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Know It By Name: Human Factors of ADAS Design Kelly Funkhouser University of Utah Graduate Student Kelly Funkhouser, Elise Tanner, & Frank Drews [email protected] https://www.linkedin.com/in/kelly-funkhouser/

Human Factors of Advanced Driver RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS DISCUSSION Assistance Systems Terminology in Current Consumer Vehicles Participants ranked their trust in each of Terminology the SAE Levels of Automation Terms non-owners chose to describe features Terminology Scale ADAS Features -5 (Do Not Trust) to +5 (Completely Trust) Human Factors Principles for ADAS Design:

Misinterpretation resulting from ambiguous terminology remains a Findings There were no significant differences between pressing concern in the design of novel technology. The National Active Active Active Reactive Warning Warning Levels 0-4 ● Use driver chosen terminology Reactive Function ● Use descriptive terminology Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) suggests Function Function Function Function Alert Alert There was a significant difference between manufacturers of highly automated vehicles follow Human Factors Levels 4 and 5 ● Do not use words that have prior connotations or meanings Both continuously and Systems-Engineering principles during the design and validation keeps centered t(35) = 3.01, p < 0.01 ● Use standardized/consistent/common terminology Continuously Nudges back into lane when Gives signal when is Gives signal when Moves the car back into processes to reduce known safety risks. As novel automation between lane lines Adjusts speed/distance keeps centered your car is crossing over crossing over lane another car is lane if another car is and adjusts from car in front Recommended Terminology: technologies emerge in the automobile industry, new system designs between lane lines lane marker marker occupying blind spot occupying blind spot Participants rated their trust in societal speed/distance and terminology are introduced. To avoid dangerous misinterpretation, groups to use ADAS equipped vehicles Feature- Component of ADAS that provides a service, encompassing the choice of vocabulary used to describe this new technology should from car in front Lane Keeping Blind Spot Information Scale Functions and Alerts. Adaptive Lane Departure Assist Lane Departure Warning -5 (Do Not Trust) to +5 (Completely Trust) be intuitive and standardized. Words such as automatic, auto, active, Assist System System Active Function- Performs one or more aspects of the driving task. assist, aid, and pilot have established context and connotation that Traffic Jam Assist / Findings can lead to confusion when used in multiple different environments. Active Lane Assist Lane Departure Warning Side Assist Lane Change Assist There were significant differences in trust Congestion Assist between groups Reactive Function- Runs in the background and is prepared for automatic Research shows consistent terminology produces a common Lane Departure Warning No significant differences within groups for Close activation by the system. Active Blind Spot language that may prevent adverse events, near misses, and Steering and Lane Steering Intervention / Active Blind Spot Friend or Grandparent for amount/type of BMW Active Cruise Control Lane Departure Warning Detection Steering automation accidents. Control Assistant Lane Keeping Assistant with Detection Warning Alert- Presents audible, visual, or haptic cues with pertinent Intervention Active Side Collision Protection information that should be immediately acknowledged. Participants rated their trust amount/type Trust Buick Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Lane Change Alert of automation for the societal group “teenage relative” to use ADAS equipped Information Alert- Provides the driver with supplementary information that Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Lane Change Alert vehicles does not require a response. Proper use of an automated system requires both trust in, and Chevrolet Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Lane Change Alert Scale knowledge of the system. Trust is achieved when all of the principles Lane Departure Warning -5 (Do Not Trust) to +5 (Completely Trust) of Human Factors for design and usability are addressed. Acceptance Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist [LaneSense] Blind Spot Monitoring [LaneSense] Findings of ADAS in society will be determined by consumers’ perceptions of Participants significantly reported more trust as Trust Dodge Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Monitoring amount of automation increased (no automation, reliability, safety, usability, and transparency of the systems. some automation, highly automated) F(3) = 5.77, Lane Keeping System Blind Spot Information Ford Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keeping System Aid p < 0.001 ● We found that drivers tend to have more trust in vehicle automation when Alert System There were no differences between types of automation (ACC and LKA) they maintain the ability to manually take control of the vehicle. Previous Findings GMC Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Lane Change Alert

Lane Keeping Assist Blind Spot Information Adaptive Cruise Control Departure Mitigation Participants rated their perceptions of ● Our participants reported lower trust in SAE Level 5 automation. Our preliminary study (N = 135) examined differences in users’ System System ADAS technology for both positive and understanding of how the technology works and their incidence of Dynamic Driver negative perceptions on driving Intelligent Cruise Control Active Lane Control Lane Departure Prevention Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Warning Blind Spot Assist ● There were significant differences in societal groups and perceived trust misuse. We found that a large percentage of drivers try to determine Assist Scale p < 0.05 -10 (Negative Impact) to +10 (Positive Impact) in using ADAS. Additionally, increases in automation showed increased whether it is an appropriate time and place to use ADAS before Jaguar Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning p < 0.01 trust in younger drivers’ use of ADAS. enabling it, yet many are not confident in their ability to correctly p < 0.001 Findings Jeep Adaptive Cruise Control Haptic [LaneSense] Visual [LaneSense] Blind Spot Monitoring Participants reported a more positive impact in all assess that situation, potentially leading to misuse. This may be due categories except Driver Attentiveness, Safe Advanced Smart Cruise Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Detection Driving Behavior, and Driving in Adverse Weather ● Participants perceive ADAS as being beneficial to driving performance in to confusion or lack of understanding. One participant self-reported a Lane Keeping Assist System Control System Warning Conditions all aspects except attentiveness. score of 10/10 when asked their ability to determine a good time and Land Rover Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Monitor Blind Spot Assist Driver Attentiveness was found to be perceived as place to use ADAS, and a score of 9/10 for their understanding of the having a more negative impact on driving than a High-Speed Dynamic positive impact Lexus Lane Keep Assist Steering Assist Lane Departure Alert Blind Spot Monitor capabilities and limitations of ADAS, also stating, “It is clear to me Function Cruise Control what the limitations are, and what my responsibilities are as a driver.” Larger Study Lincoln Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keeping Aid Lane Keeping Alert Blind Spot Information However, this owner used ADAS in 28.6% of the total scenarios that Lane Departure Warning are prohibited by their manufacturer. Radar Cruise Control Lane-keep Assist System Blind Spot Monitoring ● In addition to the data presented on this poster, our current study System continues to extensively assess terminology, trust, and improper use of Distance Pilot Active Lane Keeping Mercedes-Benz Drive Pilot Steering Assist Active Lane Keeping Assist Blind Spot Assist Active Blind Spot Assist ADAS by surveying the owners of 34 different vehicle makes DISTRONIC Assist

DEMOGRAPHICS Intelligent Cruise Control Lane Departure Prevention Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Warning Blind Spot Intervention ● These results will reveal their understanding of the ADAS features they Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keep Assist Lane Departure Prevention Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Detection currently have and use in their vehicles Traffic Aware Cruise Tesla Autosteer Lane Assist Lane Assist Lane Assist Lane Assist ● 39 Participants Control ● We will also assess their experiences using the systems and trust in the ● 16 Male, 23 Female Dynamic Radar Cruise Steering Control Function / Lane Departure Alert automation as a factor of length of ownership Blind Spot Monitor ● Average age 36 years (range 20-86) Control Lane Keeping Assist Function Blind Spot Information ● Other variables include mode errors, reliability, safety, usability, ● Participants drove an average of 132 miles per week Volvo Pilot Assist Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Keeping Aid Lane Departure Warning ● No participants were current owners of a vehicle model System transparency, and Adaptive Cruise Control Lane Assist Lane Departure Warning Blind Spot Monitor year 2015 and newer equipped with ADAS technology ● Differences between vehicle makes, participant demographics, and Information current as of May 2017 familiarity with automation will be analyzed