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Chapter 2 REVIEW of LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 History of bamboo research Fairchild and McClure also provided Bamboo is the common term applied to substantial contribution in the initial a broad group of large woody grasses stage of bamboo research worldwide. comprising of about 1575 species Though bamboo research was initiated distributed under 111 genera of round the globe in bamboo growing Bambusoideae sub family (poaceae) countries, but the outcomes were (http://www. guaduabamboo. com/ restricted to contributors only because bamboo-genera.html). Bamboo has there was no facility to make the been in use of mankind since ages. Use findings available in the public domain. of bamboo as mats and baskets can be Thus there was a need either to make traced back at the Younger Stone Age data available in public domain or (3,300-2,800 BC) (Ding, 1996). create a platform so that researchers Besides the traditional applications, working on bamboo from different modern processing techniques opened parts of the world could meet and share new horizons for its utilization. It was their valuable findings. This need was only in second half of the nineteenth fulfilled by the setting up of century the research on bamboo was International organizations like initiated by scientists from Europe like International Development Research v. Mohl (1845), Munro (1868), Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, Schwendener (1874), de Bary (1877), International Union for Forestry Camus (1913). Asian botanists like Research Organization (IUFRO), Brandis (1874), Kurz (1876), Gamble Vienna, Austria which strengthened the (1888), Riviere 1879, Shibata (1900), bamboo research. It was only at the Takenouchi (1931) along with 16th IUFRO world congress hosted in Botanists from United States viz. Ueda, Oslo in 1976, the bamboo researchers REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 from round the globe shared a platform morphological features like rhizomes, to exchange their knowledge for the bud, leaf, branching patterns, betterment of this wonderful natural inflorescence, flowers and fruits for resource (Liese, 1987). This was fur t any documentation or taxonomic her s t r e ngt he ne d by t he treatment (fig 2.1). Bamboos are also establishment of “Japan society of gifted with some exceptional bamboo development and protection” morphological features like the culm in 1977. Since then workshops and sheath and well developed branching conferences are organized by complements that are generally absent International organizations like IDRC in the grasses and thus can play a key and IUFRO on regular basis on various role in proper identification of the topics where hundreds of scientists and bamboo and systematic grouping. researcher present their work on However it has its limitations, since various aspects of bamboo (Liese, many of these characters are not 1999). Besides these bamboo societies uniformly applicable to all the species have been founded and also journals and thus there is absolute necessity to purely dealing with bamboo articles have detailed descriptors which can be have sprouted in many countries like followed to identify the species China, India, Japan, United States etc. (Williams and Rao, 1994) that can be Today because of its growing utilized by different group of people awareness with innumerable excellent dealing with bamboo. Apart from this properties research on bamboo has there is an urgent requirement to refine increased many folds with an overflow and better understand the taxonomic of information in the internet. techniques and classify the taxonomic In India, the research on bamboo is diversity in bamboos. As per being carried out in large scale in states c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d t h e like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, morphological characters were used for Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand etc. taxonomic identification, especially the 2.2 Bamboo taxonomy flowers. This has been problematic in 2.2.1 Traditional system of bamboo case of bamboo since the number of taxonomy characters is limited and there is the Traditionally, like all other plant scarcity of flowering material because species bamboo also involves of the intriguing flowering behaviour REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14 Figure 2.1: (a) Newly emerging shoot; (b) Culm Sheath; (c) Branching pattern; (d) Clump- ing type rhizome; (e) Running type rhizome and (f) Inflorescence. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15 of the bamboos. Flowering in bamboo of inflorescence can also be applied in remains one of the great mysteries in bamboo t axono my. Two new botany as flower of bamboo is unusual characters (prophyll keel and branch and the period may vary between 15- replication) were detected by Stapleton 120years (Janzen, 1976). Incongruity (1994b) while studying the Himalayan stemmed out among taxonomists due bamboo and he inferred that these to different interpretations of characters can aid in identification of morphological features and the bamboo at the generic level. terminology used for different parts of 2.2.2 Molecular taxonomy of bamboo the plant materials. Thus it the very The taxonomy of bamboo is in a state first step required is to refine the of flux and molecular studies are characters that are used currently and required to help resolve systematic also try to find some unique new issues. With the advent of molecular characters that can prove to be helpful biology, the taxonomy of different in the long run. Identification and plants has been revolutionized classification of bamboo using the including bamboo. The use of anatomical features didn‟t prove to be molecular markers has been increasing successful as at first hoped. The credit at an exponential state in all the fields for revealing the importance of branch of biology. The application of and buds characteristics in bamboo molecular marker in classifying taxonomy goes to Usui (1957). bamboo where the basic biology is so Following this McClure (1966, 1973) little understood can prove to be a studied the morphology of the rhizome, landmark. Though the use of molecular branching patterns, culm sheath and the markers is innumerable, in bamboo inflorescence. Apart from this these can be employed for dual fu (Soderstrom and Ellis, 1988) also nct io n, f ir s t ly fo r pr ec ise considered the anatomical characters of identification of bamboo genotypes and leaf for bamboo classification at the secondly assessment of genetic subfamilies and tribes level however variation within species irrespective of they failed to apply so at the generic the geographic location or other factors level (Soderstrom and Ellis, 1982; responsible to phenotypic variability. Ding and Zhao, 1994). Stapleton Extensive progress has been achieved (1994a) revealed that branching pattern in bamboo by the implementation of REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16 molecular markers. The present study The big boom of molecular markers aimed at reviewing the different came with PCR-technology i.e. molecular tools that have been applied Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA to date. (RAPD) developed by Williams et al. In recent years, a number of assays (1990), where a single and short have been proposed to detect DNA arbitrary primer is used. Since its polymorphism, which has become discovery this technique has been increasingly precise. The methods successfully employed in the employ the use of restriction enzymes evaluation of genetic relationships in or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or bamboos and other plant species. In combination of both. bamboo, RAPD analysis has been Nuclear restriction fragment length successfully employed to study the polymorphisms (RFLP) is based on the population genetic structure of Yushnia differences in the restriction enzymes niitakayamensis (Hsiao and Rieseberg, recognition site between genome 1994) and also to study the genetic sequences. Friar and Kochert (1991, relationships within Phyllostachys 1994) were the first to use restriction (Gielis et al., 1997; Lai and Hsiao, fragment length polymorphisms for 1997; Ding, 1998). Nayak and his co- bamboo identification of 61 accessions researchers (Nayak et al., 2003) had and 20 species of Phyllostachys. The used this technique to study the genetic s t u d y s u p po r t e d t he e ar l ie r variations among 12 species of tropical observations of the presence of two bamboo. Using the RAPD based distinct sections (Phyllostachys and neighbour-joining tree, Sun and his co- Heteroclada) in Phyllostachys species workers (Sun et al., 2006) segregated a pool. However, they disagreed to place thorny core Bambusa cluster from a Phyllostachys nigra under the section cluster of Dendrocalamus species with Heteroclada and thus contradicted a mor e cap it ate inflorescences. previous study (Wang et al., 1980). Bhattacharya et al. (2006) developed a The regular use of RFLP in plant RAPD fingerprint profile for a single genotyping as well as bamboo has been bamboo species, Bambusa tulda. Das limited mainly due to the requirements and his group (Das et al., 2007) used of large amount of DNA along with the two independent parameters viz. 32 use of radioactive isotopes. key morphological descriptors and 120 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 17 polymorphic loci in the genomic DNA phylogenetic relationships among to assess the phylogenetic relationships Phyllostachys (Hodkinson et al., 2000) between 15 tropical bamboo species. and clonal structure in Sasa senanensis Genetic diversity and relationship (Suyama et al., 2001). Marulanda et al. among nine species of bamboo (2002), reported distinct genetic belonging to four genera was studied differentiations among the American by Ramanayake et al. (2007) using wood bamboos employing this RAPD analysis. To access the genetic technique. In 2011, Sen Mandi et al., similarity among the 20 different conducted AFLP analysis on 12 accessions of Melocanna baccifera, bamboo species belonging to five Lalhruaitluanga and Prasad (2011) different genera using six pairs of used 40 arbitrary RAPD primers. primer combinations to study the Zhang et al. (2011) performed the genetic various among them.
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