Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001

“Riches don't make a man rich, they only make him busier.” ~ Christopher Columbus 001 ~ Ok "Kekayaan tidak membuat seorang manusia kaya, mereka hanya membuatnya lebih sibuk." ~ Christopher Columbus 001 ~ Ok Apakah Anda sudah kaya saat ini? Atau setidaknya Anda sudah merasa kaya dengan harta benda dan jabatan yang Anda punya saat ini? Apakah kekayaan harta menjadi obsesi Anda sejak dahulu kala? Apakah Anda hadir ke dunia ini sekadar menumpuk kekayaan agar dipandang tinggi oleh orang lain? Benarkah kekayaan membuat seseorang benar-benar kaya? Ternyata tidak demikian! Seperti yang pernah disampaikan Christopher Columbus, seorang explorer, navigator, dan colonizer berkebangsaan Italia, hidup dalam rentang tahun 1451-1506 (54 tahun), melalui quote-nya, “Riches don't make a man rich, they only make him busier.” Secara bebas diterjemahkan, “Kekayaan tidak membuat seorang manusia kaya, mereka hanya membuatnya lebih sibuk.” Lihatlah orang yang memiliki ‘banyak’! Dia menjadi terlihat sangat sibuk dengan aktivitasnya. Seolah- olah waktu 24 jam tidak cukup baginya. Ketika ia memiliki perusahaan dengan aset puluhan, ratusan miliar bahkan triliunan, ia terlihat semakin sibuk. Untuk bertemu saudara dan teman lama pun ia tidak sempat. Bahkan, baginya waktu untuk bersosialisasi tidaklah penting dan membebani. Lebih baik terus bekerja dan berpikir bagaimana membangun dan memperbanyak jumlah aset agar semakin kaya. Kekayaan harta benda tidak membuat seseorang benar-benar menjadi kaya. Justru orang -orang kaya hati dan nurani, yang seringkali dipandang ‘rendah’ oleh orang-orang yang berpikir kaya harus dari harta, masih memiliki waktu atau bahkan menyediakan waktu untuk sesamanya.

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 1 Mereka menyadari bahwa pertemanan, persaudaraan, pertemuan dengan orang baru merupakan kekayaan sesungguhnya. Mereka memiliki tawa dan canda. Tidak mengukur segala sesuatu dengan harta benda. Merekalah yang empunya sorga di dunia, demikian juga sorga di kehidupan selanjutnya. Sementara bagi pengumpul kekayaan, mereka menemukan sorga mereka di dunia. Itulah sebabnya, mereka semakin sibuk dan tidak memiliki waktu luang untuk berinteraksi dengan makhluk sosial lain. Sebagian besar pertemuan, mereka delegasikan kepada karyawannya. Sementara mereka?! Semakin sibuk dengan kesibukannya. Apakah Anda sudah benar-benar kaya? Anda dapat menjawabnya melalui pengamatan dan perasaan seberapa sibuk Anda dibuatnya. Indonesia, 9 Oktober 2019 Riset Corporation --- Christopher Columbus Biography Explorer (c. 1451–1506) Famed Italian explorer Christopher Columbus discovered the "New World" of the Americas on an expedition sponsored by King Ferdinand of Spain in 1492. Who Was Christopher Columbus? Christopher Columbus (c. 1451 to May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator. In 1492, he sailed across the Atlantic from Spain in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña ships alongside, hoping to find a new route to India. Between 1492 and 1504, he made a total of four voyages to the Caribbean and South America and has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization. When Was He Born and Where Was He From? Christopher Columbus was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, or what is now Italy. In his 20s he moved to Lisbon, Portugal, and later resettled in Spain, which remained his home base for the duration of his life. Early Years & First Voyage in the Atlantic Columbus first went to sea as a teenager, participating in several trading voyages in the Mediterranean and Aegean seas. One such voyage, to the island of Khios, in modern day Greece, brought him the closest he would come to Asia. His first voyage into the Atlantic Ocean in 1476 nearly cost him his life as the commercial fleet he was sailing with was attacked by French privateers off the coast of Portugal. His ship was burned and Columbus had to swim to the Portuguese shore. He made his way to Lisbon, Portugal, where he eventually settled and married Felipa Perestrello. The couple had one son, Diego, around 1480. His wife died soon after, and Columbus moved to Spain. He had a second son, Fernando, who was born out of wedlock in 1488 with Beatriz Enriquez de Arana. After participating in several other expeditions to Africa, Columbus gained knowledge of the Atlantic currents flowing east and west from the Canary Islands.

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 2 Columbus’ First Voyage to America: Route and Ships The Asian islands near China and India were fabled for their spices and gold, making them an attractive destination for Europeans. Since Muslim domination of the trade routes through the Middle East made travel eastward difficult, Columbus devised a route to sail west across the Atlantic to reach Asia, believing it would be quicker and safer. He estimated the earth to be a sphere and the distance between the Canary Islands and Japan to be about 2,300 miles. Many contemporary nautical experts disagreed. They adhered to the (now known to be accurate) second-century BC estimate of the Earth's circumference at 25,000 miles, which made the actual distance between the Canary Islands and Japan about 12,200 statute miles. Despite their disagreement with Columbus on matters of distance, they concurred that a westward voyage from Europe would be an uninterrupted water route. WAS COLUMBUS A HERO OR VILLAIN? READ HERE Columbus proposed a three-ship voyage of discovery across the Atlantic first to the Portuguese king, then to Genoa and finally to Venice. He was rejected each time. In 1486, he went to the Spanish monarchy of Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon. Their focus was on a war with the Muslims, and their nautical experts were skeptical, so they initially rejected Columbus. The idea, however, must have intrigued the monarchs, for they kept Columbus on a retainer. Columbus continued to lobby the royal court, and soon after the Spanish army captured the last Muslim stronghold in Granada in January of 1492. Shortly after, the monarchs agreed to finance his expedition. In August of 1492, Columbus left Spain with three ships. He was sailing in the Santa Maria, with the Pinta and the Niña alongside. Where Did Columbus Land? After 36 days of sailing westward across the Atlantic, Columbus and several crewmen set foot on an island in the present day Bahamas, claiming it for Spain. There he encountered a timid but friendly group of natives who were open to trade with the sailors, exchanging glass beads, cotton balls, parrots and spears. The Europeans also noticed bits of gold the natives wore for adornment. Columbus and his men continued their journey, visiting the islands of Cuba (which he thought was mainland China) and Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic, which Columbus thought might be Japan) and meeting with the leaders of the native population. During this time, the Santa Maria was wrecked on a reef off the coast of Hispaniola. With the help of some islanders, Columbus' men salvaged what they could and built the settlement Villa de la Navidad ("Christmas Town") with lumber from the ship. Thirty-nine men stayed behind to occupy the settlement. Convinced his exploration had reached Asia, he set sail for home with the two remaining ships. Returning to Spain in 1493, Columbus gave a glowing, somewhat exaggerated report and was warmly received by the royal court. The Next Three Voyages to the Caribbean and Americas Second voyage In 1493, Columbus took to the seas on his second expedition and explored more islands in the Caribbean Ocean. Upon arrival at Hispaniola, Columbus and his crew discovered the Navidad settlement had been destroyed with all the sailors massacred. Spurning the wishes of the queen, who found slavery offensive, Columbus established a forced labor policy over the native population to rebuild the settlement and explore for gold, believing it would prove to be profitable. His efforts produced small amounts of gold and great hatred among the native population. Before returning to

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 3 Spain, Columbus left his brothers Bartholomew and Diego to govern the settlement on Hispaniola and sailed briefly around the larger Caribbean islands further convincing himself he had discovered the outer islands of China. Third voyage It wasn't until his third voyage that Columbus actually reached the mainland, exploring the Orinoco River in present-day Venezuela. Unfortunately, conditions at the Hispaniola settlement had deteriorated to the point of near-mutiny, with settlers claiming they had been misled by Columbus' claims of riches and complaining about the poor management of his brothers. The Spanish Crown sent a royal official who arrested Columbus and stripped him of his authority. He returned to Spain in chains to face the royal court. The charges were later dropped, but Columbus lost his titles as governor of the Indies and, for a time, much of the riches made during his voyages. Fourth and final voyage Convincing King Ferdinand that one more voyage would bring the abundant riches promised, Columbus went on what would be his last voyage in 1502, traveling along the eastern coast of Central America in an unsuccessful search for a route to the Indian Ocean. A storm wrecked one of his ships stranding the captain and his sailors on the island of Cuba. During this time, local islanders, tired of the Spaniards' poor treatment and obsession with gold, refused to give them food. In a spark of inspiration, Columbus consulted an almanac and devised a plan to "punish" the islanders by taking away the moon. On February 29, 1504, a lunar eclipse alarmed the natives enough to re-establish trade with the Spaniards. A rescue party finally arrived, sent by the royal governor of Hispaniola in July, and Columbus and his men were taken back to Spain in November of 1504. Christopher Columbus’ Death In the two remaining years of his life following his last voyage to the Americas, Columbus struggled to recover his lost titles. Although he did regain some of his riches in May of 1505, his titles were never returned. He died May 20, 1506, still believing he had discovered a shorter route to Asia. A Mixed Legacy Columbus has been credited for opening up the Americas to European colonization as well as blamed for the destruction of the native peoples of the islands he explored. Ultimately, he failed to find that what he set out for: a new route to Asia and the riches it promised. In what is known as the Columbian Exchange, Columbus’ expeditions set in motion the widespread transfer of people, plants, animals, diseases, and cultures that greatly affected nearly every society on the planet. The horse from Europe allowed Native American tribes in the Great Plains of North America to shift from a nomadic to a hunting lifestyle. Wheat from the Old World fast became a main food source for people in the Americas. Coffee from Africa and sugar cane from Asia became major cash crops for Latin American countries. And foods from the Americas, such as potatoes, tomatoes and corn, became staples for Europeans and helped increase their populations. The Exchange also brought new diseases to both hemispheres, though the effects were greatest in the Americas. Smallpox from the Old World decimated millions of the Native American population to mere fractions of their original numbers. This more than any other factor made for European domination of the Americas. The overwhelming benefits of the Exchange went to the Europeans initially and eventually to the rest of the world. The Americas were forever altered and the once vibrant and rich cultures of the Native

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 4 American civilizations were changed and lost, denying the world any complete understanding of their existence. Santa Maria Discovery Claim In May 2014, Christopher Columbus made headlines as news broke that a team of archaeologists may have found the Santa Maria off the north coast of Haiti. Barry Clifford, the leader of this expedition, told the Independent newspaper that "all geographical, underwater topography and archaeological evidence strongly suggests this wreck is Columbus' famous flagship the Santa Maria." After a thorough investigation by the U.N. agency UNESCO, it was determined the wreck dates from a later period and was located too far from shore to be the Santa Maria. Adopted from: https://www.biography.com/people/christopher-columbus-9254209 Christopher Columbus ITALIAN EXPLORER WRITTEN BY: Valerie I.J. Flint Christopher Columbus, Italian Cristoforo Colombo, Spanish Cristóbal Colón, (born between August 26 and October 31?, 1451, Genoa [Italy]—died May 20, 1506, Valladolid, Spain), master navigator and admiralwhose four transatlantic voyages (1492–93, 1493–96, 1498–1500, and 1502–04) opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas. He has long been called the “discoverer” of the New World, although Vikings such as Leif Eriksson had visited North America five centuries earlier. Columbus made his transatlantic voyages under the sponsorship of Ferdinand II and Isabella I, the Catholic Monarchs of Aragon, Castile, and Leon in Spain. He was at first full of hope and ambition, an ambition partly gratified by his title “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” awarded to him in April 1492, and by the grants enrolled in the Book of Privileges (a record of his titles and claims). However, he died a disappointed man. The period between the quatercentenary celebrations of Columbus’s achievements in 1892–93 and the quincentenary ones of 1992 saw great advances in Columbus scholarship. Numerous books about Columbus appeared in the 1990s, and the insights of archaeologists and anthropologists began to complement those of sailors and historians. This effort gave rise to considerable debate. There was also a major shift in approach and interpretation; the older pro-European understanding gave way to one shaped from the perspective of the inhabitants of the Americas themselves. According to the older understanding, the “discovery” of the Americas was a great triumph, one in which Columbus played the part of hero in accomplishing the four voyages, in being the means of bringing great material profit to Spain and to other European countries, and in opening up the Americas to European settlement. The more recent perspective, however, has concentrated on the destructive side of the European conquest, emphasizing, for example, the disastrous impact of the slave trade and the ravages of imported disease on the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean region and the American continents. The sense of triumph has diminished accordingly, and the view of Columbus as hero has now been replaced, for many, by one of a man deeply flawed. While this second perception rarely doubts Columbus’s sincerity or abilities as a navigator, it emphatically removes him from his position of honour. Political activists of all kinds have intervened in the debate, further hindering the reconciliation of these disparate views.

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 5 Life Early career and preparation for the first voyage Little is known of Columbus’s early life. The vast majority of scholars, citing Columbus’s testament of 1498 and archival documents from Genoa and Savona, believe that he was born in Genoa to a Christian household; however, it has been claimed that he was a converted Jew or that he was born in Spain, Portugal, or elsewhere. Columbus was the eldest son of Domenico Colombo, a Genoese wool worker and merchant, and Susanna Fontanarossa, his wife. His career as a seaman began effectively in the Portuguese merchant marine. After surviving a shipwreck off Cape Saint Vincent at the southwestern point of Portugal in 1476, he based himself in Lisbon, together with his brother Bartholomew. Both were employed as chart makers, but Columbus was principally a seagoing entrepreneur. In 1477 he sailed to Iceland and Ireland with the merchant marine, and in 1478 he was buying sugar in Madeira as an agent for the Genoese firm of Centurioni. In 1479 he met and married Felipa Perestrello e Moniz, a member of an impoverished noble Portuguese family. Their son, Diego, was born in 1480. Between 1482 and 1485 Columbus traded along the Guinea and Gold coasts of tropical West Africa and made at least one voyage to the Portuguese fortress of São Jorge da Mina (now Elmina, Ghana) there, gaining knowledge of Portuguese navigation and the Atlantic wind systems along the way. Felipa died in 1485, and Columbus took as his mistress Beatriz Enríquez de Harana of Córdoba, by whom he had his second son, Ferdinand (born c. 1488). In 1484 Columbus began seeking support for an Atlantic crossing from King John II of Portugal but was denied aid. (Some conspiracy theorists have alleged that Columbus made a secret pact with the monarch, but there is no evidence of this.) By 1486 Columbus was firmly in Spain, asking for patronage from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. After at least two rejections, he at last obtained royal support in January 1492. This was achieved chiefly through the interventions of the Spanish treasurer, Luis de Santángel, and of the Franciscan friars of La Rábida, near Huelva, with whom Columbus had stayed in the summer of 1491. Juan Pérez of La Rábida had been one of the queen’s confessors and perhaps procured him the crucial audience. Christian missionary and anti-Islamic fervour, the power of Castile and Aragon, the fear of Portugal, the lust for gold, the desire for adventure, the hope of conquests, and Europe’s genuine need for a reliable supply of herbs and spices for cooking, preserving, and medicine all combined to produce an explosion of energy that launched the first voyage. Columbus had been present at the siege of Granada, which was the last Moorish stronghold to fall to Spain (January 2, 1492), and he was in fact riding back from Granada to La Rábida when he was recalled to the Spanish court and the vital royal audience. Granada’s fall had produced euphoria among Spanish Christians and encouraged designs of ultimate triumph over the Islamic world, albeit chiefly, perhaps, by the back way round the globe. A direct assault eastward could prove difficult, because the Ottoman Empire and other Islamic states in the region had been gaining strength at a pace that was threatening the Christian monarchies themselves. The Islamic powers had effectively closed the land routes to the East and made the sea route south from the Red Sea extremely hard to access. In the letter that prefaces his journal of the first voyage, the admiral vividly evokes his own hopes and binds them all together with the conquest of the infidel, the victory of Christianity, and the westward route to discovery and Christian alliance: …and I saw the Moorish king come out of the gates of the city and kiss the royal hands of Your Highnesses…and Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians…took thought to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the said parts of India, to see those princes and peoples and lands…and the manner which should be used to bring about their conversion to our holy faith, and ordained that I should not go by Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 6 land to the eastward, by which way it was the custom to go, but by way of the west, by which down to this day we do not know certainly that anyone has passed; therefore, having driven out all the Jews from your realms and lordships in the same month of January, Your Highnesses commanded me that, with a sufficient fleet, I should go to the said parts of India, and for this accorded me great rewards and ennobled me so that from that time henceforth I might style myself “Don” and be high admiral of the Ocean Sea and viceroy and perpetual Governor of the islands and continent which I should discover…and that my eldest son should succeed to the same position, and so on from generation to generation forever. Thus a great number of interests were involved in this adventure, which was, in essence, the attempt to find a route to the rich land of Cathay(China), to India, and to the fabled gold and spice islands of the East by sailing westward over what was presumed to be open sea. Columbus himself clearly hoped to rise from his humble beginnings in this way, to accumulate riches for his family, and to join the ranks of the nobility of Spain. In a similar manner, but at a more exalted level, the Catholic Monarchs hoped that such an enterprise would gain them greater status among the monarchies of Europe, especially against their main rival, Portugal. Then, in alliance with the papacy (in this case, with the Borgia pope Alexander VI [1492–1503]), they might hope to take the lead in the Christian war against the infidel. Advertisement At a more elevated level still, Franciscan brethren were preparing for the eventual end of the world, as they believed was prophesied in the Revelation to John. According to that eschatological vision, Christendom would recapture Jerusalem and install a Christian emperor in the Holy Land as a precondition for the coming and defeat of Antichrist, the Christian conversion of the whole human race, and the Last Judgment. Franciscans and others hoped that Columbus’s westward project would help to finance a Crusade to the Holy Land that might even be reinforced by, or coordinated with, offensives from the legendary ruler Prester John, who was thought to survive with his descendants in the lands to the east of the infidel. The emperor of Cathay—whom Europeans referred to as the Great Khan of the Golden Horde—was himself held to be interested in Christianity, and Columbus carefully carried a letter of friendship addressed to him by the Spanish monarchs. Finally, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was known to have pressed southward along the coast of West Africa, beyond São Jorge da Mina, in an effort to find an easterly route to Cathay and India by sea. It would never do to allow the Portuguese to find the sea route first. Adopted from: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christopher-Columbus

Christopher Columbus Biography Christopher Columbus was an explorer, navigator and colonizer who initiated the Spanish colonization of the New World. If you would like to learn more about his profile, childhood, life and timeline, scroll further. Quick Facts Birthday: October 31, 1451 Nationality: Italian Famous: Quotes By Christopher Columbus Poorly Educated Sun Sign: Scorpio Died at Age: 54

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 7 Born In: Genoa, Republic of Genoa Spouse/Ex-: Filipa Moniz Perestrelo (M. 1479–1484) Father: Domenico Colombo Mother: Susanna Fontanarossa Siblings: Bartolomeo, Bianchinetta, Giacomo, Giovanni, Pellegrino Children: Diego Columbus, Ferdinand Columbus Religion: Roman Catholic Died On: May 20, 1506 Place of Death: Valladolid, Crown of Castile There are many explorers who have redefined history, however, there are few who have influenced the very establishment of certain countries. Christopher Columbus is one such historical figure who changed the perception of the American continents for the European countries. Through his four significant voyages he not only discovered new land masses, but also initiated Spanish colonization and the establishment of several new societies. After a lot of struggle to get the support of the Spanish and Portuguese governments, he finally succeeded in getting a grant which funded his travels. He set out to discover Asia for its spices and condiments. However, he ended up discovering Hispaniola. Even though he was not the first to discover America, he did open the gateway between Europe and America and paved the way for the exploration and conquest of America by the Europeans. A strained relationship with the Spanish crown, worked to his disadvantage and he was divested of the Governorship of the island of Hispaniola which he discovered himself. His life was a historical journey, which reflected his adventurous and righteous personality, and earned him a permanent place in the annals of explorations. To learn more interesting information pertaining to this great explorer’s personal life and achievements, continue reading his biography. Childhood & Early Life: • Christopher Columbus was born in a middle-class family in Genoa which is now a part of Italy. His father, Domenico Colombo was a wool weaver and his mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. He had three brothers named Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino and Giacomo and a sister, Bianchinetta. • In 1473, he took a job as an apprentice and was a business agent for some families in Genoa. During this time, he also visited Chios which was Genoese colony. Later Life • During the 1470s, Columbus toured several places for trading, such as, Northern Europe and England. According to certain historical accounts, he also spent some time in Iceland. • In 1479, he met his brother Bartolomeo in Lisbon. He got married and settled there until his wife died in 1485. After the death of his wife, Columbus and his son moved to Spain. Here he made an effort to win a grant which would allow him to explore the western trade routes. • For a long time, he pursued the Portuguese and Spanish kings but they did not support his plans. Eventually, his plans were considered by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He now set on to explore Asia promising to bring back condiments from China. • On August 3, 1492, Columbus embarked on his first voyage and set sail with three ships called the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria. He was also accompanied by 104 men. The first stop was at Canary Islands to pick up supplies and then he set out sailing across the Atlantic.

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 8 • After five weeks of travel, many men died due to diseases and hunger. On October 14, 1492, a land was sighted by Rodrigo de Triana in the present day Bahamas. Columbus named this land San Salvador thinking it was Asian land. • As Columbus decided to continue sailing in search of China, he ended up reaching Cuba and Hispaniola. In November 1492, the crew on the ship Pinta was left to explore on its own. • In December 1492, Columbus’ ship Santa Maria crashed and wrecked off the coast of Hispaniola. The next year, in March, Columbus reached Spain completing his first voyage. • In September 1493, Columbus set on his second voyage with 17 ships and almost 1200 men. This time, he set sail towards the west aiming to establish colonies for Spain and search for land in the far East. • In November, the same year, his crew saw land and discovered the Dominica, Guadeloupe and Jamaica islands. He then went on to Hispaniola to check on his crew at the Fort of Navidad. • The site of the fort was destroyed and after a battle in 1495, Columbus named this the colony of Santo Domingo and conquered the island of Hispaniola. In March, the next year, he set sail back to Spain and reached Cadiz after five months. • In May 1498, he started his third trip and left Spain with six ships heading towards Hispaniola. In July, the same year, he landed on the island of Trinidad. Next month, he explored the Gulf of Paria and finally touched South America. • In August that year, he returned back to Spain in bad health and found himself in the middle of Political turmoil. • He embarked on his fourth voyage in May 1502 and reached Hispaniola. He set sail again the same year, and discovered Central America. The next year, he reached Panama and even found a small amount of gold there. However, he was forced out of the area by the local people. • After facing a lot of problems with the ship and the crew, Columbus sailed back to Spain in 1504. After arriving there, he went on to settle in Seville with his son. Major Works • Columbus’s voyages created general awareness in the Americas for the European nations. His major accomplishment was the discovery of Hispaniola where he also helped establish permanent settlements. This led to the beginning of Spanish colonization in the New World. • With the help of his son and brother, Columbus wrote two books. He wrote his first book titled ‘Book of Privileges’ in 1502. The book gave details of the rewards which he was entitled to from the Spanish Crown. • He wrote his second book titled ‘Book of Prophecies’ in 1505. In this book he used the passages from the Bible to fit his achievements as an explorer in the Christian context. Personal Life & Legacy • Columbus married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, who was the daughter of Bartolomeu Perestrello, the governor of the Porto Santo, in 1479 or 1480. The couple had a son, Diego Columbus. There are reports that Filipa died in 1485 but the death is not confirmed; however, Columbus did move on from his first wife to a mistress named Beatriz Enr�quez de Arana in 1487. • Columbus died due to illness at the age of 54 in Valladolid, Crown of Castile which today lies in Spain.

Brainy Quote ~ Christopher Columbus 001 Page 9 • In his honour, Columbus Day is celebrated in the Americas every year on the second Monday in the month of October. Adopted from: https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/christopher-columbus-3854.php --o0o--

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