Pleural Effusion
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X-Ray Interpretation
Objectives Describe a systematic method for interpretation of chest and abdomen x-rays List findings to accurately identify common X-ray Interpretation pathology in chest & abdomen x-rays Describe a systematic method to approach the Denise Ramponi, DNP, FNP-C, ENP-BC, FAANP, FAEN important components in interpretation of upper & lower extremity x-rays Chest X-ray: Standard Views Lateral Film Postero-anterior (PA): (LAT) view can determine th On inspiration – diaphragm descends to 10 rib the anterior-posterior posteriorly structures along the axis of the body Normal LAT film Counting Ribs AP View - Portable http://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/medicine/pulmonar/cxr/cxr_f.htm When the patient is unable to tolerate routine views with pts sitting or supine No participation from the patient Film is against the patient's back (supine) 1 Consolidation, Atelectasis, Chest radiograph Interstitial involvement Consolidation - any pathologic process that fills the alveoli with Left and right heart fluid, pus, blood, cells or other borders well defined substances Interstitial - involvement of the Both hemidiaphragms supporting tissue of the lung visible to midline parenchyma resulting in fine or coarse reticular opacities Right - higher Atelectasis - collapse of a part of Heart less than 50% of the lung due to a decrease in the amount of air resulting in volume diameter of the chest loss and increased density. Infiltrate, Consolidation vs. Congestive Heart Failure Atelectasis Fluid leaking into interstitium Kerley B 2 Kerley B lines Prominent interstitial markings Kerley lines Magnified CXR Cardiomyopathy & interstitial pulmonary edema Short 1-2 cm white lines at lung periphery horizontal to pleural surface Distended interlobular septa - secondary to interstitial edema. -
Cardiothoracic Fellowship Program
Cardiothoracic Fellowship Program Table of Contents Program Contact ............................................................................................ 3 Other contact numbers .................................................................................. 4 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 Goals and Objectives of Fellowship: ..................................................................... 6 Rotation Schedule: ........................................................................................ 7 Core Curriculum .................................................................................................... 8 Fellow’s Responsibilities ..................................................................................... 22 Resources ........................................................................................................... 23 Facilities ....................................................................................................... 23 Educational Program .......................................................................................... 26 Duty Hours .......................................................................................................... 29 Evaluation ........................................................................................................... 30 Table of Appendices .................................................................................... 31 Appendix A -
12. Shortness of Breath
12. Shortness of breath Shortness of breath (dyspnea) is described as an intense tightening in the chest, air hunger, difficulty breathing, breathlessness or a feeling of suffocation. It is a subjective symptom of many diseases. The causes of shortness of breath can be various, but most often pulmonary or cardiac. The main causes of pulmonary or cardiac dyspnea include heart congestion, pulmonary embolism, emphysema, atelectasis, pneumothorax and interstitial lung processes. The basic imaging method in the diagnosis of dyspnea that follows clinical examination is a chest X- ray. It is used to evaluate heart congestion, fluid effusions, atelectasis, pneumothorax, and a rough assessment of interstitial lung processes. Only if there is a clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolization, the CT angiography (with intravenous contrast), perfusion lung scintigraphy or echocardiography are imaging methods of choice. If interstitial lung disease or pulmonary emphysema are suspected or there is uncertain finding on chest X-ray, high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest is recommended. HRCT allows detailed assessment of pulmonary parenchyma. Non-contrast CT is usually sufficient to assess interstitial changes. Heart congestion Heart congestion is the result of insufficient cardiac output due to heart failure or fluid overload. The most common cause of heart congestion is left heart failure with increased pressure in pulmonary veins and capillaries. On chest X- ray can be distinguished 3 degrees of heart congestion. Note: Right-sided heart failure most often occurs in long-term left-sided heart failure or lung disease, which leads to high pulmonary artery resistance (various etiologies of pulmonary hypertension, e.g. advanced COPD). -
Interstitial Lung Disease
Interstitial Lung Disease Camille Washowich, MSN, ACNP, CCRN Center for Advanced Lung Disease Stanford University Medical Center Lung Physiology ILD Classification Interstitial Lung Disease Connective Tissue Diseases Primary (unclassified) Idiopathic Fibrotic Disorders Drug and Treatment Induced Connective Tissue Diseases Scleroderma Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) Rheumatoid Arthritis Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Primary (unclassified) Sarcoidosis Stage I-IV Neurofibromatosis Tuberous Sclerosis AIDS ARDS Bone Marrow Transplantation Post infectious Occupational & Environmental Exposures: Inorganic & Organic Agriculture Workers and Animal Handlers Construction: wood/metal Auto repair Military Chemicals (plastic, paint, polyurethane) Organisms: fungus/molds/bacterium Idiopathic Fibrotic Disorders Pulmonary fibrosis Familial pulmonary fibrosis Autoimmune pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory bronchiolitis Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis (NSIP) Drug Induced Antibiotics Anti-arrhythmics Anti-inflammatory Anti-convulsant Radiation/Chemotherapy Oxygen toxicity Narcotics ILD Epidemiology in the US 100K admissions/year Occupation DILD Sarcoidosis 11% 15% pulmonologist patients 5% DAH 8% 4% CTD Incidence: 5/100K 9% Men (31%) versus Women (26%) Other 11% IPF 45% of all ILD patients Pulmonary Fibrosis 52% Age/Gender/Race Specifications to Assist in Diagnosis 20-40yrs: Inherited Interstitial Lung diseases Familial idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis Collagen vascular disease- associated ILD LAM Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell granulomatosis Sarcoidosis 50yrs: -
Chest Radiology: a Resident's Manual
Chest Radiology: A Resident's Manual Bearbeitet von Johannes Kirchner 1. Auflage 2011. Buch. 300 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 13 153871 0 Format (B x L): 23 x 31 cm Weitere Fachgebiete > Medizin > Sonstige Medizinische Fachgebiete > Radiologie, Bildgebende Verfahren Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 1 Heart Failure Acute left heart failure is most commonly caused by a hyperten- " Compare pulmonary vessels that are equidistant to a central sive crisis. Radiographic signs on the plain chest radiograph ob- point in the respective hilum. tained with the patient standing include: " Compare the diameter of a random easily identifiable superior " Redistribution of pulmonary perfusion lobe artery (often the anterior segmental artery is most easily " Presence of interstitial patterns (Kerley lines, peribronchial identifiable) with the diameter of the corresponding ipsilateral cuffing) bronchus (Fig. 1.62). " Alveolar densities with indistinct vascular structures (ad- vanced stage) As the pulmonary artery and corresponding ipsilateral bronchus " Pleural effusions are normally of precisely equal diameter, a larger arterial diameter is indicative of redistribution of perfusion (Fig. 1.63). The diagnos- All of these signs are essentially attributable to increased fluid tic criteria of caudal-to-cranial redistribution cannot be evaluated content in the abnormally heavy “wet” lung. The fluid accumula- on radiographs obtained in the supine patient. -
Pleural Effusion, Hypovascularity in Lung Zone (Westermark’S Sign) & Pyramid Shape Infiltrate with Peak Directed to Hilus (Hampton’S Hump)
Author(s): Michele M. Nypaver, MD, 2011 License: Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ We have reviewed this material in accordance with U.S. Copyright Law and have tried to maximize your ability to use, share, and adapt it. Copyright holders of content included in this material should contact [email protected] with any questions, corrections, or clarification regarding the use of content. For more information about how to cite these materials visit http://open.umich.edu/privacy-and-terms-use. Any medical information in this material is intended to inform and educate and is not a tool for self-diagnosis or a replacement for medical evaluation, advice, diagnosis or treatment by a healthcare professional. Please speak to your physician if you have questions about your medical condition. Viewer discretion is advised: Some medical content is graphic and may not be suitable for all viewers. Citation Key for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy Use + Share + Adapt { Content the copyright holder, author, or law permits you to use, share and adapt. } Public Domain – Government: Works that are produced by the U.S. Government. (17 USC § 105) Public Domain – Expired: Works that are no longer protected due to an expired copyright term. Public Domain – Self Dedicated: Works that a copyright holder has dedicated to the public domain. Creative Commons – Zero Waiver Creative Commons – Attribution License Creative Commons – Attribution Share Alike License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial License Creative Commons – Attribution Noncommercial Share Alike License GNU – Free Documentation License Make Your Own Assessment { Content Open.Michigan believes can be used, shared, and adapted because it is ineligible for copyright. -
Eponyms in Radiologic Signs
Eponyms in radiologic signs Poster No.: C-0133 Congress: ECR 2014 Type: Educational Exhibit Authors: D. Andrade, L. Andrade, M. Magalhaes, L. Curvo-Semedo, F. Caseiro Alves; Coimbra/PT Keywords: Diagnostic procedure, Fluoroscopy, CT, Conventional radiography, Thorax, Musculoskeletal system, Gastrointestinal tract, Education and training DOI: 10.1594/ecr2014/C-0133 Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material submitted to EPOS by third parties in the form of scientific presentations. References to any names, marks, products, or services of third parties or hypertext links to third- party sites or information are provided solely as a convenience to you and do not in any way constitute or imply ECR's endorsement, sponsorship or recommendation of the third party, information, product or service. ECR is not responsible for the content of these pages and does not make any representations regarding the content or accuracy of material in this file. As per copyright regulations, any unauthorised use of the material or parts thereof as well as commercial reproduction or multiple distribution by any traditional or electronically based reproduction/publication method ist strictly prohibited. You agree to defend, indemnify, and hold ECR harmless from and against any and all claims, damages, costs, and expenses, including attorneys' fees, arising from or related to your use of these pages. Please note: Links to movies, ppt slideshows and any other multimedia files are not available in the pdf version of presentations. www.myESR.org Page 1 of 43 Learning objectives 1. To recognize the most frequent and important radiologic signs that are eponyms. -
Common Pediatric Pulmonary Issues
Common Pediatric Pulmonary Issues Chris Woleben MD, FAAP Associate Dean, Student Affairs VCU School of Medicine Assistant Professor, Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Objectives • Learn common causes of upper and lower airway disease in the pediatric population • Learn basic management skills for common pediatric pulmonary problems Upper Airway Disease • Extrathoracic structures • Pharynx, larynx, trachea • Stridor • Externally audible sound produced by turbulent flow through narrowed airway • Signifies partial airway obstruction • May be acute or chronic Remember Physics? Poiseuille’s Law Acute Stridor • Febrile • Laryngotracheitis (croup) • Retropharyngeal abscess • Epiglottitis • Bacterial tracheitis • Afebrile • Foreign body • Caustic or thermal airway injury • Angioedema Croup - Epidemiology • Usually 6 to 36 months old • Males > Females (3:2) • Fall / Winter predilection • Common causes: • Parainfluenza • RSV • Adenovirus • Influenza Croup - Pathophysiology • Begins with URI symptoms and fever • Infection spreads from nasopharynx to larynx and trachea • Subglottic mucosal swelling and secretions lead to narrowed airway • Development of barky, “seal-like” cough with inspiratory stridor • Symptoms worse at night Croup - Management • Keep child as calm as possible, usually sitting in parent’s lap • Humidified saline via nebulizer • Steroids (Dexamethasone 0.6 mg/kg) • Oral and IM route both acceptable • Racemic Epinephrine • <10kg: 0.25 mg via nebulizer • >10kg: 0.5 mg via nebulizer Croup – Management • Must observe for 4 hours after -
Radiologic Assessment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 57 (1984), 49-82 Radiologic Assessment in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit RICHARD I. MARKOWITZ, M.D. Associate Professor, Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut Received May 31, 1983 The severely ill infant or child who requires admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) often presents with a complex set of problems necessitating multiple and frequent management decisions. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role, not only in the initial assessment of the patient's condition and establishing a diagnosis, but also in monitoring the patient's progress and the effects of interventional therapeutic measures. Bedside studies ob- tained using portable equipment are often limited but can provide much useful information when a careful and detailed approach is utilized in producing the radiograph and interpreting the examination. This article reviews some of the basic principles of radiographic interpreta- tion and details some of the diagnostic points which, when promptly recognized, can lead to a better understanding of the patient's condition and thus to improved patient care and manage- ment. While chest radiography is stressed, studies of other regions including the upper airway, abdomen, skull, and extremities are discussed. A brief consideration of the expanding role of new modality imaging (i.e., ultrasound, CT) is also included. Multiple illustrative examples of common and uncommon problems are shown. Radiologic evaluation forms an important part of the diagnostic assessment of pa- tients in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Because of the precarious condi- tion of these patients, as well as the multiple tubes, lines, catheters, and monitoring devices to which they are attached, it is usually impossible or highly undesirable to transport these patients to other areas of the hospital for general radiographic studies. -
Respiratory Distress in Pediatrics
Hindsight is 20/20 Karen A. Santucci, M.D. Professor of Pediatrics Yale-New Haven Children’s Hospital October 9, 2014 Disclosure No Financial Relationships Personal Financial Disclosure Case 1 Toddler siblings are jumping on the couch Larger one lands on top of the smaller one, both landing on the tile floor The smaller child cries out and develops respiratory distress. 911 activated Vitals: RR 62, HR 168, afebrile, crying EMS is transports her to the nearest hospital Case Progression Upon arrival, oxygen saturation in 70’s and severe respiratory distress Supplemental oxygen not helping! Decreased breath sounds bilaterally! No reported tracheal deviation Difficult to ventilate and oxygenate! Bilateral chest tubes are placed! She’s Intubated! Still difficult to ventilate and oxygenate! Case Progression Differential Diagnoses? Differential Diagnoses? Pulmonary contusion? Traumatic pneumothorax? Hemothorax? Crush injury? Transection? Underlying problem????? -Asthma -Pneumonia -Cystic fibrosis Perplexing Case Pediatric Pearl If it doesn’t make sense, go back to the basics. What were they doing right before the fall? Something We Don’t See Everyday! or Do We???? What the Heck!! Epidemiology 92,166 cases reported to Poison Centers in 2003 Peak incidence 6 months to 3 years 600 children die annually Majority present to EDs 2003 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22:335-404 Foreign Bodies Food Coins Toys Munchausen Syndrome by -
A Rare Case of Isolated Chronic Cough Caused by Pulmonary Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis As a Primary Manifestation of Rectum Carcinoma
doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0572-17 Intern Med Advance Publication http://internmed.jp 【 CASE REPORT 】 A Rare Case of Isolated Chronic Cough caused by Pulmonary Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis as a Primary Manifestation of Rectum Carcinoma Minami Okayama, Yoshihiro Kanemitsu, Tetsuya Oguri, Takamitsu Asano, Satoshi Fukuda, Hirotsugu Ohkubo, Masaya Takemura, Ken Maeno, Yutaka Ito and Akio Niimi Abstract: A 36-year old man was referred to our hospital due to isolated chronic cough that was refractory to anti- asthma medications, including inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting β2 agonists. Chest X-ray showed diffuse nodular and enhanced vascular shadows with Kerley lines in both lungs. A blood analysis showed elevated serum CEA and CA19-9 levels. A transbronchial biopsy revealed well to moderately differentiated adenocar- cinoma, the origin of which was immunohistochemically suspected to be the gastrointestinal tract. Colono- scopy confirmed the diagnosis of primary rectum carcinoma. Pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis was therefore regarded as the origin of the cough. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis is an uncommon diagnosis but important to consider in patients with persistent cough. Key words: chronic cough, pulmonary lymphangitic carcinomatosis, rectum carcinoma (Intern Med Advance Publication) (DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0572-17) leukotriene antagonist under a tentative diagnosis of cough- Introduction variant asthma; however, the cough was refractory to such intensive anti-asthma therapies. Although cough is one of the most common symptoms of At the first visit, he complained of only a persistent lung cancer (1), the frequency of lung cancer as a cause of cough, with no other symptoms, such as a fever, dyspnea, chronic cough as the sole symptom is less than 2% (2). -
Approach to Respiratory Failure in Emergency Department
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2006; 10: 135-151 Approach to respiratory failure in emergency department P. FORTE, M. MAZZONE, G. PORTALE, C. FALCONE, F. MANCINI, N. GENTILONI SILVERI Department of Emergency Medicine, Catholic University – Rome (Italy) Abstract. – Objectives and Background: The second mechanism (mismatch in blood The goal of this review is to provide update rec- gas exchanges) is due to the following differ- ommendations that can be used by emergency ent pathologies: physicians who provide primary cares to pa- tients with Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), from • Adult acute respiratory distress syn- the admission to an emergency department drome; through the first 24 to 48 hours of hospitaliza- • Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome; tion. This work wants to address the diagnosis • Acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema; and emergency medical care of ARF and the • Severe status asthmaticus; management of medical complications. • Pneumonia; State of the Art: A lot of statement has been developed for the early management and treat- • Airspace collapse (atelectasis); ment of ARF; moreover, over the last fifteen • Pulmonary embolism. years, we have assisted to the rise of a new technique of ventilation, in the Emergency De- The clinical signs and symptoms of patients partment: Non Invasive Ventilation. This kind of with ARF, refer to the two main manifesta- ventilation was firsthy applied in Intensive Care tions of pulmonary diseases: arterial hyper- and in Respiratory Care Unit. Randomized con- capnia and hypoxemia. trolled clinical trials have showed its usefulness in the early treatment of several forms of ARF, The pathophysiology of hypercapnia is together with medical therapy.