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Humanitarian Assistance in Somalia: an Evaluation of Support for Idps in Somalia, 1999-2003

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Humanitarian Assistance in Somalia: an Evaluation of Support for Idps in Somalia, 1999-2003 Humanitarian Assistance in Somalia: An evaluation of support for IDPs in Somalia, 1999-2003 November 2005 ETC UK Ltd ETC East Africa Groupe URD Wageningen University Contents Page Contents Page....................................................................................................................... i Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................. iii Glossary .............................................................................................................................. iv 1. Main Findings and Issues..............................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 1.2 Findings................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Issues for Future Attention...................................................................................... 6 2. Origins, Approach and Method.................................................................................... 8 2.1 Objective.................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Scope of the Evaluation........................................................................................... 8 2.3 Questions................................................................................................................10 2.4 Modifications.......................................................................................................... 11 2.5 Approach ................................................................................................................15 2.6 Limitations to the Evaluation Method...................................................................16 3. Somalia, Assistance, IDPs and Peace.........................................................................20 3.1 Background ............................................................................................................20 3.2 Somalia and its Divisions.......................................................................................25 3.3 The Effects of Somalia’s Divisions on the Delivery of Humanitarian Assistance 27 3.4 Somalia’s Economy................................................................................................29 3.5 Internally Displaced Persons .................................................................................32 3.6 IDPs – The ‘Deng’ Principles ................................................................................34 3.7 IDPs and the Problems for Assistance ..................................................................36 3.8 The Real World of IDPs.........................................................................................37 3.9 The Somali Peace Process .....................................................................................41 4. Donor Policies, Funding and Institutional Partners...................................................44 4.1 Donor Policies ........................................................................................................44 4.2 Strategic Considerations ........................................................................................53 4.3 Donor Funding.......................................................................................................55 4.4 Approaches to Funding Channels and the Choice of Sectors ...............................62 5. Sectoral Investigations.................................................................................................64 5.1 Introduction............................................................................................................64 5.2 Multi-Sectoral Funding ..........................................................................................65 5.3 Health Care ............................................................................................................65 5.4 Water and Sanitation ..............................................................................................73 5.5 Education ...............................................................................................................77 5.6 Food Aid.................................................................................................................82 5.7 Economic Recovery and Infrastructure.................................................................85 5.8 Peace Promotion, Protection, Human Rights and Rule of Law ...........................89 5.9 Mine Action............................................................................................................95 5.10 Other Interventions ..............................................................................................99 6. Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 102 6.1 Internally Displaced Persons in a Partitioned State ............................................ 102 6.2 Humanitarian Assistance Provided ..................................................................... 108 6.3 A Note on the Peace Process ............................................................................... 114 References......................................................................................................................... 117 Annex 1 – Terms of Reference.......................................................................................... 121 Annex 2 – Respondents Consulted During the Evaluation ............................................. 139 Annex 3 - Interventions by Region & District ................................................................. 148 i List of Tables Table 3.1 Causes of Displacement...................................................................................33 Table 3.2 Sources of Income for IDPs in Bossaso ..........................................................39 Table 3.3 Expenditure and Incomes in South and Central Somalia...............................40 Table 4.1 Sectors Funded.................................................................................................58 Table 4.2 Sectors and Relative Funding..........................................................................60 Table 4.3 Proportions of Donor Funding by Channel ....................................................61 List of Maps Map 2.1 De facto Administrative Areas of Somalia During 1999-2003............................. 9 List of Figures Figure 4.1 Total Funding to Somalia through the SACB by type of Aid ........................55 Figure 4.2 Proportions of Funding by Administrative Region .......................................56 Figure 4.3 Annual Funding to Somalia by Netherlands, Danida, ECHO and Sida.......57 Figure 4.4 Geographical Distribution of Donors’ Funding ............................................58 List of Boxes Box 3.1 Rates of Exchange ..............................................................................................30 Box 3.2 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (abridged) ...................................35 ii Abbreviations and Acronyms ACF-F Action Contre la Faim – France AIDS Acquired Immuno-deficiency Syndrome CAP Consolidated Agency Appeals CIA Central Intelligence Agency CHAP Common Humanitarian Action Plan DRC Danish Refugee Council ECHO European Commission Humanitarian Office FGM Female Genital Mutilation GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV Human Immuno-deficiency Virus ICRC International Committee Red Cross IDP Internally Displaced Person INGO International Non-Governmental Organisation MCH Mother and Child Health Centres MSF-H/-B Médecins sans Frontières – Holland/Belgium NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development SACB Somalia Aid Co-ordination Body SCF-D Save the Children Fund-Denmark SIDA Swedish International Development Co-operation Agency SoS Somaliland Shilling SS Somali Shilling ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNITAF United Task Force UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOSOM United Nations Operation in Somalia UXO Unexploded Ordnance WFP World Food Programme iii Glossary (Humanitarian) Access. The ability to contact, aid and protect people in need. This may be restricted by insecurity, episodes of violent conflict, a lack of a suitable mode of transport, distance, the ‘invisibility’ of the people in need and a lack of cooperation, for whatever reason, from de facto powers. Factors such as gender, health, age, knowledge and prejudice may be involved. Access is a two-way process: access by the needy and access by the agency. Anthropometric nutritional survey. A nutritional survey using systematic measurements of samples of the population, particularly children, including height, weight and upper arm circumference. These are analysed in relation to age, sex and other factors. Clan. A large group of people believed to be descendants through males of a common ancestor whose name is also the name of the clan. Several clans constitute a clan-family and each clan is divided into a number of lineages. Deng
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