REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF

LITERATURE 2.1 History of research Fairchild and McClure also provided Bamboo is the common term applied to substantial contribution in the initial a broad group of large woody grasses stage of bamboo research worldwide. comprising of about 1575 species Though bamboo research was initiated distributed under 111 genera of round the globe in bamboo growing Bambusoideae sub family () countries, but the outcomes were (http://www. guaduabamboo. com/ restricted to contributors only because bamboo-genera.html). Bamboo has there was no facility to make the been in use of mankind since ages. Use findings available in the public domain. of bamboo as mats and baskets can be Thus there was a need either to make traced back at the Younger Stone Age data available in public domain or (3,300-2,800 BC) (Ding, 1996). create a platform so that researchers Besides the traditional applications, working on bamboo from different modern processing techniques opened parts of the world could meet and share new horizons for its utilization. It was their valuable findings. This need was only in second half of the nineteenth fulfilled by the setting up of century the research on bamboo was International organizations like initiated by scientists from Europe like International Development Research v. Mohl (1845), Munro (1868), Center (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada, Schwendener (1874), de Bary (1877), International Union for Forestry Camus (1913). Asian botanists like Research Organization (IUFRO), Brandis (1874), Kurz (1876), Gamble Vienna, Austria which strengthened the (1888), Riviere 1879, Shibata (1900), bamboo research. It was only at the Takenouchi (1931) along with 16th IUFRO world congress hosted in Botanists from United States viz. Ueda, Oslo in 1976, the bamboo researchers

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 13 from round the globe shared a platform morphological features like rhizomes, to exchange their knowledge for the bud, leaf, branching patterns, betterment of this wonderful natural inflorescence, flowers and fruits for resource (Liese, 1987). This was fur t any documentation or taxonomic her s t r e ngt he ne d by t he treatment (fig 2.1). are also establishment of “Japan society of gifted with some exceptional bamboo development and protection” morphological features like the culm in 1977. Since then workshops and sheath and well developed branching conferences are organized by complements that are generally absent International organizations like IDRC in the grasses and thus can play a key and IUFRO on regular basis on various role in proper identification of the topics where hundreds of scientists and bamboo and systematic grouping. researcher present their work on However it has its limitations, since various aspects of bamboo (Liese, many of these characters are not 1999). Besides these bamboo societies uniformly applicable to all the species have been founded and also journals and thus there is absolute necessity to purely dealing with bamboo articles have detailed descriptors which can be have sprouted in many countries like followed to identify the species , , Japan, United States etc. (Williams and Rao, 1994) that can be Today because of its growing utilized by different group of people awareness with innumerable excellent dealing with bamboo. Apart from this properties research on bamboo has there is an urgent requirement to refine increased many folds with an overflow and better understand the taxonomic of information in the internet. techniques and classify the taxonomic In India, the research on bamboo is diversity in bamboos. As per being carried out in large scale in states c o n v e n t i o n a l m e t h o d t h e like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, morphological characters were used for Kerela, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand etc. taxonomic identification, especially the 2.2 Bamboo taxonomy flowers. This has been problematic in 2.2.1 Traditional system of bamboo case of bamboo since the number of taxonomy characters is limited and there is the Traditionally, like all other plant scarcity of flowering material because species bamboo also involves of the intriguing flowering behaviour

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 14

Figure 2.1: (a) Newly emerging shoot; (b) Culm Sheath; (c) Branching pattern; (d) Clump- ing type rhizome; (e) Running type rhizome and (f) Inflorescence.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 15 of the bamboos. Flowering in bamboo of inflorescence can also be applied in remains one of the great mysteries in bamboo t axono my. Two new botany as flower of bamboo is unusual characters (prophyll keel and branch and the period may vary between 15- replication) were detected by Stapleton 120years (Janzen, 1976). Incongruity (1994b) while studying the Himalayan stemmed out among taxonomists due bamboo and he inferred that these to different interpretations of characters can aid in identification of morphological features and the bamboo at the generic level. terminology used for different parts of 2.2.2 Molecular taxonomy of bamboo the plant materials. Thus it the very The taxonomy of bamboo is in a state first step required is to refine the of flux and molecular studies are characters that are used currently and required to help resolve systematic also try to find some unique new issues. With the advent of molecular characters that can prove to be helpful biology, the taxonomy of different in the long run. Identification and plants has been revolutionized classification of bamboo using the including bamboo. The use of anatomical features didn‟t prove to be molecular markers has been increasing successful as at first hoped. The credit at an exponential state in all the fields for revealing the importance of branch of biology. The application of and buds characteristics in bamboo molecular marker in classifying taxonomy goes to Usui (1957). bamboo where the basic biology is so Following this McClure (1966, 1973) little understood can prove to be a studied the morphology of the rhizome, landmark. Though the use of molecular branching patterns, culm sheath and the markers is innumerable, in bamboo inflorescence. Apart from this these can be employed for dual fu (Soderstrom and Ellis, 1988) also nct io n, f ir s t ly fo r pr ec ise considered the anatomical characters of identification of bamboo genotypes and leaf for bamboo classification at the secondly assessment of genetic subfamilies and tribes level however variation within species irrespective of they failed to apply so at the generic the geographic location or other factors level (Soderstrom and Ellis, 1982; responsible to phenotypic variability. Ding and Zhao, 1994). Stapleton Extensive progress has been achieved (1994a) revealed that branching pattern in bamboo by the implementation of

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 16 molecular markers. The present study The big boom of molecular markers aimed at reviewing the different came with PCR-technology i.e. molecular tools that have been applied Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA to date. (RAPD) developed by Williams et al. In recent years, a number of assays (1990), where a single and short have been proposed to detect DNA arbitrary primer is used. Since its polymorphism, which has become discovery this technique has been increasingly precise. The methods successfully employed in the employ the use of restriction enzymes evaluation of genetic relationships in or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or bamboos and other plant species. In combination of both. bamboo, RAPD analysis has been Nuclear restriction fragment length successfully employed to study the polymorphisms (RFLP) is based on the population genetic structure of Yushnia differences in the restriction enzymes niitakayamensis (Hsiao and Rieseberg, recognition site between genome 1994) and also to study the genetic sequences. Friar and Kochert (1991, relationships within 1994) were the first to use restriction (Gielis et al., 1997; Lai and Hsiao, fragment length polymorphisms for 1997; Ding, 1998). Nayak and his co- bamboo identification of 61 accessions researchers (Nayak et al., 2003) had and 20 species of Phyllostachys. The used this technique to study the genetic s t u d y s u p po r t e d t he e ar l ie r variations among 12 species of tropical observations of the presence of two bamboo. Using the RAPD based distinct sections (Phyllostachys and neighbour-joining tree, Sun and his co- Heteroclada) in Phyllostachys species workers (Sun et al., 2006) segregated a pool. However, they disagreed to place thorny core cluster from a Phyllostachys nigra under the section cluster of species with Heteroclada and thus contradicted a mor e cap it ate inflorescences. previous study (Wang et al., 1980). Bhattacharya et al. (2006) developed a The regular use of RFLP in plant RAPD fingerprint profile for a single genotyping as well as bamboo has been bamboo species, . Das limited mainly due to the requirements and his group (Das et al., 2007) used of large amount of DNA along with the two independent parameters viz. 32 use of radioactive isotopes. key morphological descriptors and 120

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 17 polymorphic loci in the genomic DNA phylogenetic relationships among to assess the phylogenetic relationships Phyllostachys (Hodkinson et al., 2000) between 15 tropical bamboo species. and clonal structure in senanensis Genetic diversity and relationship (Suyama et al., 2001). Marulanda et al. among nine species of bamboo (2002), reported distinct genetic belonging to four genera was studied differentiations among the American by Ramanayake et al. (2007) using bamboos employing this RAPD analysis. To access the genetic technique. In 2011, Sen Mandi et al., similarity among the 20 different conducted AFLP analysis on 12 accessions of baccifera, bamboo species belonging to five Lalhruaitluanga and Prasad (2011) different genera using six pairs of used 40 arbitrary RAPD primers. primer combinations to study the Zhang et al. (2011) performed the genetic various among them. From the RAPD of the chloroplast DNA of 22 phylogenetic tree it was revealed that bamboo species to assess the all the five species under the genera polymorphism, similarities and Bambusa were included in one cluster, relationships among them. while the four species under the genera Developed by Vos et al. (1995), Dendrocalamus formed a discrete A m p l i f i e d f r a g m e n t l e n g t h cluster. However both these clusters polymorphism (AFLP) is a method had the same origin, while the genus described as a combination of Melocanna , , restriction digestion and PCR segregated out as amplification. The use of AFLP for independent clusters. Ghosh and his co identification as well as determining -workers (Ghosh et al., 2012) applied genetic and relationships among AFLP markers to better understanding bamboo species was first attempted by of the taxonomic grouping of nine Loh et al. (2000). They conducted bamboo species belonging to four AFLP analysis on 15 species belonging genera found in Manipur using six to four genera using eight primer primer pairs. The dendrogram showed combinations. Unique banding pattern that all the Bambusa species (except were observed in 13 out of the 15 ) clustered together species experimented. AFLP markers and the species under Dendrocalamus were also used to study the genera also segregated into a major

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 18 cluster. Both the genera Bambusa and al. (2010) succeeded in identifying the Dendrocalamus shared a common ba mbo o hybr ids ( fo r med b y origin. Bambusa balcooa clustered crossbreeding) from the parents. separately with Thyrostachys siamensis Twenty five ISSR markers were used exhibiting more genetic similarity. by Mukherjee et al. (2010) to though shared the investigate the genetic diversity among common root with Bambusa and 22 taxa of bamboos of which 12 Dendrocalamus but revealed separate resulted in reproducible and scorable existing suggesting independent bands. Lin and his team (Lin et al., evolution. 2011) also used the ISSR markers to Paran and Michelmore (1993) study the genetic diversity of different developed the Sequence-Characterized cultivars of Phyllostachys violascens. Amplified Regions (SCARs) markers With the advent of time ESTs have which is nothing but the conversion of become valuable and first-hand source RAPD markers to overcome the of in silico mining of simple sequence reproducibility problems encountered repeats (SSR)markers providing in the RAPD technique. Das et al. insight into the organisms genetic (2005) are the sole authority till date to diversity. Twenty-five EST-SSR develop the SCARs for bamboo markers derived from maize, wheat, species. They were successful in sorghum, and rice were used by developing two species-specific SCAR Barkley et al. (2005) to assess the markers, „Balco836‟ for Bambusa genetic diversity of 92 bamboo balcooa and „Tuldo609‟ for B. tulda. accessions classified under 11 genera Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) is and 44 species. Polymorphic EST–SSR a molecular marker which has been markers obtained from major cereal used for identification of genetic crops have also been analyzed by diversity of many plants including the Sharma et al. (2009) to assess bamboos. The use of ISSR markers is phylogenetic and genetic diversity of however limited in case of bamboos. twenty five different species of Lin et al. (2009) used the ISSR Bambusoideae. Twelve EST-SSR markers to study the genetic diversity markers were used by Mukherjee et al. of different cultivars of Phyllostachys (2010) to investigate the genetic pubescens. Using ISSR markers, Lin et diversity among 22 taxa of bamboos of

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 19 which 4 resulted in reproducible and Keukeleire et al. (2004) detected hAT scorable bands. Dong et al. (2011) group-related sequences in Bambusa report the use of Bambusa expressed vulgaris (hATbrna1). Zhou et al. sequence tags (ESTs) to develop and (2010a & b) performed molecular validate additional microsatellite phylogenetic analysis of 82 mariner- markers, determine their cross-species like elements (MLE) transposase gene transferability and use them to identify fragments in 44 bamboo species and bamboo interspecies hybrids. Markers PIF-like (P instability factor) elements BOM01 and BOM02 transferred in the Bambusoideae family. Zhong successfully to most of the caespitose and his co-workers (2010) initiated the bamboo species showed r ich comprehensive characterization and polymorphism, and are therefore analysis of Pong-like superfamily of potentially valuable as species-specific transposases in 6 subtribes including alleles for the identification of 44 species in 38 genera under caespitose bamboo interspecies Bambusoideae subfamily. Two hybrids. transposable elements Ty1-copia and Transposable elements are mobile T y 3 - g y p s y a r e r e p o r t e d i n genetic elements broadly classified into Phyllostachys pubescens (Zhou et al., two classes (Retrotransposons or Class 2011). I and DNA Transposons or Class II) Several studies have shown the use of based on their mechanism of DNA sequence based methods for transpositions (Feschotte et al., 2002). phylogenetic study of grasses and Transoposons occupy considerable bamboos. The chloroplast genome has proportions of many eukaryotic been used to assess the phylogenetics genomes (SanMiguel and Bennetzen, of the grasses since the birth of plant 1998). In 1995, Huttley and his co- molecular systematic. In 1994, Nadot workers reported the presence of Ac- and his coworkers used the chloroplast like transposable element in Bambusa gene rps4 to study the phlogentics of multiplex while Gielis (1998) also 28 poaceae species including bamboo. found the presence of Ac-like They succeeded in resolving the transposable element in Bambusa position of Bambusoids in relationships vu l g a ri s , Sa s a veit ch ii and with other groups and also showed how Phyllostachys edulis. Applying PCR closely the rice and bamboo are

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 20 associated. On the basis of the rbcL However, rps16 has proven useful for gene, Barker et al. (1995) revealed plant molecular systematics both for relationships between monophyletic dicots, for example Caryophyllaceae bamboos and Pooideae. Clark et al. (Oxelmann et al., 1997), and for (1995) sequenced the chloroplast gene monocots, for example Palmae ndhF to address the phylogenetic ( Asmussen et al., 2000) and relationships among the 47 grass Marantaceae (Andersson and Chase sequences including two outgroup 2008). Combined analyses of plastid sequences. Their study resolved the DNA regions are often useful for Streptochaeteae and Anomochloeae improving phylogenetic resolution and (tribes of the neotropical herbaceous support (Reeves et al., 2001; bamboos) as the most basal clade Hodkinson et al., 2007). Sungkaew and within the family. The trnL-F has been his coworkers (Sungkaew et al., 2009) attempted by a few researchers performed the combined analysis of ( Hodkinson et al . 2002 ; Nı´ five different plastid DNA regions viz. Chonghaile 2002; Yang et al. 2007). In trnL intron, trnL-F intergenic spacer, 2005, Qiang and his co-workers atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer, rsp16 performed the preliminary analysis of intron and matK to access the the genera in comparison phylogentic relationships among 60 with other closely related genera like taxa including all the subtribes of , , Bashania, Bambusae and related non-bambusoid Clavinodum and to grasses. Their study resolved the non- screen the phylogenetic relationships monophyly of the woody Bamboos. among them using trnL-F region of the They further emphasized that the cpDNA. The trnL-F based sequencing classification of needs to method has also been attempted by be revised to have a clear picture of the Yang et al. (2008) to establish a different genera of bamboos. phylogenetic of major gropus of In contrast to the vast majority of Paleotrophical Woody Bamboos studies done to date on bamboo (Liang and Hilu, 1996; Hilu et al., t a x o n o m y a n d s y s t e m a t i c s , 1999). The atpB-rbcL and rps16 investigations on genetic diversity at regions have not previously been used the population level are in its infancy. to study bamboo phylogenetics. This review presents precisely how the

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 21 molecular marker helps in sorting out the use of seed, but this is not the problems related to genotype considered to be reliable method identification in general and bamboo because of unavailability of seed of taxonomy in particular. It provides a bamboo due to its peculiar flowering clear picture of the application of behavior and even seeds are produce various molecular techniques in the they remain viable only for a short population studies especially in span of time. The asexual method bamboo. Though the progress in this involves the use of vegetative parts field is encouraging, yet these methods including the rhizome, clump division, should not be considered appropriate culm, culm cutting, offset, branch for phylogenetic studies above the cutting, clump division etc. Asexual species level. These markers are propagation can be attempted thorough undoubtedly useful tools to address the out the year but has some limitations population genetics but for phylogeny (Banik, 1985). reconstruction and taxonomy these 2.3.2 Propagation using in vitro might be problematic and misleading, techniques so they must be used with caution. Historically the development of cell Molecular genetics is a fast-moving and the subsequent proposal of the cell field and new techniques are likely to theory paved the path of the plant be developed in the near future which tissue culture. The basis of plant tissue will have their own strengths and culture is the concept of „Totipotency‟ limitations. Thus it is necessary that which in turn is an inherent part of the these concerns motivate bamboo cell theory of Schleiden (1838) and researchers to a wise and well Schwann (1839). In vitro technique consider ed imple mentatio n of dates back to 1902, when Haberlandt molecular markers as tools for predicted the totipotency of plant cells. complementing other techniques. Two major events that revolutionized 2.3 Propagation of bamboo plant tissue culture were the discovery 2.3.1 Propagation using traditional of plant growth regulators auxins and methods cytokinins and the formulation of Traditionally bamboo is propagated nutrient media i.e., Murashige and either through sexual or asexual Skoog (1962). According to Murashige methods. The sexual method involves (1974) there are three possible methods

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 22 available for micropropagation. limitation to bamboo production has  Enhanced release of axillary been overcome by propagation buds methods. In vitro culture offers a  Production of advantageous method for producing variations and shoots through organogenesis. exploring the resultant variations for  Somatic embryogenesis. crop improvement. In vitro culture In shoot tips, nodal and axillary bud techniques provide an alternative cultures, clonal fidelity is conserved to means of plant propagation and a tool a greater extent. However in case of for crop improvement (Rahman, et al., callus mediated organogenesis and 2004). In vitro regenerated plants are somatic embryogenesis there is a risk superior to conventionally propagated of producing aberrant and thus is not plants in respect of productivity and recommended for clonal propagation. disease resistance. Though limited to a few species in The main aim here is to successfully vitro somatic embryogenesis, tends to and aseptically transfer the explant into be the most effective and rapid method culture medium and then provide in of plant regeneration (Evans et al., vitro environment for growth and 1 9 8 1 ) . C u r r e n t l y , i n v i t r o differentiation. The important aspects micropropagation has been adopted for of this are explant disinfection, explant a number of economically and selection and culture medium medicinally important plant species. (Hartmann et al., 1997). The success of In bamboo breeding is seriously establishment of culture in vitro handicapped because of its long depends on the selection of explant, vegetative phase and monocarpic sterilization of explant, composition of flowering behaviour and poor seed set. the culture media and finally on culture Moreover, since it is near impossible conditions provided for growth and that two desirable plants will flower development. The credit for heralding simultaneously, therefore conventional the start of tissue culture in bamboo breeding also seems to be difficult. goes to Alexander and Rao (1968), Thus for meeting the raw material reported the aseptic germination of demand the best possible way to b a mb o o s e e d s . S in c e t he n , manage the bamboo forest is through micropropagation through axillary bud scient if ic management. Major proliferation where no intermediary

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 23 callus formation occurs has been the tissue culture of bamboo is given in largely attempted. table 2.1. The use of tissue culture as a tool for Media plays a vital role in the plant propagation could be particularly successful growth and differentiation relevant for vegetatively propagated of excised plant tissues and organs. crop plants that resist conventional The artificially prepared nutrient asexual propagation (Hackett, 1966) or medium is called culture medium. The when mass propagation of single plant culture media is composed of several is required in short period of time. The components like inorganic salts, different explants such as axillary bud, vitamins, aminoacids, sugars, growth shoot tips, meristem tips, root tips are regulators (phytohormones), agar or commonly used. Various explant like gelrite. The minerals present in the emergig rhizome buds, rhizome pieces, plant tissue culture medium are used by axillary bud, shoot tip, leaves are used. the plant cell as building blocks for the In tissue culture of bamboos different synthesis of organic molecules or as plant parts are used as explant. The catalysts. The ions of different salts most common explants used for play an important role in transportation bamboo micropropagation are young or osmotic regulation and in branch node, immature embryos, maintaining the electrochemical mature embryos, mesocotyl, leaf potential of the plant. sheath, leaf and root of the young The nutrient requirement varies not seedling. only among different plants but also for The main objective behind explants different parts of the same plants. disinfection is to get rid of the bacterial Therefore, a single media is not and fungal contamination with suitable for optimum growth of all hampering the biological activity of the plant tissues. To overcome this, explants. The commonly used sterilants different nutrient solutions were ar e bleac h, e t ha no l, so diu m proposed by different authors from hypochlorite, mercuric chloride. The time to time like MS medium type of sterilant used, concentration (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), B5 and time depends on the nature of medium (Gamborg et al, 1968), Nitsch explant and species (Razdan, 2003). medium (Nitsch and Nitsch, 1969), The list of various disinfectants used in White‟s medium (White, 1943),

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 24 Woody plant medium (Lloyd and 12% for their experiment. Cheah and McCown, 1980) etc. Consequently the Chaille (2011) used 0-6% sucrose for most suitable medium for a particular Bambusa ventricosa and similar tissue must be determined by trial and concentration was also experimented error. by Bejoy and his co-workers (Bejoy et Murashige and Skoog‟s (MS) (1962) al., 2012) in case of wightii. medium was used extensively in the The range of acidity or alkalinity is an regeneration of bamboos. In cultures of important factor that determines the Dendrocalamus strictus, Nadgir and quality of regenerated plantlets from a his co-workers (Nadgir et al., 1984) tissue culture media. The optimum pH used Whites basal medium for rapid for regeneration varies with the type of multiplication. Tsay and his co- explant used. In the cultures of the workers (Tsay et al., 1990) used N6 different bamboo species pH of 5.8 medium along with MS medium for the were generally maintained in most of regeneration of Sinocalamus latiflora the cultures. However pH of 5.7 has while Ndiaye et al. (2009) used three also been considered for the successful different types of media for the rapid regeneration of bamboo through tissue proliferation of viz. culture techniques (Yeh and Chang, MS medium, Gamborg medium and 1986; Tsay et al., 1990; Devi and Lloyd and Crown medium. Sharma, 2009; Bejoy et al.,2012) while The sugar is supplied in the form of as per Ndiaye et al. (2009), pH in the sucrose. Sucrose was added as the range of 5.5-5.6 was suitable. source of carbon at a concentration of Three types of media are mainly used 3% (w/v) in almost all the experiments. in plant tissue culture viz. solid, In the culture of Bambusa glaucescens semisolid and liquid. A media becomes (Banik, 1985) 4% sucrose was used for solid or semisolid depending upon the shooting from dormant culm bud concentration of the solidifying agents whereas Nadgir et al. (1984) used only used. Agar-agar (obtained from algae 2% sucrose. Yeh and Chang (1986) like Gelladium or Gracilaria) and supplemented the media with 3-6% gelrite (naturally-derived gelling sucrose while Tsay and his co-workers polymer) are most commonly used as (Tsay et al., 1990) used different soldifying agents. concentration of sucrose as 3,6,9 and

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 25

Table 2.1:Various disinfecting chemicals were used in the culture of bamboos

Plant species Sterilant used References

20-30% Javex and 5-6% Sodium RL Banik, 1985 Bambusa glaucescens hypochlorite 0.01% antiseptal for 3 h, 75% ethanol for 1 min and 2% sodium Yeh and Chang, 1986 hypochlorite solution for 15 min 70% alcohol for 30 sec and 1% Sinocalamus latiflora sodium hypochlorite solution for Tsay et al., 1990 10 min 70% alcohol as spray and 1% Prutpongse and Bamboo (54 species) sodium hypochlorite solution for Gavinlertvatana, 1992 10 min

1 g dm-3 (m/v) Bavistin for 45 min Bambusa vulgaris and 0.2% (m/v) mercuric chloride Rout and Das, 1997 solution for 30 min 4% sodium hypochlorite solution Arya et al., 1999 Dendrocalamus asper for 20 min Wiped with 70% alcohol followed Bambusa wamin by 0.2% mercuric chloride for 5-20 Arshad et al., 2005 min. Bambusa vulgaris 0.1% mercuric chloride for 20 min Ndiaye et al., 2009 Extran (0.05% w/v) for 10 min, combination of Agri-mycin and Benomyl (@2gl-1) for 10 min, sodium hypochlorite (1.0 or 1.5% angustifolia Jimenez et al., 2006 w/v) for 10 min, or with calcium

hypochlorite (10% w/v) for 40 min

supplemented with a drop of

Tween 80 per 100 ml

70% alcohol followed by 5-10 min Bambusa glaucescens in 1% w/v Cetrimide and finally in Shirin and Rana, 2007 0.1% mercuric chloride for 10 min. 5% cetavelon for 15 min followed Dendrocalamus asper by 0.1% mercuric chloride for 7-10 Arya et al., 2001 min Arundinaria callosa 0.1% mercuric chloride for 10 min Devi and Sharma, 2009 Tween 20, bavistin (0.1%) and streptomycin sulfate (0.05%) for 20 -25 min, 70% ethanol for 1-2 min. Bambusa nutans Mehta et al., 2011 Finally (0.04%) mercuric chloride with 1-2 drop of liquid detergent for 5-6 min 70% alcohol for 5 min followed by Bambusa ventricosa Cheah and Chaille, 2011 10% Clorox bleach for 40 min Dendrocalamus 70% ethanol for 30 s followed by Hu et al., 2011 farinosus 0.1% HgCl2 for 30 min 1% commercial bleach and 0.2% Bejoy et al., 2012 Ochlandra wightii labolin for 30 min Dendrocalamus 20% sodium hypochlorite for 20 giganteus Devi et al., 2012

min

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 26 The media was solidified with agar hormones added to plant tissue culture 0.8% (w/v) in all the cultures (Nadgir media are taken up and increase the et al., 1984; Tsay et al., 1990; Rout and level within the tissue. Most of the Das, 1997; Mehta et al., 2011) with a increase is however, transient because few exceptions. 0.75 % agar was used plant hormones are rapidly inactivated in the cultures of Bambusa wamin after uptake. Usually only very small (Arshad et al., 2005). In cultures of amounts of the applied hormones Bambusa oldhamii (Yeh and Chang, remain in the free form. It has been 1986), Bambusa glaucescens (Shirin seen that, for auxins, equilibrium exists and Rana, 2007), Ochlandra wightii between the free and conjugated form, (Bejoy et al., 2012), media were gelled of which only less than 1% being w i t h 0 . 7 % a g ar ag a r . Lo w e r present in the freeform. The effect of concentrations of agar like 0.6% agar hormones not only depends on the rate were also reported (Prutpongse and of uptake from the medium, or on the Gavinlertvatana, 1992) and 0.42% in stability in the medium and in the Bambusa vulgaris straita (Ramanayake tissue, but also on the sensitivity of the et al., 2006) was used prior to their target tissue. cultures. Gelrite at a concentration of The main plant growth regulators used 2g/l, 2.2g/l, 3g/l and 3.5g/l was used as in tissue culture are auxins (indole-3- a gelling agent in Bambusa balcooa acetic acid, indole-3-buturic acid, 1- (Negi and Saxena, 2011), Bambusa napt ha leneacet ic ac id , 2 , 4 - edulis (Lin et al., 2004), Bambusa dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, piloram venticosa (Cheah and Chaille, 2011) etc); cytokinins (zeatin, 6-benzylamino and Bambusa vulgaris (Ndiaye et purine, kinetin, thidiazuron etc); al.,2006) respectively while Ogita gibberellins (GA3, GA4, GA1, GA7 (2005) used 3g/l gellan gum for etc); abscisic acid; ethylene etc. A list Phyllostachys nigra and Jimenez and of the bamboo species and the plant his co-researchers (Jimenez et al., growth regulator used for its 2006) used phytagel (0.2%) for regeneration are provided in table 2.2. Guadua anguistifolia culture. In the regeneration of bamboos plant Many researchers prefer to call plant growth regulators like TDZ, BA, Kn, hormones as plant growth substances NAA, IAA, 2, 4 - D etc were or plant growth regulators. Plant extensively used. Organic additives

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 27 like coconut water were used as a initiation of callus culture since supplement in some media for the meristematic cells has a pre-existing regeneration of the bamboos (Nadgir et growth momentum. Once the explant is a l . , 1 9 8 4 ; P r u t p o n g s e a n d cultured in the nutrient media, it Gavinlertvatana, 1992; Cheah and absorbs the exogenously supplied Chaille, 2011) nutrients and growth regulators; divide Incubation conditions play a vital role as ync hr o no us ly t o fo r m t he in plant tissue culture after aseptic unorganized mass of tissue. During the inoculation of the explants. An initial growth phase the cells enlarge or optimum temperature is required for swell to rupture. This indicates the obtaining desirable clone since high response of tissue to the medium for temperature may lead to dissociation of callus formation. As the cells rupture the culture media and tissue damage some endogenous growth substances while at very low temperature tissue ooze out which in turn stimulates the growth is seriously restricted. cell division along with the penetration Moreover some tissue grows in dark of the exogenously supplied hormone while other prefers light conditions. and nutrients. The unorganized callus The amount of light also has tissue gradually increases in size and substantial effect on the regeneration. ultimately the whole part of the The incubation conditions attempted explants starts to divide. for bamboos by different workers are In order to obtain embryogenic callus shown in table 2.3. in Bambusa edulis, Lin and his co- Callus is defined as an unorganized and workers (Li et al., 2004) used MS undifferentiated proliferated mass of medium supplemented with 9.2 µM cells produced from isolated plant k inet in ( KN) , 13 . 6 µ M 2 , 4 cells, tissues or organs under controlled dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), conditions in vitro. It is formed due to 0.1% (v/v) coconut milk in addition to the cell expansion and cell division of 0.046 µM thidiazuron (TDZ). A the cells of the explants. protocol for callus induction from the In plant tissue culture different juvenile shoots of Phyllostachys nigra was parts of the experimental plant like developed by Ogita (2005). The leaf, stem, roots, nodes etc containing cultures produced callus in half meristematic cells are used for the strength MS medium supplemented

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 28 with 3µM 2,4-D. Mehta and her co-workers (Mehta et In Bambusa vulgaris a protocol for al., 2011) in their study on Bambusa producing friable callus was achieved nutans reported the formation of by using in vitro sprouted shoots as embryogenic calli from in vitro explants. MS medium supplemented sprouted buds in MS medium with 2.2 µM BAP, 9.04 µM 2,4-D and containing 5 mg/l 2,4-D. Similarly, 14.76 µM IBA was used for callus Cheah and Chaille (2011) in their initiation (Rout and Das, 1997). research on Bambusa ventricosa also reported the formation of embryogenic

Table 2.2: List of bamboo species and the plant growth regulators used for its regeneration

Plant growth Organic Plant species References regulator additives

Dendrocalamus strictus BAP, Kn, IAA Coconut water Nadgir et al., 1984 Bambusa glaucescens BA and NAA - RL Banik, 1987 Yeh and Chang, Bambusa oldhamii 2,4-D and Kn - 1986 2,4-D, BA and Sinocalamus latiflora Tsay et al., 1990 NAA 2,4-D, BA and Prutpongse and Bamboo (54 species) Coconut water Gavinlertvatana, NAA 1992 BA, Kn, 2,4-D, Bambusa vulgaris Rout and Das, 1997 IBA Dendrocalamus asper BA, NAA and IBA Arya et al., 1999 BAP, BA, Kn and Bambusa wamin Arshad et al., 2005 IBA, IBANAA and Bambusa vulgaris Ndiaye et al., 2006 BAP Guadua angustifolia BAP Jimenez et al., 2006 Shirin and Rana, Bambusa glaucescens BA and Kn 2007 Dendrocalamus asper BA, NAA and IBA Arya et al., 2008 Devi and Sharma, Arundinaria callosa BAP and IBA 2009 Bambusa nutans BAP, NAA and Kn Mehta et al., 2011 BAP, Kn, IAA, Bambusa ventricosa Cheah and Chaille, IBA and NAA Coconut water 2011 Dendrocalamus 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Kn, Hu et al., 2011 farinosus IAA and IBA Ochlandra wightii BAP, Kn and TDZ Bejoy et al., 2012 BAP, Kn, IBA, Dendrocalamus NAA, 2,4-D and Devi et al., 2012 giganteus GA3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 29 calli from in vitro developed shoots in (Hu et al., 2000) employed two MS medium containing 3 mg/l 2,4-D, 2 different types of explants i.e. mature mg/l kinetin. seeds and young shoots. MS medium In their study on callus induction and in combination with 2 mg/l 2,4,5- plant regeneration of Dendrocalamus trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), farinosus, Hu and his co researchers 2 mg/l Kn and 0.4 mg/l IBA gave good

Table 2.3:Incubation conditions required by bamboo species

Plant species Temperature Light References Dendrocalamus 16 h photoperiod of 1500 25ºC Nadgir et al., 1984 strictus lux light intensity Bambusa 28ºC 14 hour photoperiod RL Banik, 1987 glaucescens 16/8h day and night Bambusa oldhamii 26±1ºC Yeh and Chang, regime (15-40 µE/m2 s) 1986 Sinocalamus 16/8h light/dark cycle with 25±1ºC Tsay et al., 1990 latiflora 135 µE/m2s 250 μmol·m-2·s-1 cool- Prutpongse and Bamboo (54 species) 25ºC white fluorescent Gavinlertvatana, illumination for 16 h· 1992 16 h photoperiod (55 Bambusa vulgaris 25±2ºC Rout and Das, 1997 μmol·m- 2 ·s - 1 ) Dendrocalamus 16 h photoperiod (30 25±1ºC Arya et al., 1999 asper μmol·m-2·s-1) 16 h photoperiod (30 Bambusa wamin 25±2ºC Arshad et al., 2005 μmol·m- 2 ·s - 1 ) Bambusa vulgaris 25ºC 16 h/8 h photoperiod Ndiaye et al., 2006 Guadua angustifolia 26ºC In dark Jimenez et al., 2006 Bambusa 16 h photoperiod (35 ± 10 Shirin and Rana, 25±2ºC glaucescens µmol m–2 S–1). 2007 Dendrocalamus 16 h photoperiod (3000 26ºC asper Arya et al., 2008 μE·m-2·s-1) Devi and Sharma, Arundinaria callosa 25±2ºC 2009 14/10h day and night -2 - Bambusa nutans regime (70 ± 5 μmol·m ·s Mehta et al., 2011 1) 16-h photoperiod with a Cheah and Chaille, Bambusa ventricosa 25±2ºC light intensity of 47.29 -2 -1 2011 μmol·m ·s Dendrocalamus 12 h photoperiod (80 25±1ºC farinosus Hu et al., 2011 μmol·m-2·s-1) Ochlandra wightii 24±2ºC 16h/8h photoperiod Bejoy et al., 2012

Dendrocalamus 16-h photoperiod with a 25±2ºC light intensity of 90-95 Devi et al., 2012 giganteus -2 -1 μmol·m ·s

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 30 results when mature seeds was used as The axillary bud of Bambusa vulagris explants. Callus induction frequency „Straita‟ when cultured in MS medium was found to be 95% for mature seeds having 4mg/l BA resulted in highest and 21% to 29.7% in case of young mean shoot number. Other than this shoots. BA at the concentration of 6mg/l and Recently in 2012, Devi and her team TDZ at 0.1mg/l also showed produced developed a protocol for callus same number of shoots (Ramnayake et induction and proliferation in edible al., 2006). bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus. Shirin and Rana (2007) observed MS medium in addition to 3 mg/l 2,4- similar shoot multiplication in D and 0.5 mg/l Kn was found to be Bambusa glaucescens in MS medium best suited for callusing in D. supplemented with 5µM BAP and giganteus. 15µM Kn either alone or in The discovery of growth regulators like combination. auxins, gibberlins, cytokinins and In case of Bambusa balcooa, of abscicins along with other organic different hormones tried for obtaining compounds led to new vistas in plant shoots MS medium supplemented with tissue culture. The role of growth BAP was found to be most suitable. regulators and their concentration BAP at a concentration of 1mg/l should be carefully chosen for resulted in 20 shoots while at 5mg/l obtaining desired responses in tissue produced 29 shoots. The sub-culture culture. was regularly done every 3-4 weeks to In Dendrocalamus strictus the best get the desired number of plantlets shoot multiplication and growth was (Mudoi and Borthakur, 2009). observed in MS medium containing 2 In Ochlandra wightii, Bejoy et al. mg/l BAP and 5% Coconut milk, (2012) showed that combined action of where a maximum of 8-10 shoots were two cytokinins i.e. BAP and TDZ at a observed per flask in liquid culture concentration of 0.5 mg/l each could within 6-7 weeks. Regular sub- enhance shoot multiplication upto 9.8 culturing was practised and in every shoots in two months following regular sub-culture 6-7 shoots were obtained subculture. from each shoot (Nadgir et al., 1984). Additional plant growth regulator may or may not be required for in vitro

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 31 rooting in bamboo tissue culture. medium supplemented with IBA (10 Nadgir et al. (1984) found that the mg/l) and NAA (3 mg/l) (Arya et al., shoots of Dendrocalamus strictus when 1999; Arya et al., 2008). transferred to MS medium free of plant Jimenez and his co-workers (Jimenez growth regulator though produced et al., 2006) noted spontaneous rooting roots but the percentage was as low as of Guadua angustifolia in plant growth 40%, but when the shoots were treated regulator free MS medium. In the same with IBA prior to culturing in MS year Ramanayake et al.(2006) and medium the percentage was elevated to Ndiyae et al.(2006) reported that 80%. rooting can be enhanced by addition of Embryogenic calli of Sinocalamus TDZ (0.1 mg/l) and IBA (20 mg/l) in latifora when cultured for a long time case of Bambusa vulgaris „Striata‟ and in MS medium or subcultured in auxin Bambusa vulgaris respectively. free medium rooted well (Tsay et al., In Arundinaria callosa the number of 1990). Simialr type of result was also roots formed from the in vitro shoots obtained in case of Bambusa was significantly higher in ½ MS beecheyana (Chang and Lan, 1995). medium supplemented with 25 µM Prutpongse and Gavinlertvatana (1992) IBA along with 0.05 µM BAP. A reported that depending upon the maximum of 3.8±0.6 healthy roots species of bamboo used, NAA at the were regenerated from the in vitro concentration between 2.7 to 5.4 μM shoots (Devi and Sharma, 2009). was found to be optimal for rooting. In Bambusa balcooa three different In 1997, Rout and Das found that the auxins (IBA, NAA and IAA) were isolated shoots of Bambusa vulgaris experimented to see their effect on rooted well in half strength MS rooting. It was found that NAA (6.71 medium supplemented with IBA. µM) was suitable compared to other Similar observations were also made two. However, when half strength MS by Arshad and his co-workers (Arshad medium was supplemented with et al., 2005) in Bambusa wamin, Shirin d i f fe r e nt co nc e nt r a t io ns a nd and Rana (2007) in Bambusa combinations of auxins (5.71 μM IAA, glaucescens. 4.9 μM IBA, 5.37 μM NAA) resulted Spontaneous rooting of shoots of in maximum rooting (Negi and Saxena, Dendrocalamus asper occurred in MS 2011). The effect of combinations of

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 32 auxin (0.4 mg/l IBA and 0.25 mg/l manure etc. have been used (Table IAA) in rooting was also reported in 2.4). The success rate of hardening Dendrocalamus farinosus by Hu and depends upon the hardening material his co-workers (Hu et al., 2000). and the condition of the regenerated Recently in 2012, Devi and her co- plantlet. High rate of survival of researchers and Bejoy and his co- regenerated plantlets have been workers found that IBA at the achieved in field. concentration of 5 mg/l and 0.5 mg/l Bamboo has been the subject of men‟s was optimum for rooting in curiosity since ages. In bamboo the Dendrocalamus giganteus and traditional breeding is seriously Ochlandra wightii. handicapped because of the peculiar Once the plant is well established in flowering and production of poor seed vitro the major obstacles that develops sets and thus in vitro regeneration is is the successful transfer of plantlets the best alternative. From the available from the laboratory to the field (Wardle literature it is though impossible to et al., 1983). This difficulty probably trace out the exact mechanism behind appears due to the drastic change in the the in vitro regeneration of bamboo, environmental conditions in vitro and but still published information gives outside. Under in vitro condition there some idea about the different factors is low light intensity, high humidity which play cumulative role. Form the and poor root growth in contrast to literature it is also clear that in vitro field and/or greenhouse conditions regenerated plants are superior to where there is higher light intensity, conventionally propagated plants in low humidity along with different respect of productivity and disease microflora (Desjardins et al., 1987). resistance. Several protocols have been developed 2.4 Bamboo and human health by different tissue culturist to I n the process o f eco no mic overcome some of these constraints. development, with the increase in In hardening of regenerated tissue income, human society tends to care cultured plantlets of the bamboo more about their health. Therefore, different hardening materials like river demand for healthy herbal organic sand and charcoal, sterilized potting foods developed from various plants soil, vermiculite, soil and sand, soil and has also increased. Production of more

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 33 efficient and productive food items by of research carried out by different the researchers are on demand. One workers since then (Okabe et al, 1975; such plant with multiple qualities is Otani et al, 1990; Tsunoda et al, 1998; bamboo. Hu et al, 2000; Kweon et al, 2001; Bamboo has been used over centuries Kim et al, 2003; Ren et al, 2004; by the humans both in daily life and for Kurokawa et al, 2006; Lu et al, 2005; medicinal purpose in China and other Lu et al, 2006; Park et al, 2007; Seki et Asian countries. The earliest scientific al.,2008; Seki and Maeda, 2010). evidence of use of bamboo in Bamboo has attracted attention world traditional medicine dates back to 1963 over due to its high antioxidant content (Sakai et al., 1963). This marked the a n d t h e r a p e u t i c e f f e c t s o n beginning of the use of bamboo as inflammation, fat igue, cancer, medicine which was followed by series hyperlipidemia, diabetes, aging and

Table 2.4: Hardening materials used and survival rate of regenerated bamboos

Plant species Potting mixture Survival rate References Dendrocalamus Sterile soil: sand (1:1) 70-80% Nadgir et al., 1984 strictus Bambusa Moist sterile soil Banik, 1987 glaucescens Bambusa vulgaris Soil:Manure:Sand (1:1:1) 90% Rout and Das, 1997 Dendrocalamus Soil 95% Arya et al., 1999 asper Bambusa wamin Vermiculite 80-85% Arshad et al., 2005 Bambusa vulgaris 100% Ndiaye et al., 2006 Soil:Sand:Rice hulls Guadua angustifolia (1:1:1) >85% Jimenez et al., 2006 Soilrite with half strength Bambusa Shirin and Rana, MS medium (organic 80% glaucescens 2007 free) Dendrocalamus Soilrite 95% Arya et al., 2008 asper Devi and Sharma, Arundinaria callosa Soil mixture 60-70% 2009 Bambusa nutans Soil and sand (1:1) 90% Mehta et al., 2010 Pro-mix/black Cheah and Chaille, Bambusa ventricosa cinder:potting mixture 2011 (1:1) Dendrocalamus Peat moss, vermiculite 90.1% Hu et al., 2011 farinosus and garden soil (2:1:1) River sand: coarse Ochlandra wightii charcoal (3:1) 80% Bejoy et al., 2012 Dendrocalamus Sand and soil (1:1) 80-90% Devi et al., 2012 giganteus

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 34 hypertension. the flavones C- glycosides which Free radicals might occur either by the include homoorientin, isovitexin, accidents of chemistry or due to orientin and vitexin. Apart from this specific metabolic purpose in the body. quercetin, luteolin, rutin, caffeic acid, p The free radicals produced by either -coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and way have different reactivity with tricin are also present (Zhang et al., so me lead ing to damage to 2002b) (table 2.5). The flavonoid biomolecules such as DNA, lipids and content was recorded to be 3.44% in p r o t e i n s ( H a l l i w e l l , 1 9 9 4 ) . different bamboo leaves species Antioxidants can react with free (Singhal et al., 2011). radicals during the oxidation process Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is prevalent by acting as a reactive species among almost 200 million people scavenger and liberating catalysts, so worldwide, which is thought to antioxidants can be used to reduce the increase exponentially to 300 million oxidative process (Gulcin et al., 2005) in the next two decades, type 2 being but they are not 100% effective. Mere common (Alberti, 2002). large doses of diet-derived antibody In the study conducted by Ding and his was thought to be important to stay coworkers (Ding et al., 2007) with healthier for long time, but with the moso bamboo leaves on 50 diabetic passage of time and development of rats, they evaluated that different doses science and technology the supply of of polysaccharide were found to „pro-oxidants‟ is thought to be a better possess good hypoglycemic effect. option (Halliwell, 2012). Bioactive Hyun and Hyeon-Skoog (2009) in their compounds like ascorbic acid, experiment with Sasa borealis leaf carotenoids, tocochromanols and extract found that when substituted for phenols are antioxidants. meat in patty the leaf extract The bamboo leaf extract (BLE) is significantly lowered plasma glucose thought to be good source of natural indicating anti diabetic activity of BLE. antioxidants and also have great The anti diabetic activity of Sasa pharmaceutical potential. BLE is borealis leaf extract was also studied mainly composed of flavonoids, by Choi and his co workers (Choi et lactones and phenolic acid. The al., 2008). The inhibitory effect of the flavonoids are represented mainly by leaves of Pseudosasa japonica was

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 35 evaluated on high fat diet induced disease, diabetes etc has surpassed the obesity and diabetes in C57BL/6J death and disability due to nutritional mice. All the mice had access to high deficiencies and infectious diseases fat diet for a week and then switched (Yusuf et al., 2001). Fu and his co over to either the bamboo extract diet researchers (Fu et al., 2005a) or control diet. The mice were experimentally proved that when the regularly monitored for their daily high cholesterol mice were treated with intake of food and weight gained. different concentrations of BLE, there Though the food intake of mice was great reduction in the serum assigned to bamboo extract was found cholesterol. Phyllostachys pubescens to be slightly higher than the control, leaves proved to have protective effect but the weight gain was however against palmitic acid induced lipo restricted in mice on bamboo extract apoptosis (Panee et al., 2008). compared to control (Panee, 2008). Experiments conducted on rats showed W i t h m o d e r n i z a t i o n a n d that flavonoids rich bamboo beer could industrialization the number of death s ignificantly lower the blood and disability due to chronic heart triglycerides and cholesterol. Apart diseases such as cardiovascular from this the beer could elevate HDL-

Table 2.5: List of chemical compounds and their structure isolated from different bamboo species

Plant name Chemical Chemical structure References compound Phyllostachys 3-O-(3‟- Kweon et edulis methylcaffeoyl) al., 2001 quinic acid

5-O-caffeoyl- 4-methylquinic acid

3-O-caffeoyl-1- methylquinic acid

Table 2.5 continued to next page

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 36 Table 2.5 continued from previous page Plant name Chemical Chemical structure References compound Phyllostachys naringin-7- Lu et al., nigra var. rhamnoglucoside 2005 henonis

Rutin

Tricin

Chlorogenic acid

Caffeic acid

Luteolin

Table 2.5 continued to next page

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 37

Table 2.5 continued from previous page Plant name Chemical Chemical structure Reference compound Phyllostachys Orientin Lu et al., nigra var. 2005; henonis Zhang et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008 Homoorientin

Vitexin

Isovitexin

Phyllostachys p-coumaric acid Zhang et nigra var. al., 2007 henonis

Sasa borealis isoorientin 2"-O- Park et al., c~-L-rhamnoside 2007

tricin 7-O-13-D- glucopyranoside

apigenin 6-C-13- D-xylopyranosyl -8-C-13-D- glucopyranoside

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 38 cho lesterol and reduce LDL- and Meth-A). Oral administration of cholesterol in a dose dependant manner the extract a concentration of 0.05% or ( Y i n g e t a l . , 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e more was found to be effective in cardioprotective potential of flavone C- suppressing tumor growth in mouse glucosides i.e. Orientin obtained from models S-180 and C38. The extract the leaves of Phyllostachys nigra has also accelerated immunostimulating been proved by Fu and his co workers activity, which in turn activated the (Fu et al., 2006). They also stated that macrophages and human natural killer it could also inhibit apoptosis by (NK) cells in tumor models and thus blocking the mitochondrial apoptotic suppress the tumor. Panee (2008) pathway. conducted experiment to test the effect The leaves of Sasa senanensis of leaves of Pseudosasa japonica on (popularly known as Kumaizasa) have the development of DMBA (7,12- been used in Eastern Asia as a potential Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene) induce source of natural drug since hundreds breast cancer in SD (Sprague-Dawley) of years. The alkaline extract prepared rats. He found that oral administration from the leaves (in hot water at 100ºC) of bamboo extract for 3 weeks prior to of S. senanensis is popularly known as DMBA injection could delay the onset “.Sasa health”. Tsunoda et al. (1998) of breast cancer by one week as from their experiment on mammary compared to the control. Moreover, the tumor strain of SHN virgin mice bamboo extract also showed the proved that oral administration of Sasa potential of decreasing the incidence of health for 12 days could significantly occurrence of tumor by 44% and inhibit both the development and restricting the growth rate of the tumor growth of mammary tumor in by 67% after 11weeks of DMBA experimental models. In 2008, Seki treatment. and his team also made an attempt to Leaf extract of Phyllosatchys nigra var prove the anti-tumor activity of Sasa henonis have been reported to enhance health. They used three different the anti-fatigue capacity in mice temperatures (100ºC, 121ºC and (Zhang and Tang, 1997). You and his 196ºC) to prepare the Sasa health to coworkers (You et al., 2006) found that evaluate the anti-tumor potential in oral administration of 80% ethanol three mouse tumor models (S-180, C38 extract of Pseudosasa japonica leaf for

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 30 18 days could drastically increase the of bamboo leaf extract not only as food swimming time in experimental mice additive but also as medicine. The up to one and half folds and scientific validation and experiments simultaneously reduce the blood lactate clearly reveals that bamboo leaf is not and elevate the removal of lactate only safe as food additive but also suggesting itspotential to reduce exhibit potential as raw materials to the fatigue compared to the control group. pharmaceutical and nutraceutical Methanol extract of the leaves of industries. But a lot needs to be Bambusa vulgaris have been shown to explored because the reports available possess anti-inflammatory activity are confined to some selected species against the various anti-inflammatory of bamboo of the thousands that exists tests performed which includes in nature. formaldehyde induced rat paw edema, 2.5 Databases acet ic acid induced vascular Since the days of yore plants has been permeability test, carrageenan induced indispensible to mankind because of peritonitis and pellet granuloma their multiple utility stating from food, in albino rats (Carey et al., 2009). construction to medicine. In most part Lin et al., (2008) showed that the ethyl of the world, the medicinal properties acetate fraction of Sasa quelpaertensis of the plants which are traditional used leaf which is mainly rich in lipid to treat various ailments has been soluble compounds could significantly handed over by the means of folklore reduce lipopolysaccharide induce TNF- from generation to generation which α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels. This may disappear with the passage of finding indicates that the ethyl acetate time. Thus there is a need of systematic fraction exhibited anti-inflammatory documentary, to preserve the activity by inhibiting the production of traditional knowledge. Today with the anti-inflammatory mediators and thus advent of computers the documentation exerts health benefits. of different plants and their products in Leaves of different species of bamboo the form of databases seems to be not have been in use since long time not only easy but also accessible by only as medicine but also as fodder. A everyone and everywhere. Through number of studies have been done on this database the knowledge of a animal models to judge the potentiality particular plant is globalized so that

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 40 people from all over the world gets the deals with folklore medicines like maximum benefits out of it. Several Ne Med P la nt whic h descr ibe s databases have been designed in the traditional formulations of plants from recent years with different attributes. North-east region of India (Meetei et Some includes all the relevant al., 2012) and MEDDB is a storehouse information regarding a single plant of over hundreds of plants which finds like the database named PlantGM their uses in treatment of various which gives information related to ailments in and around Madurai, Tamil genetic markers in rice (Oryza sativa) Nadu (Mary et al., 2012). Like many and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa) other plants bamboo also has (Kim et al., 2008), TNAURice which innumerable exceptional properties provides detailed infor mat ion which are confined to bamboo growing regarding the quantitative and regions. Though there are a few qualitative descriptors of rice along databases based on this “Green gold” with parental origin (Ramalingam et but they merely give information al., 2010), CIMAN, which is a regarding bamboo trade and trade compilation of Citrus bioresources of development. So emphasis must be Manipur (Sanabam et al., 2012), while given to develop scientific database there are some databases which based on various aspects of bamboo maintains the records of plants that are plants including the taxonomy, effective against various diseases like morphology, medicinal properties (if asthma (Kasiranjan et al., 2007) and any), whether the shoot is edible or not diabetes (Singh et al., 2009; Middha et etc. which will surely benefit the al., 2009). Apart from these there are scientific community in general and some databases which particularly bamboo lovers in particular.