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Staying in Control-Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety

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Staying in Control-Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety Staying in Control Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety A Research Synthesis by Transportation Resource Associates, Inc. August 2016 About the Authors Transportation Resource Associates (TRA), Inc., is a specialty, privately held consulting firm focused on public transportation and infrastructure safety and security projects throughout the United States. Public transportation providers, departments of transportation (DOTs), and related private-sector companies rely on TRA for pragmatic approaches to complex safety, security, operations, and maintenance issues. TRA’s 25-year history of experience provides a unique, valuable, and much-needed perspective as fully autonomous vehicles develop. TRA has extensive expertise in the creation, implementation, and assessment of safety and security programs for transportation providers as they grow and evolve. The company’s routine work entails the identification and resolution of hazards and unintended consequences from areas of system safety and security. Transit safety topics such as accident/incident investigation, hazard management, and safety certification inform TRA’s synthesis of the research toward evaluating a potential regulatory framework for autonomous vehicles, and ultimately a safer future for automobile travel. For more information, contact: James Young, Project Manager Phone: 215-546-9110 E-mail: [email protected] 1608 Walnut Street, Suite 1602 Philadelphia, PA 19103 Transportation Resource Associates, Inc. www.traonline.com Staying in Control: Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety Transportation Resource Associates | August 2016 2 Table of Contents About the Authors ....................................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................ 2 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 6 Challenges and Opportunities ................................................................................................. 6 Existing Conditions ................................................................................................................. 6 Models for Comparison .......................................................................................................... 7 Looking Ahead........................................................................................................................ 8 Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... 9 1 Existing Conditions ............................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Development and Deployment ....................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Existing and Emerging Technology Adoption ........................................................... 10 1.1.2 Research and Development..................................................................................... 12 1.1.3 Forecasts for Deployment ....................................................................................... 14 1.1.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 15 1.2 Infrastructure and Technology ....................................................................................... 16 1.2.1 Communications Technology ................................................................................. 16 1.2.2 Road Materials ........................................................................................................ 20 1.2.3 Road Design ............................................................................................................ 21 1.2.4 Other Key Infrastructure Issues .............................................................................. 22 1.2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 23 1.3 Accidents/Incidents and Known Hazards ...................................................................... 24 1.3.1 Conventional Vehicle Accident Trends .................................................................. 25 1.3.2 Accident and Incident Investigations and Current AV Data Tracking Methods .... 25 1.3.3 Data Limitations and Known Hazards to Safe AV Implementation....................... 27 1.3.4 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 28 1.4 State and Federal Regulations ........................................................................................ 29 1.4.1 Testing and Licensing Requirements ...................................................................... 30 1.4.2 Driver Requirements ............................................................................................... 31 1.4.3 Limits on Liability .................................................................................................. 33 1.4.4 Limits on Operations............................................................................................... 33 1.4.5 Insurance Requirements .......................................................................................... 34 Staying in Control: Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety Transportation Resource Associates | August 2016 3 1.4.6 Vehicle Requirements ............................................................................................. 34 1.4.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 36 1.5 Industry Standards .......................................................................................................... 38 1.5.1 Existing Industry Standards .................................................................................... 38 1.5.2 Developing New Industry Standards ...................................................................... 40 1.5.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 41 2 Safety Models for Comparison ............................................................................................. 42 2.1 Safety Management in Rail Transit, Motor Carrier, and Railroads ............................... 42 2.1.1 Plans, Policies, and Organizational Structure ......................................................... 43 2.1.2 Management of Change .......................................................................................... 44 2.1.3 Safety Data Analysis ............................................................................................... 45 2.1.4 Operating Rules and Standards ............................................................................... 46 2.1.5 Training and Rules Compliance.............................................................................. 47 2.1.6 Audits and Inspections ............................................................................................ 48 2.1.7 Cybersecurity .......................................................................................................... 49 2.1.8 Preliminary Hazard Analyses ................................................................................. 49 2.1.9 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 50 2.2 Fleet Management and Regulatory Lessons................................................................... 51 2.2.1 Motor Carrier and Car-Share Management ............................................................ 51 2.2.2 Ride-sharing Services ............................................................................................. 52 2.2.3 Positive Train Control ............................................................................................. 54 2.2.4 Past Safety Enhancements: Air Bags and Seat Belts .............................................. 55 2.2.5 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 57 3 Findings and Recommendations ........................................................................................... 59 3.1 Safety Gaps and Solutions.............................................................................................. 59 3.2 Summary of Recommended Actions ............................................................................. 63 Transportation Resource Associates, Inc. ..................................................................................... 65 4 Appendices ............................................................................................................................ 66 4.1 Appendix 1: AV Development and Deployment Summary Tables ............................... 66 4.2 Appendix 2: AV Testing Accidents and Incidents ......................................................... 70 4.3 Appendix 3: Regulatory Framework Comparison Tables ............................................. 77 4.3.1 SSPP Elements ........................................................................................................ 77 Staying in Control: Bridging the Gaps in Autonomous Vehicle Safety Transportation
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