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Comparative Assessment of Air Quality in Igwuruta and Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria

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Comparative Assessment of Air Quality in Igwuruta and Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria PRINT ISSN 1119-8362 Full-text Available Online at J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Electronic ISSN 1119-8362 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem Vol. 24 (4) 607- 614 April 2020 http://ww.bioline.org.br/ja Comparative Assessment of Air Quality in Igwuruta and Aluu, Rivers State, Nigeria *AKHIONBARE, SMO; OKWERI-ERIC, OG; IHEJIRIKA, CE Department of Environmental Technology, School of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: This study investigated the air quality of Aluu and Igwuruta communities both in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, using carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), Sulphur dioxide (SO2), suspended particulate matter (SPM), Methare (CH4), ammonia (NH3) Ozone (03) and Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) as indices. Sampling was done at eighteen (18) locations within Aluu and Igwuruta at graded distances from the two (2) flare points located within the study area. Ambient air temperature, relative humility and windspeed were also measured 3 3 for the location. Results showed the following levels for Aluu: CO; 934.2 ± 6.5 µg/m , NO2; 1451.4 ± 14.28 µg/m , SO2; 3 3 3 3 243.3 ± 9.085 µg/m , NH3; 2167.3 ± 8.916 µg/m , CH4; 34734.5 ± 9.55 µg/m , SPM; 23.55 ± 6.05 µg/m , O3; 14.795 ± 6.33 µg/m3 and VOC; 4.04 ± 1.842 µg/m3 while for Igwuruta, results are given as: CO; 460 ± 6.81 µg/m3, SPM; 95.7 ± 3 3 3 3 3.588 µg/m , NO2; 1300.75 ± 4.681 µg/m , SO2; 1191.72 ± 13.127 µg/m , SO2; 1191.72 ± 13.127 µg/m , NH3; 554.05 3 3 3 ± 9.241 µg/m , CH4; 15078.8 ± 10.74 µg/m , O3; 17.464 ± 1.696 and VOC; 4.659 ± 1.059 µg/m . The dominant pollutants were NO2, SO2, NH3 and CH4. These results raises concern on possible health risk on community dwellers while Igwuruta had higher levels than Aluu in NO2 and SO2 levels. It is therefore recommended among others, that gas to energy conversion approach is a readily available technology that can be used to curb the menance of environmental pollution due to gas flaring at the same time harnessing the commodity value of the associated gases currently being flared. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i4.10 Copyright: Copyright © 2020 Akhionbare et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 13 February 2020; Revised: 17 March 2020; Accepted: 28 March 2020 Key words: criteria pollutants, reinforcement, Igwuruta, Aluu, health effects The flaring of gas by oil and gas producing nations has vegetation and physical infrastructure (such as roofing become a global epidemic. Nigeria being amongst the sheets, building structures, artifacts, monuments and world's leading oil and gas producing nations flare a paints), pathological and psychological health impact significant amount of natural gases into the (such as excessive heat and discomfort, environment through vertical and horizontal flaring gastrointestinal problems, skin diseases, cancer, stacks. Globally, an estimated amount of 110 billion neurological, reproductive and developmental effects, cubic meters of associate gas is flared per annum hematological and respiratory ailments, heart (Ismail and Umukoro, 2012). Ogbe (2010) in his (cardiovascular) related illness including research drew a conclusion that Nigeria accounted for atherosclerosis, bronchitis, asthma, , hypertension and an estimated 12.5% of flared gases globally per ischaemic heart disease (Amadi,2014). Gas flaring annum. In Nigeria, the Niger Delta region holds this impacts the quality of water air and vegetation. It leads natural resource and therefore has been subject to all to the release of 3 major components into the forms of oil and gas exploration activities over time. environment which includes noxious gases, heat and The Niger Delta is made up of Ondo, Edo, Delta, Abia, noise. Therefore, there is a possibility that the presence Imo, Bayesa, Rivers, Akwa-Ibom, and Cross Rivers of this gas flaring may have upset some environmental State. These states holds the nation's crude oil and gas balance. Some notable vegetation such as Water leaf, reserve until the recent addition of Lagos state as an Pumpkin 9leaf, Okra, Cassava, Cucumber, Plantain, oil producing state. Also, these named states suffer the Palm tree, and Coco yam are cultivated around the worst impacts of gas flaring, due to the fact that they location of the facility. According to Achi (2003), gas possess either onshore or offshore gas flaring facilities flaring has the tendency to affect several plants species in their regions (Aigberua et al, 2017). According to especially in terms of productivity and growth. Donwa et al. (2015), in their studies identified several Lawanso (2016) reported that gas flaring decreases the impacts gas flaring poses on the environment. These length and weight of Cassava and increases its amino impacts affect both human and environmental acid and total sugar contents as the distance from the components. Also, the resultant occurrence and impact flare decreases. Such decrease as observed were also of acid rain due to the residual activities of some of the correlated with decrease in the content of starch and flared pollutants. On the list of identified impacts are ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in the tubers. In a survey *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Comparative Assessment of Air Quality in Igwuruta and Aluu….. 608 done on the natives of Ebedei community located in (SPDC, 2009). The study area is within the humid Delta state regarding the impact of gas flaring on tropical belt of the Niger-Delta. The climate of the area agricultural activates; 94.6, 90, 98.75, 50.4, and 5% is profoundly influenced by its proximity to the had the opinion that gas flaring affects food crops such Atlantic Ocean and the Orashi River. Rainfall is as Yam, Cassava, Okra, plantain and Potatoes experienced throughout the year with peaks in June respectively (Ozabor and Obisesan,2015). and September. The mean annual rainfall is, above 2200 and lower amounts of rainfall from November to The problems associated with air pollution abound. February mm. The southwest trade winds bring The presence of a gas flaring plant in Aluu and moisture into the area from the coastal area. Two Igwuruta communities is an obvious fact that the air seasons namely, wet and dry, characterized the area. quality must have been impacted. Gaseous pollutants The wet season spread from April to October while the such as NOX, SOX, CO, O3, SPM, VOC, NH3 and dry season was from November to March (Ayaode, CH4 are emitted from gas flaring facilities and can 2004). In the dry season, the high daily relative affect physico-chemical characteristics of various humidity values ranged from 86.5 to 92.0% and environmental components. This is a strong indication occurred between 2100 and 2400h and later from 0100 that the quality of the environment will be altered. to 0800 hours. The lower relative humidity values of Therefore, it is important to know the worst impacted 45.5 – 66.0% were obtained between 1300 and 1600 out of the two communities so as to make appropriate hours (SPDC, 2009). recommendations on a basis of comparison on abatement techniques to adopt. This paper was aimed Southwesterly winds were prevalent in the rainy at conducting a comparative air quality study in Aluu season in the node, the prevalent wind direction within and Igwuruta, which are hosts to oil exploration the study area is generally the South-West (210 –240°) activities in Rivers State, Nigeria. for 8 months (Ayaode, 2008). Wind speed in the study area for dry season ranged from 0.5m/s to 1.8m/s while MATERIALS AND METHODS the wet season wind speed ranged from 0.2 to 1.00m/s. Description of Study Area: The study area is in the The wind is predominantly in the South Western Greater Port Harcourt Municipality comprising of Port direction accounting for about 75% of the annual Harcourt City Local Government Area, Okrika Local winds. The North Easterly winds predominate during Government Area along with Obio/Akpor LGA, and the dry season (November – March); this makes up parts of Eleme, Ikwerre, Oyigbo, Ogu/Bolo and Etche about 25 % of the annual winds within the study area. Local Government Areas are known as Greater Port Its penetration into the Niger Delta region between Harcourt Metropolis. Port Harcourt Metropolis being December and February is characterized by dry and the hub of oil and gas industry in the country has low humidity with dusty haze. The highest attracted various people to the area leading to a temperature (oC) values ranged from 34.0 – 36.3 and burgeoning population. However, the particular area they occurred between 1300 and 1800 h while the of interest for this ambient air quality study is the area lowest temperature values ranged from 25.3 – 26.0 encompassing the two flow stations known as Agbada between 0400 and 0800 h in the dry season. I (in Mgbodo -Aluu, Ikwerre LGA) geo-referenced as Temperatures ranged between 24.5 and 29.0 oC in the N4O55’55.303”, E6O58’28.58’’ and Agbada II early hours (0400 – 0600 h) in the rainy season. Higher (between Rukpokwu/Rumuejime and Eneka temperatures (from 29 – 32 oC) occurred between 0900 Obio/Akpor LGA) with geographical coordinate as and 1800 hours. The vegetation in this location N4O55’54.142”, E7O0’55.951” the flow stations are comprised farmlands (cassava) and forest re-growth of about 4.66km apart by crow fly.
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