EM MEIO À CRISE Souza Dantas E a França Ocupada

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EM MEIO À CRISE Souza Dantas E a França Ocupada EM MEIO À CRISE Souza Dantas e a França ocupada 1940-1942 Alvaro da Costa Franco Organizador Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Brasília / Rio de Janeiro, 2008 Em meio à crise: Souza Dantas e a França ocupada, 1940-1942 / Alvaro da Costa Franco (Org.). – Rio de Janeiro : Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática ; Brasília : Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, 2008. 476 p. ; 14 x 21 cm. ISBN 978.85.7631.122-5 1. Souza Dantas, Luiz Martins de, 1876-1954 – Correspondência. 2. Diplomatas – Brasil – Correspondência. 3. Brasil – Relações exteriores – França. I. Centro de História e Documentação Diplo- mática. II. Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão. EM MEIO À CRISE Souza Dantas e a França ocupada 1940-1942 4 MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Celso Amorim Secretário-Geral Embaixador Samuel Pinheiro Guimarães FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Jeronimo Moscardo Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática Diretor Embaixador Alvaro da Costa Franco A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão (FUNAG), instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, bloco h, anexo 2, térreo, sala 1 70170-900 - Brasília, DF Telefones: (61) 3411 6033 / 6034 Fax: (61) 3411 9125 www.funag.gov.br O Centro de História e Documentação Diplomática (CHDD), da Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão / MRE, sediado no Palácio Itamaraty, Rio de Janeiro, prédio onde está depositado um dos mais ricos acervos sobre o tema, tem por objetivo estimular os estudos sobre a história das relações internacionais e diplomáticas do Brasil. Palácio Itamaraty Avenida Marechal Floriano, 196 20080-002 - Rio de Janeiro, RJ Telefax: (21) 2233 2318 / 2079 [email protected] / [email protected] 5 SUMÁRIO O diplomata e o homem 7 1940 ........................................ 27 1941 ........................................ 167 1942 ........................................ 301 Índice Onomástico 423 Souza Dantas na França ocupada, 1940-1942 77 O DIPLOMATA E O HOMEM Souza Dantas foi um ícone da diplomacia brasileira na pri- meira metade do século passado, considerado, entre os colegas do ministério, nos meios políticos e na imprensa brasileira, como uma figura emblemática das qualidades que se supunham essen- ciais ao diplomata. Sua cativante simpatia, sua habilidade, sua capacidade de fazer amigos entre brasileiros e estrangeiros, a prestimosa e generosa atenção que dava aos patrícios – dos mais altamente colocados aos mais modestos – alimentavam esta ima- gem. Sua permanência à frente da embaixada em Paris, de 1922 a 1944, e o adiamento de sua aposentadoria além do limite da idade regulamentar são como que a prova material da excepcio- nal situação de que gozava no Brasil. Com os anos, sua imagem se foi esmaecendo, guardada apenas nos desvãos da evanescente memória dos velhos diploma- tas e nas lembranças registradas em livros ou artigos de imprensa por alguns de seus contemporâneos, como Gilberto Amado, Argeu Guimarães, Heitor Lyra, Assis Chateaubriand, Levi Carneiro, Augusto Frederico Schmidt, Afonso Arinos, Antonio Camillo de Oliveira, Pio Correa ou Pascoal Carlos Magno. Uns eram quase da mesma geração, outros, mais moços, tiveram a oportunidade de conhecê-lo no que parecia ser o seu habitat natural, Paris. Em 2002, um jovem historiador, Fábio Koifman, exumou dos arquivos o perfil notável da ação humanitária de Souza Dantas, que permitiu a muitos dos perseguidos pelo regime nazista esca- par aos horrores dos campos de concentração, à tortura e à morte, ao salvar das mãos da Gestapo refugiados judeus, a quem conce- deu, a despeito das instruções do Estado Novo, vistos que lhes permitiam vir para o Brasil ou, pelo menos, escapar do território francês. Em seu livro, Quixote nas Trevas, Koifman revelou, em 8 sua plenitude, uma dimensão pouco conhecida de Souza Dantas, sagrado hoje como um dos “Justos” que não hesitaram em pôr-se do lado dos perseguidos. Despertou, também, um novo interesse por este diplomata, já então quase desconhecido, que apresentava tantas facetas inesperadas: homem do mundo, boêmio, diploma- ta impecável; com amigos entre os jornalistas, aristocratas, ho- mens políticos, intelectuais, artistas; afável com todos, sem distinções de classe ou de idade, e, sobretudo, aureolado de ami- zades femininas. Luiz Martins de Souza Dantas descendia de uma família baiana, de ilustres políticos. Era neto do conselheiro Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas, que foi chefe de gabinete e titular de várias pastas no Império, e sobrinho de Rodolfo (Epifânio de Souza) Dantas, também ministro sob a monarquia. O pai de Luiz, tam- bém chamado Manoel Pinto de Souza Dantas, continuara, sob o Império, a tradição familiar na política. Esta vocação, interrom- pida pela República, levou-o à carreira consular, para a qual veio a ser nomeado em 1908. No mesmo ano, um outro filho do velho conselheiro Dantas, José Pinto de Souza Dantas, seria tam- bém nomeado para a carreira. É de supor que o barão do Rio Branco, que fora grande amigo de Rodolfo Dantas, estendesse sua proteção à família. Luiz nasceu a 17 de fevereiro de 1876, no Rio de Janeiro, onde fez seus estudos, diplomando-se bacharel em ciências jurí- dicas e sociais. Colou grau em 6 de janeiro de 1897, na Faculda- de Livre de Ciências Jurídicas e Sociais do Rio de Janeiro. Era uma pequena turma, em que foi colega de James Darcy, objeto de uma duradoura amizade. Foi logo nomeado, a 23 de janeiro, adido, não remunerado, na legação em Berna. Voltou ao Brasil, em licença, sendo nomeado, a 16 de março de 1900, segundo secretário na legação em São Petersburgo, onde se apresentou em 20 de junho. Iniciava formalmente, aos 24 anos, sua carreira di- plomática. Ficou ali encarregado dos negócios do Brasil de de- zembro de 1900 a junho do ano seguinte. 9 Serviu ainda como secretário em Roma (1902) e, promovi- do a primeiro secretário, em Buenos Aires (1908), onde foi cola- borador de Domício da Gama. Estava no posto em momentos difíceis das relações brasileiro-argentinas, especialmente quando da questão do telegrama n. 9. Várias vezes, assumiu a encarregatura de negócios, interinamente, sendo promovido a conselheiro em 1910 e permanecendo em Buenos Aires durante a missão Campos Salles. Designado para chefiar, como ministro residente, a legação na Turquia (junho de 1912), não chegou a assumir o posto. Encar- regado de negócios depois da partida de Campos Sales (13 de ju- lho de 1912), foi efetivado, como ministro, chefe da legação em Buenos Aires, função que exerceu de 1913 a 1916, quando foi chamado ao cargo de subsecretário do Ministério das Relações Ex- teriores (maio de 1916). Assumiu interinamente a pasta, entre junho e novembro desse ano, período em que ocorreu seu desen- tendimento com Rui Barbosa, episódio que merece ser considera- do à parte. Voltou a assumir o ministério durante alguns dias de maio de 1917, até a posse de Nilo Peçanha. Foi, então, designado ministro plenipotenciário em Roma (1917) e Bruxelas (1919), voltando a Roma – como embaixador – ainda em 1919. Em 1922, iniciou Souza Dantas a sua longa gestão em Pa- ris, onde deveria aposentar-se em 1941, aos 65 anos. Foi, entre- tanto, prorrogada sua permanência no posto, em virtude da guerra e da dificuldade de substituí-lo. Como continuou, de fato, a exercer a chefia da missão e sendo, depois, internado em Bad Godesberg, sua aposentadoria foi anulada e Souza Dantas foi efetivamente aposentado somente em dezembro de 1944, por um decreto-lei do presidente Vargas, portanto, aos 68 anos. Não terminou, entretanto, sua atividade profissional. Em 1946, foi designado chefe da delegação do Brasil à I Assembléia Geral da ONU, que se reuniu em Londres, e, logo depois, mem- bro da delegação brasileira à Conferência da Paz, chefiada pelo então ministro das Relações Exteriores, João Neves da Fontoura. Completara 70 anos. 10 Como ministro em Buenos Aires, Souza Dantas já revelara sua notável capacidade de articulação social e profissional. Multi- plicava suas relações, na política, no jornalismo, nos meios inte- lectuais ou nos salões da oligarquia argentina. Ligou-se de tal forma à sociedade romana, que, passados muitos anos, em 1926, quando o Brasil lutava pela cadeira de membro permanente do Conselho da Liga das Nações, foi mandado a Roma para expor ao governo italiano a posição brasileira. Tinha ali relações pessoais com Mussolini, que, ao fim de sua missão diplomática, quatro anos antes, o tratara de cives romanus; era amigo de Gabriele D’Annunzio; todas as portas lhe estavam abertas. Em Paris, inte- grou-se a ponto de tornar-se não um estrangeiro de prestígio, mas parte da sociedade parisiense, do mundo político e intelectual francês, onipresente, conhecido de todos e bem acolhido por todos. Esta situação peculiar podia suscitar críticas, como a de Lévy-Strauss, que considerava Dantas um brasileiro alienado à cultura francesa. Mas, de brasileiros, não conheço queixa ou afir- mação de que tenha desatendido interesses nacionais ou deixado de proteger a quem quer que batesse à sua porta. Por disciplina profissional, inclinação pessoal, generosidade natural, talvez por interesse, nunca deixou de atender ao zeloso cumprimento de instruções, de prestar seu apoio pessoal aos brasileiros de visita ou de passagem, de socorrer os que estavam desvalidos. Do di- plomata, se pede que reúna o perfeito conhecimento de seu pró- prio país, de sua cultura e interesses e a compreensão profunda da cultura, interesses, posturas e idiossincrasias de seus interlocutores, de forma a captar-lhes a simpatia e encontrar a sintonia adequada à negociação e conjugação de vontades. Não é fácil reunir todos estes predicados e a preponderância de um ou outro pode frustrar a eficácia do agente.
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