China and Islam: the Prophet, the Party, and Law Matthew S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05337-3 - China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law Matthew S. Erie Index More information

INDEX

Abstracts of the Record of the Civil and Commercial B a f a n g H u i Affairs Customs Survey (Minshang shi B a f a n g h u a l o c a l d i a l e c t o f 3 6 – 3 7 , 8 7 , 1 8 2 xiguan diaocha baogao lu) 5 9 – 6 1 a s a s u b s e t o f L i n x i a H u i 8 7 Accounts of India and China (Akhbar al-Sin wa-l- Bank of Ningxia (BON) Hind) ( a l - T a j i r ) 2 7 , 4 7 – 4 9 China-Arab States Economic and Trade A g a m b e n , G i o r g i o 1 7 , 3 3 , 3 8 , 1 5 4 , 1 7 5 , 1 8 8 , F o r u m 2 9 7 – 9 9 2 6 1 , 3 0 7 , 3 1 7 , 3 2 4 , 3 3 8 i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y , e n g a g e m e n t w i t h a g e f o r m a r r i a g e 2 2 8 – 3 4 2 9 6 – 3 0 2 ahong (Ar. akhu nd ; I m a m ) , see c l e r i c s i n v e s t m e n t a c c o u n t s 2 9 3 A n g l o - M u h a m m a d a n l a w i n I n d i a 5 6 murabaha 2 9 3 a n t h r o p o l o g y N i n g x i a 2 8 8 – 9 3 C h i n e s e l a w 1 5 – 3 0 B a r n e t t , A . D o a k 2 6 8 – 6 9 , 2 7 1 e t h i c s 2 6 – 2 7 b e l i e f , r e l i g i o u s v . s t a t e 7 5 – 7 9 I s l a m 2 6 – 2 7 , 1 3 4 , 1 7 5 b e l l , j u s t i c e 2 7 A r a b i c , e d u c a t i o n i n 2 0 2 – 5 , 2 0 6 – 1 7 B e n t o n , L a u r e n 5 7 A r e n d t , H a n n a h 3 2 4 b i g a m y 2 5 4 – 5 5 A r i s t o t l e 1 7 5 b i r t h c o n t r o l 1 1 6 A s a d , T a l a l 2 6 , 6 6 , 7 9 , 1 3 4 B o u r d i e u , P i e r r e 1 2 , 1 9 5 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 8 , 2 8 6 a s s i m i l a t i o n o f e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s 7 1 – 7 2 B o u r g o n , J é r ô m e 5 7 , 5 9 , 6 4 a s s o c i a t i o n a l l i f e 1 2 3 – 2 8 bridal gifts (Ch. pinli; pingjin, Ar. mahr ) 1 4 8 , a u t o n o m y 2 2 7 , 2 3 4 – 3 8 c u s t o m - b a s e d r e g u l a t i o n s 7 1 – 7 5 B r i g h t H e a r t o r d e r 1 1 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 6 , 1 6 3 , 1 7 8 e a r l y l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y 6 9 B u r e a u o f E t h n i c A f f a i r s ( B E A ) 1 8 6 , 3 1 5 e t h n i c 3 0 – 3 3 , 1 1 4 – 1 5 , 1 7 3 Bureau of Religious Affairs (BRA) l e g a l s t r u c t u r e i n C h i n a 6 8 – 7 0 a n d h a j j a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 1 6 9 L i n x i a u n d e r C o m m u n i s m 1 1 4 – 1 5 i n L i n x i a c i t y 3 3 7 see also e t h n i c a u t o n o m y orthodox and heterodox religions awqaf (sing. waqf ) , see p i o u s e n d o w m e n t s i d e n t i f i e d b y 1 2 qingzhen (halal) licensing 345 B a f a n g a n d r e a l p r o p e r t y o f r e l i g i o u s g r o u p s 2 8 3 c a l l i n g o f t h e f a i t h f u l 8 6 – 8 7 s u r v e i l l a n c e o f s t u d e n t m o v e m e n t s 1 8 8 C o m m u n i s t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 1 1 3 – 2 4 surveillance of the minjian institution of E i g h t e e n C o u r t y a r d s 8 7 – 8 8 s c r i p t u r a l h a l l e d u c a t i o n 1 8 5 , 3 1 3 I s l a m i c c o m m u n i t y 9 2 – 9 3 Bureau of the Qadis (Huihui Hade Si) 4 9 – 5 0 p o p u l a t i o n o f 9 2 – 9 3 , 1 1 6 b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n o f c l e r i c s 3 1 0 – 1 7 r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s 9 2 b u r i a l r i t e s 1 5 7 – 6 2 , 1 6 3 s o c i a l f i e l d i n , a n d t h e s t a t e 1 2 8 – 2 9 u r b a n i z a t i o n 2 7 3 – 7 5 c h a r i s m a o f c l e r i c s 3 0 8 – 9 see also L i n x i a c h a r i s m a t i c a u t h o r i t y 7 8 , 3 0 9

436

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-05337-3 - China and Islam: The Prophet, the Party, and Law Matthew S. Erie Index More information

INDEX

c h a r i t a b l e g i v i n g c o l o n i a l i s m 2 4 , 5 6 – 5 7 , 3 2 4 e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n o f L i n x i a 2 6 9 – 7 0 c o m m e r c i a l t r a n s a c t i o n s e t h i c s o f g i f t i n g 2 7 6 – 8 1 p r i c e p i n c h i n g 2 6 0 – 6 3 f i n a n c i n g o f m o s q u e s 2 6 6 – 6 7 s h e e p h i d e m a r k e t 2 6 0 – 6 3 , 2 6 5 g i f t , f r e e d o m o f t h e 2 7 5 – 7 6 t r u s t a s b a s i s o f 2 1 0 – 1 , 2 6 2 – 6 3 H u i b u s i n e s s 2 6 7 , 2 6 8 C o m m u n i s m i n t e r n a t i o n a l l i n k s 2 9 9 – 3 0 2 c o n f l i c t w i t h r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s 1 2 , 7 5 , 7 8 , 1 6 7 – 7 0 l a n g u a g e 2 7 8 – 7 9 see also h a j j ; r i t u a l l a w f a r e a n d t h e m a r k e t e c o n o m y 2 8 0 – 8 1 Communist administration of Linxia nietie ( v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g ) 2 7 6 – 8 1 1 1 1 – 2 3 p i o u s e n d o w m e n t s 2 8 1 – 8 8 , 3 0 3 – 4 C o m m u n i s t s u r v e y s o f c u s t o m s 6 4 – 6 6 s adaqa 2 7 8 c o n f l i c t s b e t w e e n t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s , see r i t u a l s h e e p h i d e m a r k e t 2 6 0 – 6 3 , 2 6 5 lawfare ; teaching schools v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g 2 7 6 – 8 1 C o n f u c i a n i s m waqf ( p i o u s e n d o w m e n t ) 2 8 1 – 8 8 , a n d H u i r e s i s t a n c e t o S i n i c i z a t i o n 2 1 3 0 3 – 4 integration of Muslim elite into Confucian C h i n a b u r e a u c r a c y 1 0 ( see also G e d i m u ; as example of cooperation of Muslims and Liu Zhi) state law 6 Islam explained through Neo-Confucian I s l a m i c l a w , r e v i v a l o f 8 – 1 5 c o g n a t e s 2 8 , 1 4 4 l a w i n 2 7 m e t h o d s o f s e l f - c u l t i v a t i o n 2 1 , 2 7 – 2 8 , 1 4 4 , China-Arab States Economic and Trade 1 8 4 ( see also gongxiu ) F o r u m 2 9 7 – 9 9 C o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e P R C 1 2 , 6 9 , 7 9 , 1 1 4 – 1 5 , China Islamic Association (Zhongguo 1 8 3 Yisilanjiao Xiehui, or Yi-Xie) c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t 7 3 a i m s a n d r o l e o f 8 1 – 8 2 , 1 4 1 C u l t u r a l R e v o l u t i o n 7 5 Education Administration Guidance c u s t o m C o m m i t t e e ( E A G C ) 8 2 – 8 5 c a t e g o r i e s f o r d i f f e r e n t i a t i n g 5 9 – 6 1 I s l a m i c S c r i p t u r a l I n s t i t u t e s 1 7 6 , 1 9 7 – 2 0 2 C o m m u n i s t s u r v e y s 6 4 – 6 6 l i c e n s i n g o f c l e r i c s 3 1 1 – 1 3 e t h n i c i z a t i o n o f 6 4 – 6 7 C h i n a ’ s L i t t l e M e c c a , L i n x i a a s 1 , 8 6 – 8 7 G a n s u P r o v i n c e 6 0 – 6 1 Chinese-Arabic schools for girls a n d I s l a m i c l a w 2 0 – 2 3 Chinese-Arabic Girls’ School established by customary law (xiguanfa) M a Z h i x i n 1 9 2 – 9 4 , 1 9 6 , 2 5 8 a s s i m i l a t i o n o f e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s 7 1 – 7 2 G e d i m u 2 3 4 a n d a u t o n o m y 7 1 – 7 5 Qixi Private Girls’ School (Sili Qixi d e f i n e d 6 6 N ü x i a o ) 1 8 9 – 9 1 f o r e t h n i c m i n o r i t i e s 3 1 – 3 2 Chinese People’s Political Consultative H u i 3 1 – 3 2 C o n f e r e n c e ( C P P C C ) 3 1 3 a n d t h e n a t i o n 5 8 – 6 4 c i v i l s o c i e t y 1 2 3 – 2 8 R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d 5 8 – 5 9 C l a r k e , M o r g a n 2 6 – 2 7 surveys of customs c l a s h o f c i v i l i z a t i o n s t h e s i s 5 C o m m u n i s t 6 4 – 6 6 c l e r i c s Q i n g 5 4 – 5 7 a u t h o r i t y o f 3 1 0 R e p u b l i c a n 5 8 – 5 9 b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n o f 3 1 0 – 1 7 c u s t o m i z a t i o n o f I s l a m i c l a w 5 4 – 5 8 Chinese People’s Political Consultative C o n f e r e n c e ( C P P C C ) 3 1 3 al-dara 2 7 c o m m u n i t y / P a r t y - S t a t e b a l a n c e 3 3 0 – 3 3 d a t a c o l l e c t i o n f o r r e s e a r c h 3 4 – 3 8 finance industry, involvement in 294 d e a t h r i t u a l s 1 5 7 – 6 2 , 1 6 3 i n f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f a d j u d i c a t i o n 3 2 5 – 3 3 d e m o g r a p h i c s l i c e n s i n g o f 3 1 1 – 1 3 B a f a n g 9 2 p e o p l e ’ s m e d i a t i o n c o m m i t t e e s ( P M C s ) 3 1 8 – 1 9 H u i c o m m u n i t i e s i n N i n g x i a 2 8 9 – 9 0 r o l e o f 3 0 8 – 9 p e r - c a p i t a i n c o m e 2 4 2 , 2 6 7 , 2 9 0 s t a t e c h a n g e s t o r o l e o f 1 1 7 population size of officially recognized s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 6 – 8 7 M u s l i m M i n o r i t y E t h n i c g r o u p s 9 w o m e n a s 2 2 4 o f t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s i n L i n x i a 1 8 7 see also dispute resolution processes D e r r i d a , J a c q u e s 4 3

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d e v o t i o n a l l a w 6 7 e n e m i e s , c l o s e n e s s o f 5 – 6 d i e t a r y r e s t r i c t i o n s 2 1 e n e r g y , i m p o r t s o f 2 9 8 D i n g H o n g 2 2 2 e t h i c a l s e l f , p u r s u i t o f 1 7 4 – 7 5 D i n g S h i r e n 1 3 6 e t h i c s dispute resolution processes a n t h r o p o l o g y o f 2 6 – 2 7 a u t h o r i t y o f c l e r i c s 3 1 0 Aristotelian ethics, Foucaultian ethics b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n o f c l e r i c s 3 1 1 – 1 7 c o m p a r e d w i t h 1 7 5 c h a r i s m a o f c l e r i c s 3 0 9 i n C h i n a 2 7 – 2 8 c l e r i c s , r o l e o f i n t h e c o m m u n i t y 3 0 8 – 9 o f g i f t i n g 2 7 6 – 8 1 c l e r i c s ’ r o l e i n 3 0 6 – 8 e t h n i c a u t o n o m y c o m m u n i t y / P a r t y - S t a t e b a l a n c e 3 3 0 – 3 3 C h i n e s e m o d e l o f 3 0 – 3 3 e x a m p l e m e d i a t o r 3 2 0 – 2 1 , 3 2 2 – 2 4 e a r l y l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y 6 8 – 6 9 f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f m e d i a t i o n 3 0 8 , 3 1 7 – 2 5 e t h n i c - m i n o r i t y c u s t o m a r y l a w 3 1 – 3 2 , 7 1 – 7 2 f o r u m s h o p p i n g 3 3 6 – 3 7 ( see also customary law (xiguanfa) ) i n f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f a d j u d i c a t i o n 3 0 8 , 3 2 5 – 3 3 f r e e d o m o f r e l i g i o n 7 9 – 8 0 K T V a f f a i r 3 3 0 – 3 2 , 3 3 5 – 3 6 Law of the PRC on Regional Ethnic m e d i a t i o n b y c l e r i c s 3 1 0 Autonomy (Zhonghua renmin gongheguo m e d i a t i o n p r o c e d u r e 3 2 1 – 2 2 minzu quyu zizhifa) 7 9 , 2 3 0 minjian / s t a t e s p e c t r u m 3 3 4 – 3 8 s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n o f e t h n i c p o l i c y d e b a t e 3 2 people’s mediation committees (PMCs) see also s o v e r e i g n t y 3 1 8 – 1 9 , 3 2 3 – 2 4 ethnic minorities (shaoshu minzu) p o l i c e o f f i c e r ’ s p r e s e n c e a t m e d i a t i o n 3 2 2 a s s i m i l a t i o n 7 1 – 7 2 p y r a m i d m o d e l 3 3 3 i n t e r n a l / e x t e r n a l m o v e m e n t o f 2 0 6 – 7 s t a t e a p p a r a t u s e s 3 0 5 – 6 m i x t u r e m o d e l 3 3 s t a t e e m p l o y m e n t o f c l e r i c s 3 1 9 – 2 0 p o l i c y t o w a r d 3 1 – 3 2 d i s p u t e s a m o n g t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s , see r i t u a l socialist law and emancipation of women lawfare ; teaching schools 2 2 6 – 2 7 d i v o r c e 2 4 1 – 4 7 see also e d u c a t i o n ; H u i D u a r a , P r a s e n j i t 3 4 9 ethnic schools (minzu xuexiao) 2 0 2 – 5 D u r k h e i m , É m i l e 2 6 , 1 6 7 , 2 1 5 , 3 0 5 e t h n i c i z a t i o n o f c u s t o m 6 4 – 6 7 e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s p r o p e r t y 1 1 9 – 2 3 e c o n o m i c b e h a v i o r , see moral economies e x t r a t e r r i t o r i a l i t y 4 7 – 4 8 Education Administration Guidance C o m m i t t e e ( E A G C ) 8 2 – 8 5 f a m i l y i n s t r u c t o r s , w o m e n a s 1 9 2 , 2 2 3 e d u c a t i o n f a m i l y l a w A r a b i c l a n g u a g e 2 0 2 – 5 , 2 0 6 – 1 7 c e r e m o n i a l r i t u a l 2 2 7 – 2 8 c o m p a r i s o n o f o p t i o n s 2 1 4 – 1 9 d i v o r c e 2 4 1 – 5 0 d e s i r e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t u d e n t s 2 1 5 – 1 9 d u a l t r a c k o f s t a t e / I s l a m 2 3 8 – 4 0 e t h i c a l s e l f , p u r s u i t o f 1 7 4 – 7 5 a n d f e m a l e a g e n c y 2 2 0 e t h n i c s c h o o l s 2 0 2 – 5 , 2 1 6 f i n a n c e f o r m a r r i a g e s 2 3 4 – 3 8 h i j a b w e a r i n g 1 9 4 – 9 5 H u i m a r r i a g e 2 2 7 – 2 8 Islamic Scriptural Institutes 197 – 202 , 215 , k n o w l e d g e o f , w o m e n ’ s 2 5 5 – 5 7 2 1 6 l e g a l c a p a c i t y f o r m a r r i a g e 2 2 8 – 3 4 p r i v a t e s c h o o l s 1 8 9 – 9 7 , 2 1 6 l i m p i n g m a r r i a g e 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 5 s c r i p t u r a l h a l l e d u c a t i o n 1 0 1 , 1 4 4 , 1 7 4 , m a i n t e n a n c e i n m a r r i a g e 2 3 7 – 3 8 1 7 5 – 7 6 , 1 7 7 – 8 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 , 2 1 6 m a r r i a g e - i n - f a c t 2 4 9 – 5 0 , 2 5 5 s e c u l a r i z a t i o n o f 1 9 7 – 9 8 , 2 0 3 m a t c h m a k i n g 2 2 7 s t a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s 1 9 7 – 2 0 5 m o d e s t y , l i m i t s o f 2 5 7 – 5 9 s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n 1 8 5 – 8 9 , 2 1 5 nika h 2 2 7 – 2 8 , 2 3 8 – 4 0 s t u d e n t s , s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 7 – 8 8 p o l y g a m y 2 5 0 – 5 7 e d u c a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s 1 2 3 – 2 8 s e l e c t i o n o f p a r t n e r s 2 3 1 – 3 4 E g y p t s o c i a l i s t l a w 2 2 5 – 2 7 I k h w a n m o v e m e n t f o u n d e d i n 1 0 5 – 6 s t a t e l a w a n d w o m e n ’ s i n t e r e s t s 2 4 7 – 5 0 I s l a m i c e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s i n 1 9 7 – 9 8 as a term for hunyinfa ( “ m a r r i a g e l a w ” ) 2 2 0 I s l a m i c l a w i n 2 2 1 f a m i l y p l a n n i n g 1 1 6 E i g h t e e n C o u r t y a r d s 8 7 – 8 8 , 9 9 , 1 2 2 , 1 2 8 F a n C h a n g j i a n g 8 6 E k v a l l , D a v i d P . 8 6 – 8 7 , 9 8 f a t w a s , E A G C - p r o d u c e d 8 4 – 8 5

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F e i X i a o t o n g 2 2 9 , 2 6 8 – 6 9 g i f t i n g , see c h a r i t a b l e g i v i n g female clerics (nü ahong) G i l l e t t e , M a r i s 2 0 5 in the Central China 224 G l a d n e y , D r u 2 1 , 1 0 7 , 1 5 4 i n t h e N o r t h w e s t 2 2 4 – 2 5 g l o b a l umma fidya (expiatory act for the recently deceased) a n d g l o b a l c o n c e r n s 2 8 8 6 3 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 9 and the Party-State’s administrative f i e l d w o r k f o r r e s e a r c h 3 5 – 3 8 a n d l e g a l s t r u c t u r e s , 7 , 8 , 2 0 , 7 2 f i n a n c e f o r m a r r i a g e s 2 3 4 – 3 8 glorification finance industry, Islamic A g a m b e n ’ s c o n c e p t o f 3 8 , 3 0 7 , 3 3 8 China-Arab States Economic and Trade of alternative legal orders not officially F o r u m 2 9 7 – 9 9 sanctioned by the state 317 i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y , e n g a g e m e n t w i t h h o l l o w f o r m s o f 3 5 3 2 9 6 – 3 0 2 G o d e l i e r , M a u r i c e 1 5 5 i n v e s t m e n t a c c o u n t s 2 9 3 gongxiu (meritorious self-cultivation, Ar. awra d), murabaha 2 9 3 F i v e P i l l a r s a s 1 4 4 , 1 6 0 , 1 7 8 N i n g x i a 2 8 8 – 9 3 G o o s s a e r t , V i n c e n t 7 8 – 7 9 s a v i n g s a c c o u n t s 2 9 3 g o v e r n m e n t a l i t y 2 5 i n a s o c i a l i s t b a n k i n g s y s t e m 2 9 3 – 9 5 G r e a t W e s t e r n D e v e l o p m e n t P o l i c y 2 6 7 – 6 8 , fiqh a n d H u i 1 9 2 7 1 , 2 7 2 F i v e P i l l a r s a s gongxiu (meritorious self-cultivation, Ar. hadith tradition awra d ) 1 7 8 and shariʿa 1 8 h a j j ( see h a j j ) h a j j f o r H u i c a d r e s 2 9 , 1 8 3 and China’s religious revival 12 ʿiba d a t understood as the core of by the and the entry of reformist strains of Islam G e d i m u 1 4 4 into the Northwest 168 and Muslim duty to study the ah ka m P a r t y - S t a t e l i m i t s o n 2 9 , 1 3 3 , 1 6 8 – 7 0 [ r u l e s ] o f 1 8 3 Saudi government quota and the Neo-Confucian “five meritorious s y s t e m 1 6 8 – 6 9 deeds” (wugong) 1 4 4 t r a n s n a t i o n a l n e t w o r k s o f M u s l i m s 1 4 – 1 5 , and orthopraxy amongst Chinese 7 6 – 7 7 M u s l i m s 1 3 2 welcoming back ceremony for hajjis from z a k a t ( o b l i g a t o r y a l m s ) 2 9 M e c c a , 1 5 2 – 5 3 see also zakat (obligatory alms) halal (qingzhen) f o r e i g n d i r e c t i n v e s t m e n t 2 6 8 f o o d p r o d u c t i o n 7 7 , 2 9 7 f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f m e d i a t i o n 3 0 8 , 3 1 7 – 2 5 interethnic boundary F o u c a u l t , M i c h e l 2 5 , 1 7 5 m a i n t e n a n c e 3 4 8 F o u r t h P l e n a r y S e s s i o n 3 5 0 – 5 1 and the Islamic revival 12 f r e e d o m o f r e l i g i o n 1 2 , 7 9 – 8 0 a n d L i n x i a c o m m e r c e 2 7 2 f u n e r a r y p r a c t i c e s 1 5 7 – 6 2 , 1 6 3 l o c a l r e g u l a t i o n 3 4 5 r e s t a u r a n t s i n B a f a n g 9 2 G a n s u P r o v i n c e 6 0 – 6 1 , 7 2 , 9 0 , 2 4 2 , 2 4 3 , 2 6 8 , and transnational trade and networking 2 8 9 , 2 9 0 , 3 0 2 – 3 , 3 2 5 7 7 , 2 9 7 G a o Q i c a i 6 6 , 6 7 , 7 2 H a l e v i , L e o r 1 5 8 G e d i m u 1 0 1 , 1 4 2 – 4 4 , 1 5 9 H a l l a q , W a e l B . 4 5 interpretations of the law 159 H a n a f i s c h o o l 2 8 g e n d e r b r a n c h e s o f j u r i s p r u d e n c e ( see ʿiba d a t (acts agency of Hui women with respect to Islamic o f d e v o t i o n ) ; muʿa mala t (laws of social l a w 2 2 0 – 2 1 relations) ) e q u a l i t y u n d e r s t a t e l a w 2 2 3 , 2 2 6 , 2 5 1 – 5 5 , b r i d a l g i f t s 2 3 5 2 5 7 – 5 8 f o u n d e r I m a m A b u H a n i f a 6 , 2 3 6 f e m a l e e d u c a t i o n 1 8 9 – 9 1 ( see also l e g a l c a p a c i t y f o r m a r r i a g e 2 2 8 Chinese-Arabic schools for girls) obligations under ibada t 6 7 p a t r i a r c h y a n d w o m e n 2 2 2 H a n b a l i s c h o o l 1 0 7 , 1 0 8 , 1 3 6 , 1 5 2 , 1 8 3 P R C r e f o r m s 2 2 3 – 2 4 H a n s e n , V a l e r i e 9 7 see also f a m i l y l a w ; f e m a l e c l e r i c s (nü ahong) ; H a o S h i y u a n 3 2 m a r r i a g e ; m a r r i a g e l a w s ; w o m e n h a r m o n y d i s c o u r s e 3 0 6

439

INDEX

H a r t , H e n r y 3 3 3 and the relationship between Party-State law H a y k e l , B e r n a r d 1 5 1 and local Islamic law 24 H e f n e r , R o b e r t 1 9 7 see also E i g h t e e n C o u r t y a r d s ; minjian ; m o r a l H e z h o u . s ee L i n x i a economies; virtual communities of h i j a b w e a r i n g 1 9 4 – 9 5 Chinese Muslims Historical Record of China’s Islamic Teaching School and Sufi Order System, A (Zhongguo ʿiba d a t (acts of devotion) Yisilanjiao jiaopai yu menhuan zhidu shilü) as the basis for interpretations of the law o f M a T o n g 1 3 9 – 4 1 1 4 6 , 1 6 0 history of Islamic law in China and the Neo-Confucian “five meritorious B u r e a u o f t h e Q a d i s 4 9 deeds” (wugong) 1 4 4 f a m i l y m a t t e r s , n a r r o w i n g o f t o 4 9 p o r k t a b o o 2 1 f o u n d a t i o n s 4 3 – 4 6 a n d r i t u a l l a w f a r e 1 3 3 , 1 3 4 ( see also r i t u a l H u i , e m e r g e n c e o f 4 9 lawfare) i m p e r i a l p e r i o d 4 6 – 5 3 see also h a j j M i n g D y n a s t y 5 0 ijma ʿ ( c o n s e n s u s ) 1 8 , 1 4 3 , 1 5 5 , 1 5 6 q a d i s 4 9 – 5 0 , 5 1 , 5 2 I k h w a n m o v e m e n t Q i n g D y n a s t y 5 0 , 5 1 – 5 3 a n d S a l a f i s m 1 0 7 S a l a r s 5 1 Yihewani and Wahhabi distinguished s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s , l a w s o f 6 3 f r o m 1 0 5 – 6 S o n g D y n a s t y 4 7 I m a m s , see c l e r i c s T a n g D y n a s t y 4 6 – 4 8 i m p e r i a l p e r i o d i n C h i n a 4 6 – 5 3 T u r k i c M u s l i m c o m m u n i t i e s 5 0 – 5 1 i m p e r i a l i s m 2 4 Y u a n D y n a s t y 4 9 i n c e n s e b u r n i n g , c o n f l i c t o v e r 1 3 0 – 3 1 h o m e g r o w n t e r r o r i s m 5 – 6 I n d i a , A n g l o - M u h a m m a d a n l a w i n 5 6 h o m e s a s p l a c e s o f l e a r n i n g 1 9 2 , 2 2 3 i n f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f a d j u d i c a t i o n 3 0 8 , 3 2 5 – 3 3 H u J i n t a o 8 4 , 2 9 7 i n f o r m a t i o n s o u r c e s o n h i s t o r y 9 3 H u a n g , P h i l i p C . C . 3 1 7 international Islamic connections outside China H u i 1 4 – 1 5 , 7 6 – 7 7 , 2 0 7 – 1 4 , 2 1 9 , 2 9 6 – 3 0 2 a s A r a b i c t r a n s l a t o r s i n Y i w u 2 0 7 – 1 4 i n v e s t m e n t a c c o u n t s 2 9 3 C o m m u n i s t s u r v e y s o f 6 4 – 6 6 I s l a m d e s i r e s o f i n d i v i d u a l s t u d e n t s 2 1 5 – 1 9 b e l i e f , r e l i g i o u s v . s t a t e 7 5 – 7 9 e m e r g e n c e o f 4 9 international connections outside China fiqh f o r 1 9 1 4 – 1 5 , 7 6– 7 7 , 2 0 7 – 1 4 , 2 9 6 – 3 0 2 individual believers, law interpretation s t a t e s h a p i n g o f 8 0 b y 1 6 5 – 6 6 I s l a m i c e t h i c s a s l u m p e d t o g e t h e r w i t h U y g h u r s 1 5 e t h i c s o f g i v i n g 2 7 6 – 8 1 (see also c h a r i t a b l e m o r a l e c o n o m y 2 6 8 giving; gifting ; pious endowments) nika h 2 2 7 – 2 8 Islamic law p o p u l a t i o n i n C h i n a 9 , 1 0 – 1 1 absence of institutional recognition 343 Q i n g D y n a s t y 5 1 – 5 3 a p p l i c a b i l i t y t o d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s 2 9 r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s i n L i n x i a 9 2 , 9 8 B u r e a u o f t h e Q a d i s 4 9 – 5 0 s h a d o w e c o n o m i e s 3 0 2 – 4 u n d e r c o l o n i a l i s m 5 6 – 5 7 s h a r i ʿa f o r 1 8 – 1 9 c u s t o m i z a t i o n 5 4 – 5 8 t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s , i m p o r t a n c e o f 1 3 5 d e b a t e o v e r i n C h i n a 3 4 2 t o l e r a t i o n a n d I s l a m i c l a w 3 4 7 – 4 9 d e f i n i t i o n 1 8 – 1 9 , 4 4 , 4 9 , 6 2 u s e o f t e r m 1 0 d u a l t r a c k w i t h s t a t e l a w 4 , 2 3 8 – 4 0 see also d i s p u t e r e s o l u t i o n p r o c e s s e s ; L i n x i a ; E A G C - p r o d u c e d 8 4 – 8 5 moral economies f o u n d a t i o n s o f i n C h i n a 4 3 – 4 6 Hui social field G e d i m u a p p r o a c h t o 1 4 2 – 4 4 , 1 5 9 c h a r i t i e s (see c h a r i t a b l e g i v i n g ; g i f t i n g ; p i o u s H u i t e r m f o r 1 6 endowments ) i m p e r i a l p e r i o d i n C h i n a 4 6 – 5 3 d e f i n e d 2 4 individual believers, interpretation and Moore’s “semi-autonomous social field” b y 1 6 3 – 6 7 2 3 – 2 4 , 8 8 a s ‘ l a w ’ 1 6 Qing period self-governing mosque a n d l o c a l c u s t o m 2 0 – 2 3 c o m m u n i t i e s 1 0 0 a s m a t t e r o f r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f 2 0

440

INDEX

M i n g D y n a s t y 5 0 Kuqa Qingzhen Grand Mosque, q a d i s 4 9 – 5 0 , 5 1 X i n j i a n g 7 2 – 7 4 Q i n g D y n a s t y 5 0 , 5 1 – 5 3 K u r a n , T i m u r 3 0 3 restricted lawmaking capacity in a u t o n o m o u s a r e a s 7 2 L a c a n , J a c q u e s 1 7 4 r e v i v a l i n C h i n a 8 – 1 5 L a i d l a w , J a m e s 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 9 , 1 6 4 , 1 7 0 , 1 7 5 , 2 1 8 S a l a f i y y a a p p r o a c h t o 1 5 1 – 5 4 , 1 5 9 l a n d h o l d i n g s o f m o s q u e s a n d s h r i n e s 6 0 – 6 1 S a l a r s 5 1 language s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s ( muʿa mala t ) 6 3 A r a b i c , e d u c a t i o n i n 2 0 2 – 5 , 2 0 6 – 1 4 S o n g D y n a s t y 4 7 i n B a f a n g 8 7 a n d s t a t e l a w , r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n 4 5 c h a r i t a b l e g i v i n g , t e r m s f o r 2 7 8 – 7 9 s t a t e r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f 7 3 l a w i n C h i n a 2 7 T a n g D y n a s t y 4 6 – 4 8 l e g a l c a p a c i t y f o r m a r r i a g e 2 2 8 – 3 4 teaching schools’ interpretation/orientation Legal Process: Basic Problems in the Making and t o w a r d 1 4 2 – 5 6 , 1 5 9 Application of Law, The ( H a r t ) 3 3 3 t e x t u a l a u t h o r i t i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n 1 5 4 – 5 5 legal reforms a n d t o l e r a t i o n 3 4 7 – 4 9 Q i n g D y n a s t y 5 4 – 5 8 T u r k i s h M u s l i m c o m m u n i t i e s 5 0 – 5 1 R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d 5 8 – 5 9 X i d a o t a n g c o n c e p t i o n o f 1 4 7 – 8 , 1 5 9 l e g a l s y s t e m Y i h e w a n i a p p r o a c h t o 1 4 8 – 5 1 , 1 5 9 a n d a u t o n o m y 6 8 – 7 0 Y u a n D y n a s t y 4 8 – 4 9 i n C h i n a 6 8 – 6 9 see also jiaofa ( r e l i g i o u s l a w ) L i a n g Z h i p i n g 5 7 , 3 5 1 I s l a m i c r e s o u r c e c e n t e r ( I R C ) 1 2 5 – 2 6 , 1 2 7 , l i b e r a l i z a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s p o l i c y 7 6 2 2 7 , 2 3 4 l i c e n s i n g o f c l e r i c s 3 1 1 – 1 3 Islamic revival in China l i g h t n i n g i n c i d e n t 1 6 2 – 6 3 f i n a n c e ( see banking services ; finance for l i m p i n g m a r r i a g e 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 5 marriages; moral economies; New Silk L i n t a n C o u n t y ( f o r m e r l y T a o z h o u ) Road; pious endowments) a s t h e b a s e o f t h e X i d a o t a n g , 1 0 3 , 1 4 7 h a l a l i n d u s t r i e s 1 2 ( see also h a l a l (qingzhen) ) l o c a l m a r r i a g e c u s t o m s 6 1 and liberalization of religious T a n g - p e r i o d t r a d e w i t h T i b e t 9 5 p o l i c y 3 0 – 3 1 , 7 6 t e a - h o r s e t r a d e 9 5 and the Tablighi Jamaʿa t 1 1 0 , 1 6 6 L i n x i a C i t y and “the working out of policies” (luoshi as China’s Little Mecca 1 zhengce) 1 2 1 – 2 2 city, prefecture, and county I s l a m i c S c r i p t u r a l I n s t i t u t e s 1 9 7 – 2 0 2 d i s t i n g u i s h e d 8 9 I s l a m o p h o b i a 3 4 1 – 4 2 e t h n i c p o p u l a t i o n o f 9 0 – 9 1 I s r a e l i , R a p h a e l 1 7 4 f i s c a l r e v e n u e s 2 7 2 f o r m e r n a m e 1 J a h r i y y a 5 2 , 1 0 1 – 2 , 1 0 3 – 5 , 1 3 6 , 1 4 6 h i s t o r i c a l s o u r c e s 9 3 J a s c h o k , M a r i a 2 3 8 – 3 9 I s l a m i z a t i o n o f 9 7 – 1 0 0 jiaofa ( r e l i g i o u s l a w ) isolation of Linxia Muslims from the New and guofa ( s t a t e l a w ) 3 S i l k R o a d 1 1 3 and informal adjudication by Muslim K T V a f f a i r 3 3 0 – 3 2 , 3 3 5 – 3 6 c l e r i c s 3 M u s l i m P u b l i c C e m e t e r y 1 5 8 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 not recognized under PRC law 16 P a r t y - S t a t e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f 3 9 , 1 1 2 , 1 1 3 , a n d t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s 1 3 6 – 3 7 1 2 3 j u s t i c e b e l l 2 7 Party-State encouragement of Hui youth migration to the southeastern coast K h u f i y y a 9 3 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 3 2 0 5 , 2 0 7 khwa j a ( r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s ) S i l k R o a d c o m m e r c e i n 1 , 8 8 , 9 7 , 1 1 3 , 2 6 5 ʿAbd Allah (Ch. Huazhe Erbudonglaxi) 102 u r b a n i z a t i o n 2 7 2 – 7 5 A f a q ( C h . H a i d a y e T o n g l a h a i ) 1 0 1 , 1 0 2 W e n z h o u c o m p a r e d w i t h 2 6 8 P a r t y - S t a t e v i e w o f b r u t a l i t y o f 7 3 Y i w u c o m p a r i s o n w i t h 2 1 1 K T V a f f a i r 3 3 0 – 3 2 , 3 3 5 – 3 6 see also B a f a n g ; H u i K T V s ( k a r a o k e b a r s ) L i n x i a H u i A u t o n o m o u s P r e f e c t u r e i n L i n x i a 3 3 0 A u t o n o m o u s R e g u l a t i o n s p a s s e d b y 3 0 , a n d p r o s t i t u t i o n 3 3 1 1 1 4 – 1 5 , 2 3 0

441

INDEX

Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture (cont.) differences in contemporary urban and rural Linxia Prefecture People’s Government p r a c t i c e s 2 2 9 – 3 0 , 2 3 2 2 3 0 , 2 3 5 d i v o r c e 2 4 1 – 5 0 V o c a t i o n a l T e c h n i c a l S c h o o l 2 1 3 e n d o g a m y 2 3 2 L i p m a n , J o n a t h a n 1 1 , 1 3 8 i n t e r e t h n i c 2 3 2 – 3 3 L i u Z h i 1 4 4 , 1 7 9 – 8 1 l e g a l i t y ( see m a r r i a g e l a w) l o c a l c u s t o m a n d I s l a m i c l a w 2 0 – 2 3 nika h (bridal gift, Ar. mahr ) 2 2 7 – 2 8 , 2 3 8 – 4 0 M a B u f a n g p o l y g a m y 2 5 0 – 5 7 a n d C h i a n g K a i - s h e k 1 0 6 “taboo against marrying women out” (funü “old style ten great imams” (laoshi shi da waijia jinji) 2 1 , 2 3 2 ʿ yimamu) 1 0 8 temporary marriage (mut a) 6 3 q a d i s r e p l a c e d b y a p p o i n t e e s 5 1 Xidaotang “silver flower” tradition 148 , 149 u n c l e M a L i n 1 0 7 m a r r i a g e l a w M a B u q i n g 1 0 6 – 7 a n d f e m a l e e d u c a t i o n 2 3 4 M a D e b a o 1 0 7 – 8 , 1 0 9 – 1 0 , 1 5 3 – 5 4 and freedom to marry (hunyin ziyou) 2 3 3 M a f a m i l y w a r l o r d s l e g a l m i n i m u m a g e 2 3 0 – 3 1 a n d C o m m u n i s m 1 1 1 , 1 1 4 , 3 1 7 l i m p i n g m a r r i a g e 2 3 8 , 2 4 1 , 2 5 5 H e z h o u T h r e e M a s 8 7 ( see also M a H a i y a n ; p u b l i c a w a r e n e s s c a m p a i g n s 2 3 1 M a Z h a n ’ a o ) sixtieth anniversary of state law 231 Hui Sufi masters in Linxia and Ningxia 103 using the scripture to replace the witness to L i n x i a a s b i r t h p l a c e o f 8 8 a w e d d i n g 6 1 s u r n a m e M a 1 0 3 m a t c h m a k i n g 2 2 7 M a H a i y a n M a u s s , M a r c e l 2 6 6 , 2 7 8 , 2 7 9 L i n x i a l i n e a g e e s t a b l i s h e d b y 1 0 3 , 1 0 5 m e d i a t i o n see also M a B u f a n g ; M a B u q i n g ; M a Q i b y c l e r i c s 3 1 0 M a L a i c h i d e f i n e d 3 0 6 Khufiyya Glory Mosque founded f o r m a l i z a t i o n o f 3 0 8 , 3 1 7 – 2 5 b y 1 0 1 people’s mediation committees (PMCs) o p p o s i t i o n t o 1 0 1 – 2 3 1 8 – 2 5 M a M i n g x i n 1 0 1 – 2 p r o c e d u r e f o r 3 2 1 – 2 2 M a Q i 1 0 5 , 1 0 6 m e t h o d o l o g y f o r r e s e a r c h 3 4 – 3 8 M a Q i x i 1 0 2 – 3 Ming Dynasty 10 , 50 , 95 , 97 , 98 , 136 , 155 , 224 , Qixi Private Girls’ School (Sili Qixi 265 N ü x i a o ) 1 8 9 – 9 1 minjian wuma (Ar. umma ) c o n c e p t o f 1 4 7 d e f i n e d 1 2 – 1 3 X i d a o t a n g f o u n d e d b y 1 4 7 a s m i d d l e g r o u n d 3 4 3 – 4 4 M a R o n g 3 2 P a r t y - S t a t e a p p r o a c h e s t o 3 4 4 – 4 7 M a T i n g x i a n g 8 7 , 1 2 4 “ p o p u l a r m e d i a t i o n ” (minjian tiaojie) 3 1 8 , see also E i g h t e e n C o u r t y a r d s 3 2 6 – 2 7 M a T o n g 1 3 9 – 4 1 “popular or unofficial diplomacy” (minjian M a W a n f u 1 0 5 – 6 , 1 4 9 – 5 0 waijiao) 2 9 6 t e n - p o i n t p l a n o f r e f o r m 1 4 9 – 5 0 a n d t h e s t a t e 1 3 – 1 4 Y i h e w a n i f o u n d e d b y 1 0 5 and “unofficial or unregistered M a W e n l o n g 1 9 8 organization” (minjian zuzhi) 1 2 7 M a Z h a n ’ a o 1 0 3 – 5 see also minjianfa ( p o p u l a r l a w ) M a Z h e n g q i n g 1 0 7 , 1 0 9 – 1 0 , 1 5 3 – 5 4 minjian law ( p o p u l a r l a w ) 1 4 , 3 2 , 5 7 Ma Zhixin, Chinese-Arabic Girls’ School minzu, u s e o f t e r m 5 9 – 6 0 e s t a b l i s h e d b y 1 9 2 m o d e s t y , l i m i t s o f 2 5 7 – 5 9 M a c I n n i s , D o n a l d E . 7 9 M o o r e , S a l l y F a l k 2 3 – 2 5 , 8 8 , 1 7 1 M a h m o o d , S a b a 2 2 0 – 2 1 moral economies mahr, see b r i d a l g i f t s c o n c e p t o f 2 6 3 m a i n t e n a n c e i n m a r r i a g e 2 3 7 – 3 8 nietie ( v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g ) 2 7 6 – 8 1 M a o Z e d o n g 1 3 , 6 9 , 7 5 , 3 1 8 – 1 9 p r i c e p i n c h i n g 2 6 0 – 6 3 m a r k e t e c o n o m y 2 8 0 – 8 1 p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e i n L i n x i a 2 7 1 – 7 2 m a r r i a g e s h a d o w e c o n o m i e s 3 0 2 – 4 a g e o f y o u n g c o u p l e s 2 2 9 – 3 0 , 2 3 1 s h e e p h i d e m a r k e t 2 6 0 – 6 3

442

INDEX

t a x e s 2 7 2 l i b e r a l i z a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s p o l i c y 7 6 waqf ( p i o u s e n d o w m e n t s ) 2 8 1 – 8 8 , 3 0 3 – 4 l i c e n s i n g o f c l e r i c s 3 1 1 – 1 3 m o s q u e s m o s q u e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , c h a n g e s t o 1 1 7 – 1 8 a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , s t a t e c h a n g e s t o 1 1 7 – 1 8 m o s q u e s , r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 5 – 8 9 e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f 1 1 9 – 2 3 r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f I s l a m i c l a w 7 3 – 4 f i n a n c i n g o f 2 6 6 – 6 7 s a c r a l i z a t i o n o f 7 8 – 7 9 f i n a n c i n g o f m o s q u e s 2 6 6 – 6 7 s a n c t i f i c a t i o n o f r e l i g i o n b y 1 4 l o c a l r u l e s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s s y s t e m i n 9 9 – 1 0 0 a s s o u r c e o f r i g h t s 3 0 – 3 1 nietie ( v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g ) 2 7 6 – 8 1 s t a t e / minjian s p e c t r u m 3 3 4 – 3 8 s c r i p t u r a l h a l l e d u c a t i o n 1 7 7 – 8 5 s t u d e n t s o f I s l a m , r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 7 – 8 8 s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n 1 8 5 – 8 9 S u f i o r d e r s u c c e s s i o n , c o n t r o l o v e r 1 1 8 – 1 9 t h r e e c l e r i c s s y s t e m 9 9 – 1 0 0 t a x r e f o r m s 2 7 2 w o m e n a s c l e r i c s 2 2 4 t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s , r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 5 – 8 9 mura baha 2 9 3 – 9 5 u r b a n i z a t i o n 1 2 0 murshid 1 0 1 – 2 , 1 0 3 , 1 1 8 – 1 9 w e l f a r e a n d s e r v i c e s 1 1 6 M u s l i m s i n C h i n a , p o p u l a t i o n o f 8 – 1 0 p a t r i a r c h y i n t h e N o r t h w e s t 2 2 2 – 2 5 N a d e r , L a u r a 3 0 6 , 3 1 8 P a r t y - S t a t e 2 2 3 N e d o s t u p , R e b e c c a 6 3 – 6 4 , 7 8 socialist law and emancipation of N e w S i l k R o a d 7 7 , 1 1 3 , 2 0 6 – 1 4 w o m e n 2 2 5 – 2 7 nietie ( v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g ) 1 0 3 , 2 2 5 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 5 – 8 1 , t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s 2 2 3 2 8 3 , 2 8 4 – 8 5 , 2 8 6 p e o p l e ’ s m e d i a t i o n c o m m i t t e e s ( P M C s ) 4 1 , nika h (bridal gift, Ar. mahr ) 2 2 7 – 2 8 , 3 1 8 – 2 5 , 3 4 3 2 3 9 – 4 0 People’s Republic of China N i n g x i a c o n s t i t u t i o n (see Constitution of the PRC) a s c e n t e r o f t r a d e 2 9 6 – 3 0 2 g o v e r n m e n t ( see P a r t y - S t a t e ) h a l a l f o o d p r o d u c t i o n 7 7 , 2 9 7 N e w S i l k R o a d 7 7 , 1 1 3 , 2 0 6 – 1 4 H u i p o p u l a t i o n 2 8 9 – 9 0 p h i l a n t h r o p i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s 1 2 3 – 2 8 i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y , e n g a g e m e n t w i t h pious endowments (awqa f, sing. waqf) 2 8 1 – 8 8 , 2 8 8 – 3 0 2 3 0 3 – 4 see also B a n k o f N i n g x i a and the absence of a record for debt Northwest China c u s t o m s 6 0 m a p x v i i i a n d s o c i a l i s t p r o p e r t y r i g h t s 7 5 , 1 1 5 , 2 6 8 , see also G a n s u P r o v i n c e ; Q i n g h a i P r o v i n c e 2 8 1 – 8 8 and the state economy 265 o b l i g a t o r y a l m s ( z a k a t ) , see z a k a t s t o r e f r o n t awqa f (puzi wagefu) 2 8 4 – 8 5 (obligatory alms) and Sufi tomb complexes (gongbei) O n o , K a z u k o 2 4 1 6 0 , 1 0 3 see also v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g P a l m e r , D a v i d A . 7 8 – 7 9 , 1 3 7 , 1 3 8 p o l i t i c a l r e l i g i o s i t y 7 8 – 7 9 P a r i s h , W i l l i a m L . 2 2 5 – 2 6 , 2 2 9 p o l y g a m y 2 5 0 – 5 7 P a r t y - S t a t e p o p u l a r l a w see minjian law a p p r o p r i a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s s y m b o l s 7 8 – 7 9 p o p u l a t i o n b e l i e f , r e l i g i o u s v . s t a t e 7 5 – 7 9 L i n x i a 9 0 – 9 1 b u r e a u c r a t i z a t i o n o f c l e r i c s 3 1 0 – 1 7 M u s l i m s i n C h i n a 9 – 1 0 c l e r i c s , r e l i a n c e o n 7 8 p o r k t a b o o 2 1 clerics and shaykhs, changes to role of 117 p r i c e p i n c h i n g 2 6 0 – 6 3 conflicting demands with teaching p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e i n L i n x i a 2 7 1 – 7 2 s c h o o l s 1 6 7 – 7 0 private schools (minban xuexiao) 1 8 9 – 9 7 a n d c u s t o m a r y l a w 5 8 – 6 4 , 6 7 p r o p e r t y r i g h t s d e f i n i t i o n 7 8 – 9 and pious endowments (awqa f , sing. waqf) d i s p u t e r e s o l u t i o n p r o c e s s e s 3 0 5 – 8 2 8 1 – 8 8 ( see also v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g ) e d u c a t i o n 1 7 5 – 7 6 P R C p r o p e r t y l a w 2 8 2 e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s 1 9 8 – 2 0 5 Tang dynasty legal restrictions on foreign e m a n c i p a t i o n o f w o m e n a n d g i r l s 2 2 5 – 2 7 M u s l i m s 4 6 – 4 7 e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f r e l i g i o u s p r o p e r t y 1 1 9 – 2 3 u n o f f i c i a l H u i r i g h t s 3 0 3 – 4 I s l a m i c f i n a n c e 2 8 8 – 9 5 w o m e n ’ s l a c k o f 2 5 1

443

INDEX

prostitution Q u r ʾanic interpretation i n B a f a n g 9 2 r i t u a l d i f f e r e n c e 1 5 6 i n L i n x i a 9 2 ( see also K T V a f f a i r ) t e n - p o i n t p l a n o f r e f o r m 1 4 9 – 5 0 i n Y i w u 2 1 3 – 1 4 see also Education Administration Guidance p r o s t r a t i o n t o S u f i m a s t e r 1 3 0 Committee (EAGC) p u r d a h 1 1 0 p y r a m i d m o d e l o f l e g a l o r d e r 3 3 3 R a m a d a n 2 9 Record of the Civil and Commercial Affairs Customs qadihana, X i n j i a n g 7 2 – 7 4 Survey (Minshang shi xiguan diaocha Q a d i r i y y a G r a n d T o m b C o m p l e x 9 3 , 1 0 2 , 1 2 1 , lu) 5 9 – 6 0 1 2 0 – 3 1 , 1 7 7 , 2 8 0 , 3 1 5 – 1 6 r e d - h e a d e d d o c u m e n t s 8 0 , 1 6 7 – 6 8 Q a d i r i y y a m o s q u e s i n B a f a n g 9 3 r e f o r m s q a d i s Q i n g D y n a s t y 5 4 – 5 8 B u r e a u o f t h e Q a d i s 4 9 – 5 0 R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d 5 8 – 5 9 c l e r i c a s p r o x y t o 3 0 9 r e l i g i o u s l a w , see Islamic law m a u s o l e u m , J i e z i M o s q u e 5 1 – 5 2 reports on ethnic minorities (minzu) in S a l a r s 5 1 G a n s u 6 5 – 6 6 Q i J i n g y i 1 0 2 R e p u b l i c a n e r a Q i n g g o v e r n a n c e customary law (xiguanfa) 5 8 – 5 9 a n t i - Q i n g r e b e l l i o n s 8 8 , 1 1 2 , 1 4 5 c u s t o m s s u r v e y s 5 8 – 5 9 c o r p o r a l p u n i s h m e n t 7 4 p o l i c y t o w a r d r e l i g i o n 6 3 – 6 4 and customary law (xiguanfa) 5 4 – 5 8 q a d i s s e r v i c e 5 1 c u s t o m s s u r v e y a s a s o u r c e f o r 5 4 – 5 8 r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s o f H u i 9 2 , 9 8 G r e a t Q i n g L a w C o d e 5 0 , 5 2 – 5 3 , 5 4 , 5 7 r i g h t s , s t a t e a s s o u r c e o f 3 0 – 3 1 i n d i r e c t r u l e 5 0 r i t u a l l a w f a r e l e g a l i n s t i t u t i o n s 5 0 b u r i a l r i t e s 1 5 7 – 6 2 , 1 6 3 a n d m o d e r n s o v e r e i g n t y 4 4 c e n t e r o f I s l a m , c o n n e c t i o n w i t h 1 5 5 and the retardation of Hui legal and debate by members of Hui communities i n s t i t u t i o n s 5 1 1 3 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 3 7 “using the Hui to control the Hui” (yi Hui zhi d e f i n e d 1 3 3 Hui) 1 0 5 , 3 1 6 G e d i m u a p p r o a c h t o l a w 1 4 2 – 4 4 , 1 5 9 X i n j i a n g i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o 9 i n d i v i d u a l b e l i e v e r s , i m p a c t o f 1 6 3– 6 7 Q i n g h a i P r o v i n c e law, interpretation/orientation toward The Compilation of Qinghai Hui Survey 1 4 2 – 5 6 , 1 5 9 Materials 6 5 l i g h t n i n g i n c i d e n t 1 6 2 – 6 3 Hui not empowered to enforce customary n e w t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s d u e t o 1 6 2 – 6 3 l a w i n 7 2 P a r t y - S t a t e e n g a g e m e n t w i t h 1 3 2 – 3 3 , 1 4 1 , Q i n g h a i - T i b e t r a i l r o a d 2 7 0 1 5 5 – 5 6 s h e e p h i d e t r a d e 2 6 0 r e g u l a t i o n a s i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e 1 3 3 X u n h u a S a l a r A u t o n o m o u s C o u n t y 3 5 S a l a f i y y a a p p r o a c h t o l a w 1 5 1 – 5 4 , 1 5 9 Qixi Private Girls’ School (Sili Qixi s c r i p t u r a l d e b a t e f o r d i s p u t e r e s o l u t i o n 1 3 1 N ü x i a o ) 1 8 9 – 9 1 s e c t a r i a n i s m 1 3 7 – 3 8 qiya s 1 4 3 , 1 5 5 – 5 6 S u f i o r i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d l a w 1 4 7 – 4 8 , 1 5 9 Q u r ʾan t e x t u a l a u t h o r i t i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n 1 5 4 – 5 5 b a n n i n g o f i n t e r e s t 2 6 4 v i o l e n c e , r e a s o n s f o r 1 5 6 – 5 7 on bridal gifts (mahr) and the right to receive X i d a o t a n g c o n c e p t i o n o f l a w 1 4 4 – 4 7 , 1 5 9 maintenance (nafaqa) 2 3 4 – 3 8 Y i h e w a n i a p p r o a c h t o l a w 1 4 8 – 5 1 , 1 5 9 and fidya (expiatory act for the recently see also t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s d e c e a s e d ) 3 9 , 6 3 , 1 4 9 R o b e r t s , S i m o n 3 2 0 and fiqh ( “ u n d e r s t a n d i n g ” ) 8 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 1 6 0 R o o m , t h e 1 2 6 – 2 7 passages paired with PRC regulations on the R o s e n , L a w r e n c e 2 1 1 , 2 7 8 w a l l o f N a s i m ’ s o f f i c e 2 R u s s i a n E m p i r e and the sunna as the basis of shariʿa 1 8 , 1 4 3 a d a t - o r i e n t e d c o l o n i a l l a w i n T u r k e s t a n 5 7 o n u s u r y 2 6 0 t s a r i s t s t a t e b a c k i n g o f m u l l a s 4 9 v e r s e f a v o u r e d b y t h e Y i - X i e 8 3 – 8 4 w r i t t e n c o n t r a c t s e n c o u r a g e d i n 2 6 3 s a c r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e 7 8 – 7 9 see also f u n e r a r y p r a c t i c e s s adaqa 2 7 8 – 7 9 , 2 8 1 , 3 0 0

444

INDEX

S a l a f i y y a 1 0 7 – 1 0 , 1 5 1 – 5 4 , 1 5 9 H u i t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n s o f 1 7 b r i d a l g i f t s 2 3 4 – 3 8 irrational fears in many Western societies and the doctrine of tawh ı d (oneness of c o n c e r n i n g 3 4 1 – 4 2 G o d ) 1 5 3 s a y i n g s (see hadith tradition) f o u n d e r s o f t h e C h i n e s e v e r s i o n o f ( see M a s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s ( see ijma ʿ (consensus); D e b a o ; M a Z h e n g q i n g ) qiya s ( a n a l o g i e s ) ) Habibullah (Muhammad Habib Allah, Ch. s h e e p h i d e m a r k e t 2 6 0 – 6 3 , 2 6 5 H u z h a n d i ) 1 0 7 – 8 S h u i , J i n g j u n 2 3 8 – 3 9 a n d t h e H a n b a l i s c h o o l 1 0 7 – 8 , 1 3 6 , 1 5 2 S i l k R o a d a n d t h e I k h w a n m o v e m e n t 1 0 7 International Symposium on Cultural interpretations of the law 159 Exchange between China and the West m o s q u e s i n B a f a n g 1 0 8 – 1 0 u n d e r Z h e n g H e 2 9 6 – 9 7 n e o c o n s e r v a t i v e i d e o l o g y o f 1 0 7 L i n x i a C i t y a s c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r 9 5 – 9 7 N e w W a n g M o s q u e 1 5 3 m a r i t i m e 1 0 , 4 6 , 2 8 9 political system of ethnic autonomy as N e w S i l k R o a d 7 7 , 1 1 3 , 2 0 6 – 1 4 problematic for 154 S k i n n e r , G . W i l l i a m 2 7 0 – 7 1 S a l a r s 5 1 s o c i a l f i e l d customary law identified in The Compilation H u i 2 4 – 2 6 , 2 9 – 3 0 , 8 8 of Gansu Hui Survey Materials and s e m i - a u t o n o m o u s 2 4 The Compilation of Qinghai Hui Survey s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s , ( muʿa mala t ) , l a w s o f 6 3 , 6 7 Material 6 5 S o n g D y n a s t y 4 7 p o p u l a t i o n i n C h i n a 9 s o v e r e i g n t y p o p u l a t i o n i n L i n x i a C i t y 9 1 and the authority of the Chinese emperor 44 and the term samin 6 0 restricted lawmaking capacity in in Xunhua Salar Autonomous County in autonomous and sub-AR autonomous Q i n g h a i 3 5 a r e a s 7 0 , 7 2 S a n g r e n , S t e v e n 3 1 6 see also e t h n i c a u t o n o m y ; P a r t y - S t a t e S c h m i t t , C a r l 3 8 , 7 9 s t a t e l a w , see P a r t y - S t a t e s c h o o l s , see e d u c a t i o n ; t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s S t e i n m ü l l e r , H a n s 2 4 0 S c o t t , J a m e s 2 6 3 s t u d e n t s o f I s l a m , s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n o f 1 8 7 – 8 8 s c r i p t u r a l h a l l e d u c a t i o n 1 0 1 , 1 4 4 , 1 7 4 , 1 7 5 – 7 6 , substantive law 1 7 7 – 8 5 , 1 8 6 , 1 8 7 , 2 0 1 , 2 1 6 and the dual track of state law and s e c o n d g e n e r a t i o n o f e t h n i c p o l i c y 3 2 I s l a m i c l a w 2 3 sectarianism between teaching a n d g u i d a n c e b y E A G C p u b l i c a t i o n s 8 3 s c h o o l s 1 3 7 – 3 8 S u f i o r i e n t a t i o n t o w a r d l a w 1 5 9 secularization Sufi tomb complexes (gongbei) a g e n t o f 4 5 e x p l a i n e d 6 , 1 7 7 P a r t y - S t a t e a p p r o a c h t o I s l a m i c l a w 4 5 of Khwaja Afaq (Ch. Haidaye and Party-State monitoring of Muslim T o n g l a h a i ) 1 0 1 o r g a n i z a t i o n s 3 4 5 ( see also c h a r i s m a t i c pious endowments (awqaf, sing. authority) waqf) 6 0 , 1 0 3 i n t h e R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d 5 1 S u f i s o f s a c r e d s p a c e 1 2 1 ( see also r i t u a l l a w f a r e , B r i g h t H e a r t o r d e r 1 1 9 , 1 3 1 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 6 , 1 6 3 Party-State engagement with ) interpretations of the law 159 W e b e r o n 2 0 5 , 3 5 0 – 5 1 K h u f i y y a 1 0 2 s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t , see e t h n i c a u t o n o m y N a q s h b a n d i o r d e r 9 s e m i - a u t o n o m o u s s o c i a l f i e l d 2 4 , 8 8 p a t h - b a s e d (t arı qa) interpretations of the s e r m o n s , E A G C p r o d u c e d 8 3 – 8 4 l a w 1 4 4 – 4 6 s h a d o w e c o n o m i e s 3 0 2 – 4 path established by Xining master in Linxia Shanghai Cooperation Organization i n 2 0 0 9 1 6 6 ( S C O ) 8 2 , 2 0 6 p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s o f l e a d e r s 3 1 4 Sharh al-Wiqaya (Ch. Weidaojing or Weigaye ) o f s h r i n e s (see Su f i t o m b c o m p l e x e s (gongbei) ) 1 2 6 , 1 7 9 S u g a w a r a , J u n 5 0 s h a r i ʿa Sunni schools of jurisprudence distinguished from fiqh in Hui Islamic Hanbali fiqh o f 1 8 3 l a w 4 1 9 S a l a f i y y a r e j e c t i o n o f 1 0 7 e t h i c a l d i m e n s i o n s o f 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 see also H a n a f i s c h o o l ; H a n b a l i s c h o o l

445

INDEX

surveys of customs umma C o m m u n i s t 6 4 – 6 6 c o n c e p t o f M a Q i x i 1 4 7 Q i n g c o u r t 5 4 – 5 7 d i v e r s e c o n c e p t s u n i t e d b y t h e Y i - X i e 1 4 1 R e p u b l i c a n p e r i o d 5 8 – 5 9 a n d g l o b a l c o n c e r n s ( see g l o b a l umma ) System 1 3 9 – 4 1 , see A Historical Record of China’s U n i t e d F r o n t W o r k D e p a r t m e n t ( U F W D ) 1 1 1 , Islamic Teaching School and Sufi Order 1 2 1 , 1 3 9 , 3 1 1 , 3 3 1 System (Zhongguo Yisilanjiao jiaopai yu U n i t e d S t a t e s menhuan zhidu shilüe) of Ma Tong Bush administration outlawing of the East T u r k e s t a n I s l a m i c M o v e m e n t 8 2 T a b l i g h i J a m a ʿa t 1 1 0 domestication of neofundamentalist strains t aha r a ( p u r i t y ) 2 1 , 1 3 3 , 1 4 4 o f I s l a m 5 – 6 a l - T a j i r , S u l a y m a n 2 7 , 4 7 – 4 8 oil consumption compared with China’s 298 T a n g D y n a s t y s h a r i ʿa i n 2 2 f o r e i g n e r s a n d t h e T a n g C o d e 4 8 u r b a n i z a t i o n 2 7 2 – 7 5 l e g a l r e s t r i c t i o n s o n f o r e i g n M u s l i m s 4 6 – 4 7 ʿurf ( l i t . “ w h a t i s k n o w n , ” o r c u s t o m ) 2 0 – 1 , 6 3 Persian and Arab ancestors of the Hui 10 U y g h u r s trade with Tibet via Linxia and Lintan 95 a n t i - s t a t e v i o l e n c e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h 2 , 8 2 , see also S i l k R o a d 1 2 7 – 2 8 t a x e s i n L i n x i a 2 7 2 d i v o r c e r a t e i n X i n j i a n g 2 4 2 – 4 3 t e a - h o r s e t r a d e i n L i n x i a 9 5 – 9 7 H u i d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m 8 – 9 t e a c h i n g s c h o o l s 2 2 i n t e r e t h n i c r i o t s i n 2 0 0 9 2 , 1 5 , 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 , a p p r o a c h e s t o l a w 1 4 2 – 4 7 , 1 4 8 – 5 4 , 1 5 9 7 6 , 1 2 8 , 1 7 6 , 1 9 4 , 2 7 0 b u r i a l r i t e s 1 5 7 – 6 2 k i n g s 9 c e n t e r o f I s l a m , c o n n e c t i o n w i t h 1 5 5 p o p u l a t i o n i n C h i n a 9 c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f 1 3 8 – 4 2 qadihana ( “ h o u s e o f q a d i ” ) 5 0 ( see also B u r e a u c o n f l i c t i n g d e m a n d s w i t h t h e P a r t y 1 6 7 – 7 0 of the Qadis (Huihui Hade Si) ) ‘ c o r r e c t ’ l a w i n B a f a n g 8 8 S u n n i ( “ o t h e r t h a n S u f i s ” ) i d e n t i t y 9 Historical Record of China’s Islamic Teaching School and Sufi Order System, A (Ma v a l u e p l u r a l i s m , L a i d l a w ’ s c o n c e p t o f 1 7 0 , 2 4 0 T o n g ) 1 3 9 – 4 1 v e i l s 1 1 0 , 1 9 4 – 9 5 i m p o r t a n c e o f f o r B a f a n g H u i 1 3 5 virtual communities of Chinese Muslims i n d i v i d u a l b e l i e v e r s , i m p a c t o f 1 6 3– 6 7 new media mobilized to spread school law, interpretation/orientation toward i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s 1 5 5 1 4 2 – 5 6 , 1 5 9 o n l i n e d a t i n g 2 3 4 l o c a l i z a t i o n o f d o c t r i n e 1 3 6 – 3 7 Party-State censorship of charismatic s c r i p t u r a l d e b a t e f o r d i s p u t e r e s o l u t i o n 1 3 1 religious leaders 317 s c r i p t u r a l h a l l e d u c a t i o n 1 7 7 – 8 5 p r o p a g a n d a c a m p a i g n s o n m a r r i a g e l a w 2 3 1 s e c t a r i a n i s m 1 3 7 – 3 8 v o l u n t a r y g i v i n g s t a t e r e g u l a t i o n 1 8 5 – 8 9 a n d H u i m o r a l e c o n o m y 2 6 5 , 2 6 8 , 2 7 5 – 8 1 t r e n d s i m p a c t i n g m o n o p o l y o f 1 6 6– 6 7 a n d P R C p r o p e r t y r i g h t s 2 8 7 – 8 8 see also r i t u a l l a w f a r e a n d S u f i o r d e r l a n d h o l d i n g s 1 0 3 t e x t u a l a u t h o r i t i e s , d i f f e r e n c e s i n 1 5 4 – 5 5 T h o m p s o n , E . P . 2 6 3 , 2 9 2 , 3 4 1 W a h h a b i s m 1 0 5 – 6 t h r e e c l e r i c s s y s t e m 9 9 – 1 0 0 waqf ( p i o u s e n d o w m e n t ) 2 8 1 – 8 8 , 3 0 3 – 4 Tianfang Dianli ( L i u Z h i ) 2 8 , 1 4 4 W e b e r , M a x T i b e t a n s o n t h e c h a r i s m a o f a u t h o r i t y 3 0 9 as consumers of qingzhen ( h a l a l ) f o o d 9 2 l a w d e f i n e d b y c o e r c i v e v i o l e n c e 1 6 , 3 4 5 a s fanmin (“foreign peoples”) in Gansu t h e o r y o f r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n o f l a w 8 3 , 3 1 0 – 1 1 , P r o v i n c e g o v e r n m e n t r e p o r t s 6 0 3 5 0 m o n a s t i c c e n t e r s o f L a b r a n g a n d T s o d 9 7 w e d d i n g l a w , see m a r r i a g e l a w M u s l i m c o n v e r t s 1 0 3 , 2 5 1 W h y t e , M a r t i n K i n g 2 2 5 – 2 6 , 2 2 9 t o l e r a t i o n a n d I s l a m i c l a w 3 4 7 – 4 9 w o m e n t o m b c o m p l e x e s , see S u f i t o m b c o m p l e x e s a s c l e r i c s 2 2 4 (gongbei) d i v o r c e 2 4 1 – 4 7 t r a d e r e l a t i o n s o u t s i d e C h i n a 7 6 – 7 7 d u a l t r a c k w i t h s t a t e / I s l a m i c l a w 2 3 8 – 4 0 t r u s t a s b a s i s o f t r a n s a c t i o n s 2 6 2 – 6 3 e d u c a t i o n o f 1 8 9 – 9 1 T u r k e y 1 9 8 a s f a m i l y i n s t r u c t o r s 1 9 2 , 2 2 3 T u r k i c M u s l i m c o m m u n i t i e s 5 0 – 5 1 f i n a n c e f o r m a r r i a g e s 2 3 4 – 3 8

446

INDEX

k n o w l e d g e o f l a w a n d r i g h t s 2 5 5 – 5 7 Y i h e w a n i p a t r i a r c h y i n t h e N o r t h w e s t 2 2 4 – 2 5 (al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun; Muslim p o l y g a m y 2 5 0 – 5 7 B r o t h e r h o o d ) 1 0 3 – 7 , 1 4 8 – 5 1 , 1 5 9 s o c i a l i s t l a w a n d e m a n c i p a t i o n o f 2 2 5 – 2 7 b r i d a l g i f t s 2 3 7 a s t r a n s l a t o r s i n Y i w u 2 1 3 – 1 4 critique of intercession and “saint wuma 1 0 3 , 1 4 7 w o r s h i p ” 1 1 1 o n fidya (expiatory act for the recently Xi Jinping (general secretary and president of d e c e a s e d ) 1 4 9 t h e C C P ) 2 0 6 , 3 5 2 i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e l a w 1 6 , 1 5 9 X i d a o t a n g l i g h t n i n g i n c i d e n t 1 6 2 – 6 3 i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e l a w 1 4 7 – 4 8 , 1 5 9 , m o s q u e s i n B a f a n g 9 2 – 3 , 1 0 7 1 9 1 s c r i p t u r a l r e t u r n 1 4 8 – 5 1 L i n t a n C o u n t y a s b a s e o f 1 0 2 – 3 ( see also Y i h e w a n i p r i v a t e s c h o o l s , see t e a c h i n g Lintan County (formerly Taozhou) ) schools L i n x i a ’ s f i r s t X i d a o t a n g m o s q u e 1 6 6 Y i s i l a n f a , see Islamic Law and Liu Zhi’s Neo-Confucian ethics 179 Y i w u 2 0 7 – 1 4 and Ma Qixi’s concept of wuma (Ar. umma ) as destination for Hui 1 0 3 , 1 4 7 – 4 8 t r a n s l a t o r s 1 9 6 , 2 0 5 and Ma Tong’s System 1 4 0 i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m e r c e 1 4 , 7 7 , 2 0 7 – 8 Qixi Private Girls’ School (Sili Qixi L i n i x i a c o m p a r e d w i t h 2 1 1 , 2 6 9 N ü x i a o ) 1 8 9 – 9 1 p r o s t i t u t i o n i n 2 1 3 – 1 4 xiguanfa, see customary law Y u a n D y n a s t y 4 6 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 9 8 X i n j i a n g Yuehua ( n e w s p a p e r ) 1 2 5 – 2 6 h i g h r a t e o f d i v o r c e i n 2 4 2 – 4 3 i n t e r e t h n i c r i o t s ( 2 0 0 9 ) 2 , 1 5 , 3 2 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 7 6 , z a k a t ( o b l i g a t o r y a l m s ) 2 3 , 2 9 , 1 0 3 , 1 4 9 , 2 6 4 , 1 2 8 , 1 7 6 , 1 9 4 , 2 7 0 2 7 6 , 2 8 0 Z h a n g H a i y a n g 7 0 Y e h , E m i l y 3 0 1 Z h o n g g u o Y i s i l a n j i a o X i e h u i , see China Islamic Y i - X i e , see China Islamic Association Association (Zhongguo Yisilanjiao Xiehui, Z h u S u l i 3 2 , 3 0 6 or Yi-Xie) zizhi, see a u t o n o m y , e t h n i c

447