DOCSLIB.ORG

Studies on Diseases of Bamboos and Nursery Management of Rhizoctonia Web Bligi-It in Kerala

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Studies on Diseases of Bamboos and Nursery Management of Rhizoctonia Web Bligi-It in Kerala STUDIES ON DISEASES OF BAMBOOS AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF RHIZOCTONIA WEB BLIGI-IT IN KERALA THESIS Submitted in partial fulfilment ofthe requirement for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of the Cochin University of Science & Technology By MOHANAN CHORAN M.Sc. Division of Forest Pathology Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi 680 653 Kerala, India MAY 1994 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled STUDIES ON DISEASES OF BAMBOOS AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF RHIZOCTONIA WEB BLIGHT IN KERALA has not previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles or recognition. _/A A///>’/79 Peechi 680 653 MOHANAN CHORAN May 1994 Dr. Jyoti K. Sllurma Division ofForest Pathology Scientist-in-Charge Kerala Forest Research Institute Peechi 680 653 Kerala, India CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled STUDIES ON DISEASES OF BAMBOOS AND NURSERY MANAGEMENT OF RHIZOCTONIA WEB BLIGHT IN KERALA embodies the results oforiginal research work carried out by Mr. Mohanan Choran, under my guidance and supervision. I further certify that no part of this thesis has previously formed the basis of the award of any degree, diploma, associateship, fellowship or other similar titles of this or other University or Society. Peechi 680 653 JYOTI K.4%/W SHARMA May I994 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am gratefully indebted to Dr. J.K. Sliarma, Scientist-in-Charge, Division ofForest Pathology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi for suggesting this research topic and for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and supervision throughout the course ofthis investigation. I express my deep felt gratitude to Dr. C.T.S. Nair, former Director, KFRI for permitting me to register as part-time scholar in Cochin University ofScience and Technology and Dr. K.S.S. Nair, fonner Director and presently Scientist-in-Charge, Division ofEntomology for his keen interest in the progress ofthis study and Dr. S. Chand Basha, IFS, present Director for his valuable suggestions and constant encouragement during the course of this study I gratefully acknowledge for the financial assistance extended by International Development Research Centre, Canada (IDRC) for a part of this investigation. My sincere thanks are also due to Dr. C.B. Sastry, Senior Programme Officer, IDRC for his keen interest in this study and support. Thanks are also due to Dr. R. Gnanaharan, Project Coordinator (Bamboo - lndia, Phase II), KFRI, for encouragement. lam grateful to Dr. K. Jayaranian, Scientist-in-Charge, Statistics Division, KFRI, for his valuable advice in statistical analyses, critically going through the relevant part ofthe drafi, and also for the valuable suggestions for improving the text. My sincere thanks are also due to Mr. V. Sreekumar, Statistics Division for the help rendered in statistical analyses ofthe data and also for preparing the HG diagrams. I am thankful to Prof.(Dr.) K.M. Leelavathy, Mycology and Pathology Research laboratory, Calicut University, Prof.(Dr.) W. Liese, Chairman, Wood Biology Laboratory, University of I-Iamburgh, Germany, Dr. E.R. Boa, Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, U.K., Prof. (Dr.) Zhu, X.Q., Nanjing Forestry University, China, for providing valuable literature on bamboos and their keen interest in the progress of the study. My sincere thanks are also due to Dr. Akira Ogoshi, Hokkaido University, Japan, for kindly providing the authentic tester isolates ofRI1iz0cl0nia solani, Prof. (Dr). Jeyarajan, Biocontrol Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for kindly supplying the isolates of Trichodcrma spp. used in the screening trial, Dr. J.J. Solomon, Principal Scientist, Mycoplasma Research Laboratory, CPCRI, Kayamkulam, for the transmission electron microscopy of the little leaf diseased bamboo tissues and for identifying the etiology. I express my sincere thanks to Drs. B.C. Sutton, E. Punithalingam, A. Sivanesan, C. Booth, P.M. Kirk, J. David, M.A..l. Williams, D. Brayford, J.E.M. Mordue, P.F. Carillon, C. Hall, D.W. Minter, International Mycological Institute (IMI), Kew, England, for identification/confirmation ofvarious fungal cultures and herbarium specimens and also for their valuable explanations on specific queries. 1 gratefully acknowledge the cooperation and generous help received from the Field staff ofthe Kerala Forest Department in conducting field studies. My sincere thanks are also due to my friends and colleagues at KFRI, especially in the Forest Pathology and Entomology Divisions for their generous help throughout the study. I gratefully acknowledge Dr. K.V. Sankaran, Scientist, Division ofForest Pathology and Dr. V.V. Sudheendrakumar, Scientist, Division ofEntomology for going through the drafi text and for valuable suggestions for improving the text. I also express my sincere thanks to Dr. M.l. Mohamed Ali, Mrs. Maria Florence and Dr. M. Balasundaran, Scientists, Division of Forest Pathology, for their generous help during the course ofthis investigation. I also wish to thank Mr. M.C.K. Nair, for the help rendered in word processing the manuscript, Mr. M. Pradeepkumar for the cartography and Mr. Subhash Kuriakose for the photography. /(1 .J_f::"_z/ MOHANAN CHORAN CONTENTS Acknowledgements ipage I. INTRODUCTION 1 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 9 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 33 ManagementDisease of Rhizoctonia Survey web blight 33 49 4.Disease RESULTS AND Survey DISCUSSION 67 67 DiseasesBamboo in bamboo nurseries nurseries 67 69 Bamboo plantations and natural stands 106 Disease recorded exclusively in plantations 108 Diseases recorded exclusively in natural stands 1 l2 Diseases recorded bothinplantations and natural stands 126 Management of Rhizoctonia web blight 190 AnastomosisLaboratory grouping of R.trials solani isolates 190 190 Cultural characters, growth and relative virulence 194 Utilization of carbon and nitrogen sources by R. solani isolates 199 Screening of antagonistic organisms against R. solani isolates 207 InNursery vilru evaluation of fungicides trials against R. solcmi 225 isolates 213 CulturalExperimental seedbedcontrol nursery ofweb and the microclimateblight 232 226 Biological control ofweb blight 245 Chemical control of web blight 249 6.5. GENERAL SUMMARY DISCUSSION 275 261 7. LITERATURE CITED 289 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Bamboos are fast growing versatile plants of nultiple end uses. For centuries, bamboos have been closely related to agriculture, cottage industries, arts, culture and day to day life of more than half of the world population. 'I‘heir plethora of essential uses have led to the use of the terns such as ‘poor man's timber‘, ‘green gold‘, ‘the cradle to coffin ti11ber', etc. Until recent past, bamboos were categorized as ‘minor forest produce‘ or treated even as weeds, because the other wood resources in the forest and their supply were plentiful. With the alarming shrinkage of forest resources, as well as restrictions on logging from natural stands the etphasis is being placed on raising fast growing nultipurpose trees incluiing banboos. Recently, bantnos have been classified as ‘non-timber vnody resources‘ and they have now gained international recognition and priority in contrast to their previous categorization as ‘minor forest produce. This elevated status attained is mainly due to their versatility, adaptability to different eco—climatic conditions and myriads of end U583. Banboos belonging to Banbusoideae of Gramineae consist of about 1250 species and 75 genera (Soderstrom and Ellis, 1988). Some are uoody giants of 20 to 30 m in height and 15 to 20 an dia whereas others are small senilignified plants; about 110 species belonging to 25 genera are herbaceous (Hsiung,1983,1991). Banboos, perennial woody grasses of extremely gregarious habits, have aerial stats called culms and underground stem Imown as rhizcme. Full sized culms are produced after 4 to 12 years depending on the species, and edaphic and microclimatic conditions . The duration of vegetative growth and the incidence of flowering in bamboos vary among species. Flowering in most bamboos, which is only once in lifetime, is either sporadic or gregarious. Most bamboo species have a more or less sharply defined flowering cycle of roughly 1,3,7,11,15,30,48,60 or 120 years at the end of which all the plants of the same seed origin flower gregariously. Gregarious flowering is followed by the death of clumps. Though, majority of bamboos flower at long intervals of 25 to 60 years, annual flowering takes place in species like Indocalarus wightianus (Nees) Nakai (= Arundinaria wightiana Nees), Bambusa atra Lindl., etc. (Tiwari, 1991) and the plant does not die after flowering. There are species like Dendrocalanus hamiltonii Nees, Gigantochloa spp., Oxytenanthera spp., etc. which flower at irregular intervals. QI. DISI‘RIBU'l'I(N It is estimated that about 21 million hectares of the earth is covered by bamboo forests. They are widely distributed through the tropical to tenperate zones and from sea level to alpine elevation (3000-4000 In) . Banboos are cormonly distributed at low elevations in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, America, Africa and Australia, where they grow either naturally in mixed forests or in plantations; Europe has no indigenous banboo. Geographically, banboo distribution can be divided into three major regions: Asia-Pacific, America and Africa (Fig.1). The Asia­ Pacific bamboo region is the largest which possesses more than 800 species and varieties of bamboos belonging to 45 genera and spread out in about 18 million hectares. In India, bamboos
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Changes in Fungal Community Composition of Biofilms On
    117: 59-77 Octubre 2016 Research article Changes in fungal community composition of biofilms on limestone across a chronosequence in Campeche, Mexico Cambios en la composición de la comunidad fúngica de biopelículas sobre roca calcárea a través de una cronosecuencia en Campeche, México Sergio Gómez-Cornelio1,4, Otto Ortega-Morales2, Alejandro Morón-Ríos1, Manuela Reyes-Estebanez2 and Susana de la Rosa-García3 ABSTRACT: 1 El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Ran- Background and Aims: The colonization of lithic substrates by fungal communities is determined by cho polígono 2A, Parque Industrial the properties of the substrate (bioreceptivity) and climatic and microclimatic conditions. However, the Lerma, 24500 Campeche, Mexico. effect of the exposure time of the limestone surface to the environment on fungal communities has not 2 Universidad Autónoma de Campe- been extensively investigated. In this study, we analyze the composition and structure of fungal commu- che, Departamento de Microbiología nities occurring in biofilms on limestone walls of modern edifications constructed at different times in a Ambiental y Biotecnología, Avenida subtropical environment in Campeche, Mexico. Agustín Melgar s/n, 24039 Campe- Methods: A chronosequence of walls built one, five and 10 years ago was considered. On each wall, three che, Mexico. surface areas of 3 × 3 cm of the corresponding biofilm were scraped for subsequent analysis. Fungi were 3 Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Ta- isolated by washing and particle filtration technique and were then inoculated in two contrasting culture basco, División Académica de Cien- cias Biológicas, Carretera Villahermo- media (oligotrophic and copiotrophic). The fungi were identified according to macro and microscopic sa-Cárdenas km 0.5 s/n, entronque a characteristics.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
    English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Curvularia Keratitis*
    09 Wilhelmus Final 11/9/01 11:17 AM Page 111 CURVULARIA KERATITIS* BY Kirk R. Wilhelmus, MD, MPH, AND Dan B. Jones, MD ABSTRACT Purpose: To determine the risk factors and clinical signs of Curvularia keratitis and to evaluate the management and out- come of this corneal phæohyphomycosis. Methods: We reviewed clinical and laboratory records from 1970 to 1999 to identify patients treated at our institution for culture-proven Curvularia keratitis. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used to identify variables associ- ated with the length of antifungal therapy and with visual outcome. In vitro susceptibilities were compared to the clini- cal results obtained with topical natamycin. Results: During the 30-year period, our laboratory isolated and identified Curvularia from 43 patients with keratitis, of whom 32 individuals were treated and followed up at our institute and whose data were analyzed. Trauma, usually with plants or dirt, was the risk factor in one half; and 69% occurred during the hot, humid summer months along the US Gulf Coast. Presenting signs varied from superficial, feathery infiltrates of the central cornea to suppurative ulceration of the peripheral cornea. A hypopyon was unusual, occurring in only 4 (12%) of the eyes but indicated a significantly (P = .01) increased risk of subsequent complications. The sensitivity of stained smears of corneal scrapings was 78%. Curvularia could be detected by a panfungal polymerase chain reaction. Fungi were detected on blood or chocolate agar at or before the time that growth occurred on Sabouraud agar or in brain-heart infusion in 83% of cases, although colonies appeared only on the fungal media from the remaining 4 sets of specimens.
    [Show full text]
  • Curvulin and Phaeosphaeride a from Paraphoma Sp. VIZR 1.46 Isolated from Cirsium Arvense As Potential Herbicides
    molecules Article Curvulin and Phaeosphaeride A from Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46 Isolated from Cirsium arvense as Potential Herbicides Ekaterina Poluektova 1, Yuriy Tokarev 1 , Sofia Sokornova 1 , Leonid Chisty 2, Antonio Evidente 3 and Alexander Berestetskiy 1,* 1 All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection, Podbelskogo 3, 196608 Pushkin, Russia; [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (Y.T.); [email protected] (S.S.) 2 Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, p/o Kuz’molovsky, 188663 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; [email protected] 3 Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +7-(812)-4705110 Received: 8 October 2018; Accepted: 25 October 2018; Published: 28 October 2018 Abstract: Phoma-like fungi are known as producers of diverse spectrum of secondary metabolites, including phytotoxins. Our bioassays had shown that extracts of Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46, a pathogen of Cirsium arvense, are phytotoxic. In this study, two phytotoxically active metabolites were isolated from Paraphoma sp. VIZR 1.46 liquid and solid cultures and identified as curvulin and phaeosphaeride A, respectively. The latter is reported also for the first time as a fungal phytotoxic product with potential herbicidal activity. Both metabolites were assayed for phytotoxic, antimicrobial and zootoxic activities. Curvulin and phaeosphaeride A were tested on weedy and agrarian plants, fungi, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and on paramecia. Curvulin was shown to be weakly phytotoxic, while phaeosphaeride A caused severe necrotic lesions on all the tested plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 550.92 K
    Trends Phytochem. Res. 1(4) 2017 207-214 ISSN: 2588-3631 (Online) ISSN: 2588-3623 (Print) Trends in Phytochemical Research (TPR) Trends in Phytochemical Research (TPR) Volume 1 Issue 4 December 2017 © 2017 Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch Journal Homepage: http://tpr.iau-shahrood.ac.ir Press, All rights reserved. Original Research Article Isolation and identification of growth promoting endophytic fungi from Artemisia annua L. and its effects on artemisinin content Mir Abid Hussain1^, Vidushi Mahajan1,2^, Irshad Ahmad Rather1, Praveen Awasthi1, Rekha Chouhan1, Prabhu Dutt1, Yash Pal Sharma3, Yashbir S. Bedi1,2 and Sumit G. Gandhi1,2, 1Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM), Council of Scientific and Industrial esearch,R Canal Road, Jammu-180001, India 2Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi-110 001, India 3Post Graduate Department of Botany, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is a well-known antimalarial drug isolated from Received: 03 July 2017 Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae). Semi-synthetic derivatives of artemisinin like arteether, Revised: 31 August 2017 artemether, artesunate, etc. have also been explored for antimalarial as well as other Accepted: 11 October 2017 pharmacological activities. Endophytes are microorganisms which reside inside the living ePublished: 09 December 2017 tissues of host plants and can form symbiotic, parasitic or commensalistic relationship depending on the climatic conditions and host genotype. In this study, endophytic fungi KEYWORDS were isolated from the leaves of A. annua and were identified using the conventional as well as molecular taxonomic methods. Endophytes were identified as: Colletotrichum Acremonium persicum gloeosporioides, Cochliobolus lunatus, Curvularia pallescens and Acremonium persicum.
    [Show full text]
  • Australia Biodiversity of Biodiversity Taxonomy and and Taxonomy Plant Pathogenic Fungi Fungi Plant Pathogenic
    Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan 2019 Tan Pei Yu Australia and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Taxonomy Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Australia Bipolaris Botryosphaeriaceae Yu Pei Tan Curvularia Diaporthe Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Yu Pei Tan Yu Pei Tan Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands (2019) ISBN: 978-90-393-7126-8 Cover and invitation design: Ms Manon Verweij and Ms Yu Pei Tan Layout and design: Ms Manon Verweij Printing: Gildeprint The research described in this thesis was conducted at the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Dutton Park, Queensland, 4102, Australia. Copyright © 2019 by Yu Pei Tan ([email protected]) All rights reserved. No parts of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any other forms by any means, without the permission of the author, or when appropriate of the publisher of the represented published articles. Front and back cover: Spatial records of Bipolaris, Curvularia, Diaporthe and Botryosphaeriaceae across the continent of Australia, sourced from the Atlas of Living Australia (http://www.ala. org.au). Accessed 12 March 2019. Taxonomy and biodiversity of plant pathogenic fungi from Australia Taxonomie en biodiversiteit van plantpathogene schimmels van Australië (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. H.R.B.M. Kummeling, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 9 mei 2019 des ochtends te 10.30 uur door Yu Pei Tan geboren op 16 december 1980 te Singapore, Singapore Promotor: Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Knowledge and Use Value of Bamboo in Southeastern Benin
    Traditional Knowledge and Use Value of Bamboo in Southeastern Benin: Implications for sustainable management Hermann Honfo, Frédéric Chenangnon Tovissodé, Césaire Gnanglè, Sylvanus Mensah, Valère Kolawolé Salako, Achille Ephrem Assogbadjo, Clément Agbangla, Research and Romain Glèlè Kakaï Abstract Traditional knowledge (TK), use, and economical val- sculpting of musical instruments (Cottingham 2011, Yum- ues of three bamboo species—Oxytenanthera abys- ing et al. 2004). This “woody grass” is highly acclaimed for sinica (A.Rich.) Munro, Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex its properties and its fast growth rate. J.C.Wendl., and Dendrocalamus asper (Schult. & Schult. f.) Backer ex K.Heyne—were assessed in southeastern Bamboo grows up to a meter per day and can reach ma- Benin. Individual interviews were used in 90 randomly se- turity in less than five years (Bentonet al. 2011a). Bamboo lected villages, which cut across 10 socio-cultural groups. has the ability to conserve soil moisture and to prevent We tested and found evidence to support the hypotheses its erosion (Rashford 1995) and to sequester carbon (Du that (1) age, gender, and socio-cultural groups are predic- et al. 2010, Song et al. 2011) and thus contribute to the tors of TK and plant ethnobotanical use value and (2) big- mitigation of the harmful impacts of climate change. The ger bamboo species are more expensive on the market. annual revenue generated from the international trade Bamboo was used for 44 purposes, but the common food of bamboo amounts to over 2 billion USD (Benton et al. 2011a, INBAR 1999). This, however, represents a small use of bamboo shoots was not reported.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Version Without Images
    Spring, 2002 Vol. 2, #53 Publication of the Northeast Organic Farming Association News, features, and articles about organic growing in the Northeast, plus a Special Supplement on: Agroforestry Inside This Issue Front Page - 2 Features Diseases of Apple on the Organic Frontier - 5 Eating in Connecticut - 8 Supplement on AgroForestry Woodland Ecosystems - 12 Permaculture with a Mycological Twist - 15 Woodland Medicinal Plants - 19 Skip Keane’s Forested Acres - 26 Edible Forest Gardens - 31 Growing Ginseng in Your Woodlot - 42 Effects of Trees on Soils - 47 Mushrooms in AgroForestry - 52 Bamboo: A Multipurpose Agriforestry Crop - 59 The Woods and Honey Hollow Farm - 63 Nontimber Forest Products - 68 Photo by Jack Kittredge Rhode Island farmer Skip Keane cradles one of his Departments forest-grown crops, a fresh-cut shiitake mushroom. Letters to the Editor - 75 Editorial - 78 News Notes - 79 Book Reviews - 83 Summer Conference Planned for August 8 - 11 By Steve Lorenz A history lesson was one of the orders of the day the last time the NOFA Summer Conference committee met, and it was that organically-evolving discussion which is foremost on my mind as I write this article for the wider NOFA Community. As with any yearly conference that has added and subtracted organizers from time to time, there are folks on the committee with varying NOFA conference experience, and thus a gap in understanding about how the conference has evolved over the years. The germane fact for this context, and from which emerged one of our (in some cases, renewed) tasks, is that the Massachusetts chapter of NOFA has planned and hosted the summer event for the last 15 years.
    [Show full text]
  • IO033542 1961 HIM-C.Pdf
    PRG. 60A(2) (N)jlOOO CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XX-PART VII-A-No. 2 HIMACHAL PRADESH Rural Craft Survey THE ART OF WEAVING Field Investigation and Draft by LAKSHMI CHAND SHARMA Editor RAM ~HANDRA PAL SINGH of the Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations Himachal Pradesh, Simla-5. 1968 PRINTED IN INDIA bY THE CAMBRIDGE PRINTING WORKS, DELHI. AND PUBLISHED BY THE MANAGER OF PUBLICATIONS, CIVIL LINES, DELHI. Contents PAGFS FOREWORD iii PREFACE vii 1. WOOL, WOOLLENS AND OTHER TEXTILES Clothings-Religious tinge and Superstitions- Woollens today. 2. THE SPINNERS AND WEAVERS 5 Training of craftsmen-Training in silk rearing at Government Centre. 3. WEAVER'S WORKSHOP. 8 Workshop-Tools and equipment (i) Toolsfor preparing the yarn. (ii) Tools for preparing warp. (iii) Loom and its parts. (iv) Other accessories 4. RAW MATERIALS 16 Cotton-wool-sheep shearing-Silk-Facilities offered by the Government-Experimental Trials with mulberry varieties-Silk weaving-Pashmina-Sheli-Goat hair. 5. PREPARATION OF YARN 28 Rearing and shearing-washing-teasing-spinning-Twisting of thread into two ply-Preparation of Pashmina yarn-Goat hair spinning--Count ofyarn. 6. WEAVING PROCESSES 32 Calculation in w.eaving-Preparation of warp-Removing the warp threads-Threading the Headles-Reeding- The tie-up operation­ Preparation of weft-Weaving-Loom for Kharcha making-Sizing -Milling-Dying-Basic weaves-Plain weave-twill weave. 7 . VARIETIES IN F ABRI CS 42 Woollen fabrics- Traditional designs -Modern designs-Goat hair fabrics-Cotton fabrics. B. ECONOMY OF WEAVERS 48 Wages. ApPENDIX I 50 ApPENDIX II 61 "India is set on her own industrial collaboration and I have little doubt that she will progressively be an industrialised country, but I do hope that this process will not put an end to the handlooms of India.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala Part of the Western Ghats
    Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats (Final Report of the Project No. KFRI 375/01) C. Mohanan Forest Pathology Discipline Forest Protection Division K. Yesodharan Forest Botany Discipline Forest Ecology & Biodiversity Conservation Division KFRI Kerala Forest Research Institute An Institution of Kerala State council for Science, Technology and Environment Peechi 680 653 Kerala January 2005 0 ABSTRACT OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL 1. Project No. : KFRI/375/01 2. Project Title : Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats 3. Objectives: i. To undertake a comprehensive disease survey in natural forests, forest plantations and nurseries in the Kerala part of the Western Ghats and to document the fungal pathogens associated with various diseases of forestry species, their distribution, and economic significance. ii. To prepare an illustrated document on plant pathogenic fungi, their association and distribution in various forest ecosystems in this region. 4. Date of commencement : November 2001 5. Date of completion : October 2004 6. Funding Agency: Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India 1 CONTENTS Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………….. 3 Abstract…………………………………………………………………………… 4 Introduction……………………………………………………………………….. 6 Materials and Methods…………………………………………………….……... 11 Results and Discussion…………………………………………………….……... 15 Diversity of plant pathogenic fungi in different forest ecosystems ……………. 27 West coast tropical evergreen forests…………………………………..…..
    [Show full text]
  • Original Research Article 2 3 Optimization of Cellulose Production by Curvularia Pallescens 4 Isolated from Textile Effluent 5 6 Abstract
    1 Original Research Article 2 3 Optimization of Cellulose Production by Curvularia pallescens 4 Isolated from Textile Effluent 5 6 Abstract: 7 Introduction: Celluloses are important industrial enzymes and find application in several 8 industrial processes. Effects of pH, temperature, incubation time, source of carbon and nitrogen 9 were tested in submerged fermentation process in the production of cellulose by Curvularia 10 pallescens isolated from textile effluent. 11 Aims: The present study was attempted in a fungus; Curvularia pallescens isolated from textile 12 effluent for maximizing its production under optimal conditions in submerged fermentation by 13 using inexpensive substrate wheat bran. 14 Study design: The production medium was prepared in distilled water, supplemented with 4.5% 15 wheat bran, 0.05% KCl, 0.2% KH2PO4, (carbon source), yeast extract (nitrogen source), 16 maintained with pH of 5.5 and incubated at 280C for 120h was found optimal for the production 17 of cellulose. 18 Results: The test fungus achieved maximum FPA activity followed by cellobiohydrolase, 19 endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activity at 46.76, 42.06, 26.94 and 3.56 U/ml respectively at 20 pH 5.5 (figure-4). The temperature of 280C produced maximum cellulase activity. Highest 21 activity recorded was of FPA (38.94 U/ml), followed by cellobiohydrolase (30.29 U/ml), 22 endoglucanase (22.41 U/ml), and β-glucosidase (3.98 U/ml). The effect of process parameters 23 such as the effect of temperature, pH and inoculum size was investigated. Maximum cellulase 24 and xylanase having an enzyme activity of 694.45 and 931.25 IU, respectively, were produced at 25 30°C incubation temperature.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards Resilient Futures
    Towards Resilient Futures Can fibre-rich plants serve the joint role of remediation of degraded mine land and fuelling of a multi-product value chain? CeBER DSI-NRF CoP/WP201902 By Susan TL Harrison, Shilpa Rumjeet, Xihluke Mabasa, Bernelle Verster October 2019 Centre For Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER) and FutureWater Report commissioned by the Towards Resilient Futures Community of Practice:“Developing a Fibre Micro-industry to Generate Economic Growth from Degraded Land”. Disclaimer: This research is funded through the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and the National Research Foundation (NRF) via the awarding of a Community of Practice to existing Research Chairs under the South African Research Chairs Initiative (SARChI) funding instrument. The views expressed herein are those of their respective authors and do not necessarily represent those of the University of Cape Town, or any associated organisation/s. © DPRU, University of Cape Town 2019 ISBN: 978-1-920633-71-4 This work is licenced under the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.5 South Africa License. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/za/ or send a letter to: Creative Commons, 171 Second Street, Suite 300, San Francisco, California 94105, USA Abstract Due to the many challenges associated with mine closure and management practices during a mine’s lifetime that make insufficient provision for “during mining” practices with respect to environmental sustainability and progressive closure approaches, there are large areas of degraded mine land, poorly rehabilitated operations and abandoned mines across South Africa, resulting in severe environmental degradation and complex socio-economic issues.
    [Show full text]