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Armed Forces and National Development in the Case of the Republic of Indonesia

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Armed Forces and National Development in the Case of the Republic of Indonesia Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive DSpace Repository Theses and Dissertations 1. Thesis and Dissertation Collection, all items 1990-03 Armed forces and national development in the case of the Republic of Indonesia Sukirno Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/30723 Downloaded from NPS Archive: Calhoun TIC FILE COPY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California 000 IDTIC ELECTE THESIS ARMED FORCES AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA by Sukirno March, 1990 Thesis Advisor: R. A. McGonigal Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 4.] Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE la. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION l b RESTRICTIVE MARKINGS UNCLASSIFIED 2a. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY 3 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF REPORT Approve for Public Release; distribution is unlimited 2b. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 5 MONITORING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER(S) 6a NAME OF PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 6b. OFFICE SYMBOL 7a. NAME OF MONITORING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School (If applicable) Naval Postgraduate School 6c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 7b ADDRE.S (City, State, and ZIP Code) Monterey, CA 93943-5000 Monterey, CA 93943-5000 8a. NAME OF FUNDING/SPONSORING 8b. OFFICE SYMBOL 9 PROCUREMENT INSTRUMENT IDENTIFICATION NUMBER ORGANIZATION (If applicable) 8c. ADDRESS (City, State, and ZIP Code) 10 SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PtoyrJrn emen I NC. Pr~leA NJ ', , N. .' t ' tt &c~so 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) Armed Forces and National Development, in the case of the Republic of Indonesia. 12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S) Sukirno 13a. TYPE OF REPORT 13b TIME COVERED 14 DATE OF REPORT (year, month, day) 15 PAGE COUNT Master's Thesis From To March, 1990 65 .16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government.6 17. COSATI CODES 1B. SUBJECT TERMS (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) FIELD GROUP SUBGROUP Republic of Indonesia, National Development, Armed Forces. 19 ABSTRACT (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) As a modern organization, the military becomes aware of the need for transition and it often becomes an agent of change for society. In the context of national development the military represents a major institution in the country of Indonesia. Its enormouse size has made it the most powerful and well organized group within Indonesian society imparting modern values to the still traditional milieu. Thus the Indonesian Armed Forces have a double function of playing a central role of contributing to the nation's deelopment, first as a defense and security force and secondly as a socio-political force. The Indonesian Armd Forces as a modern institution have significantly contributed to the development of the republic of Indonesia. This thesis will contribute toward a better understanding of the role of the armed forces and their contribution t National Development. 20. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF ABSTRACT 21 ABSTRACT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION [ UP4CLASSIFIEDILNLIMI TED 3 SjAME AS REPORT [3DrIC USERS Unclassified 22a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE INDIVIDUAL 22b TELEPHONE (Include Area code) 22c. OFFICE SYMBOL R. A. McGonigal (408) 646-2755 54 M b DO FORM 1473, 84 MAR 83 APR edition may be used until exhausted SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE All other editions are ulve UNCLASSIFIED Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Armed Forces and National Development in the case of the Republic of Indonesia by Sukino Commander, Indonesian Navy B.S., University of Indonesia Submitted in partial fu.311ment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL March 1 . Author _____ Sukirno Approved by: R. A. McGonigal, Theis Avisor Alice Crawford, Second Reader Department of Administrative Scienc V ABSTRACT As a modem organization, the military becomes aware of the need for transition and it often becomes an agent of change for society. In the context of national development the military represents a major institution in the country of Indonesia To.! enormous size has made it the most powerful and well-organized group within Indonesian society, imparting modem values to the still traditional milieu. Thus, the Indonesian Armed Forces have a double function of playing a central role of contributing to the nation's development, first, as a defense and security force and secondly, as a socio-political force. The Indonesian Armed Forces as a modem institution has significantly contributed to the development of the Republic of Indonesia. This thesis will contribute toward a better understanding of the role of the armed forces and their contribution to national development. Acoogg~on For~ NTIS GRA&I DTIC TAB 5 Unannounced 5 RfPE8, Justification By- Distribution Availability Codes ---- Ava il and/or1 LIDiet Speoiel °oIl TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION .................................... 1 II. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ............................. 4 A. BASIC ASSETS .................................. 6 B. THE ARCHIPELAGIC CONCEPT ...................... 7 C. THE PATTERN OF LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT ........... 8 D. THE DIRECTION OF LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT ........... 9 E. THE TARGETS OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ............. 9 Ill. THE HISTORY OF THE INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES .......... 13 A. THE PRE-NATIONAL PERIOD (1800-1908) ................. 13 B. THE NATIONAL REAWAKENING PERIOD (1908-1945) ........ 15 C. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (1945-1949) ........ 17 D. THE LIBERAL PERIOD (1950-1959) .................... 20 E. THE GUIDED DEMOCRACY PERIOD (1959-1965) ........... 21 F. THE NEW ORDER PERIOD (1965- ) ................... 22 IV. THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY ................... 23 A. THE BASIC TASK OF THE STATE DEFENSE AND SECURITY . 24 B. THE NATIONAL DEFENSE AND SECURITY POLICY ......... 25 iv C. TOTAL DEFENSE SYSTEM ......................... 25 D. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE DEFENSE AND SECURITY ..................................... 27 V. THE DUAL FUNCTION OF INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES ....... 29 A. THE BASIC PHILOSOPHY .......................... 31 B. THE ABRI AND SOCIETY .......................... 33 C. THE ABRI AND POLITICS .......................... 35 D. ABRI AND FOREIGN POLICY ....................... 37 E. ABRI AND THE ECONOMY ......................... 37 F. THE ABRI AS DEFENSE AND SECURITY ................. 38 VI. THE INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES CIVIC MISSION ............ 43 A. THE CIVIC MISSION .............................. 43 1. Civic Mission of the Army ........................ 43 2. Civic mission of the Navy ........................ 44 3. Civic mission of the Air Force ..................... 44 4. Civic Mission of POLRI ......................... 45 B. RURAL DEVELOPMENT ........................... 45 C. GAINS OF ABRI's CIVIC MISSION .................... 47 1. In support of Agriculture ......................... 47 2. In support of the family welfare ..................... 48 3. In support of the preservation of the living environment ..... 48 V 4. in support of the public utility ...................... 48 5. In support of the transmigration ........................ 48 VII. THE OPINION YOUNGER GENERATION OF ABRI ............. 50 VIII. CONCLUSION ..................................... 51 A. THE PROSPECT OF THE INDONESIAN ARMED FORCES IN THE FUTURE ...................................... 53 APPEND IX ........................................... 54 LIST OF REFERENCES ................................... 56 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION .................................. 58 vi I. INTRODUCTION In many of the new countries that have emerged in the recent era of de- colonization, the military plays a vital role. As a revolutionary force it has contributed to the disintegration of traditional political order. As a stabilizing force it has kept some countries from falling prey to communist rule. As a modernizing force it has championed the middle-class aspirations of popular demands for socidl change, and has provided administrative and technological skills to the civilian sector of countries in which such skills are scarce [Ref. 1]. Military intervention in politics has been a general trend in developing countries since the 1960's. Contributions of the military forces to these countries have resulted in a mixed record. In Burma, prior to the spring of 1958, the civilian government was fractionalized and beginning to crumble. Various groups within the ruling party had created autonomous power bases. A falling out among top leaders of the party threatened to result in the disintegration of every important institution in the land. Only the Army remained united and its intervention and seizure of power in 1958 saved the nation from collapse. Subsequently, the Burmese army manifested entrepreneurial traits over a wide range of activities, from the economic sphere to the political, and to a lesser extent the educational and social spheres. There was a marked improvement in efficiency in public administration. Authority also became far more regulated and predictable. The Nationalist Chinese Army's (KMT) presence on Taiwan preceded the country's defeat by the Chinese Communists in 1949. There, the KMT reestablished the Government of the Republic of China with its capital at Taipei. The immediate problem for the KMT was not the recapture of the mainland, but the
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