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VNPA Nature Conservation Seview Report to Victorian National Parks Association H@qq THr FTrh @Turrq EPt Sr I#$ Wr v 6 vy! Australian Marine Ecology Abstract Review and analysis of marine and coastal conservation status and priorities in Victoria for the Victorian National Parks Association. Keywords Nature conservation review, Victoria, marine, coastal, threats, priorities, values, gap analysis, marine protected areas, conservation management. Citation Edmunds M, Mustoe S, Stewart K, Sheedy E and Ong J (2009) VNPA Nature Conservation Review: Marine Conservation Priorities and Issues for Victoria. Report to Victorian National Parks Association. Australian Marine Ecology Report 405, Melbourne. Amendments No Section Date Amendment Details 0.1 All 20-10-08 Draft outline 0.4 All 18-05-09 Restructuring of report 0.5 All 04-07-09 Revised draft with hazard analysis 0.10 All 18-04-10 Final draft for VNPA review. Distribution Copy Holder Section/Organisation 1 Library Australian Marine Ecology 2 Ms Paige Shaw Victorian National Parks Association 3 Mr Simon Mustoe AES File: 405-04-R0405-010 Version: 0.10 Pages: 203 Approved: Managing director, 18-04-10 Issued: 18-04-10 Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd www.marine-ecology.com.au ABN 87 090 556 595 © 2010 by Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd, all rights reserved. Copyright subsists in all Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd deliverables including magnetic, optical and/or any other soft copy of these deliverables. This document may not be reproduced, in full or in part, without written permission. 405-04-R0405-010 Australian Marine Ecology Nature Conservation Review - Contents iii Contents 1 Introduction..........................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose of the Review....................................................................................1 1.2 Report Structure.............................................................................................3 1.3 Analysis Approach .........................................................................................4 2 Victorian Marine and Coastal Natural Values .................................................7 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................................7 2.2 Environments and Bioregions........................................................................9 2.3 Ecosystems and Habitats .............................................................................12 2.4 Biodiversity ..................................................................................................33 2.5 Listed Species and Communities..................................................................34 2.6 Ecosystem Processes....................................................................................40 2.7 Ecosystem Services ......................................................................................42 3 Threats and Threatening Processes .................................................................46 3.1 Threats .........................................................................................................46 3.2 Threatening Processes .................................................................................50 3.3 Status and Areas of Threatening Processes.................................................51 4 Conservation Priorities......................................................................................57 4.1 Introduction..................................................................................................57 4.2 Conservation Values ....................................................................................58 4.3 Areas of High Conservation Value ..............................................................65 4.4 Conservation Priorities................................................................................70 4.5 Areas of High Conservation Priority...........................................................70 5 Conservation Status and Gap Analysis............................................................74 5.1 Policy and Marine Conservation Strategies in Victoria..............................74 5.2 Knowledge Gaps ..........................................................................................80 5.3 Marine Protected Areas...............................................................................85 405-04-R0405-010 Australian Marine Ecology Nature Conservation Review - Contents iv 5.4 Species and Communities of Conservation Concern.................................152 6 Climate Change and Implications for Ecosystems .......................................161 6.1 Physical and Environmental Predictions...................................................161 6.2 Ecological Implications .............................................................................164 6.3 Implications for Areas of High Conservation Value..................................166 6.4 Impacts and implications for Ecosystem Processes...................................167 6.5 Building Biodiversity Resilience to Climate Change.................................168 6.6 Implications for Existing Protection Methods ...........................................169 7 Conclusions.......................................................................................................170 7.1 Marine and Coastal Natural Values..........................................................170 7.2 Key Knowledge Gaps.................................................................................174 7.3 Conservation Status ...................................................................................175 7.4 Conservation Priorities..............................................................................177 7.5 Recommendations ......................................................................................178 8 References.........................................................................................................188 Appendix...................................................................... accompanying document 405-04-R0405-010 Australian Marine Ecology Nature Conservation Review - Introduction 1 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose of the Review Australian Marine Ecology Pty Ltd was commissioned by the Victorian National Parks Association (VNPA) to produce this Marine and Coastal Issues Paper, as part of its fourth Nature Conservation Review since 1971. The third Review in 2000 put forward values requiring protection and contributed to the establishment of a marine protected area system for Victoria in 2002, which now covers approximately 5 % of coastal waters. This compares to protection of 18 % of Victoria’s land. This Review builds on the third review, seeking an approach to build biodiversity resilience in the face of environmental threats. The Victorian marine and coastal environment is impacted upon by many threats, the most significant of which is likely to be associated with climate change. While many changes are inevitable, their extent and consequences will depend on what strategies are put in place now. Since the third review, there has been a spate of systematic investigations of marine habitats and biodiversity along the Victorian coast. This review uses this new information to update our understanding of Victorian marine natural values, biodiversity, ecosystem services and conservation status. There have also been considerable recent developments in approaches to marine biodiversity management and conservation. During this fourth review, we have concentrated on habitat as the central component that supports and regulates the ecosystem. All other services that the ecosystem provides, such as fisheries, tourism and culture, depend on landscape-scale habitat integrity and biodiversity. It is widely acknowledged that loss of habitat contributes significantly to societal failure (Diamond 2005). Natural capital is divided between biodiversity and the human economy, so the more we draw on habitat for direct economic gain, the more we limit the ability of the ecosystem to resist cumulative pressures we impose on the environment as a whole (Figure 1.1; Czech 2000, 2003). The effects of climate change are addressed in a dedicated chapter as this is one of the most pressing and compelling examples of where exploitation of natural capital is beyond the environment’s ability to regulate atmosphere and climate. Because global warming cannot be avoided, at least in the short-term, human adaptation will be needed to build biodiversity resilience, as climate change directly impacts on species and ecosystems, whilst compounding existing stresses such as reduced water quality, pest invasion, marine infrastructure and over harvesting. 405-04-R0405-010 Australian Marine Ecology Nature Conservation Review - Introduction 2 As signatories to the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the World Parks Congress, Australia has pledged to protect 20-30 % of coastal habitats. This report will provide VNPA with fresh evidence of environmental threats, priority habitats and management strategies that will hopefully inform decisions to augment the state’s existing marine protection policies. K Limits Natural capital allocated to Natural capital biodiversity. allocated to human economy and technology. GDP (Economic growth) Time Figure 1.1. Relationship between human economy and natural capital. As the
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