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The Sedimentary Geoscience of the Great Barrier Reef Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment

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The Sedimentary Geoscience of the Great Barrier Reef Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment RPS MetOcean Pty Ltd THE SEDIMENTARY GEOSCIENCE OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF SHELF – CONTEXT FOR MANAGEMENT OF DREDGED SEDIMENT Piers Larcombe (RPS MetOcean) & Peter Ridd (James Cook University) rpsgroup.com.au THE SEDIMENTARY GEOSCIENCE OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF SHELF – CONTEXT FOR MANAGEMENT OF DREDGED SEDIMENT Piers Larcombe (RPS MetOcean) & Peter Ridd (James Cook University) Prepared by: Prepared for: RPS MetOcean Pty Ltd QUEENSLAND PORTS ASSOCIATION 31 Bishop Street, JOLIMONT c/- North Queensland Bulk Ports Western Australia 6014 GPO Box 409 T: + 61 8 9486 2255 Brisbane F: + 61 8 9387 6686 QLD E: [email protected] W: rpsmetocean.com rpsgroup.com.au Report No: R1682v1 Job No: J3031 Date: 11/02/2015 RPS MetOcean Pty Ltd (ABN 42 107 962 872) “Commercial in Confidence” 31 Bishop Street, Jolimont, Western Australia 6014 T +61 8 9486 2255 F +61 8 9387 6686 E [email protected] W rpsmetocean.com & rpsgroup.com.au RPS MetOcean Pty Ltd | ABN 42 107 962 872 Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" Document Status Version Description of Issue Date of Issue Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by A “Incomplete working 8/12/2014 PL & PVR PL & PVR PL draft” for informal comment B Draft Final Report for 26/12/2014 PVR – Lead - Oceanography, PL PL feedback. Nutrients and Tipping Point analysis, Cyclone sediment volumes. PL – Lead - Other sections. C Draft Final Report for 12/01/2015 Updated with live comments PL & PVR PL discussion from PD & RM D Draft Final Report, 20/01/2015 PL & PVR PL & PVR PL for input by Rick Morton 0 Final Report 9/02/2015 Piers Larcombe & Peter V S J Buchan S J Buchan Ridd 1 Final Report 11/02/2015 Piers Larcombe S J Buchan S J Buchan Disclaimer This document is and shall remain the property of RPS. The document may only be used for the purposes for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the Terms of Engagement for the commission. Unauthorised copying or use of this document in any form whatsoever is prohibited. Report No. J1682v1 Job No. J3031 FINAL REPORT Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" Report No. J1682v1 Job No. J3031 FINAL REPORT Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview This report has been prepared for The Queensland Ports Association, and addresses sedimentary and nutrient issues relating to dredging and emplacement of dredged sediment at sea. The report concludes that: · The inner-shelf (where all dredging occurs) is naturally turbid with wave action frequently suspending muddy seabed sediments, producing environmental conditions different from the outer-shelf ‘blue-water’ reefs. Inner-shelf reefs are adapted to highly turbid conditions; · Cyclones play a major role in influencing the sedimentary nature of the inner shelf (and associated habitats). Intense cyclones are the norm, rather than the exception, and have probably ‘reset’ many marine benthic habitats on the GBR shelf at least every few decades. The reefs and other habitats of the inner shelf have therefore evolved in a state of constant change and are consequently naturally highly variable over time; · The current debate on dredging in the GBR has not placed sufficient attention on sedimentary processes (which determine the nature of habitats) nor has considered observed changes to the GBR in appropriate time frames; · Dredging-related volumes of sediment resuspension are at least an order of magnitude less than those occurring naturally. SE trade wind events result in much greater sediment resuspension each day than that resulting from periodic dredging; · The process of comparing volumes of river and dredge-related sediment inputs to the entire GBR shelf is meaningless; · Nutrient release from dredging operations and emplacement of dredged sediment at sea are negligible and are one or two orders of magnitude less than the riverine fluxes; · The monitoring datasets used to support the current debate on the health of the GBR cover timescales of years to a few decades. Habitat changes over such timescales cannot be viewed simply as evidence of anthropogenic effects; natural variation will be involved; · Little published science demonstrates unequivocally that the GBR shelf system is severely damaged. There is significant doubt about some influential papers that have argued for a recent human-influenced decline in the GBR and/or that the GBR is near a ‘tipping point’; · Effective management of dredging related impacts needs to be site-specific and based upon an understanding of those sediment transport pathways potentially influenced, because the pathways play a large role in controlling potential impacts to ecological resources associated with that pathway. Report No. J1682v1 Job No. J3031 Page i Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" Introduction The condition of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and the influence of anthropogenic effects are under a spotlight, on the national and international stages. In particular, the increase in nutrient and sediment inputs into the GBR lagoon since European settlement has been considered by many to be amongst the key threats to the health of the Reef. Since the expansion of Queensland’s mineral-exporting ports (e.g. coal, LNG) in the last decade, the considerable public and media attention relating to nutrient and sediment inputs from land- based sources has extended to port-related dredging and emplacement of dredged sediment at sea. Previously, dredging was certainly regarded as a local issue affecting regions within a few tens of kilometres from various ports, but recently port expansion has been linked to system-wide decline of the entire GBR (UNESCO, 2012, http://whc.unesco.org/document/117104). Issues associated with the dispersal of sediment suspended by dredging and emplacement of dredged sediment at sea and the impacts of that sediment on areas of high conservation value (e.g. coral reefs) have thus been of particular interest. Dredging is an essential part of port operation, and has been conducted in Queensland for over 100 years (Morton et al., 2014). Most ports are located in shallow inner-shelf areas and have constructed channels to provide access to vessels requiring deeper water. These channels need routine maintenance dredging, to remove that sediment from over-deepened areas which would have otherwise made its way over or across the seabed. On occasions, capital dredging operations are undertaken to expand existing channels or develop new ones. The Queensland Ports Association consequently commissioned this report to help interested parties increase their understanding of the GBR sedimentary regime and the potential influence of port- related dredging and emplacement of sediment at sea. The inner-shelf of the GBR The central GBR continental shelf is divisible into three parts: inner, middle and outer as defined by their sediments and geology; all port-related dredging occurs in the inner shelf. The inner shelf is the recipient of the land-derived (terrigenous) sediment inputs and has accumulated terrigenous sediment throughout the last 7,000 - 8,000 years. In the last few hundred years, most of the sediment delivered from rivers leading into the GBR lagoon has been deposited close to the major river mouths (e.g. within 50 km, for the Burdekin River). The river-supplied muds are generally deposited in coastal embayments, especially in mangrove systems and sheltered subtidal zones, but can be temporarily incorporated into deeper-water sediments by bioturbation. Report No. J1682v1 Job No. J3031 Page ii Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" Figure 1. Simplified bathymetry and the terminology of the inner, middle and outer shelf in the central GBR region, and location of LADS image of Figure 57 (oblique rectangle). The inner shelf is characterized by: · terrigenous sediments, comprising sands, muddy sands and sandy muds. These sediments are in ample supply close to land (maximum thickness of 4–5 m) and extend offshore for 8–10 km, where, in depths greater than ~20 m, they taper to be only a few cm thick; · well-mixed surface sediments, caused by pervasive bioturbation. Seabed sediments have a relatively low carbonate content (< 30 %), different to those of the middle shelf; · naturally turbid waters, due to resuspension of the terrigenous sediments by waves (the dominant periodic oceanographic cause of high turbidity) when there are strong onshore winds. The inner shelf does not naturally have the sparkling blue water associated with the outer-shelf reefs, and has never done so in the past; · sediment accumulation in north-facing embayments such as Cleveland Bay, Trinity Bay and Princess Charlotte Bay, because they are sheltered from the prevailing south-easterly winds and waves; Report No. J1682v1 Job No. J3031 Page iii Sedimentary Geoscience of GBR Shelf – Context for Management of Dredged Sediment "Commercial-in-Confidence" · along-shelf sediment transport along non-embayed open parts of the shelf (e.g. Halifax Bay, or between Innisfail and Cairns). The inner shelf experiences a markedly different suite of oceanographic processes to the middle and outer shelf, with resultant different seabed sediments, sediment transport regimes, water quality and habitats. In brief, inner shelf waters are relatively muddy, turbid and poorly flushed. The waters of the middle and outer shelf are clearer and better flushed because they are heavily influenced by large- scale oceanic circulation driven from the Coral Sea. Flushing times for water on the outer-shelf reef matrix are less than a month, and for inner shelf waters are around 3 months or less. Both are subject to significant seasonal and episodic changes in water quality. This compares to more enclosed water bodies (e.g. 25 years for the Baltic Sea) where long residence times can become problematic if there are significant pollutant sources.
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