porus (Bush- Pig)

M/O7 Mammalia Bovidae Cephalophus S - K - mawelli (Maxwell‟s Duiker)

73 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

M/O8 Mammalia Bovidae Tragelaphus V - K - sciptus (Bush Buck)

M/09 Mammalia Bovidae Tragelaphus V - EN 1 spekei (Sitatunga)

M/10 Mammalia Bovidae Neotragus EN - - - pygmaeus (Royal Antelope)

M/11 Mammalia Viverridae Viverra civetta S - - 2 (Africa Civet)

M/12 Mammalia Viverridae Genetta V - - 2 maculates (Forest Genet)

M/13 Mammalia Herpestidae Atilax V - - 2 paludinosus (Marsh Mongoose)

M/14 Mammalia Pteropadidae Mega S - - - chiropteran sp. (Insect bals)

M/15 Mammalia Pteropadidae Micro S - - - chiropteran sp. (Insect bals)

M/16 Mammalia Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus S - - 2 mona (Mona

74 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

Monkey)

M/17 Mammalia Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus S - - 2 nictitons (Putty- nose Monkey)

M/18 Mammalia Loridae Perodicticus 1 - - 2 potto (Bosman‟s Potto)

M/19 Mammalia Galagonidae Galagos sp. 1 - - - (Bush baby)

AV/20 “ Falconidae Milvus migrans S - - - (Black kile)

AV/21 “ Accipiter sp. S - - - (Hawk)

AV/22 “ Ardeidae Butroides S - - - striatus (Green backed Heron)

AV/23 “ Egretta sp. S - - - (Little Egret)

AV/24 “ Ardea cinera V - - - (Grey Heron)

AV/25 “ Centropus S - - - senegalensis (Senegal coucal)

AV/26 “ PyCnonotidae Pycnonotus S - - - barbatus (Common

75 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

Bulbul)

AV/27 “ Micropopidae Cypsiurus S - - - parvus (African palm swift)

AV/28 “ Apus affinis S - - - (Little swift)

AV/29 “ Alcedindae Halcyon S - - - malimbicus (Blue-breast6ed kingfisher)

AV/30 “ Tokus S - - - senegalensis (Woodland kingfisher)

AV/31 “ Bucerotidae Toku S - - - semifascialus (Allied Hombill)

AV/32 Aves Corvidae Colvus albus S - - - (Pied crow)

AV/33 “ Columbridae Stigmatopelia S - - 1 senegalensis (Laughing Dove)

AV/34 “ Anatidae Anas sp. (Water S - - - Duck)

76 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

AV/35 “ Anatidae Lanius collaris V - - - (Fiscal Shrike)

AV/36 “ Anatidae Laniarrius V - - - ferrugineus (Shrike)

AV/37 “ Plesiositagra S - - - cucullatus (Village Weaver)

AV/38 “ Hyphanturgus S - - - brachypterus Ploceidae (Spectacled Weaver)

AV/39 “ Polceidae Vidua macroura V - - - (Pin-tailed whydah)

RE/40 Reptilia Agamidae Agama agama S - - - (Rainbo Lizard)

RE/41 “ Scincidae Mabuya S - - - affiniiiiiiis (Common skink)

RE/42 “ Gekkonidae Hemidactylus V - - - sp. (Forest Gecko)

RE/43 “ Biodae Python sebaE V - - - (African Rock Python)

77 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

RE/44 “ Biodae Python regius V - - - (Royal Python)

RE/45 Viperidae Bitis gaboniica S - - - (Gabon viper)

RE/46 ElapidAe Naja nigricollis S - - - (Spitting cobra

RE/47 Elapidae Naja nigricollis S - - - (Spitting cobra)

RE/48 Reptilia Elapidae Dendroaspis S - - - jamesoni (Green Mam,ba)

RE/49 Colubridae Garyia smythii S - - - (smyth‟s water snake)

RE/50 Colubridae Gastropyxis S - - - smaradgina (Emerald Green snake)

RE/51 Colubridae Bioga S - - - blanolingii (Blanding‟s snake)

RE/52 Pelomedusidae Pelonmedusa sp V - - - (Marsh or Helmeted Terrapin)

78 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

RE/53 Testudinidae Kinixys erosa S - - - (Hinged land tortoise)

RE/54 Testudinidae Trionyx V - - - truinguis (Soft shell Turtle)

RE/55 Chamaeleonidae Chameleon EN - - - cristatus (Chameleon)

RE/56 Varanidae Varanus EN - - - niloticus (Nile Monitor)

RE/57 Crocodylidae Crocodylus EN - - - niloticus (Nile Crocodile)

RE/58 Crocodylidae Osteoaemus EN - - - tetrapsis (Short- nosed Crocodile)

AM/59 Ambibia Bufonidae Bufo regularis S - - - (Common African Toad)

AM/60 “ Bufonidae Bufo latiformis I - - - (Toad)

AM/61 “ Ranidae Rana S - - - temporaries (True green Frog)

79 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Ref. Class Family Species No. Local IUCN WCMC DCR 11

AM/62 “ Ranidae Gigaratorina V - - - golath (Goliath Frog)

AM/63 “ Pipedae Xenopus S - - - tropicalis (Clawed toe frog)

AM/64 “ Rhacophoridae Hyperclius sp EN - - - (Tree frog)

Source: NDES, 1997

4.7 GEOLOGY/GEOMORPHOLOGY The proposed project area is situated in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Geology of the area are divided into five zones, namely, the freshwater alluvial zone, Saline mangrove zone, Beach ridge zone, Sombreiro-Deltaic plain, the Ogoni soils. (B. Anderson 1966)

The Rumukurushi – Chokocho area geology is within the Ogoni soils. The Ogoni geology is of the Oligocene to Pleistocene age. At this geologic phase, the sediments of the Niger Delta systems merged and were reworked by long shore and tidal currents. The geology of the area is also characterised by classic sediments of the coastal plain sands of the Niger Delta, which consist of sequence of massive sand deposits punctuated by lenticular clay bodies. Parts of the area are a low plateau about 100 feet above sea level. A few deep valleys with permanent streams and several shallower dry valleys .

The drainage pattern is bettered characterised with the development of well-defined natural levees and bluffs. (NEDECO 1961)

80 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

4.7.1 Hydrogeology Existing Conditions: Ground water quality

The existing conditions of the physico-chemical characteristics of the groundwater from the monitoring borehole are presented in table 4.8.

The pH concentrations of the ground water ranged from 6.7 to 6.8, while the heavy metals, (except for Fe content) and total petroleum hydrocarbon content were all below the detection limit of the gas chromatography analytical equipment. TPH analyses of the groundwater and drill cuttings samples (appendix 4.2) indicated that the ground water environment of the Rumukurushi axis is relatively very pristine. The presence of Fe in the ground water is attributable to percolation and leaching from the top formation, as Fe has been reported to be of high concentration in soils of the Niger Delta area. (Andersen 1967)

All the concentrations of the ground water parameters were within permissible/regulatory standards.

Table 4.8: Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Groundwater Samples along route

S/N Parameters Borehole WHO/FMENV. Maximum permissible limits

1 PH 6.7 6.5 – 8.5

2 TSS (mg/l) 1.0 <10

3 TDS (mg/l) 13.0 500

4 Turbidity (NTU) 0.05 1.0

5 DO (mg/l) 2.3 10

6 O/G BDL 0.05

7 Cl- (mg/l) 0.50 25.0

- 8 NO3 (mg/l) 0.83 10.0

= 9 SO4 (mg/l) 0.62 500

10 PO4= (mg/l) 0.01 <5.0

11 HCO3= (Hardness) 3.25 200

81 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

12 Na (mg/l) 0.30 200

13 TPH (mg/l) BDL *0.02

14 Fe (mg/l) 0.01 1.0

16 Pb (mg/l) BDL 0.05

17 Mn (mg/l) BDL 0.05

18 Cu (mg/l) BDL 0.1

19 Zn (mg/l) BDL 5.0

20 Cr (mg/l) BDL 0.05

21 Ba (mg/l) BDL 1.0

22 Ni (mg/l) BDL 0.05

Source: Lab. Analysis, 2010

4.8 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY The climate of the area is of tropical rainforest type. Climatic data obtained from a meteorological station in Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Akwete, indicated that Rainfall is generally high with an average of about 2900-mm per annum. Relative humidity values range from 44% to 87% over 24 hours during dry and wet seasons respectively. Temperature in the area is generally high with very little difference between the minimums and maximum. The ambient temperature ranges from 250C to 330C. The wind directions are Southwesterly during the wet season months (April to October) and Northeasterly during the dry season months (October to March). The average wind speed is about 2m s-1 with a range of 0.5 - 3.5 ms-1.

4.9 AIR QUALITY

The ambient air quality parameters (SOx, NOx, CO, H2S, SPM, VOC) and noise levels at the study area along the Road ROW were all below the long-term FMENV and WHO tolerance limits (Table 4.12).

Noise

The noise level at the various locations indicated that all values were within the regulatory levels of 90 dBA for an 8-hour exposure per day. The main sources of noise within the study area were identified to be noise from birds and from the community.

82 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

High levels of noise and low quality of air are envisaged during the rehabilitation project.

Table 4.9: Air Quality Parameters Measured along the Project Route

Pollutants

Station NOx SOx CO H2S TSPM VOC Noise (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (dBA) (ppm)

AQ1 0.02 1.02 1.05 BDL 13.2 <0.001 60

AQ2 0.01 1.00 0.90 BDL 14.6 <0.001 61

AQ3 0.03 1.02 1.02 BDL 13.8 <0.001 61

AQ4 0.01 0.59 0.68 BDL 9.4 <0.001 58

AQ5 0.03 1.00 0.84 BDL 14.8 <0.001 56

FMENV 75 26 11.4- 8.0 250- 1.0 90 Limit 22.8 600

Source: Fieldwork, 2010

Table 4.10: World Health Organisation (WHO) Guidelines for Maximum Exposure to Major Pollutants and Possible Effects if Limits are Exceeded.

Pollutant Possible Effects WHO Guidelines

3 Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Worsening respiratory illness 40-50 mg/m (annual mean);

from short term exposure, 3 increased respiratory 100-150 mg/m (Daily symptoms, including chronic average) bronchitis, from long-term exposures

83 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Suspended Particulate Pulmonary effects are Black: Matter (SPM) associated with the combined 40-60 mg/m3 (Annual mean). exposure to SPM and SO2 100-150 mg/m3 (Daily average)

Total SPM:

60-150 mg/m3 (Annual mean);

150-230 mg/m3 (Daily average)

Nitrogen dioxide Effects on lung function in 150 mg/m3 for 24 hr mean;

(NO2) persons suffering from asthma from short-term exposures 400 mg/m3: Not to be exceeded

Carbon Monoxide Reduced oxygen - carrying 10 mg/m3 (for 8 hr); not to be (CO) capacity of blood exceeded.

Source: WHO Air Quality Guidelines

Table 4.11: Nigerian Ambient Air Quality Standard

Pollutants Time of Average Limit

Particulates Daily average of hourly 250 µg/m3 values 1hr. 600* µg/m3

3 SOx as SO2 Daily average of hourly 0.01 ppm (26 µg/m ) values 1 hour 0.1 ppm (260 µg/m3) Daily average of 3 hourly values

NOx as NO2 Daily average of hourly 0.04 - 0.06 ppm

84 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

values (range) (75 - 113 µg/m3)

Carbon Monoxide Daily average hourly values 10 - 20 ppm (range) (11.4 - 22.8 µg/m3)

Petrochemical Oxidants 0.06 ppm

Non - Methane Daily average of 8 - hourly 160 µg/m3 Hydrocarbon values

*Note: Concentrations not to be exceeded for more than once a year

Source: FEPA Interim Guidelines for Environmental Quality, 1991

4.10 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

4.10.1 Stakeholder Communities The project is located with Rivers State, covering a length of about 17km from Rumukurushi to Chokocho.

Ethnography/culture and beliefs systems

Residents of the settlements and communities that situate close to the proposed Road project are characteristically heterogeneous in ethnology. Communities at the project area are traditionally Ikwerre speaking. However, several other Nigerians are now residing in the area such as the Igbos, Yorubas, Hausa, Ijaws e.t.c.

The major religion in the project area is Christianity. This is attested to by the number of churches and of different denominations in the communities. The Baptist, Lutheran and Brotherhood of the Cross-and Star and the Jehovah Witnesses organization are dominant religious denominations. The orthodox churches (Anglican and Catholic) and Pentecostal churches are also present in the settlements in the project area.

Although Christianity has an overwhelming influence in the local project area, thus rendering irrelevant some cultural and traditional practices, it is not uncommon to find some sacred groves/shrines (forbidden forests) in the area.

85 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Traditional Political Governance

There are two levels of political organizations in the project area, the formal government and the local/traditional administration. At the formal governmental level, the project area communities/villages fall under nine different local jurisdictions spread across the State.

The traditional local level of political organization is more complex and consists of three to four tiers of authority. In the State, grassroots traditional rulers are recognized, including clan heads and paramount rulers. A clan is usually constituted of a group of villages and a group of clans make up an LGA over which a paramount ruler presides traditionally. A council of clan heads is constituted at the local government level, while paramount rulers at the State level constitute a council of traditional rulers.

Hierarchically therefore, the traditional governance in most communities is structured into hierarchies/levels as shown in Fig.4.6. These consist of the Clan head and paramount ruler, the Village head and village council, family heads, the Youth Organisation or Movement and the Women Association/Wing respectively. Thus, all the communities/settlements are divided into clans according to lineage with each community head deferring to the clan head as the case may be. The traditional governance system in the local study area representative of the entire project area communities is as shown in Fig 4.6.

Paramount ruler and

Council of Clan Heads

Clan head

(Council of Village Heads)

Village head

(Village Council)

Youth group

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Other residents Women group Other social groups

Fig. 4.6: Typical Local Administrative Structure of the Project Area

4.10.2 Land Ownership/Tenure System In the proposed project area, families, individuals and community own lands as the case may be. Individual and family lands are inherited from their forefathers and/or bought out rightly from the original landowners. On the other hand, some of the communities have cause to lay claim to communal lands specifically reserved for development activities/projects and usually held in trust by the leaders/elders of the community. Historically, one or a group of families, recognized as the original landowners, founded every community and subsequently lands are passed down to generations, usually held in trust by the elders of each family/compound and the community.

4.10.3 Socio-economic aspects

(a) Population structure

The population structure reflects the age and sex composition of a population. Information on age and sex composition is very important especially for the evaluation of the quality of the enumeration, and for the description and analysis of several types of socio-economic and demographic data.

(b) Age and Sex Structure:

In terms of the household age structure and distribution of the population, the project area communities‟ exhibit the typical pyramidal structure found commonly in Nigeria as a whole. Population is rather loaded from the lower age-cohorts. The bulk of the population is made up of persons below 26 years old (Table 4.12). Infants and children of primary school age make up 41.7 percent and 39.9 percent respectively of the entire population while adolescents/teenagers (post-primary/secondary school age bracket) and young adults/youths make up another one- quarter (25.1% and 27.3%) of the population. This implies a young and growing population with heavy burden on the adult population, a high dependency ratio, as well as huge unemployed human number as was witnessed during the field studies. There is therefore the need to provide more training, including vocational education and educational facilities to accommodate this young population.

87 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Table 4.12: Age and sex structure of project’s area communities

Age bracket Male Female Total

0-5 years 10.1 9.8 19.9

6-11 10.2 9.8 20.0

12-17 7.1 7.0 14.1

18-24 6.1 7.1 13.2

25-64 15.4 15.1 30.5

65+ 1.1 1.2 2.3

Total 50.0 50.0 100.0

(Source: Extrapolated from NPC, 1991, 1994, 1998, 2002.

Gender statistics for the State according to the 1991 Census National Summary Report (NPC, 1994) indicated a sex ratio of 94.04 and 100.10 respectively which is below the national average of 100.15. In the local area under study, the sex structure of the population also indicates that the percentage of males and females is also slightly disproportionate. Although the males are slightly outnumbered at the State level, the situation is not the same at the local government level, the communities and age groups. Generally however, random survey of some households in the local project area revealed a higher proportion of females over the males; 59 percent of households are composed of males as compared to 41% in the area.

Dependency ratio:

Age dependency ratio is a measure of the relative size of the non-working age population (those under 15 years and those 65 years and above) to that of the working age population (those between 15 years and 64 years). It indicates the burden on the working age population in having to support the non-working age population. The higher this ratio, the higher the number of persons each worker has to support as regards education, food, shelter, health, etc. The dependency ratio is given by the formula:

88 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

No. of persons under 20 or over 64 x 100

No. of persons between 20-64 years old

The young dependency ratio, old dependency ratio and total overall dependency ratio for Rivers State is given as 85.65, 8.56 and95.21 respectively (NISER, 2001).

Socio-demographic variablesa) Education and Literacy

Education in Nigeria has evolved over a long period of time, with a series of policy changes. As a result there have been increases in the enrollment of children and in the number of educational institutions both in the public and private sectors. The 1976 National Policy on UPE gives every child the right to free primary education. Later the 6-3-3-4 systems was introduced with 6 years for primary, 3 for junior secondary, another three years for senior and 4 years for the university/polytechnic education respectively. Subsequently, the national literacy programme for adults was launched, followed by the establishment of nomadic education to address the needs of children of migrant cattle herders and fishing people in the riverine areas. With the inception of the present democratic dispensation in 1999, the Universal Basic Education (UBE) was again launched, making it compulsory for every child to be educated free up to the junior secondary school level.

The demand for education in the country is as indicated by the enrollment figures in Table 4.13. Between 1995 and 1999, there have been one third increases (33.1%) in primary school enrollment, one fifth (20%) for the secondary school enrollment and 145% increase for tertiary education (NISER, 2001).

Table 4.13 Enrollment by Level of Education (Millions)

Level 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Primary 17.8 19.8 21.2 22.5 23.7

Secondary 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.1

89 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

Tertiary 0.40 0.69 0.86 0.94 0.98

(Source: Central Bank of Nigeria; Federal Ministry of Education as cited by NISER, 2001.)

Plate 4.7: Dilapidated community primary school structure in the project area

(b). Economic Activities

(i) National Overview

According to the National census analytical report (NPC, 1998), about 74% of the entire Nigerian population live in the rural areas. Consequently, the Nigerian economy has being described as agrarian, with over 48% engaged in agriculture, including animal husbandry, forestry, fishing, etc, with others engaged in clerical, sales, services and professional work (49%). Agricultural activities and products contributed about 40% of the nation‟s GDP a decade ago (IUCN, 1993). About 36% of the Nigerian population also live in the urban areas, and of the economically active among the urban dwellers, majority is involved in the industrial sector of manufacturing, professional and civil service.

(ii) Local economy and employment in the Rumukurushi - Chokocho Road catchment Area

90 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

The traditional economic base in the project area is agricultural. A significant number of the people are engaged in oil industry employment and farming, (cultivation of the land at the subsistent level), including the cultivation of palm trees and subsequent harvesting of palm fruits which are processed/milled for palm oil. Logging/lumbering, palm wine tapping and local gin making are other economic engagements, while fishing as an economic activity is predominant in those settlements located close to water bodies/courses. Trading in both farm produce, fisheries and manufactured articles in small lockup stores and in poorly constructed community (plate 4.8) on specific and regular market days is also another major economic activity.

Plate 4.8: Local Market structures in the study area

Generally, men and women are economically active in the various economic endeavours, although the men folk do more of the palm oil collection and processing, palm wine tapping and lumbering. Farming activities which, go on all year round involves the cultivation of a wide range of (food) crops; cassava, yam, sweet yam (Ikpong) cocoyam, plantain, okra, sugar cane, pepper, maize, pineapples, tomatoes, potatoes, groundnuts, beans, fluted pumpkin, etc and some cash/tree crops such as palm oil tree palm trees. As is common in most rural areas, multiple engagement is common, so that any one household can be found engaging in farming, palm fruits cutting and processing, trading, etc, according to favourable times. Excess agricultural produce and fisheries are taken to the community markets for sale.

91 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

In the Niger Delta region as a whole, farming has been found to be dominant primary occupation (employing about 32.5% of all household members), followed by fishing (23.6%) and trading (13.8%) (NDES, 1997).

iii) Personal Income Characteristics:

An assessment of the personal income levels of self-employed rural population especially in project areas has become the most difficult socio-demographic variable even when data is conventionally collected through questionnaires. This is very typical of most Nigerian households where many do not keep records and are therefore uncertain of the gross or net amount actually earned from economic activities in which they are involved. Most times too, respondents tend to inflate (or under evaluate) incomes in the wrong understanding that such information could give some advantages in times of compensation payments, etc.

Field investigations using the FGD and sample survey method in the Road project route indicated as much as N50,000 – N100,000 could be earned from farming as net income in one year after expenditures for family upkeep are taken away. This was particularly true of those predominantly engaged in palm nuts collection and milling into palm oil; a tin of palm oil sells for between N1,500 to N2,000 and the very hardworking farming can process up to 4-6 tins one or twice a month. Generally however, annual incomes of the resident majority is in the lower income bracket of N1000.00-N20,000.00 per month, while a few are in the N80,000.00+ income bracket.

Infrastructures/Local Services and Quality of Life

A reasonable level of income, availability and access to infrastructural basic necessities of life has always been used as measures of quality of life. In the Rumukurushi - Chokocho route, the development, availability and access to basic social infrastructure in the surveyed settlements/communities was one of the biggest complaints amongst the resident population. It was found that both the State Government and the LGA Councils have minimal intervention, having provided few basic amenities.

a) Educational Facilities

As mentioned in earlier sections of the report, the communities in the project area communities have their own share of educational institutions within the state‟s socio-political setting. The

92 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) capacities and quality of the schools is however, a major cause for concern; they are lacking basic infrastructures for effective learning (dilapidating buildings, no chairs and desks for pupils and teachers, accommodation/classrooms for staff and pupils, and no teaching aids). The schools in the State were found to have better structures than those in the neigbouring states.

b) Water Supply and Sanitation

Perhaps the greatest concern to the people because of its direct effect on health is the lack of potable water supplies. The water facility are either none existent or in state of dis-repair/ malfunction.

The non-availability of potable drinking water supplies in the study area is a general reflection of the gravity of the situation in the Niger Delta region, especially in the rural communities. Access to drinking water have been reported to be grossly inadequate in the Niger Delta area, where less than 20 to 24% of rural communities have been found to have access to safe drinking water (IUCN, 1993; Euroconsult, 1996). Recent studies further indicated that the situation is far worse than earlier thought; while less than 40% of Nigerians have access to clean water, only about 9.2% of the population in the Niger Delta has access to this lifesaving resource. Access to pipe borne water is even much more deplorable; a quarter of Nigerians have access to it as against barely 3% of those living in the Niger Delta (Akpokodje, 1999).

c) Electricity Supply

Supply of electricity to the communities in the area including Rumukurushi and Chokocho has been described as most erratic and irregular which is a reflection of national supply. Electricity is a major area of intervention that shall be highly appreciated going by the expressions of the settlements visited. In the absence of electricity, residents of the settlements still depend overwhelmingly on the use personal generating sets and local hurricane lamps/lanterns.

Nationally, recent findings indicate that about 45% of households in Nigeria have electricity, representing an improvement over 27% reported in the 1990 NDHS.

93 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

d) Transportation and Communication

Within the study area, accessibility has been greatly enhanced with the existence of Rumukurushi - Chokocho road, which connects most of the settlements. However, with the failure of some sections of the road access to affected communities is no longer as smooth as it used to be.

The major modes of transportation within the area include motorcycles (popularly called Okada), bicycles, and of course cars, buses for commercial purposes. These are used to transport agricultural produce from the farms then to the markets on market days.

e) Housing Types and Ownership

Qualitatively, rural and urban housing in Nigeria falls below minimum standards in all aspects. There are several factors, which may be used in assessing the quality of housing, including livability, level of comfort afforded, safety, and ease of maintenance. These factors include wall and roofing materials, as well as household facilities. Traditionally, most Nigerians (about 80%) live in their own houses, which are constructed of locally available materials (NEST, 1991; FMAWRRD, 1992). These include mud walls and bamboo and thatch roofs particularly in the rural areas and cement blocks and corrugated iron sheets/zinc roofs in the urban areas.

Housing quality in the communities within the project area varies greatly from the very modern to very poor housing stock. The housing pattern in the area is a mix of urban and rural types. Old and new buildings can be found intermixed with older structures, i.e., houses constructed of block and with corrugated iron sheets (zinc) are intermixed with those made of mud houses (wattle and daub), some of which are rendered (plastered with cement). The houses are predominantly owner-occupiers and constructed of differing building materials.

Perceptions, Evaluations and Expectations of the Population

94 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

From discussions held with representatives of the various leadership structures of the local study area, it was obvious that the resident population of the Road route appreciate the proposed project; it is acceptable to them and do not oppose it in anyway.

It was a feeling of expectations in the Rumukurushi – Chokocho road project communities that the Road rehabilitation activities shall lead to the following benefits:

 Employment opportunities for the many youths and able-bodied members of the stakeholder communities of the area;

 Improvement in the motorability of the road thereby reducing loss time to and from farms, markets and work places.

 Reduced rate of vehicular accident occasioned from potholes and general poor condition of the road.

4.11 Baseline Health Survey

4.11.1 Common Diseases The Common diseases in the project communities were mainly communicable (infectious) diseases. These were malaria, diarrhea, dysentery, measles, typhoid, chicken pox, respiratory tract infections, tuberculosis, etc.

Other non-communicable diseases that occurred were hernia, hypertension, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, etc. Of these diseases; malaria had the highest frequency of occurrence, as it was the most reported disease in all the communities.

There were no discernable seasonal variations to the occurrence of any of these diseases.

4.11.2 Lifestyle Habits . Nutrition:

The dietary patterns of the project communities were similar. The most common diets contained carbohydrates. These were garri, rice, yam, cassava/fufu, and cocoyam. The non-carbohydrate foods were beans, plantain, vegetable, etc.

95 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

. Cigarette Smoking/Alcohol Consumption:

The rates of cigarette smoking in the communities were low. About 5-6% of the interviewed adults admitted smoking. None of the women interviewed admitted cigarette smoking.

Alcohol consumption in the communities was high. About 58% of the sample population admitted some form of alcohol intake. These ranged from daily drinkers, occasional drinkers and at least once a week drinkers. More males than females consumed alcohol

. Sexual Behavior:

Most of the respondents admitted having a sexual partner whether married to or locked in friendship. However, about 20% of respondent who were married still had extra sexual partners especially among the males.

Over 90% of the respondents have heard of sexually transmissible infections (STI). However, only about two percent of them have had STI in the past. The symptoms experienced were vaginal or urethral discharge, painful urination, lower abdominal burning sensation, etc.

About 92% of the respondents have heard of HIV/AIDS before with 90% of them knowing that sexual relationship is a key mode of transmission. Other modes of transmission known were sharing sharp objects and blood transfusion.

The rate of personal screen for HIV/AIDS was very low as none of the respondents admitted checking his/her HIV/AIDS status before.

4.11.3 Environmental health . Domestic water:

The sources of water for domestic use in the project communities were streams, boreholes, rainwater etc. The water was not usually subjected to any form of treatment before usage. The physico-chemical and microbiological analysis of the water sample from these sources showed that surface waters from the project area were around permissible standards.

. Wastes:

96 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)

The household wastes generated were cassava peels, ashes from the kitchen, food leftovers, house sweeps, disused items etc.

Atimes these wastes were stored in open buckets before being disposed by open dumping in the farmland or into the water bodies for those communities close to the river or streams.

The commonest means of sewage disposal were pit latrine. However, some households had water cistern.

. Disease vectors:

The prevalent disease vectors in the communities were houseflies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, tse- tse flies, rat etc.

4.11.4 Health Facilities There was lack of adequate health facilities in the communities. However, few of the communities‟ had primary health care centers and maternity homes from Government and few privately owned clinics. These gave room for patent medicine stores to flourish.

4.11.5 Communities Health Needs: The communities‟ health needs as given by the communities in order of importance were health care centers (with adequate health personnel and drugs), potable water, electricity, good public toilets, good roads and schools.

4.11.6 Health Determinants The following were noted as health determinants in the project communities, which might have contributed to the overall burden of diseases.

. Health facilities were inadequate, but where available, lacked proper staffing, equipment and drug supply.

. Lack of potable water in all cases and failure to treat drinking water might have contributed to the frequency of water borne diseases such as diarrheal diseases, dysentery typhoid etc.

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. Improper domestic waste disposal methods were risk factors for water and food borne diseases endemic in the communities. These forms breeding grounds for disease vectors such as mosquitoes, rats etc. They play very important roles in diseases causation such as malaria, diarrhea etc.

. The commonly consumed foods in the communities were rich in carbohydrates. The eating of unbalanced diet predisposes to malnutrition.

. Lifestyle and habits such as the consumption of alcohol and cigarette smoking might encourage multiple sexual partners, which might predispose individuals to the risk of STIs and HIV/AIDS. Habits such as smoking are risk factors in respiratory tract infections.

4.12 Public Information And Consultation Programme This is the processes of seeking and disseminating useful information about the proposed project and the probable environmental and socio-economic effects form or to designated bodies, organizations and other stakeholder with environmental protection responsibilities and interests. Public participation is a very important aspect of this programme and the entire process is therefore strongly influenced by culture/tradition, educational attainment and the political awareness of the host communities of the project being as assessed.

4.12.1: Consultation Objectives

The objective of the Consultation Process is to acquire and disseminate information, identify and address legislative, community and environmental concerns and to proffer appropriate mitigation options for all identified negative impacts. The intention was to:

 Avoid conflict by addressing issues promptly;

 Ensure that any fears or apprehensions about the nature, scale and impacts of the proposed project have been fully addressed;

 Avoid any misunderstanding about the project;

 Promote the good cooperate image of the organization.

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 Accelerate the approval process by Regulatory Agencies thereby fulfilling legal requirements.  Inform the public about plans, programmes and activities related to projects under consideration;

 Seek collectively the cooperation and understanding of all stakeholders;

 Identify and mitigate possible environmental, health and social impacts that may emanate from the proposed project operation and activities;

 Assuage any fears and suspicions/apprehensions the communities may have regarding the nature, severity and effects of the project on the environment and health;

 Avoid misunderstanding and prevent conflict that may arise from wrong perception of stakeholders concerning the project, thus engendering harmony commitment and legitimacy among host communities; nationally and internationally;

4.12.2: Consultation Consultation is necessary in order to enlist the participation of groups in the assessment of any project. For this project, consultation was carried out at two main levels - public and institutional consultation. Public consultation was conducted at major towns/villages all along the project road as many are to be affected by the project. Interviews with individuals belonging to different social and/or economic categories and concerned local administrative bodies were made. Questionnaires were also administered to local or international NGOs for their opinions on the construction works in relation to their adverse effects on the environment. This was to indicate local initiatives to participate in the road development project and assess the key roles to be played by the different stakeholders in terms of delivering services, goods, works, or other elements in the project, mechanisms used for consultation and participation in the project, main

99 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) outcome and recommendations of the consultation process, and how these recommendations can be incorporated into the project.

Consultation was approached in the following ways:

(i) A Community Liaison Officer (CLO) was appointed and charged with the responsibility of:

- Identifying and establishing contacts with the respective stakeholders;

- Providing a link between the communities and FERMA;

- Acting pro-actively to identify and inform FERMA Management of various community issues and concern;

- Documenting all contacts and actions and advising on appropriate community assistance projects.

(ii) Issuance of notice of intent to carry out an EIA for the proposed development project in cooperation with the local regulatory Agencies (Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministries of Environment and State Ministries of Works and Housing, Local Government Officials etc.) for a meeting with FERMA and the Project Consultants, where the project was explained to the people and their co- operation solicited;

(iii) Adopting a transparent method of surface right compensation payment to all affected parties;

(iv) Sustaining consultation with stakeholders via "Peoples' forum" both before and after the payment of compensation, with explanations of key issues as they arise and affect the people;

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(v) Maintaining effective communication between FERMA and the communities, through the Community Liaison Officer (CLO);

(vi) Ensuring the full commitment of FERMA to implement all mutually agreed Community Assistance Projects.

The environmental management team has established sound working relationships with FMENV and the three State Ministries of Environment officials.

4.12.3: Levels of Consultation Two broad levels of consultation were identified viz: (a) Institutional and (b) Public

(a) Institutional Consultation

The following Federal, State and Local Government Institutions and line agencies with environmental protection responsibilities have been consulted, viz:

 Federal Ministry of Environment, Abuja (FMENV)  Rivers State Ministry of Environment & Tourism  Rivers State Environmental Protection Agency (RSEPA)  Rivers State Ministry of Land & Housing  Ministry of Agriculture and National Resources  National Population Commission (NPC)  Affected Local Government Areas. (b) Public Consultation

The underlisted communities located near the Road Right-of-Way, Traditional Rulers, Chiefs and relevant stakeholders were consulted and discussions held with them in several from between 10th to 17th March, 2010.

4.12.4: Future Consultation Consultations shall be carried out through the project lifecycle with all stakeholders to ensure that their views and opinions are integrated into the EIA process.

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4.12.5: Identifying Stakeholders Stakeholders for the purpose of this project shall be defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. This includes those positively and negatively affected by the project. To identify the key stakeholders, Table 4-14 was developed.

Table 4.14: The Stakeholder Identification Matrix

Those who may be affected by the project:

These may include How to identify them

People living in close proximity of  Identify the local government area(s) that falls the proposed activity route. within 1 km radius of the proposed sites.

 Review available data to determine the

stakeholder profile of the whole stakeholder or relevant group.

 Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others.

Special interest groups.  Identify key individuals or groups through organised groups, local clubs, community halls and religious places.

 Organisations such as environmental groups would be aware of similar local groups or individuals.

Individual property owners that will  Advertise in local newspapers, requesting be directly or indirectly affected. people that they may be affected to register interest in attending meetings or receiving further information.

Business (owners and employees).  Council lists or property registers.

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4.12.6: Consultation Strategies The consultation process shall ensure that all those identified as stakeholders are consulted. Subject to approval by FERMA, the contractor for the project should share information about the project with the public, to enable meaningfully contribution and enhance the successfull implementation.

Public consultation should take place through public forum, seminars, meetings, radio programs, request for written proposals/comments, questionnaire administration, public reading and explanation of project ideas and requirements. The consultation plan would be monitored by relevant regulators who will set their own verifiable indicators to assess the degree of participation of the key stakeholder during all the phases of the project implementation.

4.12.7: Level of Engagement The level of stakeholder involvement would be based on the project phase, location and expected outcome. Small projects would require less complicated stakeholder involvement programs as the issues are likely to be less complex and their imp smaller. This section is a guide to determining the level of stakeholder involvement required.

Specifically, the extent of stakeholders‟ involvement would be based on the following

 the project is likely to have significant impacts, that is, high impacts in one area/location, or relatively small impacts spread out over a large area.

 the project involves significant issues, that is, the wider stakeholder may be affected.

Through these engagement strategies; the FERMA would be able to:

 clarify the project's objectives in terms of stakeholders‟ needs and concerns

 identify feasible alternatives (in particular alternative locations) and examine their relative merits in terms of environmental, social and economic fors

 identify and prioritise environmental issues, and establish the scope of future studies identify processes for continued stakeholders‟ involvement.

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CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The following steps were employed in preparation of this EMP:  Identification of effects  Prediction of effects  Evaluation and Interpretation of impacts  Communication  Inspection procedures

The following considerations were the goals of the assessment methodology used:  Comprehensiveness - ability to handle all possible range of elements and combinations thereof;  Selectivity - capability to identify early in the procedure those aspects that are important;  Mutual exclusiveness - should be able to examine every component of an impact from different perspectives  Confidence limits - is the method able to ascertain and isolate uncertainties;  Objectivity- should allow no bias either from the assessor or project initiator;  Interactions - should be able to examine both sides of a coin and provide feedback

5.1.1 Basis for Screening In assessing the impacts of the proposed road project the following information were used: (a) Knowledge of the project activities, equipment types, construction activities, commissioning activities, operational maintenance, procedures, and abandonment procedures, (b) The results of baseline studies (biophysical, health and socio-economic) (c) Findings of previous EMP studies and Audits of similar projects and other literature findings on the primary project activities, (d) Comparison with FMEnv/WHO/EEC/World Bank guidelines and standards, (e) Series of expert group discussions and seminars, (f) Past experience on other EIA projects.

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The criteria applied to the screening of various activities were: (i) Magnitude - Probable level of severity. (ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact. (iii) Duration and frequency – likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent. (iv) Risks – Probability of serious impacts. (v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment. The various components of the project environment likely to be impacted by the proposed road rehabilitation project activities and the associated impact indicators were identified and are listed in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1: Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components Environmental Impact Indicators Components

Emissions Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, Oil and grease Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication Noise & Vibration Air Quality impairment, annoyance Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and Climate direction Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, Soil/Landuse recreation. Land Resources Diversity, distribution & abundance of Aquatic & Ecology Terrestrial Flora & Fauna. Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, Hydrology Hydrology sedimentation, erosion. Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, Water Quality Water Quality contamination, microbiology, E. coli Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality & availability Fisheries Productivity, diversity & abundance. Biological Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, Wildlife & Forestry rare or endangered species. Socio-economic, Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety gender issues & Socio Economics and security. poverty alleviation Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines & taboos.

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5.1.2 Scoping

Scoping identifies the various aspects (activities) of the proposed road project that could have significant impact on the environment. It identifies issues of critical concerns. Scoping of the proposed project also seeks to provide solutions to issues such as:  What are the potential impact from the execution and operation of the road project?  What will be the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts?  Of what relevance are the impacts on the environment within local, contexts?  What mitigation or amelioration measures can be put in place to reduce or avoid the negative impacts or to enhance and maximize positive impact?

Consequently, scoping was used to identify the biophysical, health, and socio-economic components of the environment that will significantly be affected by the proposed project activities. The project activities that will have impact on the environment are:  Site Preparation/clearing  Blasting/Excavation/piling  Civil works & Asphalt Laying  Operation and maintenance activities  Decommissioning and abandonment

5.2 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION The main effects of the residues and emissions from site preparation/bush clearing, road construction, operations and abandonment, were identified and analyzed in sufficiently clear and comprehensive manner. These residuals and emissions include but were not limited to: - Emissions to air. - Noise and vibrations. - Discharges to land and soil. - Effects on ecosystems. - Influx of job seekers

5.3 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE IMPACTS

The identified associated and potential impacts of the proposed Road Project were quantified using the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) and the ISO 14001 criteria for identifying significant environmental aspects/impacts. The following are ISO 14001 based Criteria and Ratings for identifying significant environmental impacts of the proposed project.

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LEGAL/Regulatory Requirements (L) Is there legal/regulatory requirements, or a permit requirement?

0 = There is no legal/regulatory requirement 3 = There is legal/regulatory requirement 5 = There is a permit required RISK (R ) - What is Risk/Hazard rating based on Risk Assessment Matrix 1 = Low risk 3 = Medium/Intermediate risk 5 = High risk Environmental Impact Frequency (F) - What is frequency rating of impact base on RAM? 1 = Low frequency 3 = Medium/Intermediate risk 5 = High Importance Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) - What is rating of importance based on consensus of opinions? 1 = Low importance 3 = Medium/Intermediate 5 = High frequency Public Perception (P) – What is the rating of public perception and interest in proposed project and impacts based on consulting with stakeholders? 1 = Low perception and interest 3 = Medium/Intermediate perception and interest 5 = High perception and interest

The significant potential impacts of the proposed project were identified as those impacts in the checklist of indicator parameters in Table 5.7 that satisfy the following criteria: L+R+F+I+P)> 15: This is the sum of weight of the legal requirements, Risk factor, Frequency of occurrence, Importance and public perception greater than or equal to the benchmark (15). (F+I) IS > 6: Sum of weight of frequency of occurrence and importance of affected environmental components exceeds benchmark (6). P = 5: The weight of the public perception/interest in the potential impact exceeds the benchmark (5).

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Table 5.2: Impacts Significance Assessment Potential/Associated Impacts Total Score Criteria Project Scope Project Activity Potential/Association Impacts L R P I Roadside Biodiversity loss, changes in 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 clearance river hydrology, Vegetation Biodiversity loss, changes in Not 1 1 3 1 6 Clearance river hydrology, significant Site Clearing Scarification & & Earthworks cutting of Air quality, dusts etc 1 3 3 3 Significant 10 potholes Excavation of Biodiversity loss, changes in

burrow pits river hydrology, air quality, Demolition & removal of Air quality, dusts etc 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 failed pipe culverts Excavation & Culverts and backfilling Air quality, dusts, noise etc 3 1 5 3 Significant 12 Drains works Laying of pre- Air quality, dusts, noise etc 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 cast pipes Concrete works Air quality, dusts etc 2 3 3 1 Significant 9 Compacting of Air quality, dusts, noise etc 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 base & sub base Pavement & Surface Air quality, Air quality, dusts, Surfacing 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 Dressing noise etc prime Coating Air quality, Air quality, dusts, 3 1 5 3 Significant 12

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Assessment Potential/Associated Impacts Total Score Criteria noise etc Asphalting 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 Rock Aggregates 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 transportation

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Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix for Environmental Consequences

INCREASING PROBABILITY CONSEQUENCE A B C D Never Incident has Incident Happens several heard of occurred in has Severity People Assets Environment Reputation times per year incident in road occurred in project industry construction in project 0 No injury No damage No effect No impact Slight effect Slight 1 Slight Injury Slight damage Low impact Minor Minor Limited 2 Minor effect Risk Injury damage impact Major Localized Localized Considerab 3 Medium Injury damage effect le impact Single Major National 4 Major effect Risk High Fatality damage impact Multiple Extensive Massive Internation 5 Risk Fatalities damage effect al impact Risk Matrix (Adapted: SIEP HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999)

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Table 5.4 Example of further definition of consequence – severity rating for risk matrix Severity Potential Definition Impact 0 Zero effect No environmental damage. No change in the environment. No financial consequences.

1 Slight effect Local environmental damage within the fence and within systems. Negligible financial consequences. 2 Minor effect Contamination, damage sufficiently large to affect the environment single exceedance of statutory or prescribed criteria, single complaint. No permanent effect on the environment. 3 Localized effect Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceeding of statutory or prescribed limit affecting neighborhood. 4 Major effect Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to restore the contaminated environment to its original state. Exceeding of statutory or prescribed limits 5 Massive effect Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large area. in terms of commercial or recreational use or nature conservancy, a major economic loss for the company. Constant high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits.

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CHAPTER SIX

MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 INTRODUCTION The preceding chapter identified and assessed a number of potential and associated environmental, socio-economic and health impacts of the project. At the end of the assessment, each negative environmental impact was defined as being of high, moderate or low significance. To further assure environmental sustainability of the project, mitigation measures are presented in this chapter for impacts identified as having high and moderate significance. No additional mitigation measures are considered necessary for some impacts of low significance. This is either because these impacts are by their nature of little or no significance, and or because they have been adequately mitigated through design, construction plans and plant operations philosophy.

6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION Mitigation measures are options that can be used to either completely eliminate or minimize identified negative impacts of a development project.

The traditional approach to design and operations is to ensure compliance with the applicable safety codes and standards during design. However, compliance with regulations, codes and standards may not be sufficient to achieve an appropriate level of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance in design. Design codes are generic and applicable to facilities in a number of geographical areas that face a wide range of technical challenges unique to the project.

The HSE objective with respect to the design and operation of the project is to implement all cost effective measures to reduce the risk and effects from major hazards including accidents. The approach has been to use this as a goal rather than a prescriptive objective that cannot be achieved without following a documented process of identification, assessment, reduction and continuous monitoring.

112 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Thus the steps taken in the HSE process for the Project included the following:

 Design based on Codes, Standards and Regulations.  Improved design based on Quantitative Risk Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment  Improved design from human factors evaluation

The hierarchical order of importance of these HSE design elements is illustrated in Figure 6-1

Figure 6-1

Risk Based Design Strategy Improved actors Evaluation

Improved Reduction Risk Design Based on QRA and EIA

Design Based on Codes

/Standards & Regulations

In line with the HSE performance objectives of the Project Development a number of mitigation measures have been built into the project design and operating philosophy. These in-built mitigation measures are expected to significantly improve the environmental sustainability of the project and are therefore presented in subsequent sections together with additional mitigation measures that shall be put in place for moderate and high significance negative impacts identified in the preceding chapter. Some mitigation measures are also aimed at enhancing the positive impacts of the project.

113 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) 6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS The primary aim of the EMP process is to identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts of a project with a view to developing methods of mitigating these effects. The ultimate goal of the Project development EMP is therefore to achieve as much as possible, a design and operations that have no significant residual environmental impacts.

The associated and potential negative impacts of the project have been identified and discussed in Chapter 5 of this report. The essence of this section of the report is to address all the identified negative impacts through the provision of mitigation measures that will help to minimize to the barest minimum or completely eliminate the impacts at the various stages of the project implementation.

In this EMP study, negative impacts categorized as being of low significance are considered to have acceptable residual impacts while negative impacts of high and moderate significance are re-examined after mitigation. Comments are then provided as to the nature of residual impacts. Table 6.1 gives a summary of mitigation measures for all the negative impacts.

6.4.0 Environmental Impacts Mitigations

6.4.1 Air Quality: Emissions and Particulates The primary air emissions during project construction shall arise from Asphalt Plants, construction vehicles and emissions from cutback bitumen during the pavement asphalt laying process. Some of these emissions have carcinogenic properties. Emissions from earth-moving and construction equipment and other vehicles plying the road are likely to increase the concentrations of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Lead (Pb), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Hydrocarbons (HC) along the project route. These pollutants can induce severe health problems. For instance, CO can interfere with the absorption of oxyhaemoglobin and an acute exposure to NOx is considered a major cause of respiratory diseases, while HC concentrations can cause severe eye irritation, coughing and sneezing. The changes in air quality are considered significant since they could have direct implications on health.

6.4.1.1 Mitigation Operational emission impact will be mitigated by the upgrading of the existing roads and consequent speeds control to reduce acceleration/deceleration on the roads and reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. During site clearing, preparation and construction, all equipment and vehicles shall have their

114 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) engines properly maintained and tuned to eliminate noxious emissions. Workers shall be made to wear appropriate nose masks and PPEs

6.4.2 Dust Airborne dust shall be generated from vehicular movements, Road Plants (road dust) and construction equipment. Dusts may be also generated from point or diffuse sources, which include sources such as exhaust stack, Adequate mitigation measures shall be put in place to ensure almost zero fugitive SPM emissions and limit exhaust SPM emission to <200 ppm.

6.4.2.1 Mitigation  The construction site shall be watered regularly to minimize fugitive dust emissions.  Construction equipment and the Stone crusher and batch mixing plants will be located at least 300 m from residential and other sensitive receptors, Stone aggregates granites etc shall be covered where possible. 6.4.3 Noise The main noise sources during construction are construction machinery, which are known to generate noise at levels from 76 dB(A) to 98 dB(A) measured 5 m from running machines. The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and residents living near the construction sites. The noise sources during site preparation and construction activities are the internal combustion powering diesel engines for civil works. Activities at the road construction and road sites involving blasting, drilling, use of explosives and movement of heavy equipment and envisaged increase in volume of traffic will cause safety problems to the general public. Noise impacts will cause nuisances, hearing loss and general disturbance to workers and the general public. 6.4.3.1 Mitigation  During construction and facility operation, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other personnel protectors equipment (PPE);  Limit construction to Daytime  The Equipment will be well maintained sothat their noise will be within acceptable level

6.5.0 Land Resources: 6.5.1 Site Clearing Site clearing will destroy the plant community and wildlife habitat, leading to the death of plants and relatively immobile animals as well as the migration of the animals that are capable of escaping. This will lead to the reduction of biodiversity in the area and possible soil erosion and landslides caused by rain water due to soil exposure.

115 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) 6.5.1.1 Mitigation Minimal land take will be affected during the preconstruction stage. Devegatation shall also be restricted to road shoulders. Tree stumps shall be left in place along cleared highway corridors to hold the soil.

6.5.2 Vegetation Clearing Clearing of surface vegetation especially at the project location and road construction will expose the soils and lead to localized flooding of adjacent farmlands and impairment of associated soils.

6.5.2.1 Mitigation Development activities, especially land preparation, will be carried out in the dry season (November-March) in order to minimize interference by heavy rainfall, otherwise adequate drainage channels will be constructed to convey storm water runoff from field to retention ponds.

6.6 Waste Management Issues Experience in Nigeria has shown that sections of newly constructed roads are usually turned into waste dumps due to the absence of sanitary waste dumps especially close to urban areas. Also, abandoned burrow pits by construction firms are usually converted to waste dumps by local authorities thereby also encouraging waste truckers to dump by the road side close to his converted dumps. This project may be affected by this menace. Roadside litters from indiscriminate disposal of waste from vehicles shall also affect the aesthetic and environmental cleanliness of the roads. 6.6.1 Mitigation  Very aggressive public relations campaign shall be carried out to enlighten people on the need for proper disposal of waste at Govt approved dump sites.  Burrow pist shall be located further away from roads to discourage the dumping of waste in them. The pits could also be reclaimed or converted to fish ponds.

6.7 Hydrology

6.7.1 Crossing of rivers, streams, canals and ravines; Construction activities leading to accidental or deliberate dumping and piling of soil material during the project shall cause deviation and changes in river hydrology and also obstruction of the river. Modifications to the natural drainage patterns and groundwater elevation are also possible impacts consequent on changes in river hydrology due to road construction. In addition, mud deposits extracted from the river for construction activities will also have negative impacts on the benthic environment. Hydrolological changes in river courses can also

116 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) affect farmland and grazing lands leading to land foreclosure by owners. 6.7.1.1 Mitigation  A soil material handling policy shall be adopted by construction firms such that soils are not indiscriminately dumped.  Storm water channels and sluice gates shall be constructed where the need for modification of river channel arises.

6.7.2 Erosion and Landslides Due to Rains Heavy rains may result in landslides and erosion at burrow pits. Where these pits are located close to the road construction or close to natural drainages, the hydrology of the rivers shall be affected. Flash flooding could also wash away road sections into river courses. 6.7.2.1 Mitigation  Burrow pits shall be located away from road construction areas. The pits shall have their slopes stabilized to prevent erosion;  . Adequate channelization and discharged of the surface runoff into river courses. 

6.7.3 Waste Dumps Waste dumps and road side litter could also block the natural drainage flow and cause changes in flow hydrology and direction.

6.7.3.1 Mitigation Road side litter shall be discourage and the construction crew shall immediately evacuate waste to recognized dumpsite if found during construction.

6.8 Water Quality 6.8.1 river/stream and lake sedimentation; During the bush clearing and construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the road. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. Furthermore, runoff of sediment resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust and sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses.

6.8.1.1 Mitigation  During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary channelled to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels.

117 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) 6.8.2 Use of Chemicals and pesticides;  Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams 6.8.2.1 Mitigation  All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans. 6.8.3 Fuel and oil spills; Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life. 6.8.3.1 Mitigation  Chemicals and Fuel storage areas shall be properly bunded  Alternative source of potable water shall be provided during construction

6.8.4 Fuel Spills from Road Usage Water pollution from spills or accumulated contaminants on road surfaces. Small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season Groundwater pollution may result from wastewater produced by construction crews and by the accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and any other hazardous chemicals used in the process. 6.8.4.1 Mitigation Adequate drainage shall be constructed for the roads to channel rain water and runoff.

6.9.0 Biological: 6.9.1 Land clearance and loss of habitat; The proposed project is expected to have direct impact on wildlife and forestry in the following ways: (a) Site preparation and construction will result in the reduction of wildlife habitats for arboreal and in faunal species. (b) Bush clearing will lead to the loss of important vegetation and economic tree species.

6.9.1.1 Mitigation  Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation restricted to what is needed for the project will be carried out

118 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)  To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in the road landscape plan.

6.9.2 Biodiversity loss Impacts on biodiversity can be caused by facilitation of access to and spontaneous settlements in natural areas as the road shall increase access to hitherto inaccessible areas; There will also be biodiversity loss caused by facilitation of access as a result of the rehabilitation of the road. Increased mechanized farming activities shall be taken place along the road as it is now easier to haul farm produce to urban centres. Facilitation of greater access by the rehabilitated road shall also lead to rises in the incidences of hunting expedition by local hunters and fuel wood cutting. 6.9.2.1 Mitigation  Community assistance programmes will be provided along with project development to boost the health status and socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders;  Trees and plants of economic interest that are not within developed areas will be conserved;  Ornamental trees and shrubs will be planted as additional environmental conservation measures.

6.10.0 Socio-Economic:

6.10.1 Spread of STIs including HIV AIDS The proposed rehabilitation of Rumuokurushi-Chokocho road has re-potential for the dissemination of STIs including HIV AIDs. This is because most of the workers will be spending long period outside of their homes and usual sex partners. This may result in risky sexual behaviour including unprotected sex with new partners and or commercial sex workers.

6.10.1.1 Mitigation  Suitable mix of a range of HIV intervention measures will be adopted. This will include awareness creation on behaviour communication change (BCC) including the promotion of abstinence, fidelity to spouse or usual sex partner and use of condom. IEC materials will be used to convey this message to the workers and the host community.

6.10.2 Rural - Urban Migration In-migration occasioned by the increased mobility shall lead to changes in demography as this road shall encourage the rural urban migratory pattern prevalent in Nigeria.

119 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) 6.10.2.1 Mitigation  Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour employment;

6.10. 3 Archeological and Heritage Sites There are no heritage properties, National Historic Sites, or known archaeological/fossil sites within the corridor for the proposed alignment.

6.10.3.1 Mitigation  Adequate care shall be taken to enlighten construction workers on the possible unearthing of archeological relics  Awareness training of workers shall be conducted on local heritage sites, graves and shrines to avoid desecration and possible conflicts with the local communities.

6.10.4 Traffic Congestion and Road Accident The rehabilitation of Rumuokurushi-Chokocho Road may lead to Traffic congestion and road accident, if not properly managed

6.10.4.1. Mitigation  Traffic congestion and road accident will be properly managed through the use of road signs, diversion and Flag men including the use of e tapes to code up the construction sites. Table 6.1: Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

Speed RSDT, Noxious Control, FERMA/ Emissions Air Quality proper Engine Contractors FMENV, State and maintenance EPA/Min of N0.75m Particulates Use of PPEs Environment

120 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

Dust RSDT, suppressants, FERMA/ water Dust Contractors FMENV, State Part of spraying, EPA/Min of project covering of Environment Cost stockpiles etc

Use of PPEs, restriction of RSDT, work to day FERMA/ time and the Noise Contractors FMENV, State make sure the EPA/Min of N0.75m machines are Environment in good conditions.

Construction RSDT, River Bank of storm FERMA, failures, loss water Project Contractors FMENV, State of Riparian drainages and EPA/Min of determined vegetation slope Environment stabilization

Reduction in Minimal land

biodiversity take,

from soil vegetation RSDT, erosion and clearing Land Contractors. FERMA, landslides restricted Project Resources FMENV, State Cost from site only to road EPA/Min of clearing shoulders, Environment activity Highway

121 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

corridors to be left intact

Construction

Flooding of activities to be carried out Adjacent RSDT, mainly in the Farmlands FERMA, dry season Contractor. See project from FMENV, State Costs vegetation Construction EPA/Min of clearing of drainage Environment channels

Burrow pits Government to be located Waste dumps health far from road in burrow officials, corridors, Contractor. pits, loss of FMENV, State See project public aesthetics Min of Env, Costs awareness RSDT, campaigns

122 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

Government Slope Erosion and health stabilization landslides officials, See project of burrow pits Contractor due to heavy FMENV, State Costs to prevent Rains Min of Env, erosion RSDT,

Hydrology Blockages of Evacuation of Government Natural wastes to health drainage approved officials, See project from dumpsite, Contractor FMENV, State Costs dumping of public Min of Env, roadside awareness RSDT, litter campaigns

RSDT, Control of Turbidity and FERMA, surface water See project sedimentatio Contractors FMENV, State flows, use of Costs n EPA/Min of turbidity nets, Environment

123 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

Reduction in Biological water quality Water Quality Sewage from RSDT, treatment, untreated Contractors FERMA, N1.5m proper effluents, FMENV, State handling of chemical EPA/Min of chemicals, spills etc Environment

Contaminatio

n of Construction RSDT, groundwater of adequate See project Contractors FERMA, from fuels road FMENV, State Costs spills during drainages EPA/Min of road usage Environment

Selective

Loss of fauna clearing of RSDT, and flora due vegetation, Contractors, FERMA, N0.75m to land re-vegetation FMENV, State clearance where EPA/Min of necessary Environment Biological Biodiversity Public loss from awareness RSDT, opening of campaigns to FERMA, access for reduce tree Contractors, FMENV, State N1.5m increased felling, EPA/Min of farming and hunting etc Environment hunting by locals

124 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) Responsibiliti Environment Responsibiliti Mitigation es for al Impacts es for Cost (N) Required Implementati Component Monitoring on

Loss of Compensatio income from To be n for loss of RSDT. agricultural determined farmlands RSDT lands

Social disruptions Payment of from Loss of compensation To be RSDT. private , RSDT. determined properties e.g Resettlement kiosks etc

Socio- Loss of Replacement Economic public of removed utilities, eg infrastructure, See project telephone Contractors public Costs lines, power RSDT awareness cables, water campaigns etc lines etc

Creation of RSDT, Squatter Control of FERMA, To be settlements shanty town Contractors Town Planning determined and shanty development Authorities towns

Public HIV Aids and other awareness on Contractors N2.25m related health alcohol RSDT, issues abuse, FERMA unprotected

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sex, etc, provision of adequate health facilities

Loss of Youths to be communal given priority income due Contractors N1.5m for unskilled RSDT, to rural urban jobs FERMA, migration

Desecration Awareness of training for archeological workers on Contractors, RSDT, Nil sites and heritage sites, FERMA, heritage taboos and FMENV areas customs

Delays in Provision of Traffic travel time, road signs RSDT, Congestion irritation, diversion, Contractor FERMA, N1.0m and Accident injuries and flag men and FMENV death security tapes

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CHAPTER SEVEN

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

7.1 INTRODUCTION An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a company's organizational plan or programme used in the management of operations to ensure environmental sustainability. The EMP provides the procedures and processes that should be incorporated into the organization's activities to measure and check, in a continuous mode, the compliance with, and effectiveness of the mitigation measures recommended to minimizing or eliminating the identified negative impacts of the planned project throughout its life cycle. In addition to this, the EMP is also regularly used to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and corporate safety and environmental policies attached to the organization's operations.

The application of the EMP usually starts from the pre-construction phase, when all the mechanisms required for effective implementation of recommended mitigation measures are put in place. Other components of the EMP usually find application during the project operational phase, as monitoring tools for the compliance of specific environmental attributes with required operational regulatory standards.

In view of the foregoing, the EMP presented in this section of the report has taken into consideration, all the specific project activities covering the site preparation/construction stage and the project operation/maintenance stage; predicted impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 5; and the prescribed mitigation measures to control or completely eliminate the negative impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 6. The Contractor to the project shall incorporate this EMP into all the stages of its activities to manage, monitor and control all the potential and associated impacts of the project on the bio-physical and socio- economic characteristics, as well as, the health and safety of the workers and the public in the area. The implementation of the EMP by the Contractor in the course of the execution of the project shall also be in accordance with the Nigerian and other applicable international HSE standards and regulations.

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In order to make the implementation of the proposed EMP worthwhile, a two-pronged environmental management framework has been developed for adoption. The framework consists of,

a. an Environmental Management System (EMS), and

b. an Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP).

7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) According to ISO 14001, an Environmental Management System (EMS) is that part of the overall management system which includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the Environmental Policy. What this definition connotes is that, for an EMS to be put in place in an organization, the organization must already have an Environmental Policy1 which is:

• Commitment by leadership at all levels to foster a culture of operational excellence by assuring alignment of vision, expectations, resources and accountabilities.

• Define and widely communicate the operational excellence mission, vision, values, strategies, and objectives.

• Comprehensively identify high-level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps in system and operating practices that can impact its current or future ability to achieve world-class performance. Assess and prioritize those identified high-level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps using a systematic, cross-functional approach. Identify a wide range of possible risk-reduction alternatives (prevention and mitigation) for all identified high-level risks.

• Establish clear metrics to measure statistically significant performance improvement toward goals and targets for operational excellence. Implement the action plans and monitor Operational Excellence (OE) performance.

128 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) • Establish a job selection process to fill defined Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)-sensitive jobs to ensure individuals have the knowledge, skills, performance history, abilities, and demonstrated behaviours to conduct their activities in an incident-free manner, in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, company policies, and operational excellence requirements.

• Establish processes to ensure that documents and records that are critical to operational excellence are current, controlled, and accessible. The retention of documentation and records should be established and recorded, and procedures should be maintained regarding their availability, confidentiality, and destruction.

• Implement a process to ensure that contractors ("agents") authorized to act on behalf of the company understand and comply with relevant company policies and procedures.

• Establish and maintain appropriate processes for management to regularly monitor operational excellence performance, Conduct regular operational excellence performance evaluations to ensure that the system is implemented and maintained and remains effective.

The project Contractor shall be committed to incorporate all the elucidated components of an OEMS into its operational procedures for the implementation of the proposed project.

7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The plan takes account of national and international standards for (environmental) planning, such as the International Standards Organization, the Health, Safety and Environment Management System, FERMA/RSDT Environmental Management Plans and environmental standards. The monitoring programme has also been outlined. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the

129 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State) prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings thus;

 Effective integration of EMP into project design, from construction through abandonment;  Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close down;  Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and  Sustained consultation with all stakeholders at all times on the field development.

7.4 MONITORING PLAN The environmental monitoring program for the implementation of the Road Sector Development Project (RSDP) will serve as an integral part of the operational activities and is expected to generate the requisite information for environmental management and environmental information dissemination.

It is anticipated that monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project: design, construction and operation. This plan will play a pivotal role in ensuring that the trends for specific parameters are tracked and it will provide information on compliance with legislative norms, set guidelines or desirable operational limits; and form the basis for corrective actions and modification of activities if necessary. The intensity of sampling will depend on the time and location of the development activities and results derived from monitoring data.

7.4.1 Monitoring Objectives The aim of the monitoring is to establish appropriate monitoring criteria to verify the predicted impact of the project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The monitoring will keep relevant records to ensure compliance with sound environmental procedures recommended. The monitoring plan will ensure that mitigating measures and impacts of the project during construction and operation phases are implemented. Adequate funds will be provided for this purpose through the project.

Other specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to:

 check the effectiveness of suggested mitigative measures;  demonstrate that the project activities (construction and operation) are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing compliance regulatory procedures; and

130 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road (Rivers State)  provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level. Impact indicators are defined in terms of carrying capacity, threshold levels, and regulation and enforcement standards. Implementation of the EMP will allow for control and manage the timing, location and level of impacts and potentially provide the cause and effect data for the empirical verification or validation of various predictive models of action/impact relationships.

7.4.2 Monitoring Requirements A monitoring program requires a number of components to ensure effective results. These include:

 Relevant baseline data  Verifiably objective indicators for each project and project component for which monitoring will be conducted;  An independent body responsible for monitoring;  Those responsible for monitoring must have the capacity for such;  Monitoring on a regular basis;  An effective monitoring reporting mechanism including feedback and commitment to action on monitoring results and recommendations.

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Table 7.1: Monitoring Variables, Linkages, Indicators and Frequency Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Natural Habitat Rare and Area and Habitat endangered species quality of Species abundance Yearly needs habitat Populations Quarterly Current species list Flora of important and numbers flora Populations Quarterly Current species list Fauna of important and numbers fauna Fisheries Community Quarterly Population economic needs; Current population Populations size and water quality and and offtake offtake quantity Ecosystem health; Quarterly Species composition water quality and Species mix Current species mix water quantity

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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Water Resources Quality of Health, crop water Current chemical Groundwater quality production, Monthly (chemical composition desertification composition) Depth and Current depth and Groundwater quantity Health, irrigation yield yield Quality of Current chemical water composition / fauna Health, natural (chemical and flora inventory Surface water quality habitats, flora and analysis / (e.g. Monthly fauna, irrigation indicator macroinvertebrates, species of microinvertebrates, water quality) microflora) Yields and Current yields and Health, crop Surface water quantity flows flows (in different Monthly production (seasonal) seasons) Land Resources Soil erosion Crop productivity, Sediment Sediment loads Monthly

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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered cultivation loading techniques, watering points, livestock management Chemical Chemical analysis Soil quality – chemicals Pesticide use analysis soil of soil Soil analysis, crop Soil analysis, Soil quality – production on Irrigation, drainage crop Monthly waterlogging controlled plots production where possible Air Quality Nox, SOX, Ambient Particulates, Emissions Human Health SPM., COX Particulates, Monthly etc Emissions levels Social and Health Issues Incidence of General increased HIV/AIDS Existing levels of HIV/AIDS activity through the Yearly through clinic HIV/AIDS project records

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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Health Status of health re: Water borne diseases Drainage, irrigation statistics at water borne Monthly local clinics diseases Harvest results, population Fishery population Economic need from Irrigation, drainage, size, area by species, forest other natural resources Quarterly conflicts under forest stand volumes and (forestry, fishery) cover, forest areas stand condition Cultural Issues Cultural and social Sites Cultural sites systems and Inventory of sites Yearly remaining community needs Current social General community Community structure and Social systems and individual social Yearly important aspects of member satisfaction structure structure

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Indicators to Variable to be Baseline Data to Monitoring Linkages be Monitored be Considered Frequency Considered Current conflict Number and levels and number Land and resource Conflicts nature of and nature of Yearly use conflicts conflicts from RSDP

Specifically, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilisation of large contigent of workers would be given adequate attention inview of its socio-economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behavior including the use of BCC/IEC materials.

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7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION

The resources required for implementing the EMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders the Road Sector Development Team (RSDT), the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA), Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development (FMW-HUD), the Road contractor, Federal and State Ministries of Environment, and to the communities.

7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives:

 propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project  promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection,  execute concrete means of applying the EMP. In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements.

RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with FERMA, FMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively, an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP. The consultant shall have professionals qualified in the following disciplines:

 Environmental Assessment & Monitoring

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 Soil & Water Conservation  Highways and Civil Engineering  Public Health  Sociology and Socio-Economics The social and environmental specialist of the RSDT shall be responsible for the implementation of the environmental monitoring and the EMP. His/her responsibilities shall include:

 Coordinate, liaise with and monitor the contractors  Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank  Review Environmental Monitoring reports from consultants in collaboration with Regulators  Data Management

7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING Environmental Monitoring oversight responsibilities are vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment. The FMENV has environmental officers for monitoring issues; however, the capacity of the officers to cope is definitely not enough. The World Bank shall also carry out monitoring as one of its safeguard measures. The project shall also assist in the institutional framework and capacity enhancement of the State Ministry of Environment. State Ministries of Environment operate virtually similar structure as the Federal Ministry of Environment. The EIA Dept of the Ministry also has monitoring powers although the Federal Ministry of Environment carries out joint monitoring with the State Ministries as well as the Local Government Areas where projects are sited. Serious gaps exist in the ability of the State Ministries to monitor environmental issues arising from this project. To this effect the Project should train at least five officers from the RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and Host L.G.As. A dedicated Monitoring desk for this road project should also be created in the Monitoring units of the State Ministry. Monitoring kits, personnel protective equipment should also be provided for the project. Table 7.2 shows the capacity strengthening measures.

Table 7.2: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program Target Description Application Duration Audience RSDT staff General environmental Personnel require Three days

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Target Description Application Duration Audience awareness seminar that will appreciation of WB‟s, seminar include ecological and social Federal/State environmental science principles, legal policies, as well as, an responsibilities, consequences of appreciation for the need to non-sustainable development, support environmentally costs of poor environmental sustainable development. decisions, and introduction to the EMP process. RSDT‟s An in-depth comprehensive The target audience will be 10 days Environmental course on environmental responsible for EA review at workshop specialist, management including legal the State level and for FMENV and requirements, EMP preparing TORs for EMP State MOE methodology, consultants as well as environmental Impact determination (methods) monitoring consultants‟ work and social and mitigation analysis, public and final approval of EMPs. specialists involvement methods, EMP Target audience will also be preparation, monitoring responsible for conducting techniques, preparation of environmental audits on EMPs, TORs, and other. Course selected sub-projects and for will include field visits and periodic monitoring of sub- classroom exercises. project implementation to ensure compliance. General environmental Local Government level staff Three day LGA Staff awareness seminar that will requires an appreciation for include ecological and social the WB‟s and Nigerian science principles, legal environmental requirements, responsibilities, consequences of as well as, an appreciation non-sustainable development, for the need to support costs of poor environmental sustainable development.

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Target Description Application Duration Audience decisions, and introduction to the EMP process.

7.8 COST ESTIMATES The cost estimates are based on the assumption that resource person/s (is) are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants of this training should could come from the collection or selection of members RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and the affected L.G.As who should attend the exercise during the day only but will receive a per diem within the range of the estimated/ budgeted amount of about N431,250.00 per training session. It is proposed that the training programme will be implemented two times a year, over first four years of the project cycle. Thus, the total training cost is estimated at N3.75m for the entire period.

7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES Based on available data, a sum of N750M will be allocated to the project. Of the total budget, it is recommended that at least 0.01% of the total budget will be allocated for environmental and social concerns.

Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility

Mitigation N7.5m Contractor

Management N3.25m RSDT

Capacity Strengthening N3.25m RSDT/World Bank

Monitoring N5.25m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env

Total N19.25m

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CHAPTER EIGHT REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE

8.1 INTRODUCTION All projects and/or activities, no matter how durable they are, usually have life spans. The lifespan of any project is primarily hinged on a number of considerations, including: the design basis and construction materials; availability of raw materials and feedstock; acceptability of the end-product; maintenance and technological development. For this project, the lifespan of the current design is not less than 5 years. This, in effect, means that the Rumuokurushi - Chokocho road will be expected to be fully operational for at least 5yrs, and may be extended, if the route is considered still viable, useful and in good condition for the motorist and the general populace. Though, the planned project is not expected to be decommissioned since it is a permanent infrastructure development. However, given the known and acknowledged fact that projects necessarily impact the environment, either positively and/or negatively during the construction phase, it is important to put in place plans to recover and/or restore the project site to its original state after the project construction phase is completed. This requires a good understanding of all the environmental components of the project on the ecosystem during the construction phase. It is therefore environmentally wise to take into cognizance, this component during the planning stage. This section of the report provides an overview of the various decommissioning activities that will accompany this project after the construction phase and therefore need to be planned for even at this conceptual stage.

8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES

8.2.1. Rehabilitation of Construction Activities Construction Camps:- Permanent camp;  Concrete and compacted earth platforms  Excavation for septic tank  Access roads running into and through the camps

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Concrete platforms will need to be broken up and rubble taken to an approved waste dump site or used to rehabilitate borrow pits. The exposed surface must be tested for contamination by FMEnv accredited laboratory. If any contaminants are found, the contaminated soil shall be removed along with the concrete to a site acceptable to the ECO. Re-vegetation must take place. Access roads running into and through the camps and any other well-used thorough (whether pedestrian or vehicular), which have been denuded of vegetation and subsequently been compacted, are to be checked for any substantial spillage of contamination including oils and fuels will be re-vegetated. Temporary camps; Rehabilitation will be necessary in the following areas:  Compacted earth and un compacted earth platforms  Access roads running into and through the camps

Compacted and un compacted earth platforms will be rehabilitated according to the methods described above. Access roads will also be rehabilitated. Borrow Pits and Quarries Note that this will only be applicable where material has not been obtained from external sources. Borrow pits shall be filled with as much excess cut material as possible but shall be kept free from other waste. They shall be covered in soil stockpiled either from the original excavation the borrow pit or from other sources, such as excess spoil material from the extensive areas of cut. If adequate amounts of fill material are available, excavation slopes should not be left steeper than 1:3, ripped and top soiled. Borrow pits/quarries must be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible to reduce erosion and potential aesthetic impact of these areas. Stockpiles Once stockpiles have been removed the ground surface is to be inspected for compaction. Should it be required, the surface is then to be ripped and the revegetation process followed.

Spoil Dumps Permanent spoil dumps could have to be established if required. The exact positions of these spoil dumps to be negotiated with the landowners, local administrators, and officials, and

142 EMP of Rumuokurushi – Chokocho Road compensation paid as per the accepted procedure. No spoil dumps will be allowed in drainage areas where they will block drainage channels. Spoil material to be minimized through use in filling of erosion gullies, fill for road construction, storm water beams, stone pitching, and any other construction-related use. Spoil material shall be the last option. Permanent spoil dumps to be shaped 1 v: 3h, top soiled and vegetated. Care must be taken to ensure that the material is adequately compacted to allow safe access. Re-vegetation Process The basic re-vegetation steps, which need to be adapted to the project-specific environmental conditions, are detailed below.

1. Prepare the area to be re-vegetated for top soiling – this may require soil ripping and/or scarifying, and digging of steps or terraces. The scarification should take place to a depth of 150mm. If ridges are made, they should be about 100mm high and about 400mm wide.

2. Replace stored topsoil on the slope to be re-vegetated to a depth of between 75mm and 150mm (depending on the soil and slope conditions). The topsoil should be spread when it is dry by means of hand raking or mechanical balding and trimmed to a uniform thickness of not less than 100mm.

3. Apply seeds or grass sods according to the supplier‟s specifications. The seed must be fresh, good quality seed as specified in the sod mix, certified by the supplier and free from contamination by seeds of other species. Seed harvested from the site may be substituted only with the approval of the ECO.

4. If the indigenous grass seeds are used, they should be placed close together and leveled put on each other. Gaps between the sods should be filled in with topsoil. If sods are obtained from land being affected by the road construction process, there may be enough sods for close packing. In this situation, the sods should be placed in about 1m wide and spaced up to 2m apart.

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5. Mulch should be applied to protect the seeded area from erosion. The mulch must be excessively fresh and green or in an advanced stage of decomposition as it could smother growth. It must be applied to a depth and manner that will prevent erosion by wind and water, but not completely block out the rays of sunlight to the soil or prevent penetration by young plants.

6. Protect the revegetated area from excessive trampling and any other factor that might cause erosion or compaction. No construction equipment, trucks or heavy equipment should be allowed onto revegetated areas.

7. Ensure that suitable temporary and permanent drainage protection is installed parallel with the revegetation process.

8. Water the seeded/planted area on a regular basis (according to need, but on average of twice per week).

9. Institute an appropriate maintenance and monitoring program for a minimum year. This program should include, monitoring of the success of seed germination growth of the plants, removal of invasive; weeds, replanting of areas revegetation has not been successful once the cause of the inhibiting factor have been identified and remedied, and repair of any funnels or erosion channel by the contractor must not allow erosion to develop on a large scale before implementing repairs. Seed Mixes Alternative seed mixes are provided for use under the various topographical condition of Nigeria. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizaniodes) for stabilization of steep slopes and erosion areas, are readily available, should a suitable indigenous mix not be available. The seeds applied by utilizing a combination of hand seeding with local labour (for minor work) and hydro seeding

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(for major grassing works). Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) is not indigenous but is sterile and will not be invasive.

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CHAPTER NINE

9.0 CONCLUSION The Environmental Management Plan was preparedt with strict adherence to the guidelines and regulation of the Federal Ministry of Environment and the relevant World Bank safeguards policies. The EMP has identified the environmental issues/impacts associated with project activities on the immediate environment. And, in order to minimize these impacts appropriate mitigation has been proffered.

Environmental Management is a planned, integrated programme aimed at ensuring that all of the unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an acceptable minimum. Strong emphasis should be placed on maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for personnel and minimizing the effect of project activities on the natural environment. These objectives are usually achieved through the implementation of the policy and guidance that integrate environmental management approaches into developmental and operational schemes.

In order to measure and quantify the impacts of the development project on the receiving environment, the following monitoring objectives are established:

(i) Monitor alterations in existing physical, chemical, biological and social

characteristics of the environment.

(ii) Determine whether any detected changes in environmental components are

caused by the project or other natural occurrences.

(ii) Determine the impacts of non compliance with EMP requirements by the contractor(s), in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and international standards. (iii) Determine the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures (iv) Highlight areas of concern unforeseen in the EMP and provide a basis for recommending further amelioration measures.

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On the socio-economic impacts, potentially, the project will provide social and economic opportunities capable of enhancing the economic growth of the host communities in particular and the country in general.

Thus, in view of the fact that all stakeholders shall be carried along during the project construction and operations and that there is no stern environmental, health, social or cultural issues that may warrant the cancellation of the proposed project, it is therefore strongly recommended that project can be embark upon as proposed while strictly adhering to the proffered mitigation measures. In identifying the key impact indicators, priority is given to environmentally sensitive areas, and, in this regard, it is noteworthy that the entire project area falls under this category. Based on the results of baseline studies and consideration of FMENV limits, the following impact indicators are identified with the corresponding environmental components.

Table 9.1 Environmental Indicators Environmental Components Impact Indicators Atmospheric Particulates, Volume discharged, CH4, H2S, SOx, NOx, CO, heavy and trace metals, and HC. Soil Texture, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Nutrients, Heavy metals Water Quality: DO, COD, BOD, pH, Nutrients, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Heavy metals, Hardness Aquatic ecology Diversity, Abundance, Benthic Fauna

Socio-Economic Economic and Health status

In a nutshell, the EMP did not identify and unprecedented environmental and social impacts that may result from the periodic maintenance of the proposed Rumuokurushi – Cokocho road. However, the EMP contains adequate mitigation measures that would ensure that the residual impacts are managed within acceptable limits.

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REFERENCES ALLOWAY, B. J. 1990. Heavy metals in soils. Blakie & John Wiley & Sons Inc. Glasgow & London. pp 29-39 ALPHA (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Assoc., N.Y. BLOCKER, P. C., 1973. „Major aspects air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial Area‟ Concawe. The Hague. BRAY, R.H., and KURTZ, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and available form of Phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci.:59:45-49. BS 5228: 1975. British Standards Specifications on Construction Noise BURKE, K., 1969. Neogene and Quartenary Tectonics of Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria. (edited by Kogbe, C.A.). Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp 363. CONCAWE, 1994. Environmental Quality Standards, Concawe Review Vol. 3 No.2, p.18-19 FEPA (1991) Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. 238 pp FEPA. 1991 Guideline and standards for Industrial effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Management in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos Geological Survey Division, (1974). Geological Map of Nigeria. Publication, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria. Golterman, H.L. Chymo, R.S., And Ohristead, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford. Kogbe, C. A. 1976. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers, Ibadan. Leopold, L.B. Clarke, F.E; Hanshaw; B.B. And Balsley, J.R (1971). A procedure for evaluating environmental impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 13 pp Hayward, D and Oguntoyibo, J 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Barens and Nobles, New Jersey, USA 271p. Ojo, (1972). The Climates of West Africa, Heinemann Books Limited, Ibadan. Reyment, R. A. 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, 133 pp., Ibadan Univ. Press. USEPA (1979): Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. EPA - 600/4-79-020 (March, 1979).

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Shell International Exploration & Pproduction HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999 World Bank (WB) Operational Policies 4.01. World Bank (WB) General Health and Safety Guidelines. World Bank (WB) -Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities WHO, 1976. Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants, WHO offset Publication No. 24, E, Geneva. W.H.O (1984). World Health Organization Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality. Vol. I, II, III. Geneva.

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ANNEX 1 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by FRDP.

 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub-project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the FRDP

 Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country‟s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to FRDP

 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets,

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or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The RPF report discusses the applicability of this policy in detail.

 Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank- financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under FRDP.

 Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under FRDP.

 Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term “cultural property” includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank‟s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that

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are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government‟s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. FRDP will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property.

 Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to FRDP

 Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by FRDP.

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ANNEX 2

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE

(A) PERSONAL INFORMATION

1. Name of Local Leader______

2. Type of Leader (e.g. Village Head, Women Leader, etc):______

3. Age (in years): Below 21______21-40_____ 41-60_____; more than 60 _____

4. Name of Town/Village______

5. Proximity of household/town to proposed Landfill ______and ____

6. Local Government Area______

7. Ethnic Origin______

8. Sex: Male______Female______

9. Ethnic background______

10. Education qualification: no formal education____ functionally literate___ primary_____, secondary______tertiary______

11. Number of children: ______Male:______Female______

12. Number of other dependents______Male_____ Female______

13. Total No. of people in household Male_____ Female______

14. Residential Status:______Tenant____ migrant____ indigene_____

15. (a) If tenant or migrant____ what is the name of your home

village?______

(b) Distance of home village from here: less than 20km;____ b/w

20 – 50kml_____ more than 50km ______

(c) Why did you move to this community (e.g. for employment)__

(d) Condition of living since settling here: sane;____ better;____

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worse;_____ I don‟t know_____

(e) For how long have you lived in this community______

(f) Future plans:____ relocate in future;___ live permanently

here;___ I do not know (give reasons for answer)______

(g) Relationship with other dwellers: Friendly____ Not friendly __

I don‟t know___

(B) ECONOMIC SCENARIO

17 What are the usual income-generation activities of the people in this community (see below). Also indicate the gender and generation mainly involved in each activity.

No. Activity Gender* Generation M/F/B C/Y/A/B

1. Crop farming (list common crops)

2 Trading

3. Livestock rearing (list common ones)

4. Fishing

5. Hunting

6. Processing (garri, local gin, fufu, etc)

7. Handicraft (pottery, weaving, tailoring)

8. Collection of sea products (periwinkle, crayfish etc)

9. Collection of forest products (fruits, vegetables, firewood etc.)

10. Artisanship (carpentry, blacksmith, bricklayer etc)

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11. Civil service/teaching

12. Company worker

13. Other specify

* M = Male; F = Female; B = Both sexes

** C = Children, Y = Youth; E = Elderly A = Adult

18. What is your estimated monthly income (N): Less than N1,000____

N1,000 to 10,000______N10,000 to 50,000______

N50,000 to N100,000______More than N100,000______

19. How much do you save monthly? ______No savings;______

Less than N1,000 ______less than N5,000______

less than N10,000______more than N10,000______

20. Where do you save your excess money? No savings;______

in the house;______Esusu group;____ in the bank;____

(others specify)______

(C) INFRASTRUCTURE/HEALTH

21. Which of the following do you have in this community and what is the condition of the facility, if present?

S/No. Facility No/ Availability Condition Distance If not Yes/No poor/fair/good to the available, proposed how far is Pipeline the nearest

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facility (km)

1. Access Road

2. Public transportation

3. Local market

4. Primary school

5. Secondary school

6. Dispensary/health centre

7. Electricity

8. Potable water supply

9. Others (specify)

22. Which of the following types of houses is common in this community (Enumerator to note)? Mud and wattle thatch;____ mud and wattle zinc: ____ Earth block/Thatch: ____ Earth Block/Zinc;____ Cement Block/Zinc; ____ Cement Block/Asbestos;____ Timber Wall/Thatch:____ Timber Wall/Zinc ____

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23. Which of these items are commonly owned by households in this Community?

Electric fan [ ]

Electric Kettle [ ]

Gas/Electric Cooker [ ]

Refrigerator [ ]

Television [ ]

Bicycle [ ]

Air Conditioner [ ]

Motorcycle [ ]

Motor Car [ ]

Radio [ ]

Kerosene Stove [ ]

Rechargeable Lamps [ ]

24. No of Rooms in the House……………………………….

25. Type of House (To be indicated by Interviewer) Bungalow ( ) Blocks of Flats ( ) Duplex ( ) Huts ( )

26. Type of roofing materials used in the house Thatch ( )

Iron Sheet ( ) Asbestos ( ) Long Span Aluminum ( )

Tile ( ) Others (specify) ( )

27. Type of Building Materials Used in the house

Thatch/Bamboo [ ] Mud [ ] Cement [ ] Burnt Brick [ ] Wood [ ] Others specify [ ]

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28. Type of Toilet: None [ ] Pit [ ] Bucket [ ] Hand flush [ ]

29. From which of the following sources is your water supply?

Rain____ River_____ Stored run-off_____ pipe borne _____ borehole ______well, etc ______

30. How is water from each of these sources treated before use? ______

31. How is solid waste disposed off? Burning_____; Burying ____; dump ______throwing in running/stagnant water _____

32. How is human waste disposed off? Pit latrine_____; defecation into water channel _____ defecation into surrounding bushes____ pail systems____; pit toilet______; VIP- ventilate latrines____

Any other (specify)______

33. What are the common diseases and pests found in this community (especially the last 3 years)______

34. Specify any form of disease or pest that is found only in this community and not in neighbouring ones ______

35. Why are the above diseases common in your locality? ______

36. What has been done by the village or Govt. to reduce the presence of above mentioned diseases and pests? ______

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37. Where do people suffering from various diseases normally go for cure? Churches_____ Native doctors____ dispensary/Health centre/Hospital ____

38. Which of the above places are frequently visited for disease cure? ___

39. Are you aware of this project? Yes [ ] No [ ]

40. If yes, what are the sources of information ______

41. If no, interviewer should tell the respondent about the project

42. How do you think this project will benefit this community during the construction phase?

Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know

Increase in in-migration

Increased income

Job opportunities

New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc)

Improvement in living standards

Changed in style of dressing

Improved social life

43. How do you think the project will benefit this community during the operational phase?

Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know

Increase in in-migration

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Increased income

Job opportunities

New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc)

Improvement in living standards

Changed in style of dressing

Improved social life

44. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the construction phase?

Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know

Overpopulation

Occupational change

Sex imbalance

Out-migration

Inflation

Reduction in agricultural products

Destruction/encroachment on land

Pressure on social infrastructure

Loss of farmland

Pollution of drinking water

Loss of wildlife species

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Ground water contamination

Deforestation

Sexual laxity

Alcoholism

Increased Crime

Discrimination against new migrants

45. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the operational phase?

Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don’t Know

Overpopulation

Occupational change

Sex imbalance

Out-migration

Inflation

Reduction in agricultural products

Destruction/encroachment on land

Pressure on social infrastructure

Loss of farmland

Pollution of drinking water

Loss of wildlife species

Ground water contamination

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Deforestation

Sexual laxity

Alcoholism

Increased Crime

Discrimination against new migrants

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ANNEX 3 The following list represents the EIA Report Preparers and their various roles:

Team Leader: Ibrahim Jauro

S/N SPECIALIZATION CONSULTANTS

1. Air Quality/Noise & Radiation Mr. J. Dalyop/ Mohd Umar

2. Soil/Agriculture/Land Use/SIA Dr. Alhassan Mohammed

3. Geology/Hydrogeology Dr. Ogirima Onimisi

4. Pavement Study Engr. Sani Abdullahi

5. Biodiversity/Wildlife Jubril Lawal

6. Vegetation/Forestry Mr. Hussain Bala

7 Health Risk Assessment/ Waste Inventory Dr. I Sule

8. Geo Referencing Mr. J. Dalyop

9. Computer Analyst Mrs. Bolalle Olowo

10. Report Reviewers Dr. A. Mohammed/ Ibrahim Jauro

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