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National Parks 2 Ethan Carr: the Natural Style and Park Design Charles E

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National Parks 2 Ethan Carr: the Natural Style and Park Design Charles E A Publication of the Foundation for Landscape Studies A Journal of Place Volume v | Number ı | Fall 2009 Essays: America the Beautiful: The National Parks 2 Ethan Carr: The Natural Style and Park Design Charles E. Beveridge: Olmsted and Yosemite Lee H. Whittlesey: Yellowstone: From Last Place Discovered to International Fame Anne Mitchell Whisnant: Conundrums of Commemoration: Blue Ridge Parkway’s Seventy-fifth Anniversary Rolf Diamant: Diary for a Second Century: A Journey across Our National Park System in Search of Its Future Paula Deitz: Acadia National Park Place Maker 18 Henriette Granville Suhr, Garden Creator Television Review 19 Reuben Rainey: The National Parks, America’s Best Idea A Film by Ken Burns Memorial 21 Ethan Carr: Hal Rothman and National Park History Awards 22 Contributors 23 Letter from the Editor Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. cept to the one achieved by by the 1950s their visitor National Recreation Area in drew on his father’s Yosemite Frederic Law Olmsted and facilities had become run- New York City and Golden report when writing key por- Calvert Vaux in their design down and obsolete. In 1956, Gate National Recreation tions of the enabling legis- of the paths and drives in the same year that the Area in San Francisco. Rolf than Carr, a scholar railroad companies as recre- lation for the creation of the Central Park. Here Ethan Federal-Aid Highway Act Diamant, superintendent of the history of ational travel opportunities. National Park Service in Carr discusses the principles authorized the construction of the Marsh-Billings- America’s national Commerce and mapping 1916. Before that date, there of this aesthetic tradition, of the interstate highway sys- Rockefeller National Histori- parks, is guest editor went hand in hand, while art was no governmental unit which he calls the “natural tem, it became evident that a cal Park, provides an for this issue of and photography became a to administer the parks as an style,” as exemplified both in significantly augmented insider’s speculation about ESite/Lines. Our contributors means of revealing western integrated system. With the Central Park and the nation- national park system would the agency’s future steward- include landscape historians grandeur to the rest of the establishment of a federal al parks. be invaluable to a society ship of America’s most and longtime National country. The Northern agency within the Depart- In making improvements with more mobility and remarkable living legacy Park Service employees. In Pacific Railroad funded the ment of the Interior, Con- to the national parks during leisure than ever before. after the Constitution. their essays, they honor participation of artist gress, which had been the Great Depression, feder- Deemed a ten-year effort, the We at the Foundation for the visionaries who sought Thomas Moran and photog- previously intent on creating ally funded Civilian Conser- billion-dollar program – Landscape Studies would to preserve portions of rapher William Henry parks in the western United vation Corps teams used Mission 66 – was designed to argue that the national parks America’s scenic heritage for Jackson in the Ferdinand States, expanded its purview rustic timbers and rough- provide an array of services did not fare well during the the benefit of its citizens. Vandeveer Hayden Survey of to include areas east of the hewn rock, perpetuating the for an estimated eighty mil- Bush years, when there was a In addition, they explore the 1871. Their depictions of the Mississippi. Acadia on Mount style pioneered by the rail- lion annual visitors. Promi- lack of a clear leadership challenging issues facing waterfalls, deep canyons, gey- Desert Island in Maine was road companies who built nent among these services and adequate funding. Our park managers in the twen- sers, and steaming fumaroles the first such park. many of the first park lodges were administrative build- hope is that the ideals of ty-first century. of the Yellowstone region As Paula Deitz explains and visitor facilities. The ings, housing for park the visionary Americans who Frederick Law Olmsted helped make the case for its here, Maine’s coastal scenery New Deal era also saw the rangers, comfort stations, created the national parks can be considered a precur- designation by Congress as had long attracted such National Park Service and more than a hundred and former directors such as sor of such visionaries. As the first national park the landscape painters as embrace automobile park- new visitor centers offering Stephen Mather, Conrad leading Olmsted historian following year. Thus the Thomas Cole, Frederic E. ways. A prime example, as interpretive programs. Wirth, and Roger Kennedy Charles Beveridge points out impetus for creating national Church, Sanford Robinson Anne Whisnant relates, was In addition, the size of the will be revived and perpetu- in his essay, the father of parks was to preserve Gifford, and other Romantic the building of the Blue national park system ated during the administra- America’s municipal parks remarkable natural curiosi- landscape artists. Now pro- Ridge Parkway connecting increased by forty percent tion of Jon Jarvis, President movement wrote a report in ties as tourist destinations tected as a national park, Shenandoah National Park with the acquisition of sev- Obama’s new head of the 1865 on the need to ensure rather than to set aside Acadia became the beneficia- and Great Smoky Mountains enty-eight new sites. As new National Park Service. The public access to Yosemite wilderness for its own sake. ry of a singular act of private National Park. The parkway visitor centers and other signs are good. Jarvis is a Valley’s spectacular scenery. Lee Whittlesey, park histori- philanthropy. In addition to gave a new dimension to amenities were built, the highly qualified career Soon thereafter, in the an for the National Park donating 11,000 acres to the scenic recreation, but like natural style of park design employee who has filled var- wake of the 1868 completion Service at Yellowstone, in National Park Service, John the earlier national parks, it gave way to such practical ious important posts over of the transcontinental rail- chronicling Yellowstone’s D. Rockefeller Jr. worked was vulnerable to exploita- considerations as automo- the past thirty years. His road, government-sponsored history in this issue of with landscape architect tion by commercial tourism. bile parking. At the same appointment has been hailed survey expeditions made an Site/Lines, gives voice to the Beatrix Farrand on laying Whisnant warns against the time, modern architecture by environmental groups array of scenic discoveries. continuing dichotomy: How out the fifty-seven miles of politically allied economic replaced the rustic character and historic preservationists These natural wonders can we adhere to Thoreau’s carriage roads through forces that can result in of the older park facilities. alike. We send him – along served as the stimulus for an dictum “In wildness is Acadia’s unfolding scenery of excessive tourist-industry In recent years, the with all our readers – good adventurous new brand preservation of the world,” forest and shoreline. Their development. National Park Service has green wishes, of tourism, and they were while accommodating those work made movement a fun- As soldiers went off to created parks in large urban quickly promoted by the who need access and visitor damental part of the park serve in World War II, the areas, notably Gateway facilities in order to enjoy experience, similar in con- federally funded economic the parks that were created relief programs that had On the Cover: for their benefit? benefited the national parks Elizabeth Barlow Rogers Yellowstone Falls by Thomas Moran, came to an end. The parks President Courtesy Gilcrease Museum. themselves languished, and 2 America the Beautiful: For Robinson, natural style meant wild gardens of loosely enhanced its solitary and dramatic aspect. To the south, the composed perennial borders, meadows strewn with “natural- straight, quarter-mile-long avenue of the Mall was angled The National Parks ized” masses of bulbs and other flowers, or woodlands with between Vista Rock and the main park entrance, so that the understories of flowering shrubs and ferns. In Olmsted’s case, axis of this one great formal space in Central Park terminated The Natural Style and Park Design the natural style encompassed the varied landscapes of his not on a monument or building but rather on a wild garden. he Irish gardener William Robinson and the Ameri- large municipal parks: the pastoral beauty of meadows, the Although there is no record of Robinson’s response to the can landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted met picturesque scenes created by more densely planted or wooded Ramble, he was extremely taken with the park itself, referring in New York in 1870, the same year Robinson pub- areas, the expansive sheets of water meandering through and to it as “equal and in many respects superior, to anything of lished what would become one of the most influen- around other features of the landscape. But the term also indi- the kind in existence.” For his part, Olmsted later recognized tial gardening books of all time, The Wild Garden. cated Olmsted’s approach to preserving existing scenic land- that there could be “no better place than the Ramble for the TWe know little of the meeting except that Olmsted gave Robin- scapes through minimally intrusive “improvements” – the realization of the Wild Garden,” instructing the park’s garden- son tours of Central Park and Prospect Park, and that the drives, paths, and other public facilities that could make a ers to use Robinson’s ideas in the future management of the two men apparently liked what each had to say to the other large natural area like Niagara Falls into a (nearly) ready-made landscape.
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