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The Study on Innovation, Development and Implementation ISSN (Online) 2581-9429 IJAR SCT ISSN (Print) 2581-XXXX International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT) Volume 11, Issue 1, November 2020 Impact Factor: 4.819 The Study on Innovation, Development and Implementation of the Self-driving Car Aniruddha Chaki Student, Department of Electrical Engineering Siliguri Institute of Technology, Siliguri, India Abstract: The development of the self-driving car is one of the greatest inventions of the century. With the technological advancement, the implementation of the autonomous vehicle has become the major attention among the researchers. This paper discusses the brief history of self-driving cars, its research and development, key technologies behind the self-driving, main aspects of implementing self-driving cars. The paper also describes some challenges with possible solutions to the fully autonomous vehicle in mass implementation. Keywords: Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS), autonomous, navigation, positioning, self- driving technology, radar, lidar, path planning, obstacle avoidance, Full Self driving (FSD), accidents, protests, advantages, challenges. I. INTRODUCTION In this 21st-century progress in technology has made man as omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent as a god. It is being tried to find out and accomplish any work with higher efficiency, lesser cost, and least possible effort. This makes researchers explore the domain of Automation, Machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence to handle the hardest of the jobs which were once tedious and cumbersome for humans [1]. We are driving towards the future where humans will only be involved in high mental ability skills and all the other works will be automated [2]. In this paper, the previous researches in the field of self-driving have been studied. In early years i.e. 1920-1950 the progress was limited but showed a great scope of further research. The primitive autonomous vehicles were tested on a special road and atmosphere, which was not quite practical. Further researches and experiments improved the autonomous vehicles drastically and also gained funding [3]. From the 1980s the development has grown rapidly and researches conducted contributing to the advanced Self-driving technology. Presently Autonomous vehicles up to level 3 are on the market, which can drive itself in many conditions [4]. The Technology behind self-driving is studied in the paper. The key area of technology includes navigation, planning, and control. The vehicle has to navigate the path leading to the destination, then the vehicle plans the suitable path leading to the destination and the driving is controlled or assisted autonomously. Whenever a new technology or a new concept is introduced, it faces plentiful challenges for mass implementation; this is not exceptional for self-driving cars as well. The different prospects of self-driving cars, the kind of future it drives us into, what is its future, this type of fact arises when we talk about self-driving cars. The technical challenges like the unequivocal detection of obstacles at high speeds and long distances are one of the greatest difficulties to face [5]. The controller of the system must be very robust and advanced to ensure the ability of the car to run in any condition of the road in different weather. This paper focuses on the technology behind self-driving cars, implementation of this on a large scale and what could be its future. Challenges like decreased career options in driving and controlling, Artificial Intelligence related issues [23][25] are studied in this paper. II. SURVEY OF PREVIOUS RESEARCHES ON SELF-DRIVING CARS The progress of autonomous cars started in the 20th century back in the 1920s. Trials and researches have been conducted since then. A company named Houdina Radio Control demonstrated a remote-controlled car known as American Wonder (a 1926 Chandler equipped with transmitting antenna and tonneau) in New York, which Copyright to IJARCST DOI: 579.112020/2581 59 www.ijarsct.co.in ISSN (Online) 2581-9429 IJAR SCT ISSN (Print) 2581-XXXX International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT) Volume 11, Issue 1, November 2020 Impact Factor: 4.819 travelled through the city in a thick traffic jam [3]. In 1939 World’s Fair, a radio-controlled electric car controlled by the electromagnetic field provided by circuits embedded in the road was depicted by Norman Bel Geddes who promoted advances in highway design and transportation and predicted that humans will be one day removed from the process of driving [6]. In 1957, RCA Labs and the State of Nebraska demonstrated a system of a driverless car on a 400 foot stretch on a public highway of Nebraska Highway in US. A series of experimental detector circuits were embedded in the street and a series of lighting along the edge of the road [7]. Dr. Robert L. Cosgriff in 1960 launched a project to develop autonomous cars in the Communication and Control Systems library of Ohio State University [8]. It was claimed in 1966 that this system could be ready for mass application in the next 15 years. In August 1961, William Bertelsen invented an air-cushion vehicle (ACV) named Aeromobile 35B which was reported on Popular Science. It was created to revolutionize the transportation system, with personal autonomous cars that could reach up to the speed of 1,500MPH [9][10]. The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous car prototype makes its debut in the Navlab of Carnegie Mellon University in the 1980s. Also in 1987 German automaker giant Mercedes Benz collaborated with Bundeswehr University Munich, and make Eureka PROMETHEUS Project [11]. It was one of the largest R&D projects in the field of autonomous vehicles, receiving funding of whooping 749 million Euros. Numerous universities and car companies participated in this Pan-European project. In 1989, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) demonstrated the use of neural networks to steer and control autonomous vehicles, which formed the basis of contemporary control strategies [10]. The ISTEA Transportation Authorization bill was passed by the United States Congress in the same year. Following this bill United States Department of Transportation, organized a depiction of autonomous vehicles. This cost-shared project was led by General Motors and FHWA; with Delco, Caltrans, Bechtel, University of California-Berkeley, Parsons Brinkerhoff, CMU and Lockheed Martin as additional partners. Daimler- Benz and Ernst Dickmanns of UniBwM tested twin-bot vehicles VaMP and Vita-2 in 1995 on more than 1000km on a 3-lane highway in standard heavy traffic with human intervention i.e. semi-autonomously [12]. In the same year, Dickmanns’ re-engineered Mercedes Benz S-Class was autonomously operated 1590km long journey from Munich, Germany to Copenhagen, Denmark and back, using Saccading computer vision and transputers in real-time [12]. In 1996, Italy, Prof Alberto Broggi of University of Parma drove a modified Lancia Therma, following painted lane marks in unmodified highway in a stretch of 1900km on the highways of northern Italy dubbed Miglia in Automatico, with an average speed of 90km/h with 94% of its path being automated [13]. In March 2004, the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), held the first Grand Challenge offering a $1 million prize for engineers who could create an automatic vehicle capable of finishing 150-mile stretch on the Mojave Desert [14]. None were successful in the first year, but next year five cars completed the course. Willie Jones states that many automakers are enthusiastic about self-driving technology and semi-autonomous driving [15]. In May 1998, Toyota first introduces Automatic Cruise Control in their vehicle. Google also started developing its self- driving car project in 2009 [16]. Many major automobile manufacturers, including Mercedes Benz, General Motors, Volkswagen, Ford, Audi, Toyota, Nissan, BMW, Volvo all are testing driverless car systems. Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) has been testing driverless systems since 2005. In 2010, the University of Parma, Italy, led by Prof. Alberto Broggi, successfully drove four electric vans leaving Parma, Italy to Shanghai Expo in China, completing a 15900km test run [13]. In 2010, Germany licensed its first autonomous car on the streets. It was built by Technische Universitat Braunschweig and was a modified research vehicle Leonie [17]. Oxford University introduced its WildCat Project in 2011 [18], creating an automatic car from modified Bowler WildCat. In 2012, US state Nevada passed a law for testing autonomous vehicles. A modified Toyota Prius was the first licensed Automated vehicle in Nevada, US. Also in the same year, Florida and California allowed the testing of driver-less cars [19]. Stanford’s Dynamic Design Lab produced Shelly, a modified Audi TTS, for the track used for a speed greater than 160km/h [20]. In April 2015, Delphi Automotive designed a self-driving car that completed the first coast to coast journey from San Francisco to New York, under computer control in 99% of the distance [21]. Tech-giant Apple started its autonomous vehicle (iCar) project called Project Titan in 2015 [22]. In April 2019, Tesla unveiled its Full Self-Driving (FSD) Copyright to IJARCST DOI: 579.112020/2581 60 www.ijarsct.co.in ISSN (Online) 2581-9429 IJAR SCT ISSN (Print) 2581-XXXX International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT) Volume 11, Issue 1, November 2020 Impact Factor: 4.819 computer which will be installed in their cars to enable fully autonomous driving with minimal effort from the human driver [23]. III. TECHNOLOGY BEHIND THE AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE Compared to manual driving, automatic vehicles have many separate aspects of technology. Based on the characteristic and functional requirement on driving and on-board equipment module, according to SAE, the core technology of self-driving cars can be classified into 6 categories [24]: Level 0 There is no automatic technology in this level. The driving solely depends on the human driver.
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