DOCSLIB.ORG

Enqtish Sea Do^S 0S. the Spanish Armada to Spain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Enqtish Sea Do^S 0S. the Spanish Armada to Spain Part IV: Rights or Royals? The Tudors and Stuarts Chapter 11: Uneasy Lies the Head that Wears the Crown 18] First there was Mary, Queen of Scots who was aiready saying that she was the Off With her head! rightfui Queen of England and having the royal arms of England put into her Even before the Babington Plot carne to light Cecil was desperate for own coat of arms. Second, but even worse, was the major biow that fell in Elizabeth to put Mary to death. Keeping her alive was far too dangerous - 1570 when the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth. Like it or not, she was now well, you can see why. But Elizabeth wouldn't hear of it. First, Mary was her in serious danger. Cousin (well, first-cousin-once-removed). Second, Mary wasnt an English sub- ject, so how could you accuse her of treason? And third, but most important, Excommunication was the most dire punishment the Catholic Church could Mary was a Queen and so was Elizabeth. Start putting monarchs on trial and issue. It meant casting someone out of the Church, with no hope of salvation executing them and heaven knows where it'll end up. after death unless they performed a very big act of penance. In the case of a monarch, like Elizabeth, it could also mean that they had no right to be on But even Elizabeth couldn't ignore the Babington Plot. So Mary, Queen of the throne, and that loyai Catholics were allowed - supposed, even - to over- Scots, went on trial, and the court found her guilty. Ali they needed was a throw her death warrant, and ali that needed was Elizabeth's signature. Elizabeth didn't want to sign the warrant, so her secretary put it in the middle of a lot of other Catholic piots aqainst Elizabeth papers that needed signing so that Elizabeth could "pretend" she hadn't known it was there. (This ruse nearly cost the secretary his life: Elizabeth tried to The following are the Catholic pIots to kill Elizabeth and put Mary, Queen of make out that she hadn't known anything about it and had the poor fellow Scots on the throne: sent to the Tower. If Cecil hadn't stepped in, he'd have been executed.) 1^ Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569: Earis oí Northumberland and Westmorland stage a major rising to rescue Mary. Revolt defeated; Earls Mary went to her execution in a black velvet dress. She whipped it off to flee to Scotiand; hundreds of their followers executed. reveal a blood-red dress underneath. Everyone was in floods of tears. It took three gos to chop her head off, and when the executioner finally held her Ridolfi Plot, 1571: Florentine banker Roberto Ridolfi and the Catholic head up by the hair for everyone to see, the head fell out - her fine "hair" was Duke of Norfolk plan a coup with help from Philip II of Spain and the a wig. Even after death, Mary could upstage them ali. Pope. Plot discovered. Both piotters executed. Jesuits, 1580: Jesuit missionaries Robert Parsons and Edmund Campion arrive secretiy in England and are suspected (wrongly) of plotting against the Queen. Campion is arrested and executed; Parsons escapes Enqtish sea do^s 0s. the Spanish Armada to Spain. During Elizabeth's reign is when the English first really started messing about 1^ Throckmorton Plot, 1584: Catholic Francis Throckmorton arrested and in boats. There were two main reasons: one was adventure and the other was tortured. Reveals plot with Spanish ambassador to murder Elizabeth and money. You could try and make your fortune finding a way round the top of stage a French invaslon. Throckmorton executed, ambassador sent Canada (the "Northwest Passage") to the wealthy spice islands of Asia, or home. you could just steal from the Spanish. These pIots are getting more serious. Cecil and Secretary of State Sir Francis The Spanish were sitting on gold and silver mines in their colonies in South Walsingham decide to play dirty. Mary is kept in ever-closer confinement in America, so sea dogs like John Hawkins and Francis Drake simply sailed to England, and they keep a dose watch on her. In particular, they read ali her the Spanish colonies, opened fire, took what they could, and ran - and very letters, especially the secret ones hidden in kegs of ale - which reveal that wealthy this enterprise made them. Drake even sailed ali the way round the she is up to her neck in the Babington Plot. worid to show the Spanish that they could run from him, but they couldn't hide. Hawkins found a nice lucrative market supplying the Spanish colonies with African siaves. Ali this experience was to be very usefui for the English lhe Babinçton Plot (1586) and the end of Marif when Spain decided to turn the tables and attack England. Catholic Anthony Babington piotted to murder Elizabeth, and he got Mary, Queen of Scots, to agree to it. Thafs when Cecil and Walsingham, who'd been By 1588, King Philip II of Spain had had enough. Not only were Drake and reading Mary's correspondence, decided to pounce. They had Mary just Hawkins and Co. attacking his ships, but Elizabeth was knighting them for it. where they wanted her It was time to teach England a lesson once and for ali. And so Philip put together the largest fleet in history, the Great Armada, and sent it against England. And it was a total disaster. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 REVISION SHEET Key Topic 1
    Early Elizabethan England, 1558-88 REVISION SHEET Key topic 1: Queen, government and religion, 1558-69 Society Government Hierarchy in countryside Hierarchy in towns Court – Noblemen who advised 1. Nobility 1. Merchants the queen 2. Gentry 2. Professionals Parliament – Houses of Lords 3. Yeomen 3. Business owners and Commons. Advised 4. Tenant farmers 4. Skilled craftsmen Elizabeth’s government 5. Landless and working poor 5. Unskilled workers Privy Council – Nobles who 6. Homeless and beggars 6. Unemployed helped govern the country Elizabeth’s problems when she became queen in 1558: She was young and inexperienced. She was Protestant so not supported by English Catholics. Many people (especially Catholics) thought she was illegitimate and had no right to the throne. She was unmarried. Financial weaknesses – The Crown (government) was £300,000 in debt. Mary I had sold off Crown lands (making it hard for Elizabeth to raise money) and borrowed from foreign countries (who charged high interest rates). Challenges from abroad – France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries and believed Mary, Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the throne of England than Elizabeth. France and Scotland were old allies. Elizabeth’s character – She was very well educated, confident and charismatic. She believed in her divine right to rule. She had an excellent understanding of politics. She was strong willed and stubborn. Religious Divisions in 1558 Catholic Protestant Puritan Pope is head of the church No pope Very strict Protestants Priests can forgive sins Only God can forgive sins (shared many beliefs but Bread and wine become the body and Bread and wine represent the body and more extreme, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Troubles at Home and Abroad
    Troubles at home and abroad Key terms: Elizabeth’s posion was always very vulnerable and her instability was Why was Elizabeth’s excommunicaon a CALVINIST ‐ Protestants who followed the closely ed up with religious disagreements. For some, Elizabeth was an turning point? teachings of John Calvin illegimate HERETIC who had no right to be Queen of England. She man‐ Elizabeth was declared a herec. The bull aged to antagonise both Catholics and Protestants at home. Meanwhile, CHAPLAIN—a clergyman aached to the released Elizabeth’s subjects from allegiance dangerous plots constantly revolved around her Catholic cousin, Mary, private chapel of a prominent person to her—they no longer obeyed her. It en‐ Queen of Scots. Eventually, the momentous decision was taken to have couraged Catholic states, such as France and EPISCOPAL—a Church hierarchy struc‐ Mary executed. In 1588, in the aermath of Mary’s dramac death, the Spain to believe they could wage a holy war tured around bishops. Spanish launched their famous Armada, which threatened to destroy Eliza‐ on England. It encouraged further plots HERETIC—a person who did not follow the beth and England forever. Elizabeth’s posion as Queen was therefore against Elizabeth, centred around Mary official religion of the country. always fragile. Queen of Scots. It also led to more severe HUGUENOT—A French Protestant. They treatment of English Catholics. suffered severe persecuon and many fled Why was Mary Queen of Scots arrival in to England. Key individuals: England so important? JESUIT—Roman Catholic missionary Mary, Queen of Scots –Henry VIIs great– granddaughter, Elizabeth’s It led to the following plots: priests second cousin, Catholic and with a strong claim to the throne.
    [Show full text]
  • William Herle and the English Secret Service
    William Herle and the English Secret Service Michael Patrick Gill A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Victoria University of Wellington 2010 ii Table of Contents Abstract iii Abbreviations iv Transcription Policy and Note on Dates v Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 Chapter I: Herle‘s Early Life 12 Chapter II: The Ridolfi Plot 40 Chapter III: Contrasts in Patronage 65 Chapter IV: Herle in the Netherlands 97 Chapter V: the End of Herle‘s Career 112 Conclusion 139 Bibliography 145 iii Abstract This thesis examines William Herle‘s life through his surviving letters to William Cecil, Lord Burghley, and other Elizabethan Privy Councillors. It emphasises the centrality of the Elizabethan patronage system to Herle‘s life, describing how his ties to Cecil helped Herle escape prison, avoid his creditors, and gain recompense for his service to Elizabeth. In exchange for Cecil‘s protection, Herle became deeply involved in Elizabethan intelligence networks, both domestic and foreign, throughout the 1570s and 1580s. Herle helped uncover plots against Elizabeth, passed vital information about events in the Spanish Netherlands back to England, and provided analyses of English foreign policy for his superiors. Despite his vital role, Herle never experienced true success, and died deeply in debt and abandoned by his patrons. Herle‘s life allows us wider insights into Elizabethan government and society. His experiences emphasises the inefficient nature of the Tudor foreign service, which utilised untrained diplomats who gained their position through political connections and were left to pay their own way through taking out loans they had little hope of repaying.
    [Show full text]
  • The Catholic Plots Early Life 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600
    Elizabethan England: Part 1 – Elizabeth’s Court and Parliament Family History Who had power in Elizabethan England? Elizabeth’s Court Marriage The Virgin Queen Why did Parliament pressure Elizabeth to marry? Reasons Elizabeth chose Group Responsibilities No. of people: not to marry: Parliament Groups of people in the Royal What did Elizabeth do in response by 1566? Who was Elizabeth’s father and Court: mother? What happened to Peter Wentworth? Council Privy What happened to Elizabeth’s William Cecil mother? Key details: Elizabeth’s Suitors Lieutenants Robert Dudley Francis Duke of Anjou King Philip II of Spain Who was Elizabeth’s brother? Lord (Earl of Leicester) Name: Key details: Key details: Key details: Religion: Francis Walsingham: Key details: Who was Elizabeth’s sister? Justices of Name: Peace Nickname: Religion: Early Life 1560 1570 1580 1590 1600 Childhood 1569 1571 1583 1601 Preparation for life in the Royal The Northern Rebellion The Ridolfi Plot The Throckmorton Plot Essex’s Rebellion Court: Key conspirators: Key conspirators: Key conspirators: Key people: Date of coronation: The plan: The plan: The plan: What happened? Age: Key issues faced by Elizabeth: Key events: Key events: Key events: What did Elizabeth show in her response to Essex? The Catholic Plots Elizabethan England: Part 2 – Life in Elizabethan Times Elizabethan Society God The Elizabethan Theatre The Age of Discovery Key people and groups: New Companies: New Technology: What was the ‘Great Chain of Being’? Key details: Explorers and Privateers Francis Drake John Hawkins Walter Raleigh Peasants Position Income Details Nobility Reasons for opposition to the theatre: Gentry 1577‐1580 1585 1596 1599 Drake Raleigh colonises ‘Virginia’ in Raleigh attacks The Globe Circumnavigation North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88
    Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 Number of I need to … Prove it! Marks Write 4 paragraphs. Use the examples given in the bullet points and an example from your own knowledge. Always Q1 The threat of invasion was Elizabeth’s main problem when she became queen explain how each example you write about agrees or disagrees with the statement in the question. End with a in 1558.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. You must use the conclusion. following in your answer 20 40%- First paragraph. Describe how the example in the first bullet point agrees/disagrees with the France and Spain (16 for Q statement. Explain how the example proves the statement is correct/incorrect The legitimacy of Elizabeth’s succession You must also use information of your own. [16 marks] + 4 for On the one hand, I agree with the statement that the threat of invasion was Elizabeth’s main threat SPaG) when she became queen in 1558. For example there was the threat of invasion from France and Spain More Q2.The threat from the Northern Earls 1569, was the most problematic revolt specifically, Mary Queen of Scots was married to the French King and there were French soldiers in Scotland who Elizabeth faced 1569-86.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer. might invade. +Another example was that King Philip of Spain had promised to protect all Europe’s Catholics if You may use the following in your answer: • Babington Elizabeth made England protestant he might invade. This was a threat because France and Spain were both • Ridolfi very powerful countries and an invasion could result I Elizabeth being overthrown and even killed.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Elizabethan England Revision Booklet NAME:______
    Early Elizabethan England Revision Booklet NAME:____________ Contents Tick when complete Topic 1 • How did Elizabeth’s Early Life affect her later decisions? p 2-3 What were the • What were the threats to Elizabeth’s succession? P 3-5 early threats to • How did Elizabeth govern? P6 Elizabeth’s reign? • What was the Religious Settlement? 7-10 • How serious was the Puritan Challenge? P 11-12 • Why was Mary Queen of Scots a Threat 1858-1868? p 12-13 • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 14 Topic 2 • What were the causes of the Revolt of the Northern Earls p15-16 What were the Catholic • Which Plot was the greatest threat to Elizabeth? P 17-19 Plots that threatened • Why was Mary Queen of Scots executed in 1587? P20-21 Elizabeth? Why did England go to War with • Why did England go to war with Spain in 1585? p22-24 Spain in 1585? Why was • Why was the Spanish Armada defeated in 1588? p24-26 the Armada defeated in • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 27 1588? Topic 3 • Why did poverty increase in Elizabethan England? p28-29 Elizabethan Society in • Why were Elizabethans so scared of Vagabonds? p30-33 the Age of exploration • Why did Drake and Raleigh go on voyages around the world and what did they discover? p33-36 • Why did the Virginia colonies fail? p37-40 • Was there a Golden Age for all Elizabethans? P41-43 • Knowledge and Exam Question Checklist p 44 Quizzes • Topic 1 p 45-46 • Topic 2 p 47-48 • Topic 3 p 49-50 Learning Ladder • 16 mark p 51 • 12 mark p 52 • 4 mark p 53 1 Topic 1 pages 2-14 How did Elizabeth’s Early Life affect her later decisions? 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Elizabethan England 1558-88. (Paper 2) Model Answer Work Booklet
    Elizabethan England 1558‐88. (Paper 2) Model Answer work booklet. 1 Question 5a Describe two features of ‐‐‐‐ (4 marks) 5 minutes? Model Answers Example 1... Describe two key features of the plots against Elizabeth from 1571 to 1587. (4 marks) One feature of the Throckmorton plot of 1583 was that it planned for the French Duke of Guise, Mary Queen of Scots’ cousin to invade England. This would lead to the overthrow of Elizabeth and the restoration of the Catholic Church as England’s official religion. Another feature of the Babington Plot of 1586 was that English Catholics would rise up and rebel against Elizabeth. With support from the Pope they would kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Queen of Scots who many Catholics saw as a more legitimate monarch. There are clearly two very specific features Each of the features are further developed or identified. explained briefly. Example 2... Describe two features of Mary Queen of Scots’ threat to Elizabeth I. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the English throne than Elizabeth I. Some Catholics especially thought that Elizabeth was illegitimate and should not be Queen of England whereas Mary was a real Queen. There were several Roman Catholic plots to put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne. The Ridolfi plot of 1571 was a real threat to Elizabeth and Catholics tried to use Mary Queen of Scots as a possible replacement to Elizabeth; which made the plots a real threat to her. There are clearly two very specific features Each of the features are further developed or identified.
    [Show full text]
  • What Was the Threat to Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I’S Life Was Constantly in Danger
    What Was the Threat to Elizabeth I? Elizabeth I’s life was constantly in danger. Without an heir, the throne could easily be snatched by an assassin’s knife and taken by Elizabeth’s Catholic cousin Mary Queen of Scots. There were hundreds of attempts and plots on Elizabeth’s life, below are just some of them. Can you determine the key characteristics of these threats and if there are any common themes? Somerville John Somerville was a Catholic from Warwickshire. He had been stirred up Barge Incident by anti-Elizabeth propaganda created and distributed by a growing Jesuit Elizabeth was nearly assassinated whilst travelling on a barge on the river (Catholic) presence in the country. Thames in London in 1571. Somerville wanted to “see her head on a pole, for she was a serpent and a One of her guards was shot with the arrow and she promised him he would viper” and boasted of his intent publicly. want for nothing as he had saved her life. Somerville was tracked down, arrested and sentenced to death in 1583. Northern Uprising Ridolfi Plot This was an unsuccessful uprising in 1569 of many Catholic Lords from the Roberto Ridolfi was a Florentine banker and an agent of the Pope’s. He acted as North of England to rise up against Queen Elizabeth with Mary Queen of Scots. a go-between for Spain and the Duke of Norfolk. The Duke of Norfolk aimed to marry Mary Queen of Scots, assassinate Queen Elizabeth and put Mary on the The uprising was quashed by Elizabeth’s many troops, but some leaders escaped throne as Catholic Queen.
    [Show full text]
  • Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England, 1558-1588
    Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England, 1558-1588 Name: ___________________ Every week, you MUST bring this booklet to your lessons. 1 CONTENTS Topic area Knowledge Organiser Topic Overview P. 3 Key words P. 4-6 Elizabethan England Context P. 7-8 Problems faced by Elizabeth as Queen P. 9 Elizabethan Society and Government P. 10-11 The Religious Settlement, 1559 P. 12 Challenges to the Settlement P. 13-14 Mary, Queen of Scots P. 15 Catholic Plots P. 16 Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots P. 17 Foreign Policy and Relations with Spain P. 18 The Netherlands P. 19 Spanish Armada: Causes P. 20 Spanish Armada: Events P. 21 Early Elizabethan England Elizabethan Early Spanish Armada: Consequences P. 22 Education P. 23 Sports and Pastimes P. 24 Poverty P. 25 Exploration P. 26 Virginia P. 27 2 Topic Overview Queen, government and religion, 1558-69 The situation on Elizabeth’s accession: • Elizabethan England in 1558: society and government • The Virgin Queen: the problem of her legitimacy, gender, marriage. Her character and strengths. • Challenges at home and from abroad: the French threat, financial weaknesses. The “settlement” of religion: • Religious divisions in England in 1558. • Elizabeth’s religious settlement (1559): its features and impact. • The Church of England: its role in society. Challenge to the religious settlement: • The Puritan challenge: nature and extent • The Catholic challenge: the role of the nobility, Papacy and foreign powers. The problem of Mary, Queen of Scots: • Mary, Queen of Scots: her claim to the English throne and her arrival in England in 1568. • Relations between Elizabeth and Mary, 1568-69.
    [Show full text]
  • John Prestall: a Complex Relationship with the Elizabethan Regime
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ResearchArchive at Victoria University of Wellington John Prestall: A Complex Relationship with the Elizabethan Regime. Michael J. Devine A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Victoria University of Wellington 2009. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks must first go to my supervisor Glyn Parry for his wisdom and generosity in introducing me to John Prestall. Without Glyn‘s invaluable advice and guidance this thesis would not have been completed. Thanks also to my fellow history postgraduate students James Campbell, Malcolm Craig, Michael Gill, Nick Radburn and Sam Ritchie for providing advice and their invaluable friendship. I am grateful to Victoria University‘s History Department for providing a comfortable and accommodating working environment and the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences for awarding me a grant to present a paper at the Seventh Australia New Zealand Association of Medieval and Early Modern Studies (ANZAMEMS) conference in Hobart, Australia. Special thanks must go to my parents Kate and Kieran for reading my work and also too my siblings Hilary, Erica and Peter for their encouragement and support throughout my Masters. ii ABSTRACT This thesis is the biography of John Prestall (c.1527-c.1598) an unsavoury, nefarious, spendthrift, Catholic gentleman from Elizabethan England. A conspirator, opportunist informer, occult conjurer, conman and alchemist, Prestall‘s biography provides an alternative perspective from which to view Elizabethan history, exposing the dark fringe of the Elizabethan Court and the murky political underworld it attracted.
    [Show full text]
  • Aristocratic Women at the Late Elizabethan Court: Politics, Patronage and Power
    Aristocratic Women at the Late Elizabethan Court: Politics, Patronage and Power Joanne Lee Hocking School of Humanities, Department of History University of Adelaide November 2015 Table of Contents Abstract i Thesis declaration iii Acknowledgments iv List of Abbreviations v Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 The Political Context, 1580-1603 28 Chapter 3 The Politics of Female Agency: 54 Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick Chapter 4 The Politics of Family and Faction: 132 Anne, Lady Bacon and Elizabeth, Lady Russell Chapter 5 The Politics of Favour: the Essex Women 195 Chapter 6 Conclusion 265 Appendices Appendix A – the Russell family 273 Appendix B – the Dudley family 274 Appendix C – the Cooke family 275 Appendix D – the Devereux family 276 Appendix E – Countess of Warwick’s 277 Patronage Network Appendix F –Countess of Warwick’s will 292 Bibliography 305 Abstract This thesis examines the power of aristocratic women in politics and patronage in the final years of the Elizabethan court (1580 to 1603). Substantial archival sources are analysed to evaluate the concepts of female political agency discussed in scholarly literature, including women’s roles in politics, within families, in networks and as part of the court patronage system. A case study methodology is used to examine the lives and careers of specific aristocratic women in three spheres of court politics – the politics of female agency, the politics of family and faction, and the politics of favour. The first case study looks at Elizabeth’s long-serving lady-in-waiting, Anne Dudley, Countess of Warwick, and demonstrates that female political agents harnessed multiple sources of agency to exercise power at court on behalf of dense patronage networks.
    [Show full text]
  • Describe Two Features Of….. (4 Marks) What Sort of Topics Could They Ask You About in This Question
    Describe two features of….. (4 marks) What sort of topics could they ask you about in this question: • Elizabeth’s government • The economy during Elizabeth’s reign • Elizabeth’s Religious Settlement • The Puritan threat to the Settlement • Mary, Queen of Scots’ threat to Elizabeth I • The Revolt of the Northern Earls / the Ridolfi Plot / the Throckmorton Plot / the Babington Plot • Mary Queen of Scots’ captivity in England. • Mary Queen of Scots’ death • The worsening relationship between England and Spain • Elizabeth’s support for Dutch rebels • Robert Dudley’s army in the Netherlands • Drake’s Cadiz raid in 1587 • The journey of the Armada • The Elizabethan education system • Elizabethan pastimes for the rich / poor • Elizabethan theatres • Elizabethan poor relief action • Francis Drake’s career • The first English colony in Roanoke TIPS: This is a 5 minute question.. It really is 4 good sentences. State the first feature / provide accurate supporting detail State the second feature / provide accurate supporting detail Explain why (give reasons for something)….. - use the bullet points and your own knowledge (12 marks) What sort of topics could they ask you about in this question: Explain why the Catholic threat to Elizabeth I increased after 1566? • The Dutch Revolt • Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568 Explain why Philip II launched the Armada against England in 1588. • Mary, Queen of Scots was executed in 1587 • Elizabeth’s support to Dutch Protestants Explain why the Spanish Armada failed to depose Elizabeth and impose a new Catholic government in England. • Poor communication • English naval tactics Explain why the attempt to colonise Virginia in 1585-86 was a failure.
    [Show full text]