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Elos Bilaterais Luso-Castelhanos Na Perceção Do Império Português

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Elos Bilaterais Luso-Castelhanos Na Perceção Do Império Português Elos bilaterais luso-castelhanos na perceção do Império Português Carlos Manuel da Silva Paiva Neves Dissertação de Mestrado em História do Império Português Setembro de 2017 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em História do Império Português, realizada sob a orientação científica de Prof. Doutor João Paulo Oliveira e Costa À Esperança que me deu a luz. AGRADECIMENTOS A gratidão profundamente sentida é um reconhecimento da importância que os outros têm nos nossos percursos de vida. A interação e influência nasce regularmente das afinidades que sentimos por quem nos rodeia de forma direta ou indireta. E essas são uma presença constante que estimulam o nosso trabalho através das mais variadas configurações. Mas muitas vezes, aqueles com quem discordamos, assumem um efeito muito particular na formulação dos nossos raciocínios e na maturação dos nossos pensamentos. Naturalmente começamos por agradecer o trabalho realizado pelos autores que são referenciados na presente dissertação, lembrando em tantas ocasiões, as condições de pesquisa tão adversas que suportaram, sem o acesso às redes de conhecimento e às tecnologias de informação que constituem elementos facilitadores para a operacionalização das tarefas do investigador. Agradecemos também a todos os membros da Associação Cristóvão Colon e particularmente a Carlos Calado, João Brandão Ferreira e Julieta Marques. A todos, mesmo aqueles com quem mantemos divergências concetuais, mas reconhecendo o valor do contraditório e a importância desta postura na elaboração do processo da crítica científica para que possamos progredir no caminho com uma base mais sólida. A Carlos Calado e a João Brandão Ferreira não poderíamos deixar de reconhecer os estímulos promovidos pelos longos debates, em torno da relação de Cristóvão Colon com Portugal e com os portugueses. Foi a construção desta dialética que conformou a divulgação desses factos históricos através de palestras realizadas junto de instituições académicas, de investigação e de cultura. Da assunção deste compromisso ia crescendo um sentimento de responsabilidade, respeito e estima por tais instituições, que obrigava a adotar mais criteriosamente os princípios do discurso histórico e que acabou por conferir uma maior maturação ao presente trabalho. Agradecemos também a tais instituições a confiança depositada nesses momentos de apresentação das comunicações, referindo a Academia Portuguesa da História, a Academia de Marinha, a Academia da Força Aérea, a Universidade Católica do Porto, a Comissão Portuguesa de História Militar, a Universidade de Évora, a Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa, a Casa dos Açores em Lisboa, a Academia de Ciências de Lisboa e tantas outras associações e coletividades que souberam demonstrar o seu gosto pela História da Expansão e dos Descobrimentos. Um agradecimento especial a Julieta Marques, uma amiga que goza de um autodidatismo incansável, na senda da cultura e história de Portugal e com quem mantemos uma correspondência permanente, debatendo, confrontando e procurando a verosimilhança da História. Ao frei Henrique Rema, franciscano e académico da Academia Portuguesa da História, que desde longa data nos abriu o seu espírito, sempre com uma enorme vontade de servir, a quem recorremos em várias ocasiões para obter orientações sobre a história do movimento franciscano em Portugal e para a tradução de pequenos textos em latim. O nosso agradecimento e profundo reconhecimento pelo exemplo da sua conduta, bondade, de investigador incansável e pela permanente disponibilidade de bem servir os outros e a sociedade. A João Perestrelo agradecemos a abertura que nos concedeu na casa-mãe desta família, a quinta do Hespanhol localizada nas proximidades de Torres Vedras, e as conversas profícuas e estimulantes sobre a relação entre os Perestrelos e os Noronhas. Lembramos que João Perestrelo segue na linha genealógica descendente de João Lopes Perestrelo (1459-1504) que foi capitão da nau Fradesa ou Batecabelo na armada de Vasco da Gama à Índia em 1502 e portanto foi também contemporâneo de Cristóvão Colon. Para finalizar, não esquecemos a Sónia de Carvalho pela motivação, conselhos transmitidos, a persistência contagiante na prossecução deste objetivo, a disponibilidade em ouvir os nossos desabafos, a companhia nos momentos mais complicados e a confiança que sempre nos transmitiu. Privilegiamos a demonstração dos nossos sentimentos de gratidão e de vontade essenciais para a prossecução de novas pesquisas. Elos bilaterais luso-castelhanos na perceção do Império Português Carlos Manuel da Silva Paiva Neves RESUMO As movimentações estratégicas que interferiram na delimitação das áreas de influência atlântica de Portugal e de Castela, nos finais de Quatrocentos, foram determinadas num quadro bilateral de política de sigilo. O conceito de esfericidade da Terra estava interiorizado pelos cosmógrafos de Portugal e de Castela. O conhecimento náutico e geográfico assentava basicamente na experiência apoiada na observação e nos registos que foram definindo os contornos e as proporções marítimas e terrestres do globo, sem fundamentação científica. O período relativo à perceção do Império Português (1485-1502) caracterizou-se por uma intensificação de movimentações interativas promovidas pelos dois reinos ibéricos que visaram a disputa pela rota do Oriente, após 1492. No âmbito da sistematização dos elos bilaterais luso-castelhanos que interferiram no processo gestacional dos Impérios Ibéricos, a ação do almirante Cristóvão Colon assume particular influência. As suas conceções geográficas e o seu pensamento ideológico- espiritual estimulavam uma vontade obstinada na busca de uma passagem para Oriente através do Ocidente. D. João II procurou obter vantagem estratégica em defesa do plano da Índia, no contexto dos conhecimentos, experiência e ações de Cristóvão Colon ao serviço dos Reis Católicos. A análise ao documento El Memorial Portugués de 1494 assume uma particular preponderância no quadro da formação dos Impérios Ibéricos. Dirigido à rainha Isabel a Católica foi descoberto em 1992 pelos investigadores István León-Borja e Katalin Klimes-Szmik, no Archivo General de Simancas. O memorialista português aconselhava a rainha Isabel a abandonar os projetos das Índias Ocidentais descobertas por Cristóvão Colon, enfatizava as riquezas e o comércio de África e designava o rei D. João II como tirano. Após a morte de D. João II, Cristóvão Colon perseguiu o seu sonho de encontrar uma passagem para o Oriente, imbuído por uma predestinação de pendor messiânico, que se foi conformando na mente do almirante, semelhante aquela que foi germinando no pensamento do rei D. Manuel I. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cristóvão Colon, D. João II, D. Manuel I, Noronhas, El Memorial Portugués de 1494, Promontório Prasso, grau meridiano, messianismo, Espírito Santo. ABSTRACT The strategic movements that interfered in the delimitation of Portuguese and Castilian Atlantic areas, by the end of the fifteenth century, were determined within a bilateral conjuncture of secrecy policy. The spherical Earth concept was generally accepted by the Portuguese and Castilian cosmography. The nautical and geographic knowledge layed basically in the experience based on the observation and on the records that were made, which stated the maritime and terrestrial boundaries without scientific validation. The period that we call the perception of the Portuguese Empire (1485-1502) was characterized by an intensification of interactive movements forwarded by Portugal and Castile that aimed the Eastern route dispute, after 1492. Regarding the systematization scope of Portuguese-Castilian bilateral links connected with the gestation of the Iberian empires, the actions taken by the admiral Christopher Colon had quite a particular influence. His geographical concepts, ideological and spiritual thinking had stimulated an obstinate will to find a passage to the East through the West. The Portuguese king John II had sought for strategic benefits in defense of India’s plan, within the context of Christopher Colon’s knowledge, experience and actions while serving the Catholic Kings. The analysis of El Memorial Portugués de 1494 document assumes particular preponderance. This document was written to queen Isabel the Catholic and it has been found in 1992 by the researchers István León-Borja and Katalin Klimes-Szmik, in the Archivo General de Simancas. The Portuguese memorialist encouraged queen Isabel to abandon the projects of the West Indies, which were discovered by Christopher Colon, to reinforce the African wealth and commerce and to consider king John II as a tyrant. After king John’s II death, Christopher Colon pursued his dream of finding a passage to the East, lead by messianic predestination that was developing in the mind of the admiral, similar to the one that was germinating in king Manuel’s thinking. KEYWORDS: Christopher Colon, King John II, King Manuel I, Noronhas, El Memorial Portugués de 1494, Promontorium Prassum, degree of longitude, messianism, Holy Spirit. ÍNDICE Introdução ...................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo I: O epistema náutico e geográfico nos finais do séc. XV ........................... 16 I. 1. A perceção do espaço atlântico: alcançar o Promontório Prasso ............... 28 I. 2. A preponderância estratégica das viagens latitudinais sobre as longitudinais no Atlântico: a garantia do plano da Índia ......................................
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