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Ta Xketaj Ronojel Juyub' Taq'aj Ta Xkikoj Pu Retal

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Ta Xketaj Ronojel Juyub' Taq'aj Ta Xkikoj Pu Retal UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA ÁREA DE HISTORIA Ta xketaj ronojel juyub’ taq’aj Ta xkikoj pu retal … Cuando midieron todos los cerros y valles y cuando pusieron los mojones. Una historia de las disputas territoriales entre parcialidades de Sacapulas 1750-1820. TESIS Presentada por: Jorge Eduardo Santiago Matías. Previo a conferírsele el título de HISTORIADOR En el grado académico de LICENCIADO Nueva Guatemala de la Asunción Guatemala, C.A. Octubre de 2016 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA AUTORIDADES UNIVERSITARIAS RECTOR: Dr. Carlos Guillermo Alvarado Cerezo SECRETARIO: Dr. Carlos Enrique Camey Rodas AUTORIDADES DE LA ESCUELA DE HISTORIA DIRECTORA: Dra. Artemis Torres Valenzuela SECRETARIA: Licda. Olga Pérez CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DIRECTORA: Dra. Artemis Torres Valenzuela SECRETARIA: Licda. Olga Pérez Vocal Dra. Tania Sagastume Paiz Vocal Licda. Lizeth Jiménez Chacón Vocal Mtra. Sonia Medrano Vocal Est. Mónica Melissa Aracely Castro Illescas Vocal Est. Alicia Maria Castro Aldana COMITÉ DE TESIS Dr. Edgar Arturo Esquit Choy Mtro. Héctor Concohá Lic. Joel Hernández DEDICATORIA A la memoria de Ojër Winaq Aj Tujaal –gente de antes de Sacapulas-, por mantener su Ojër Tz’iij –antigua palabra- y sus múltiples formas de resistencia, reinventándose en esos complejos entramados de la historia. Dejándonos ese legado a sus descendientes, para comprender nuestro origen y pasado en tiempos de calma y disputa. Al abuelo Antonio Matías Galindo, fue trabajador del campo, comerciante, un conversador y lector apasionado que no asistió a la escuela, a quien recordaré con estas letras: Allí entre el valle y la montaña dejaste tus huellas Adornaste los campos de flores y maizales Tus manos, tus labios me enseñaron los ritmos del tiempo Tus caminos dibujaron historias, ahora eres viento. A mi madre Alejandra Matías López, por ser ejemplo de lucha. Que con su rebeldía desafió al patriarcado, con ello nos construyó camino, nos devolvió la esperanza. A Silvia Tecún León, por ser ese soporte de vida. Que en los momentos que abandoné el proyecto, su ternura y apoyo logró encauzar. A Sergio Antonio Santiago Matías, que en estas letras de la historia, encuentres nuestras memorias de la niñez en ese pueblo que tanto amamos. En especial para Alejandro Santiago Tecún, hijo por todas esas veces que me preguntabas ¿cuándo iba a terminar la tesis? Porque te estaba robando el tiempo. También para ese momento de tus preguntas sobre tu origen, ojalá encuentres acá alguna respuesta. A Juana, a los compas por su apoyo incondicional. AGRADECIMIENTOS Al fondo de Becas para Jóvenes Indígenas de Guatemala, por su apoyo en su convocatoria 2015, con sede en la Asociación para el Avance de las Ciencias Sociales en Guatemala –AVANCSO- A las compañeras/os del Colectivo de Estudiantes Universitarios Indígenas –JADE-, así como al Movimiento de Estudiantes Mayas - Maya' Moloj Tijoxela'- por ser mi otra escuela de formación académica y política. A los compañeros/as del Programa de Estudios sobre Educación, de la Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales –Flacso-, por su apoyo y comprensión en mis ausencias. Nosotros hijos del pueblo de Santo Domingo Sacapulas […] […] como teniendo desde nuestros antepasados nuestras tierras en que sembramos […] AGCA. Signatura A3, Legajo 2819, Expediente 40918, Folio 3. Algunas veces cercamos los odios y despojos Los hicimos caer en hoyos de estacas Otras veces los ahogamos en noches tristes. Otras veces nos convertimos en serpientes emplumadas Durante 28 días definimos y reafirmamos el tinamit Otras veces nos declaramos Papa y Reyes de España Fuimos la virgen en María de la Candelaria Algunas veces expulsamos y decapitamos sacerdotes, frailes Otras veces los engañamos, con nuestro falso culto. A veces somos hombres sol, volando entre nueves en el palo volador Los 21 de diciembre en Chichicastenango y 21 Julio en Cubulco A veces somos Adelina Caal Maquín A veces somos hombres y mujeres con pasamontañas Con una marcha en silencio A veces somos murciélago danzante Algunas veces fuimos María Uicab Prolongamos la guerra en Yucatán A veces somos la marcha indígena y campesina. A veces somos Kaji Imox A veces somos Crisanta Pérez A veces somos 48 cantones A veces nos amotinamos contra tantos cabrones A veces somos Miriam Pixtum A veces somos Rigoberto Juárez A veces somos el Consejo de Pueblos de Occidente Somos eso y mucho más, siempre estamos presente Jorge Matías Octubre 2012 “Los autores serán responsables de las opiniones o criterios expresados en su obra”. Capítulo V, Arto. 11 del Reglamento del Consejo Editorial de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala. Índice Capítulo I .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Aj Tujaal y la hegemonía K’iche antes del K’jab Kat. ................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introducción. ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 La relación espacial y social. ........................................................................................................... 2 1.3 La hegemonía k’iche. ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.4 La llegada desde los cuatrocientos templos y las cuatrocientas ceibas –Omuch Inup Omuch Kaqja. .................................................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Los linajes y los centros de poder –X’alchuun, Chu’Tinimeet, Chu´taxtyoox, X’alpoqool, Pacot-. ............................................................................................................................................................ 17 1.5.1 X’alchuun. .............................................................................................................................. 20 1.5.2 Chu’Tinimeet. ........................................................................................................................ 21 1.5.3 Chu´taxtyoox. ........................................................................................................................ 22 1.5.4 X’alpoqool. ............................................................................................................................ 23 1.6 Xupej (Sal Negra). ......................................................................................................................... 26 1.7 Relación con los pueblos del altiplano en el post clásico............................................................. 29 1.8 A manera de conclusiones. .......................................................................................................... 31 Capitulo II ............................................................................................................................................... 32 El sistema colonial y la creación de Sacapulas. ...................................................................................... 32 2.1 Introducción. ................................................................................................................................ 32 2.2 Las parcialidades, la reducción. .................................................................................................... 33 2.3 La creación del pueblo de indios de Santo Domingo Sacapulas. ................................................. 37 2.4 La penetración y la expansión de Dios desde Sacapulas.............................................................. 47 2.5 El Tributo de las parcialidades de Sacapulas. ............................................................................... 58 2.6 A manera de conclusiones. .......................................................................................................... 64 Capítulo III .............................................................................................................................................. 65 La situación de Sacapulas en los últimos años de la colonización. ........................................................ 65 3.1 Introducción. ................................................................................................................................ 65 3.2 La última etapa colonial. .............................................................................................................. 65 3.3 La crisis de arriba. ......................................................................................................................... 68 3.4 La cuestión demográfica, las epidemias y los procesos migratorios en Sacapulas. ..................... 74 3.5 El asunto del tributo y un descontento generalizado, sus efectos en Sacapulas. ....................... 84 3. 6 A manera de conclusiones. ......................................................................................................... 90 Capitulo IV .............................................................................................................................................. 91 Los conflictos por la tierra en Sacapulas. ............................................................................................... 91 4.1 Introducción. ................................................................................................................................ 91 4.2 Una lucha antigua por la tierra entre
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