GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Queen, Government & Religion 1558-1569 1558- Elizabeth 1560 – Requiem Mass 1562 – French civil 1669 – Revolt of becomes Queen reintroduced war begins the Northern Earls 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569

William Cecil 1559 – Elizabeth’s 1562 – Dudley becomes 1567 - Mary, 1568 - Mary, – Secretary of Religious Settlement Privy Councillor Queen of Scots’ Queen of Scots State husband dies arrives in England Context Society Challenges from Abroad Religious Settlement

Henry VIII Henry made himself Head of the Scotland: Had been ruled by Mary, Queen of Scots Elizabeth tried to create a 1509-1547 English Church so that he could (although she moved to France as she had married the heir Middle Way which united divorce Catherine of Aragon. He had to the French throne. There were French soldiers in Catholics and Protestants. wars with France and poverty Scotland so the danger of attack was always present. Her Act of Uniformity said that increased. There was widespread France: In 1558 France was at war with England and Spain. everyone needed to attend a rebellion. They also wanted Mary, Queen of Scots to be Queen of Protestant church on a Sunday, England. or pay a recusancy fine of 1 Edward VI Decoration was removed from Spain: Was the most powerful country in Europe with a shilling a week (most rich 1547-1553 churches and the English Prayer Book huge empire. They were devoutly Catholic. However, they Catholics did this). The Act of was introduced. Catholics were killed. had been friendly with England for most of the Tudor reign Supremacy named Elizabeth as Harvests were bad and there were due to Mary I’s marriage to Phillip II. Supreme Governor instead of many rebellions. Head of the Church, so that she Mary I 1553- Married Philip II and made England Elizabeth’s Legitimacy didn’t challenge the authority 1558 Catholic. There was rebellion and of the Pope. many Protestants were burned alive. People died of starvation. She began an expensive war with Spain. Government Poverty & Harvest Religious Division Opposition Elizabeth ruled and took advice from her Privy Council and The quality of the harvest was what determined the Puritans felt that the Religious Protestants The monarch was Head of the Church. Court. She had Archbishops and Bishops to assist in the success of a Tudor reign. In the 1550s, people had become Settlement was too Catholic. Most decoration was removed from running of the Church and Lords Lieutenant and Justices of desperately poor and starvation was common. In Mary’s reign, over 200,000 died from starvation. The harvest in They wanted her to get rid of the Church. Clergy wore simple robes the Peace to assist in enforcing laws. and taught from an English Bible. Elizabeth’s accession year was strong and this made people Bishops and decoration in think she was in for a good reign. churches. Many poor Catholics Catholics Pope was Head of the Church. Elizabeth’s Problems accepted it straight away in Churches were highly decorated and Mary, Queen of Scots order to avoid paying the fine clergy’s robes were too. Services were 1. What to do about religion? however the rich were angry held in Latin. Mass was important. 2. What to do about marriage or an heir? Mary Stuart arrived in England in 1568. In doing so, she that she hadn’t included Mass. 3. How to tackle issues of poverty? gave Catholics hope that there could be a Catholic monarch English Catholics had lots of Puritans Committees were elected by the 4. How to tackle foreign relations with France and Spain? on the throne. Elizabeth imprisoned her, over suspicions support from Spain, particularly congregation, Churches & robes were 5. How to tackle people’s doubts about her gender? around her husband’s murder but Mary had strong links in once Mary, Queen of Scots had plain. English Bible with Communion 6. How to tackle people’s doubts about her legitimacy? France and Scotland. Elizabeth had to tread carefully. arrived in England. representing Jesus spiritually. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Challenges to Elizabeth at Home and Abroad – 1569-1588 1569 – Revolt of the 1572 – Dutch revolt 1577-80 – Drake’s circumnavigation of the world 1584 – Bond of 1586 – Babington 1588 – Spanish Northern Earls against Spain Association Plot Armada 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588

1570 – Pope 1571 – Ridolfi 1580s – Jesuit priests arrive in England excommunicates Plot Elizabeth 1583 – Throckmorton Plot 1587 – MQS execution Revolt of the Northern Earls - 1569 Throckmorton Plot - 1583 Walsingham’s Spy Network The Armada Plan

CAUSE: The Earls of Northumberland & Westmorland Aims Throckmorton wad links with Catholic nobility Walsingham had spies all over Europe, watching priests, Philip planned to send the Duke strongly opposed the Religious Settlement. They and carried letters between MQS and the informing the government of attempted plots and foiling of Parma with 20,000 men to feared that Elizabeth wanted them executed. French & Spanish ambassadors. The aim was Catholic plans. He had a team of code breakers, a team of meet the Armada at Calais. EVENT: They ordered their tenants to join their army freeing MQS and killing Elizabeth, with support priest hunters who were searching out Jesuit priests, he After a successful sea battle, and marched south, ransacking Durham Cathedral and from Philip II and the French Duke of Guise. influenced major changes in laws to ensure treatment of the Spanish forces would land holding a service of Mass there. However, they didn’t Catholics became more harsh and used informers and in Kent and march on London, Events Spies searched Throckmorton’s house & found double agents to infiltrate Catholic plots. gather much support. A royal army of 10,000 men was papers incriminating many Catholic nobles. encouraging a Catholic rebellion. on its’ way to meet them to stop the rebellion. Philip II never released promised funds. It was Conflict with Spain CONSEQUENCES: The Earls escaped to Scotland but never proven whether MQS knew about it. Northumberland was captured. Westmorland escaped Armada Results Consequence Elizabeth expelled the Spanish Ambassador. Trade England began competing with the Spanish abroad. Elizabeth had over 450 Catholics executed. in the New World and explorers like Drake Throckmorton was tortured & killed. Fears for The English navy had longer Elizabeth’s safety rose. The Bond of Association frequently stole from Spanish ships (like the Ridolfi Plot - 1571 Cacafuego). Piracy was illegal. ranging guns but didn’t do was passed. It said that if MQS was involved in much damage in the first 8 further plots, she’d be tried for treason. Aims Ridolfi was an Italian banker. He carried Religion Catholic priests in England made Elizabeth days. Lord Howard ordered fire messages between MQS and the Duke fearful of a Catholic holy war. However, ships to be sent into the of Alva in the Netherlands, the Pope and Babington Plot - 1586 Philip had not gone to war previously so Spanish fleet who had dropped there is no reason that he would now. anchor. This caused panic Philip II to organise an invasion of Aims Babington had previously carried letters for amongst the Spanish and, England. MQS. The Babington Plot stemmed from a Politics Philip didn’t want any other country to coupled with a storm which priest who was being watched by Elizabeth’s Events Alva wasn’t supportive of the invasion challenge his power (he controlled the they weren’t used to and a government. They planned to kill Elizabeth, put but Ridplfi was unaware of this. Netherlands and Portugal as well as Spain). rocky English channel, they MQS on the throne and restore Catholicism. Meanwhile, Walsingham’s spies had Netherlands Elizabeth sent money to help Dutch revels broke formation. intercepted the letters and had arrested Events Babington wrote, explaining that a foreign and later in 1585 in the Treaty of Nonsuch, The Spanish fleet retreated, the Duke of Norfolk (who was planned invasion was necessary to deal with Elizabeth sent more money and an army. having lost around 50 ships and to marry MQS). but these coded letters were found in beer thousands of men. The Singeing of the King of Spain’s Beard England’s boats were more Consequence Norfolk was executed in 1572. Elizabeth barrels. Walsingham intercepted them all. manoeuvrable and alongside expelled the Spanish Ambassador but Consequence Babington was executed, and MQS arrested and In 1587, Drake set out to Cadiz to attack the Spanish great leadership from Howard luckily, this did not cause problems put on trial. She was found guilty of direct preparations for the Armada. He inflicted heavy damage and & Drake (in comparison to between England and Spain. Parliament involvement in the Plot and sentenced to then destroyed food supplies for the Armada, further along Medina Sidonia who lacked persuaded Elizabeth to become more execution. Elizabeth claimed she never wanted at Lisbon. Finally, he captured the San Felipe and stole experience) England prevented harsh to Catholics. to reach this conclusion. £114,000 from it. Philip was furious. the Spanish invasion. GCSE History Knowledge Organiser: Elizabethan Society & Exploration 1558-1588

1569 – Latitude 1576 – The 1578 – Raleigh 1587 – Raleigh & longitude Theatre sails to N. begins his second 1555 1560 1565 introduced 1570 1575 opens America 1580 1585 voyage to America 1590

1572 – The 1576 – Act for 1577-80 – Drake’s 1584 – Raleigh Vagabonds the Relief of circumnavigation begins his voyage Act the Poor of the world to America Society Poverty Drake Impact

Gentlemen (The Nobles, lords, lots of inherited wealth. A poor harvest affected the cost of wheat which led to the Drake hated Spain and wanted to weaken it as much as Gentry) starvation of the poor. Farmers tried enclosure farming by possible. He took his ship The Pelican (later the Golden Hind) Raleigh’s expeditions paved the Citizens & putting sheep into fenced in fields which didn’t rely on the along with three others and set sail around the world. Merchants, craftsmen, lawyers. way for the first successful Burgesses They first travelled to Brazil but arguments broke out. weather & meant they didn’t need as much labour. When the colony to be established, in With a reduced crew, Drake then sailed down the coast of Yeomen Farmers who owned their own land. cloth trade collapsed thousands of people lost jobs. Virginia. South America and made some geographical discoveries. A rise in population and in prices meant that work was scarce He returned in profit, due to Whilst sailing around South America, the fleet hit storms and and the poor found it difficult to afford to live. After Henry VIII captured Spanish ships. The Fourth Sort Labourers, servants, shopkeepers etc. Drake ended up with just his own boat remaining. He carried had closed the monasteries in the 1530s, there were little He brought back new goods like on to Peru and captured gold and silver. They chased the places where the poor could go for help. the potato. Spanish ship, the Cacafuego & seized its’ crew & haul. Knowledge of America, its’ Pastimes Finally, he began his return to England & took a new route Elizabethans were worried about vagabonds & concerned inhabitants and new routes to around North America, which no English explorer had done that poor people were choosing not to work (the idle poor) as travel became invaluable. Common hobbies in the Elizabethan times were: using before. He landed in California where the natives thought he opposed to people who wanted to work but couldn’t find it inns & taverns, smoking (once tobacco was brought to was a God & gave him tobacco. Returning, he sailed around (the deserving poor). The Vagabonds Act in 1572 said that if England), gambling on blood sports like bear bating; the Indian island of Java, where we later set up trade links. Historiography feasts eg. May Day etc.; archery, fishing and hunting; you were caught begging you’d be whipped and burned music. through the ear. Justices of the Peace should raise a poor rate Raleigh “Elizabeth’s popularity…with her The biggest pastime was visiting the theatre. This is the to help pay for the elderly and sick. The Act for Relief of the subjects can no longer be taken time of Shakespeare and it was a hobby for all parts of Poor in 1576 said that towns had to find work for able-bodied In 1578, Raleigh travelled to North America to establish an for granted… Nonetheless, her society. The Theatre opened in London in 1576. Puritans poor. Anyone not working was sent to a house of correction. English settlement. Although it was unsuccessful, he learned achievements as a ruler should and the government campaigned to have theatres closed lots from it and shared knowledge with other explorers. not be underestimated. Despite because of the lawlessness and immoral behaviour seen. Exploration In 1584, Elizabeth agrees that Raleigh could organise a enormous difficulties and voyage to set up a colony in America. In 1585, the voyage several major crises, she Education Exploration increased rapidly in Elizabeth’s reign because: set sail without Raleigh. At Roanoke, they met the natives survived as a monarch with her Of a desire to compete with Spain’s empire; new knowledge the Algonquian tribe and began to set up. The natives were Protestant religious settlement Most people were still too poor to send their children to & technology like the astrolabe helped navigation to become angry that the settlers had taken valuable resources and in tact, while her realm was school (30% of men and less than 10% of women could easier; New boats had been developed, along with better became hostile; forcing Drake to rescue them on his way preserved from successful read & write). Discipline was strict and it was mainly maps to help exploration; The English needed new trade home from the West Indies. The knowledge that this group invasion and the civil war which wealthy boys who attended. routes to sell their goods – including slaves; The wealthy returned with, however, was invaluable. afflicted her neighbours, Boys from lower classes could attend, sometimes with Elizabethans were keen to fund missions as it made them In 1587, Raleigh sends John White, on a second voyage. Scotland, France & the scholarships, if they were bright enough. Parish Schools wealthy; the spread of Christianity to other nations; The They land at Roanoke Island and try to set up a colony again. Netherlands.” were for younger children and grammar schools for 7-15 desire to set up new colonies; Knowledge and experience of White returns to England for supplied but when he returns Susan Doran – Elizabeth I in The year olds. Latin, Arithmetic & Rhetoric were all studied. expert sailors like Drake & Hawkins. there is no trace of the colony. Historian (1997)