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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2020

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2020 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië Maart 2020 Pagina 1 van 69 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië | maart 2020 Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Afdeling Ambtsberichten (DAF/AB) Pagina 2 van 69 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië | maart 2020 Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................5 1 Politieke situatie ......................................................................................... 7 1.1 Politieke en bestuurlijke ontwikkelingen .............................................................7 1.2 Regionale politieke ontwikkelingen .....................................................................9 2 Veiligheidssituatie ..................................................................................... 13 2.1 Algemene veiligheidssituatie ........................................................................... 13 2.2 Mogadishu/Banadir ........................................................................................ 17 2.3 Jubbaland (Gedo, Middle Jubba, Lower Jubba) .................................................. 19 2.4 Zuid-West Staat (Lower Shabelle, Bay, Bakool) ................................................. 20 2.5 Hirshabelle (Hiraan, Middle Shabelle) ............................................................... 21 2.6 Galmudug ..................................................................................................... 21 2.7 Al-Shabaab ................................................................................................... 21 2.7.1 Ontwikkeling Al-Shabaab ................................................................................ 22 2.7.2 Invloedssfeer Al-Shabaab ............................................................................... 23 2.7.3 Districtshoofdsteden onder controle van Al-Shabaab .......................................... 24 2.7.4 Omvang van Al-Shabaab ................................................................................ 25 2.7.5 Inlichtingendienst Amniyat ............................................................................. 26 2.7.6 Al Kataib ...................................................................................................... 27 2.7.7 Zakat ........................................................................................................... 27 2.7.8 Defector Rehabilitation Programme .................................................................. 27 2.7.9 Rekrutering .................................................................................................. 28 2.7.10 Positie van vrouwen onder Al-Shabaab ............................................................. 30 2.7.11 Clanoudsten .................................................................................................. 30 2.7.12 Invloed Al-Shabaab in Puntland ....................................................................... 31 2.7.13 Invloed Al-Shabaab in Somaliland.................................................................... 31 2.7.14 Al-Shabaab in Kenia....................................................................................... 32 2.8 Bewegingsvrijheid ......................................................................................... 32 3 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ..................................................... 34 3.1 Kerkelijk huwelijk bij proxy ............................................................................. 34 3.2 Aanvraag paspoort in Brussel .......................................................................... 35 3.3 Diplomatiek paspoort ..................................................................................... 36 3.4 Nationaliteitswetgeving .................................................................................. 36 4 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 37 4.1 Positie van specifieke groepen ......................................................................... 37 4.1.1 Burgers ........................................................................................................ 37 4.1.2 Etnische minderheden, beroepsgroepen en specifieke clans ................................ 38 4.1.3 Religieuze groepen ........................................................................................ 39 4.1.4 Leden van oppositiepartijen/ politieke activisten ................................................ 40 4.1.5 LHBT (Lesbiennes, homoseksuelen, biseksuelen en transgenders) ....................... 41 4.1.6 Vrouwen ....................................................................................................... 41 4.1.7 Minderjarigen ................................................................................................ 45 4.1.8 Zakenlieden .................................................................................................. 47 4.2 Toezicht en rechtsbescherming ....................................................................... 47 Pagina 3 van 69 4.2.1 Rechtsgang ................................................................................................... 47 4.3 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 50 4.3.1 Persvrijheid .................................................................................................. 50 4.3.2 Doodstraf ..................................................................................................... 52 4.3.3 Mishandeling en foltering ................................................................................ 53 5 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 54 5.1 Somalische vluchtelingen................................................................................ 54 5.1.1 Opvang in de regio Kenia ............................................................................... 55 5.1.2 Opvang in de regio Ethiopië ............................................................................ 56 5.2 Ontheemden ................................................................................................. 58 5.2.1 Gatekeepers ................................................................................................. 60 5.3 Terugkeer ..................................................................................................... 61 5.3.1 Amerikaans onderzoek naar terugkeer ............................................................. 62 5.3.2 Standpunt UNHCR ten aanzien van terugkeer ................................................... 62 6 Bijlagen ..................................................................................................... 63 6.1 Geraadpleegde bronnen ................................................................................. 63 6.2 Kaart van Somalië ......................................................................................... 69 Overzicht figuren Figuur 1 Overzicht aanslagen Al-Shabaab 2009-2019 ................................ 15 Figuur 2 Invloedssfeer Al-Shabaab ............................................................. 24 Figuur 3 Overzicht ontheemdennederzettingen .......................................... 59 Pagina 4 van 69 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Somalië | maart 2020 Inleiding Dit algemeen ambtsbericht beschrijft de situatie in Somalië, voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen afkomstig uit dat land en voor de besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Somalische asielzoekers. Dit algemeen ambtsbericht is een actualisering van het eerdere algemeen ambtsbericht Zuid- en Centraal- Somalië dat in maart 2019 verscheen en de periode van november 2017 tot en met februari 2019 versloeg. De nieuwe versie beslaat de periode van maart 2019 tot en met maart 2020 en zal, voor zover relevant, ook de situatie in Puntland en Somaliland beschrijven. Het ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van de in de Terms of Reference (ToR) gestelde vragen en genoemde aandachtspunten. Deze ToR is opgesteld in opdracht van het ministerie van Justitie en Veiligheid en is vastgesteld op 15 oktober 2019. Een geanonimiseerde versie van deze ToR is tezamen met het ambtsbericht gepubliceerd op de website van de rijksoverheid. Dit ambtsbericht is opgesteld aan de hand van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen waarbij gebruik is gemaakt van zorgvuldig geselecteerde, geanalyseerde en gecontroleerde informatie. Bij de opstelling is onder meer gebruik gemaakt van informatie van niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur, berichtgeving in de media en (indien van toepassing) relevante overheidsinstanties. De passages in dit ambtsbericht berusten op meerdere bronnen, tenzij anders vermeld of in het geval van algemeen onbetwiste feiten. De geraadpleegde openbare bronnen zijn opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. In dit ambtsbericht is gebruik gemaakt van vertrouwelijke informatie afkomstig van de diplomatieke vertegenwoordiging van Nederland in Kenia alsmede vertrouwelijke (telefoon)gesprekken en correspondentie met andere bronnen. De op vertrouwelijke basis ingewonnen informatie is voornamelijk gebruikt ter ondersteuning en aanvulling van passages die zijn gebaseerd op openbare informatie. De vertrouwelijke bronnen
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