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The Bhutanese Audio-Visual Industry and the Shaping and Representation of Contemporary Culture

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The Bhutanese Audio-Visual Industry and the Shaping and Representation of Contemporary Culture Roar of the Thunder Dragon: The Bhutanese Audio-visual Industry and the Shaping and Representation of Contemporary Culture Tshewang Dendup∗ A Bhutanese journalist recently remarked that these days, the phones don’t ring, they sing. And when the phones do start singing, don’t be surprised if it is a Bhutanese song coming out from the latest Motorola or Nokia phone tucked in the inner folds of the gho or a Gucci bag slung over a Hong Kong brocade tego. Walk along Thimphu's Norzin Lam and try not to notice the huge posters announcing the screening of the latest film. Stroll further and the bustle of the street is laced with the sound of Bhutanese songs coming from the stereos and radios of shops and restaurants. So you might try to extricate yourself from this bazaar of sounds and symphonies and you hop into a taxi only to be greeted by the popular call in music request show of the Bhutan Broadcasting Service Corporation coming from the Maruti’s stereo. Whether traveling to Phuntsholing in a comfortable Japanese Coaster bus or watching TV at home, one cannot escape the presence of modern Bhutan’s audiovisual industry. The songs being played, the films being screened, the albums being sold may not be, to the discerning critic, works of art worthy of appreciation or a review in the papers. However my argument is that they are being consumed by the masses and therefore the industry deserves a closer scrutiny as it both shapes and represents contemporary culture. In the Draft Constitution, Culture is covered under Article 4. The Article is reproduced here in entirety1. Article 4 1. The State shall endeavour to preserve, protect and promote the cultural heritage of the country, including monument, places and objects of artistic or historic interest, Dzongs, Lhakhangs, Goendeys, Ten-Sum, Nyes, language, literature, music and religion to enrich society and the cultural life of the citizens. 2. The State shall recognize culture as an evolving dynamic force and shall endeavour to strengthen and facilitate the continued evolution of traditional values and institutions that are sustainable as a progressive society. 3. The State shall conserve and encourage research on local arts, custom, knowledge and culture. 4. Parliament may enact such legislation as may be necessary to advance the cause of cultural enrichment of Bhutanese society. The Bhutanese audio-visual industry plays a critical and important role in the creation of cultural products, which are consumed by the masses. The industry’s significant role in the preservation and promotion of culture is worthy of state support. Although comprehensive data is not available on the industry, available data and anecdotal evidence prove that the ∗ The author is a senior producer working with the Bhutan Broadcasting Service Corporation. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not represent that of the BBSC. 1 The Draft Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan. industry is growing and playing its own role in shaping and representing contemporary culture in Bhutan I shall now give a brief outline of some of the media in Bhutan linked to the audiovisual industry. Bhutan Broadcasting Service Corporation A prominent player in this field is the national radio and TV station, the Bhutan Broadcasting Service Corporation. BBS Radio The BBS Radio broadcasts in four languages from 7 in the morning to 6 in the evening. With its nationwide FM network2 and a 50 kilowatt short-wave transmitter, the BBS radio’s reach is unrivalled. One of the major components of the BBS Radio content is music. All the four language services (Dzongkha, Sharchhopikha, Lhotshamkha and English) have dedicated music request shows, which cater not only to the nation but also have a listener base in the neighboring countries. From the volume of mail received by the different language services from their listeners, it would be safe to surmise that music shows could very well be in the upper ranks of the ratings3. As the national radio station, BBS Radio plays an integral part in the broadcast of music, taking works of Bhutanese singers and musicians right into the homes of thousands of Bhutanese households. BBS TV The BBS TV also has dedicated programs on entertainment. The Trowa4 program features interviews with singers, musicians, actors, composers, directors and other performing artists. The Trowa Unit is also responsible for the production of music videos, which are popular with the viewers. BBS TV also buys music videos, films, serials and other products from private audio-visual firms. BBS TV broadcasts for ten hours a day and since the 20th of February 2006, has gone satellite. This would mean that at least 445 towns in Bhutan can now watch BBS TV directly. Through its broadcast of programs and content related to music, films and drama, BBS TV has become a key player in the audio-visual industry of Bhutan. 2 The BBS Radio’s FM network reaches all the twenty dzongkhags in the kingdom. BBS has a network of 5 FM transmitters and 19 FM transposers stationed in strategic passes across the kingdom enabling the station to relay its broadcasts to the 20 dzongkhags. BBS Radio’s FM signal can be received in all the 20 dzongkhag headquarters. BBS Radio’s FM signal reach on the national highway is estimated at 75%. 3 The latest audience survey carried out by the BBSC is not yet made public. 4 Trowa programs have featured interviews with musicians, singers, actors, producers and comedians. Trowa is broadcast on Wednesdays and Saturdays at 7.30 PM and Thursdays and Sundays at 8.30 AM. 5 There are 44 cable operators in Bhutan according to the Association of Private Cable Operators. All cable operators in Bhutan are required to carry the BBS TV channel on their menu. Tshechus The annual tshechus held in different districts, towns and villages are also live venues of performing arts. Besides the religious ceremonies and dances, tshechus also feature the best of the community’s performing artists. With thousands of tourists visiting the country each year, the tshechus are an effective platform to showcase the rich cultural heritage of the country. In fact, Bhutan’s “unique culture” is the lead factor in attracting tourists. A study conducted by the Department of Tourism in 2004 found out that 34.4 percent of visitors were attracted to Bhutan because of its “unique culture”6. Cable Operators There are 44 cable operators in Bhutan. Out of these, 36 are registered with the Association of Private Cable Operators. While the cable operators have to feature BBS TV on their menu, some operators also have their own channel where Bhutanese content is featured. From older Bhutanese movies to latest music videos, these channels have also emerged as an outlet for Bhutanese music and films. Cable operators in Thimphu, Phuntsholing, Paro, Tsimasham, Wangdue, Punakha, Mongar, Samdrupjonkhar and Gelephu have their own channel. In Phuntsholing, Tshela Cable also has video on demand facility for customers. Recording Studios While the BBS has a state of the art music recording studio, many private firms have set up their own business in Thimphu and other parts of Bhutan. It is estimated by industry professionals that nine of these studios are well equipped and active in the business. Currently there is no record of the number of albums that have been released in the Bhutanese market.7 Film Production Companies The first Bhutanese movie, “Gasa Lamai Singye” was produced by Ugen Wangdi of Ugetsu Communications in 19898. From 1989 to the end of 2005, a total of 60 movies have been produced9. The Motion Picture Association of Bhutan, established in 1998 boasts a membership of 36 film production houses. Shaping and Representing A gentleman from India walked up to the stage in one of the bars in Thimphu. The musicians were ready to switch from Bhutanese rigsar to the presumed Indian taste of the customer. The musicians and the clients were treated to the Indian gentleman’s rendition of popular Bhutanese rigsar songs. In Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh in India, promotional posters of Bhutanese albums and films adorn the walls of shops. Also available are pirated copies of Bhutanese music tapes. These anecdotes show that the reach and the popularity of the offerings of the Bhutanese 6 International Tourism Monitor. Published by the Department of Tourism, Ministry of Trade and Industry. 7 There is an acute absence of data on Bhutanese music industry. The author is in the process of compiling a list of albums produced by the different audio-visual production companies. 8 As accepted by the Motion Picture Association of Bhutan. 9 Data provided by the Motion Picture Association of Bhutan. Please see Annex 1. audio-visual industry is not only confined to Bhutan. In Bhutan, Bhutanese songs dominate the repertoire of our school children. With the majority of the albums and films produced in Dzongkha, the role of the Bhutanese audio-visual industry in the promotion and preservation of the national language Dzongkha has been widely acknowledged. The growth of the audiovisual industry according to Kinley Dorji10, the general secretary of the MPAB, has been very rapid. Of the 60 films that have been produced and the unrecorded numbers of albums released in the market, from the conceptual stage to the final production and even distribution, it is very much the work and the creation of the Bhutanese. Bhutan’s first film “Gasa Lamai Singye” is based on a traditional homegrown theme, a ballad. Bhutanese films that immediately followed, mirrored Bollywood and Hollywood films. But Ugyen Wangdi, of “Gasa Lamai Singye”, himself, as the pioneer, would not condemn or criticize the quality of some of the films that came after.
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