ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Report Editor: Jennifer Loder

Report Authors and Contributors: Jennifer Loder, Terry Done, Alex Lea, Annie Bauer, Jodi Salmond, Jos Hill, Lionel Galway, Eva Kovacs, Jo Roberts, Melissa Walker, Shannon Mooney, Alena Pribyl, Marie-Lise Schläppy

Science Advisory Team: Dr. Terry Done, Dr. Chris Roelfsema, Dr. Gregor Hodgson, Dr. Marie-Lise Schläppy, Jos Hill

Graphic Designers: Manu Taboada, Tyler Hood, Alex Levonis

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence visit: http:// This project is supported by Check creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ , through funding from the Australian Government. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to: Foundation Ltd, PO Box 13204 George St QLD 4003, Project achievements have been made [email protected] possible by a countless number of dedicated volunteers, collaborators, funders, advisors and industry champions. Citation: Thanks from us and our . Volunteers, Staff and Supporters of Reef Check Australia (2015). Authors J. Loder, T. Done, A. Lea, A. Bauer, J. Salmond, J. Hill, L. Galway, E. Kovacs, J. Roberts, M. Walker, S. Mooney, A. Pribyl, M.L. Schläppy. Citizens & Reef Science: A Celebration of Reef Check Australia’s volunteer reef monitoring, education and conservation programs 2001- 2014. Reef Check Foundation Ltd.

Cover photo credit: Undersea Explorer, GBR

Photo by Matt Curnock (Russell Island, GBR) 3 Key messages FROM REEF CHECK AUSTRALIA 2001-2014

WELCOME AND THANKS • Reef monitoring is critical to understand • Across most RCA sites there was both human and natural impacts, as well evidence of reef health impacts. Reef As a global community, we face The case study findings also as reef recovery. Volunteers armed with the impact data showed varying tremendous challenges in the mission generate some interesting questions necessary skills, resources and scientific related to environmental and human to conserve marine life and . for further research. We believe support can collect valuable information use factors, which can be beneficial Australian reefs are not immune to these case studies are just the that boosts our collective understanding for gauging relevant community , despite being acknowledged as beginning of possible applications about the marine environment. Beyond education and reef management some of the best managed in the world. for this ever-developing dataset. collecting data, marine citizen science considerations along the . Now is the time for us all to intensify initiatives can help to build awareness Beyond data we need action. RCA • Reef Check volunteers collect information focus on activities that empower people and opportunities for conservation volunteers have worked collaboratively using a consistent protocol, offering the to protect our reefs and oceans. action within their communities. to clean up tens of thousands of pieces opportunity to review how Australian This report celebrates the achievements of debris from above and below the • We actively seek to generate new reefs compare to those around the world. of Reef Check Australia (RCA) and our water. Our award winning Reef IQ school opportunities for further analysis, RCA’s monitoring sites display relatively partners within this urgent context. program has been accessed by more applications and collaborations. This high cover and relatively low levels More than a decade’s worth of volunteer than 450 schools and organisations from report is both an opportunity to celebrate of nutrient indicator algae. Yet reefs here reef health data and project outcomes to Tanzania. The REEFSearch the achievements of our volunteers, and abroad do indicate signs of stress. are summarised in this report. reef identification and observation staff, partners and supporters, and to community program has offered new • RCA data showed notable levels of Since 2001, trained RCA volunteers start discussions about next steps. ways for people to understand and direct human impacts which could have donated more than 65,000 hours observe reefs as snorkelers, divers or • RCA has more than 60 priority monitoring be reduced by behavioural change to our oceans, collecting data through reef walkers. By building connections sites along the coast of , (such as anchor damage and rubbish). more than 600 surveys on more than 60 between citizens, conservation capturing a unique spatial and temporal Informed communities are one critical sites along the Queensland coast. Their and education, RCA seeks to share perspective on coral communities. element to implementing best-practice efforts assist with documenting reef findings, inspire action and celebrate RCA’s focus on tourism locations offers catchment and reef management that health at local, regional and global scales. all that our oceans have to offer. a different, but useful representation of can build reef resilience in the short- This unique dataset has been made reef health, especially within the context term while the global community seeks possible by a succession of RCA leaders This report documents the first few of other marine monitoring programs. long-term to issues such as and volunteers, industry champions, chapters of the RCA story. Long-term climate change that will impact us all. dedicated partners, invaluable in- monitoring and community work is about • The case studies in this report demonstrate kind support and funding from both longevity. We trust you will not only differences in reef communities, marine • RCA data is freely available for research or government and private grants. We are help us celebrate past achievements, life and reef health impacts at local, education applications. Visit our website constantly humbled by the incredible but join us to shape the Reef Check regional and global scales. Please review to review site specific summary data or support provided across our network story as we continue to evolve. key points at the end of each case study request to access raw data as a data user. and acknowledge that this report for additional details. Ongoing monitoring • With a growing system of citizen celebrates the range of contributions and assessment may help to document science research, dynamic community required to make this work possible. community changes due to climate engagement programs and exciting and other environmental changes. This report highlights some of the Jennifer Loder, partnerships, RCA is actively seeking to significant achievements and valuable General Manager on behalf of • This report builds an initial framework translate data into meaningful natural contributions that RCA has made in the Reef Check Australia Board & Staff for case studies. The findings in this resource management outcomes. We fields of marine research, education and report summarise trends evident from invite you to approach us regarding conservation. Our goal is to showcase preliminary data investigations focusing data applications and collaborations. how community action, collaborative on the RCA Queensland dataset. Results • Sustainable funding is a key ingredient partnerships and citizen science appear consistent with other studies, but for programs to offer continuity for initiatives can produce measurable, also prompt further questions. Additional stakeholders and science. RCA is positive results for people and the planet. analysis for specific indicators, sites or researching and developing new data interactions, as well as changes and innovative business models to The four case studies focus on data over time, may offer constructive improve the stability and longevity from across Queensland sites, but information around dynamics and trends. also offer global comparisons. This of funding for citizen science. summary of work demonstrates • Limited data appears to be available for that information collected by many invertebrates monitored by Reef citizen scientists can produce useful Check (excluding Crown of Thorns Starfish products with powerful outcomes. and Drupella snails). This highlights the value of the RCA invertebrate dataset and ongoing data exploration. 4 5 Our principles

Reef Check Australia is a citizen science organisation that engages the community to collect locally and globally relevant reef health information that inspires appreciation, understanding and conservation. Our work supports these principles. WE BELIEVE IN WE STRIVE FOR VOLUNTEERS EXCELLENCE

RCA is an inclusive, citizen science We are an established not for profit organisation supporting volunteers in organisation with a clear governance hands-on reef research, education and structure, a proven track record practical conservation. All community and large membership base. members are welcome to join in understanding and saving our reefs.

OUR DATA IS FOR WE ARE OPTIMISTIC

EVERYONE Our approach focuses on what can We are an environmental be done rather than what cannot. Our charity collecting scientific data messaging is positive and we aspire to appropriate for marine experts, reef inspire locally-based action driven by the managers and general public. vision of individuals and communities.

IN SCIENCE WE TRUST WE THINK COLLABORATION Reef Check Australia is non- governmental and does not engage in MULTIPLIES RESULTS advocacy or political debates, but does We partner with other organisations empower communities to use rigorous on projects with practical on-ground and globally-standardized science to find marine outcomes. This does not mean out for themselves about their reefs. that RCA endorses the media statements or policies of such organisations.

6 Photo by Liz (, SEQ) Port Douglas

Cairns THE ORIGIN OF REEF CHECK

In 1996, the Reef Check protocol was key indicator for reef health, averaged designed by ecologist Gregor 31% across surveyed sites. Low levels Hodgson and it was peer reviewed by of indicator and invertebrates were dozens of reef scientists from several recorded at most sites, demonstrating countries. After adjustments, Reef potential concerns about over-harvesting Check was advertised as a volunteer, and ecological imbalances. In 2002, community-based monitoring program “The Global Coral Reef Crisis” report designed to measure the health of coral was presented to government Ministers reefs on a global scale. The goal of the at the World Summit on Sustainable Townsville program was to empower community Development in Johannesburg members to collect data that can (Hodgson and Liebler 2002). demonstrate ecologically significant The global Reef Check surveys changes in reef health due to human represented the first time that reef activities. The biological indicators health data had been documented selected for the program shed light consistently on a global scale. The on human impacts on reefs, as well as dataset created a baseline to document, acting as a proxy for ecosystem health. identify and address potential reef Globally, Reef Check is the most widely- health concerns around the globe. Mackay used community coral reef monitoring Since then, the Reef Check program has program. Our Australian teams are part continued to grow, offering cost-effective of a worldwide network of thousands solutions that empower communities of trained volunteers who monitor to take an active role in appreciating, and report on reef health in more than understanding and protecting their local 90 countries using the standardised Reef Check scientific survey method (Hodgson et al. 2006). Worldwide use of a standard protocol enables a comparison of a set of indicators that Reef Check quantify human impacts on coral reef Australia has Rockhampton health (Drake 1996, Wilkinson, 1996, continued to build on Hodgson 1999, Hodgson 2000). its excellent reputation of rigorous scientific quality in The first global Reef Check assessment training teams of citizen-scientists took place in 1997 and involved surveys throughout Australia. These dedicated of 350 reefs in 31 countries, including volunteers track the health of coral 15 in Australia (Hodgson 1999). The reefs and support the government’s results showed for the first time that efforts to protect coral reefs during a reefs had been damaged throughout time when the crisis facing reefs in the tropics. Reef Check announced that Australia has only slowly there was a “global coral reef crisis” and been recognized. Given the documented overfishing across many importance of Australia as areas as a key contributing factor for reef a coral reef country, these health decline. By 2001, more than 1,500 efforts have global surveys had been carried out across significance. the Caribbean and IndoPacific. Hard coral cover, which is regularly used as a Sunshine Coast Key Dr. Gregor Hodgson Founder and Executive Director, City Reef Check International Brisbane RCA Monitoring Site

Figure 1. Reef Check Australia survey sites (2001-2014). Gold Coast 8 2013 Launch of REEFSearch reef

and observationidentification

program. 2012 Long-term Reef Check 2014: Lucky RCA Salmond, awarded Vodafone 2014 survey team had the Australia volunteer, Jodi opportunity to meet 2013 Sir World of Difference grant on Heron Island. 2013 to support additional community outreach. 2013 first official pilot program in Western Australia, with 5 monitoring sites established on the Ningaloo Coast.

2011-2012 Start of central 2011-2012QLD monitoring, including 2012 Lady Elliot Island, Heron Timeline Island and the Fraser Coast. 2007 Initial A HISTORY OF REEF CHECK expansion to subtropicalQueensland rocky for South East 2011 2011 Reef Check & REEF CHECK AUSTRALIA 2006 Four-year Commonwealth reef monitoring Australia joined Tourism Marine Tropical Science Research Queensland’s Best Marine Park Authority program to Expedition in the World. support volunteersFacility & monitoring Great Barrier on Reef program. 25 dive sites. 2007

2009 Launch of 2009Reef IQ schools 2005 Reef Check Australia training program.

the Internationalcourse developed EcoDiver building course. on New training and testing materials were added to the global system. 2006

2005 AIMS, GBRMPA and reef researchers 2001-2003 Consultations with

dataregarding categories additional for Australia. Reef Reef Check Check surveys were conducted in

Darwin, NT and Ningaloo, WA.

2001-2003 1997 First global coral reef survey carried out by Reef Check as part 2003 First RCA 2003grant from of the International Envirofund to run GBR survey monitored inYear Australia. of the Reef, including 14 sites season.

2001 Reef 2001 Check Australia established and first survey carried 1997-2000 out at , outer Great Barrier Reef.

10 11 REEF CHECK AUSTRALIA INDICATORS

Invertebrate Substrate

Invertebrate indicators have been Percent composition of 25 categories selected for ecological and/or economic of substrate, which fit within the 10 importance across global regions. In Reef Check International umbrella Australia, abundance data is collected for categories (Hard Coral, Soft Coral, 14 categories on invertebrates. Human , Recently Killed Coral, uses will vary depending on location. “Other”, Nutrient Indicator Algae, Rock, Sand, Silt and Rubble). In Australia, • Anemones (all species REEF CHECK PROTOCOLS & DATA abundance of seasonal macroalgae recorded from 2008) (Sargassum, Padina and Tubinaria Trained survey volunteers use a • Underwater photographs are • Banded coral shrimp for GBR surveys, with addition of standardised Reef Check protocol used when feasible to support (Stenopus hispidus) Asparagopsis for SEQ surveys) is to record data including reef quantitative survey data counted separately and excluded from composition, abundance of indicator and offer additional quality • Crown of Thorns Starfish Nutrient Indicator Algae counts. fish and invertebrate categories and control procedures and data (COTS, Acanthaster planci) reef health impacts (Hodgson et al., exploration opportunities. 2006, Hill and Wilkinson 2004). • Drupella spp. snails • Larger reefs may have multiple Fish • Giant clams (Tridacninae) • RCA volunteers undertake a dive site locations on different Fish indicators have been selected four-day training course to parts of the reef (for example reef • Lobster (Panulirus spp., to allow global comparisons, track learn relevant survey knowledge flat and reef slope) and multiple Spiny & slipper lobster) abundance of key food fish and and skills. Volunteers must research areas within each dive site document abundance of fish with • urchins: collector urchins demonstrate in-water identification (for example shallow and deep). specific requirements or (Tripneustes spp.), Long- skills with 95% accuracy. ecosystem roles. Abundance data • Summary survey data is accessible spined Diadema (Diadema is recorded for 11 categories of fish. • Teams use detailed maps, mean through the online Reef Check spp. and Echinothrix diadema), Human uses will vary depending times and GPS coordinates Australia Reef Health Database. Pencil urchin (all species) to return to monitoring locations on location. Categories include: • Edible sea cucumbers for surveys. Transect locations • Barramundi cod (Thelenota ananas, Stichopus do not have permanent markers, NOTE: (Cromileptes altivelis) therefore the precise placement of chloronotus, Holothuria nobilis, the tape may vary slightly on each • Reef Check sampling protocols Holothuria fuscopunctata, • Butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae) survey, yet offer a representative often select for some of the “best” Stichopus variegatus after 2008, • Common Coral Trout >30cm sample of the monitoring reefs in the area and therefore Holothuria nobilis, Holothuria (Plectropomus leopardus location from year to year. may not be representative of fuscopunctata and Stichopus recorded from 2008) overall reef system health (many variegatus from 2001-2007) • A set of four data collection are better than average reefs). • Queensland Grouper >30cm areas (20m long) are marked • Triton (Charonia tritonis) (Epinephelus lanceolatus using a transect tape to • The RCA community program • Trochus (Trochus niloticus) recorded from 2008) form a complete survey. is dependent on grant funding, human resources and logistical • Grouper >30cm (Serranidae) • Volunteers record data at every support from dive tourism 0.5m along the transect line operators. Therefore survey • Humphead wrasse to calculate percent cover of records can vary in duration, Reef impacts (Cheilinus undulates) benthic reef habitat categories. timing and frequency. Information is recorded for 11 types • Moray eel (Muraenidae) • A team of volunteers record • The case studies in this report of reef health impacts within five • Bumphead parrotfish invertebrate and reef impact present data as averages across overarching categories. Photographs (Bolbometopon muricatum) abundance by searching a years or regions for brevity. To are taken whenever possible, to 5m wide belt transect along view site-specific data, visit the document impact types and severity. • Parrotfish >20m (Scaridae) each 20m transect line Reef Check Australia Reef Health • Coral bleaching (% impact at • Snapper (Lutjanidae) replicate (4 x 100m² areas). Database or register as a Data colony and population level) Abundance data in this report user to access raw data (FREE). • Sweetlips (Haemulidae) is reported in units of 100m². • Coral scars (from Crown of Thorns Starfish, Drupella snails • Fish abundance is recorded by and unknown causes) counting fish in a 5x5m tunnel along the transect (4 x 100m² • Coral damage (from anchors, areas). Fish data is also reported dynamite and unknown causes) using the area covered in the survey (100m²), as some surveys • Coral disease are shallower than 5m in depth. • Marine debris (fishing line, fishing nets and general rubbish) 12 13 THE REEF CHECK CITIZEN SCIENCE PROGRAM IN AUSTRALIA

RCA survey volunteers participate in a standardised training course and must pass in-water identification tests with 95% accuracy

RCA collaborates with tourism operators to help our teams visit the reef and share findings with guests

Volunteer teams visit monitoring sites annually to collect data, under the supervision of a team leader

Volunteers record information about reef composition, key indicator organisms & reef impacts using quantitative datasheets and photos

All RCA data is stored in our online Reef Health Database and shared through regular summary reports and other communication material

RCA data is freely available for research, management and education applications

14 Photo by Chris Hamilton (Agincourt Reef, GBR) PRECISION STUDY SUMMARY

A key question for users of citizen During the study, seven transects were science data is how well the data reflects deployed by a Reef Check Australia real patterns. In 2007, a precision staff member. Once all observers study was conducted to understand had completed a survey, the transect and quantify how Reef Check data line was recovered, redeployed and collection methods and surveyor resurveyed by all observers. precision affects the data collected by Taking into account year to year RCA volunteers (Done et al. submitted). variations in the precise placement of Reef Check uses statistically haphazard transect lines and the identity of the transects for surveys (sites are not RCA volunteer, the 95% confidence permanently marked). This approach intervals for all RCA categories ranged offers a comparable set of samples from ± 2% to ±24% of the estimated within a study area. Teams locate percentage cover. This means that a survey sites using GPS coordinates and nominal coral cover or change in cover of depth, as well as site maps detailing 10% is within the range of 7.5% to 12.5% key features and location details. at worst, and a nominal change of 40% is within the range of 31 to 49% at worst. Volunteer surveyors are likely to change year to year, therefore inter-observer This level of precision, (which is variability is also a factor to consider comparable to that in institutional in regards to data interpretation (this programs such as Sweatman et al. is true for many monitoring programs). (2008) means that RCA abundance Accordingly, RCA volunteers must estimates do detect major changes and complete a training course and accurately trends (especially in hard coral) in well- identify relevant indicators with 95% defined study sites. It also reflects both accuracy to participate in surveys. the quality of volunteer training and the effectiveness of the RCA protocols. To better understand these factors the precision study aimed to:

1. Quantify variability inherent in Done T., Harvey A., Fantozzi L., Hill the standard RC point intercept J., Schläppy M-L., Lea A., Bauer A., sampling method, including Loder J. (submitted) Precision and transect deployment variation representativeness of benthic monitoring and site characteristics. on reefs by volunteers: Queensland 2002 – 2014. Submitted to Coral Reefs. 2. Quantify variability in substrate data among different observers.

Two study sites were selected to represent different habitat characteristics (one with relatively homogenous benthic cover, one with highly varied benthic composition, with no dominant type). Observers had a range of previous Reef Check surveying experience and science backgrounds.

Photo by John Rumney (GBR) 17 Setting the scene THE ROLE OF VOLUNTEERS IN MARINE SCIENCE

Coral reefs have been the subject of Program of the Australian Institute of scientific investigation for over two Marine Science (AIMS). These programs centuries. In the 20th century, this assess a broad, representative sample research has awakened increased of the GBR. RCA’s program focuses concern about the state and future on dive tourism areas, highlighting a of coral reefs. This period has also sample of some of the best reefs in begun to acknowledge the capacity Queensland. These reefs are a better and enthusiasm of community representation of what a recreational members to contribute to scientific diver could expect in terms of living coral. knowledge through ‘citizen science’. At the time of this report, it is pleasing As a baby boomer, I saw the Reef’s to note that there were some sites wonder and learnt about 1960s threats that have retained or increased their from oil drilling and Crown of Thorns coral cover in this first decade of the Starfish (COTS) on the family’s black 21st Century. This is a rare good news and white TV. Later, threats from story that we in RCA are relieved to be pollution and climate change emerged. able to deliver. While it our hope that Governments, responding to clear signals some news will continue to be good, from the population at large, put in we will report whatever transpires. place the high levels of regulation and I congratulate RCA’s staff and volunteers conservation management in place today. for their first decade of achievement, Citizen concern for reefs was thus already and wish them well for the next decade. deeply ingrained in Australia in 2001, when RCA was established. RCA offered a new means for motivated people from all walks of life to make hands-on contributions to the Reef’s well-being. Dr. Terry Done Board Director and Science Advisor for RCA’s links to mainstream science and Reef Check Australia their attention to standardised protocols Formerly Senior Principal Research and quality control have ensured that Scientist, Coral Reef Ecology, the collected data are useful and their Australian Institute of Marine Science limitations – as exist in all ecological data sets – are understood. The excellent precision that trained RCA volunteers achieve for measuring hard coral cover is a credit to RCA training and protocols.

The data set collected by RCA is invaluable. High precision in volunteer data collection means that the year to year trends in coral cover at individual sites reported here are a true reflection of the state of and changes in their study sites. This is particularly true in the context of substantial data sets compiled through other reef monitoring programs, such as the Long Term Monitoring

Photo by Liz Harlin (Flinders Reef, SEQ) 19 Case study 1 A DECADE OF UPS AND DOWNS: A GLASS HALF FULL VIEW ON GREAT BARRIER REEF DIVE SITES

The Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is the Summary data for coral cover, reef world’s largest coral reef system, composition, abundance of key composed of some 3,000 reefs indicator invertebrates and reef stretching 2,300 kilometres along impacts is presented at a subregional the Queensland coast. Coral reef level across the northern, central and habitats make up approximately southern sections of the GBR. This 7% of this diverse and complex dataset offers a unique opportunity to system, which supports thousands of explore summary trends at some key marine species (Burke et al. 2011). GBR tourism locations. For individual sites, RCA results provide a measure of The GBR is managed by the Great Barrier the direct impacts on these important Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA). tourism sites. Collectively, the results GBRMPA is tasked with the job of provide information about how these balancing the benefits, pressures and sites are trending in the context of potential risks associated with human the trends reported across the GBR use and activities within and around the by other more broadly representative Park, such as fishing, tourism, shipping long-term monitoring programs. and coastal runoff. To contribute to collective understanding about the reef science and reef management outcomes, a range of organisations collect monitoring data and conduct research across the reef on every topic from coral When I first taxonomy to crustacean populations. moved to Australia, the only thing I knew Despite the GBR being acknowledged about coral reefs was that as one of the best managed reefs in the I wanted to know more! I world (Pandolfi et al. 2005), numerous discovered Reef Check in 2003 studies have documented a decline and couldn’t believe my luck – here in hard coral across the GBR system was an organisation that offered (Osborne et al. 2011, De’ath et al. 2012). education, diving, and opportunities Long-term monitoring is critical to to make a difference conserving our developing understanding of how reefs reefs. As my experience increased, are changing over time. RCA’s long- I wanted to become a RCA trainer term GBR monitoring program was and share my knowledge with launched in 2001, focusing on engaging as many others as possible. Ten volunteers in monitoring reef health at years later, I still volunteer for recreational dive sites. The RCA program RCA because now more than has depended on support from RCA ever we need to educate Industry Champions, who help RCA people about the reef. survey teams access reef tourism sites and also provide a platform to share findings and information with guests.

From 2001 to 2014, RCA teams Dr. Erin Graham conducted 461 surveys spanning 27 reefs Researcher, James Cook University (2014) in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and one in the . This case study reports on data from more than 300 surveys on 66 long-term monitoring sites (surveyed on three or more occasions) and 12 additional sites surveyed twice.

Photo by Matt Curnock (Ribbon Reef 10, GBR) 21 Outer Shelf FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF GBR SITES & CHANGES IN HARD CORAL COVER Port Douglas Hard construct the primary hard coral cover. Hard coral cover on structure of coral reefs, therefore the central GBR sites (Palm Islands, Port Low hard coral cover is often used as a key Townsville and Whitsundays) declined Douglas Isles Cairns indicator and proxy for broader reef slightly on average (note intensive Palm health. Hard coral cover at 77 sites on Islands monitoring only from 2005 to 22 reefs, encompassing some of the 2006). RCA records for the southern Cairns Great Barrier Reef’s most popular dive GBR are relatively newly established (2011 sites, was monitored at least three times to 2014), therefore the increases in coral by trained RCA volunteers at irregular cover should be interpreted cautiously. intervals from 2001 to 2014 (255 surveys). Studies from the Australian Institute of Initial RCA surveys conducted from Marine Science (AIMS) over the same Palm Islands 2001 to 2005 (n=61) had an average of period documented a GBR-wide decline 33% hard coral cover. Coral cover across in hard coral cover, but highly variable Townsville Mid-shelf Reefs the extensive GBR system is patchy; trends across subregions (De’ath et al. studies estimate average GBR hard 2012, Osborne et al. 2011, Sweatman et coral cover between 20–30% (Brodie al. 2011). RCA data did not document and Waterhouse 2012, Sweatman et al. a collective decline, yet subregional Townsville Magnetic Island 2011). The relatively high average hard trends were consistent, demonstrating coral cover on RCA monitoring sites variability across sites and subregions reflects a tendency for dive tourism (Figure 3). Northern sites (Outer Reef, operators to select attractive sites with Cairns and Port Douglas) consistently a lot of coral. Therefore, Reef Check showed higher coral cover and no sites (Figure 3) tend to represent some significant loss, wheras more declines in of the “best” parts of individual reefs. coral cover were documented in central regions (Townsville and Palm Islands). When net change in hard coral cover Both AIMS and RCA studies reported was compared at the site level, 43 sites Mackay highly variable trends, with some sites showed no net change, 23 sites increased showing increasing hard coral cover, by more than 10% (10-41% net change), some decreasing and some with minimal and 17 sites decreased by more than 10% net changes in cover. Much of the overall (10-63% net change). When grouped decline documented by AIMS studies into subregions (Figure 2), RCA’s most was a reflection of substantial losses northerly sites (in the Cairns to Port from cyclones and Crown of Thorns Douglas region) showed overall stable Starfish on southern GBR sites, areas or slight increasing trends in average not monitored by RCA until 2011. Southern GBR Net change in coral Rockhampton cover (%) Heron Island 7 6 Lady Elliot 5 Island 4 3 2 1 Soft Coral 0 Hard Coral -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 City -8 Subregion RCA Monitoring Site Cairns Townsville Outer Reefs Port Douglas Palm Islands Whitsundays HeronElliot and LadyIsland Figure 2. Average net change in cover of hard coral and soft coral between first and last surveys for sites Figure 3. Subregional groupings of RCA Great Barier Reef survey sites (2001-2014). surveyed three times or more from 2001 to 2014. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. 22 CORAL TRENDS FOR RCA SITES ACROSS THE GBR

Northern GBR sites Keeper, and Wheeler Reef), but only A. Outer Reef B.Port Douglas Average Hard Average Hard Wheeler Reef was monitored beyond Coral Cover Coral Cover

Outer shelf and Coral Sea (Figure 4A): 2008. Hard coral cover varied widely (%) (%) From 2001 to 2008, 41 surveys were among sites (lowest cover at Keeper 100 100 conducted on six sites across three and John Brewer Reefs), and averaged reefs: Osprey Reef (in the Coral Sea) and 32%. Four of the six sites showed no 80 80 Ribbon Reefs 3 and 10 (Outer GBR). Hard change throughout the monitoring coral was the dominant cover at all sites 60 60 period. Wheeler Reef, however, was (average cover was 50%) and showed heavily impacted by 40 40 little change over the monitoring period. in 2011. Prior to 2011, the site had an Five sites maintained consistent cover, average 61% hard coral cover (mostly 20 20 while one site showed a slight increase branching coral). When monitored in in cover (>10%). Soft coral accounted 0 0 2012, average hard coral cover decreased for an average of 6% coral cover. to 8% (not shown on graph). Soft coral 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year Port Douglas (Figure 4B): cover averaged 4% across all sites. C. Cairns D. Townsville mid-shelf From 2003 to 2014, 80 surveys were Average Hard Average Hard Townsville Magnetic Island (Figure 4E): Coral Cover Coral Cover conducted at 13 sites on three reefs From 2003 to 2014, 61 surveys were (%) (%) (Agincourt, Opal and Low Isles reefs). conducted at 11 sites in six areas (Alma 100 100 Most sites had moderate to high hard Bay, Florence Bay, Geoffrey Bay, Middle coral cover (average cover was 40%), Reef, Nelly Bay and Picnic Bay) around 80 80 although variability among survey Magnetic Island. Average hard coral sites was high. Average coral cover 60 60 cover was 34%, although the survey steadily increased by 20% during the period encompassed a marked increase 40 40 survey period. Soft coral averaged 12% and subsequent decrease in cover at cover across the region and was most most sites. From 2003 to 2008 coral 20 20 abundant at Low Isles (average 41%). cover increased (> 10%) at most sites, 0 0 Cairns (Figure 4C): but from 2009 to 2014, coral cover From 2003 to 2014, 30 surveys were sharply decreased, with five of eight sites 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 Year conducted at six sites across three experiencing greater than 25% coral loss. E. Townsville - Magnetic Island F. Whitsunday reefs (Hastings, Moore and Saxon The decline in coral cover was likely a Average Hard Average Hard Coral Cover Coral Cover reefs). Regular sampling ended in 2010 result of Cyclone Hamish, which swept (%) (%) for this region, thus the majority of through the region in 2009. Soft coral 100 100 surveys are from 2003 – 2010. Hard cover was generally low (average 2%). coral cover averaged 31% and increased Whitsunday Islands and mid-shelf reefs 80 80 at most sites during the survey period (Figure 4F): (20% net increase from 2003-2010). 60 60 From 2001 to 2014, 34 surveys were Soft coral averaged 12%, being most conducted at six sites across three reefs 40 40 abundant at Moore Reef (average 21%). (Hardy, Hayman and Knuckle reefs) in the 20 20 Central GBR sites Whitsundays. All reef sites maintained moderate to high cover of hard coral 0 0 Palm Islands (not shown in graphs due (average 48%) and low to moderate to limited monitoring period): cover of soft coral (average 17%). During 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year From 2005 to 2006, 46 surveys were the survey period, coral cover remained G. Heron & LEI H. All RCA Sites conducted at 18 sites across five reefs stable at four sites, increased at one site Average Hard Average Hard (Curacoa, Fantome, Great Palm, Orpheus, (>10%), and decreased at one site (<10%). Coral Cover Coral Cover (%) (%) Pelorus islands). Five sites in the Palm Note that RCA has only six long-term Island group were intensely monitored sites in this subregion and three of these 100 100 from 2005 to 2006, and one site (Pelorus sites were not monitored post 2010/11. 80 80 Island) was monitored from 2005 to 2010. Hard coral cover averaged 29% Southern GBR sites 60 60 and was relatively stable at most sites. (Figure. 4G) Five sites, however, had major losses 40 40 From 2011 to 2014, 30 surveys were (>10%) of hard coral cover over this conducted on 10 sites across two reefs 20 20 short monitoring period. All sites except on the Southern GBR: Heron Island (28 for Juno Bay had notable soft coral surveys) and Lady Elliot Island (LEI) (2 0 0 communities (average 15% cover). surveys). Average hard coral cover was 2011 2012 2013 2014 Year 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Year Townsville Mid-shelf (Figure 4D): 39% and there was little change during From 2003 to 2012, 22 surveys were the survey period. Soft coral cover was conducted at six sites on four mid- relatively low at most sites, averaging 2%. Figure 4. Light green lines represent the percent cover of hard coral at each monitoring site surveyed three shelf reefs (Davies, John Brewer, times or more times from 2001 to 2014. Subregional average of hard coral cover is shown as a bold green line. 24 25 KEY REEF DWELLERS: INDICATOR INVERTEBRATES KEY REEF DWELLERS: INDICATOR FISH

Invertebrates play an important role in Drupella snail outbreaks in average From 2001 to 2013, 169 fish surveys were differences in habitat structure across the GBR ecosystem. The abundance of abundance from 5.0 to 18.5/100m², with carried out on GBR sites (Figure 6). the GBR shelf. Thus, varying abundances some invertebrates can provide clues a localized maximum at Ningaloo Reef Butterflyfish, parrotfish and snapper were of butterflyfishes and parrotfishes at about ecosystem processes, human use, in Western Australia of 175 individuals the most commonly encountered species different survey sites (such as high and changes in the delicate ecosystem in a 1.0m² quadrant (Turner 1994). By and were recorded in every subregion. abundance on the Outer Reef and low balance required for reef health. Some maintaining baseline data on Drupella The Outer Reef sites had the highest abundance on the inshore reefs of coral predators, such as Crown of Thorns abundances, RCA can help identify average fish abundance while Magnetic Magnetic Island) is not unexpected. starfish (COTS) and Drupella snails, can and quantify future outbreaks. Island sites had the lowest abundance. Complex relationships exist around become pests if populations increase Studies on the GBR suggest over- Barramundi cod, coral trout, sweetlips, fish community structure, which can too quickly. Likewise, the ecosystem harvesting of some bêche-de-mer bumphead parrotfish (not shown be impacted by environmental factors can suffer when populations of algae fisheries (the food product from sea in graph), moray eels (not shown in such as water quality, reef zone, habitat grazers, such as sea urchins, become cucumbers), yet limited baseline data is graph), humphead wrasse (not shown availability (Fabricius et al. 2004, too low. A number of invertebrates available (Uthicke et al. 2004, Eriksson in graph), and Queensland grouper Wismer et al. 2009, Cheal et al. 2012), are also collected for human benefit & Byrne 2013). Average abundance (not shown in graph) were the least and direct human pressures (Di Iulio including food, souvenirs, and aquarium of RCA edible sea cucumber species common species encountered, with Ilarri et al. 2008, Russ et al. 2008). trade. It appears that limited baseline (three species before 2008, and levels less than 0.3/100m² at most Many RCA surveys are conducted at or monitoring data exists for many five species after 2008) was low or sites. Queensland grouper was only tourism locations, which may influence invertebrates monitored by Reef not present in several subregions. observed on one survey in 2009. fish community, abundance and modify Check, aside from COTS and Drupella Densities at six of the nine subregions behavior (Albuqureque et al. 2015, snails (Pearson & Munro 1991, Bruno & Broadly, fish abundance appears to be were less than 0.2/100m². The Shackely 1998, Welsh & Bellwood 2011). Selig 2007, Erikkson & Byrne 2013). comparable to other GBR studies. For highest average abundance of sea For example, mobile and roving species example, GBR Marine Park Authority fish From 2001 to 2014, 327 invertebrate cucumbers was at Lady Elliot Island. are more abundant after tourists have surveys recorded coral trout abundance surveys were carried out on GBR sites departed (Di Iulio Ilarri et al. 2008). Long-spined (Diadema) urchins were at approximately one per 100m² at monitored at least twice (Figure 5). Giant Due to the complex nature of these found in six of the nine subregions. They Cairns, Townsville, Whitsundays, and clams, Drupella snails, and sea cucumbers relationships and lower numbers of were most common at Palm Islands. Palm Island reefs (McCook et al. 2010). were the most common invertebrates. fish surveys, further investigation into Anemones (all species), COTS and Abundances of coral trout, humphead spatial and temporal trends at both the Giant clams were the most abundant Trochus were also recorded in at least wrasse, parrotfish and sweetlips were subregional and site level is warranted. invertebrate recorded, with sites six of the nine subregions during the also comparable to a study on predatory around the Palm Islands having over course of monitoring, but typically in low fish across the GBR (Ayling & Choat The majority of RCA GBR survey sites five times more giant clams than other abundances (0.5/100m² or less). There 2008). Parrotfish are considered an are in green (no-take) zones (77%). sites in the GBR. This high abundance were slightly higher average abundances important and widespread herbivore Comparison between protected and at Palm Islands is likely the result of of COTS on Townsville mid-shelf reefs (Cheal et al. 2012) and were heavily non-protected areas was not undertaken previous clam farming projects. (mainly from John Brewer Reef). represented in RCA surveys. Distribution in this report; however numerous studies and abundance of herbivorous fish have shown that popular targeted Average densities of Drupella snails While not shown on Figure 4, the low species (Wismer et al. 2009) and food fish, such as coral trout, are found were low, ranging from 3.0/100m² numbers (<0.2/100m²) of banded corallivorous butterflyfishes (Emslie in higher abundances in green zones at the Outer Reefs to zero at Heron coral shrimp, lobster, triton, collector et al. 2010) are heavily influenced by (Williamson et al. 2004, Sweatman Island. Other studies have documented urchins and pencil urchins are worthy of et al. 2008, McCook et al. 2010). additional investigation to understand Region (# of Surveys) site-specific abundances and changes. Region Outer Reef (37) Giant clam (# of Surveys) Port Douglas (80) Butterflyfish Urchin: Diadema Outer Reef (30) Cairns (26) Sea Cucumber Barramundi Cod Port Douglas (37) Palm Islands (47) Drupella snail Coral trout Cairns (11) >30cm Townsville (22) Anemone Palm Island (39) Other Groupers Magnetic Island (44) Crown of >30cm Thorns Starfish Townsville (10) Whitsundays (31) Parrotfish >20cm Magnetic Island (19) Heron Island (20) Snapper Whitsunday (12) Lady Elliot (2) Sweetlips Heron Island (9)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 3 6 9 12 15 Average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m2) Average abundance of fish (per 100m2)

Figure 5. Average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m²) recorded over 327 surveys from 2001 to 2014, Figure 6. Subregional average abundance of fish (per 100m²) recorded over 169 surveys from 2001 to 2013. displayed in stacked graphs. Invertebrate indicators with average abundances of less than one across all Queensland grouper, moray eel, bumphead parrotfish, humphead wrasse have been excluded from the graph subregions have been excluded from the graph (banded coral shrimp, lobster, triton, collector urchin, pencil (abundances of <1/100m²). For most data, one standard error of the mean ranged from 0.01 to 1.0, with the urchins). For most data, one standard error of the mean ranged from 0.01 to 1.8, with the exclusion of Palm exclusion of Port Douglas snapper abundances with an error of 6.8 (due to large numbers at a few sites). 26 Island giant clam abundances with an error of 5.2 due to large concentrated numbers at a few sites. 27 SIGNS OF REEF STRESS Case study 1 SUMMARY & KEY POINTS When 331 surveys from 2001 to 2014 in all subregions except for Lady Elliot were pooled by subregion, coral Island and Heron Island (zero counts). Many GBR sites monitored by RCA have • The ‘better than average’ trends bleaching, coral damage (from unknown Townsville mid-shelf reefs had the highest maintained or increased in coral cover in hard coral cover at some RCA causes), coral disease, Drupella snail average abundance of COTS scars. These in this millennium’s first decade, yet all sites, compared to other GBR scars, and unknown coral scars were findings demonstrate minimal COTS coral reefs globally are confronted by studies are likely explained by three recorded in all subregions (Figure 7). activity at RCA monitoring locations the consequences of climate change intertwined considerations: initial during surveys, possibly attributable in Coral bleaching was observed on one or and acidification (Baker et al. site selection, site disturbance some sites to COTS eradication programs more occasions in the majority of surveys 2008, Bellwood et al. 2004, Pandolfi history and site survey history. implemented by tourism operators. et al. 2003). Australia also faces (70%), but the affected population was • The RCA program formula can select pressures closer to home due to water typically low (average 2.1%; not shown Marine debris levels were low across for long-term monitoring at sites with quality issues, fishing, dredging and in graph). The RCA GBR survey season all subregions, with a maximum continued good conditions. There are coastal development (Bruno & Selig typically takes place in cooler months subregional average of 0.04/100m² a handful of GBR monitoring sites 2007, Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007, (March-July), reducing the likelihood around Palm Island reefs. that have been impacted by COTS of surveys coinciding with major coral De’ath & Fabricius 2010, Burke et al. At the subregional scale, differences or cyclones, where monitoring has bleaching events, which are often caused 2011, Brodie & Waterhouse 2012). in coral cover reflect the variability not continued due to either limited by exceptionally high water . in the history of disturbance in the This case study can serve as a reminder tourism access or project resources. Coral damage from unknown causes was area (Bruno & Selig 2007, De’ath & that the GBR continues to host notable Sustainable funding resources would recorded in all subregions in abundances Fabricius 2010, Osborne et al. 2011, and healthy coral reefs. We hope this help to reduce this influencing factor. will be a prompt for positive, science- of 1.4/100m² or greater (78% of surveys). Sweatman et al. 2011). A study by • Across most sites there is evidence based community action to protect the Australian Institute of Marine of reef health impacts in varying Coral disease was also recorded in and steward this valuable resource. Science (De’ath et al. 2012) attributes degrees and types. Coral bleaching, all subregions (28% of surveys), but The study also demonstrates the 48% of reef mortality in the GBR to coral damage, coral disease, Drupella in varying degrees of abundance. important data that citizen science cyclone damage, 42% to earlier COTS snail scars and unknown coral scars The highest coral disease counts initiatives can contribute within the predation, and 10% to coral bleaching. were recorded in all subregions in were recorded on sites with some spectrum of science on the GBR. of the highest average coral cover in Most RCA results are consistent with varying abundances. Additional the Southern GBR. Only eight of the these studies, documenting coral damage Key points: site-level investigations into how 331 surveys reported coral disease as a primary reef impact (RCA does not observed reef impacts change • RCA data illustrate the kind of reef over time would be benefical. counts greater than 4.0/100m². differentiate specific causes of damage that can be expected at many dive other than anchors) and lower levels of Coral scars from Drupella snails and tourism locations. Initial RCA surveys • Giant clams, sea cucumbers and impacts from coral bleaching. However, unknown causes were recorded in all conducted in the GBR from 2001 Drupella snails were the most most RCA surveys reported low numbers subregions (33% of surveys). The highest to 2005 had an average of 33% commonly recorded invertebrates of COTS scars, which is likely related to abundance of Drupella scars occurred hard coral cover. This demonstrates across GBR subregions. Limited survey locations and survey timing. The on Outer Reef sites, while the highest the Reef Check methodological monitoring data is available for relatively high abundance of coral scars abundance of scars from unknown preference for monitoring many invertebrates monitored from unknown causes is evidence of causes occurred on reefs at Cairns, Palm sites with high coral cover. by RCA, demonstrating the recent coral mortality events, which could Island and Heron Island. Scars from value of the dataset. be from any number of sources such as • From 2001-2014, coral cover at COTS were recorded in low numbers bleaching mortality or older COTS scars 43 RCA GBR sites showed no • Butterflyfish, parrotfish and of which causation cannot be confirmed. net change, 23 monitoring sites snapper were the most commonly Region increased by more than 10%, and 17 encountered species and were (# of Surveys) sites decreased by more than 10%. recorded in every subregion. Fish Coral Damage: Anchor abundance data appear to be Outer Reef (37) • Major losses at RCA sites often relatively consistent with other Coral Damage: appeared to coincide with cyclone Port Douglas (80) Unknown cause GBR studies, although additional impacts, but there are additional Cairns (26) Coral Disease analysis would be required to complex factors that may be relevant. investigate complex relationships Palm Island (47) Marine Debris: Fishing Gear • Subregional trends in hard coral around community structure. Townsville (22) Marine Debris: cover were evident. Northern sites Expanded monitoring would be Magnetic Island (48) General showed higher coral cover and no useful to provide further insights. Whitsundays (30) Scars: COT Scars notable loss. Some declines were • RCA offers a different, but evident in central regions, particularly Heron Island (20) Scars: Drupella Scars useful representation of GBR Scars: Unknown scars on nearshore reef sites. Lady Elliot (2) reef health, especially when considered in the context of other more broadly representative

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 reef monitoring programs.

Average abundance of reef impacts (per 100m2)

Figure 7. Subregional average abundance of reef impacts (per 100m²) recorded over 331 surveys by Reef Check Australia volunteers from 2001 to 2014. Error bars have been excluded to simplify data presentation. For most data, one standard error of the mean ranged from 0.01 to 0.9. 28 29 Case study 2 CATCHMENT TO CORALS: SUPPORTING SUBTROPICAL REEFS THROUGH COLLABORATION

In 2007, Reef Check Australia expanded To shape project growth, we have worked operations to survey subtropical reefs collaboratively with SEQ Catchments in (SEQ). and other pivotal organisations to Since then, teams have expanded to increase marine data available for making more than 20 priority reef monitoring catchment-level management decisions sites from the Sunshine Coast to Gold and increasing knowledge about these Coast. RCA volunteer monitoring unique reef habitats on the doorstep activities provide valuable reef health of SEQ. The regional RCA program data, as a number of Reef Check demonstrates the role that citizen science survey sites do not have other regular organisations can play in NRM activities. long-term monitoring programs.

SEQ reefs live on the edge. These subtropical reefs are located in a transitional zone where tropical and temperate marine species co-exist (Harriot et al. 1999, Beger et al. 2014). Reef Check has Not only are these unique systems shone a light on the subject to natural extreme environmental amazing diversity of our coral conditions, but they also live in close reef communities within Moreton proximity to extensive urban areas. Bay and broader South East Already there are documented impacts Queensland. Community volunteers on SEQ reefs from more localised have been able to link up with leading chronic issues such as water quality researchers to paint a picture of the health and fishing pressure, as well as acute and threats posed to our reefs, inspiring events such as floods (Smith et al. many to undertake actions to conserve 2008, EHMP 2010, Gibbes et al. 2013). these special environments. Reef Check These compounding pressures result has been integral to building strong in complex interactions with unclear community momentum for marine implications for reef communities, conservation and is an important perhaps particularly so for subtropical piece in the puzzle of holistic communities (Munday et al. 2009, catchment and natural Figueira & Booth 2010, Graham et al. resource management 2010, Lybolt et al. 2011). These issues will across South East intensify with population growth in SEQ, Queensland. as the population is projected to reach 4 million people in 2026 (QOESR 2011). Simon Warner As such, long-term monitoring of these CEO, SEQ Catchments (2014) habitats is critical (Wallace et al. 2009).

SEQ Catchments is the Natural Resource Management (NRM) body for the region that hosts these unique coral communities. Since 2007, SEQ Catchments has been instrumental in supporting development of the RCA SEQ project.

Photo by Liz Harlin (Flinders Reef, SEQ) 31 Little Halls Jew (The Pin) 28 DEVELOPING Compared to more northern SEQ sites, A DATASET the Gold Coast (Palm Beach Reef, n=5 surveys) had lower hard coral cover The Ledge (14%), but similar soft coral (8%). RCA The SEQ program began in 2007, with a 1 The Ledge Gold Coast monitoring sites included 2 handful of key sites along the coastline. Hancock Shoal 2 The other non-coral locations at Narrowneck The Caves In 2009, RCA established a regional base 2 and the Gold Coast 1 and since then, teams have expanded to 33 26 Seaway. These sites had no records of more than 20 priority reef monitoring hard coral growth and were excluded Mudjimba Island sites in the SEQ Catchments NRM area. 29 46 from coral analysis, but were included Inner Gneerings RCA’s volunteer reef monitoring in other indicator comparisons as they Dead Mans program has grown by developing form important marine habitat. All working relationships with researchers, subregions had similar levels of 44 42 traditional owners, tourism operators, (4-5%). Site expansion on the Gold Currimundi Reef management agencies, educators and Coast would improve representation. community groups. Selection of RCA Kings Beach Reef 6 East West From 2007-2014, RCA survey data monitoring sites involved feedback documented minimal net changes in hard from a wide range of stakeholders, coral cover at the subregional level. The with a goal to build on existing data, largest subregional net change was a 26 help fill knowledge gaps and survey 6% increase in hard coral cover across 42 areas of community interest. Hutchinson’s Shoal Sunshine Coast sites. Flinders Reef Aladdin’s The regional NRM body, SEQ sites demonstrated a small 1% decline Flinders Reef Catchments, has supported the and there was no cumulative change Marietta Dal Reef development of the SEQ initiative from (although small, steady declines since 41 61 38 the early days by providing advice, 2008) for Palm Beach Reef on the Gold 22 expertise and in-kind support. RCA Coast. These results align with other Nursery 1 Nursery 2 Nursery 3 monitoring data has contributed to broader studies, documenting relatively the process of review for the SEQ stable subtropical coral communities Natural Resource Management Plan (Harriott & Banks 2002, Wallace & 2009 to 2031. The NRM coral target Rosen 2006, Dalton & Roff 2013). is that ‘By 2031, the condition and However, there have been changes in The spatial distribution of soft and hard hard coral cover recorded at the research Nursery Gulley corals is maintained at 2005 levels.’ site level (Figure 8). Net change in RCA data has been integrated into relative hard coral cover (net change/ regional datasets to help evaluate this 24 23 average hard coral cover) was used for milestone now and in the future. reporting, as some sites have low levels Flat Rock Across eight annual survey seasons of hard coral cover, therefore small Shag Rock 16 24 (2007 to 2014), RCA volunteer teams net losses are relatively important. For Green Island East have conducted 142 reef health surveys example, Kings Beach on the Sunshine East West in South East Queensland. Data for Coast had 14% hard coral cover recorded Myora Reef 39 26 monitoring sites, spanning 17 reefs, in 2009, which dropped to 0% cover with two to seven years of data records when surveyed after the 2011 Brisbane Goat Island reef site (n=130) are presented in this report. flood event. The good news for Kings 38 25 Beach is that recent surveys suggest Macleay Island slow recovery of hard coral at this site. Net change in percent FROM SURVEYS cover of hard coral North South Data for seven research sites showed TO SUMMARIES Total coral: Hard Coral 35 relative increases in hard coral cover 61 and Soft Coral On average, hard coral covered by more than 25% (4 Sunshine Coast, Coral community 47 24% of the benthic substrate in 3 outer Moreton Bay) and six sites composition SEQ, demonstrating notable coral decreased by 25% or more (1 Sunshine communities in the region. There were Coast, 3 outer Moreton Bay, 2 inshore Hard coral some differences evident when the Moreton Bay). Seven sites did not <50% hard coral decrease Sunshine Coast, Moreton Bay and Gold composition >25% of demonstrate changes greater than 25% average Coast subregions were compared. The (5 increased and 4 decreased) and Sunshine Coast (n=42 surveys) and minimal two sites had no net change in hard 50-70% hard coral hard coral Moreton Bay (n=75 surveys) had similar coral cover. Two sites had no hard coral composition change (<±25%) South West Wall 0 levels of average hard coral cover (24%) recorded in the course of monitoring. Figure 8. SEQ RCA monitoring and soft coral (7% and 10% respectively). Hard coral Narrowneck locations displayed with 70-90% hard coral increase Artificial Reef 0 cumulative average hard coral composition >25% of average and soft coral cover, relative ratio of hard coral to soft coral cover >90% hard coral and changes in hard coral cover composition no coral 32 Palm Beach Reef 22 over time for the monitoring period from 2007 to 2014. INVESTIGATING INDICATOR INVERTEBRATES INVESTIGATING INDICATOR FISH

Indicator invertebrate categories for recorded in any notable numbers in Compared to other core survey and were also one of the more abundant subtropical SEQ are the same as for other regions. Long-spined urchins were components, fewer fish surveys have fish in Moreton Bay (1.2/100m²) and tropical RCA. This approach maintains abundant on the Gold Coast (4.9/100m²), been conducted in the South East on the Sunshine Coast (0.8/100m²). program consistency, with the goal of but also recorded on some Moreton Bay Queensland region on priority sites Parrotfish were recorded in Moreton observing possible geographical range sites (3.0/100m²), concentrated at Flat (n=77) due to low underwater visibility Bay in higher abundances than other shifts due to climate change or other Rock, Flinders Reef, Myora Reef and Shag and/or limitations in survey team subregions (0.7/100m², with highest changing environmental factors. Rock. Collector urchins were recorded in capacity. The fish data presented for SEQ abundances at Flat Rock and Flinders similar abundances on Moreton Bay and offers an interesting snapshot (Figure 10), Data from 2007 to 2014 survey seasons Reef). Sweetlips were found in similar Gold Coast sites (0.4 and 0.5/100m²). but should be interpreted with caution (116 surveys) showed the highest abundances across the subregions as the RCA dataset for fish abundance recorded abundance of indicator Coral-eating Drupella snails were found (0.3/100m²). Moray eels were recorded is limited and seasonal variations in this invertebrates on the Gold Coast (average in all regions, but were more abundant only on the Sunshine Coast and Gold transitional region can be significant of 18.5/100m²) (Figure 9). Given the on Sunshine Coast (0.9/100m²) Coast (0.1/100m²). Grouper have only (DERM 2012, Beger et al. 2014). smaller number of monitoring sites on and Moreton Bay sites (0.8/100m²). been recorded in Moreton Bay, but in low abundances (0.05/100m², n=8 individuals the Gold Coast, additional sites would Drupella snails appeared to concentrate RCA indicator fish species monitored over the course of monitoring) be useful to expand representation. around certain sites, including Shag in SEQ are based on the same and one on the Sunshine Coast. Despite lower numbers of RCA Rock, Flinders Reef and Kings Beach. set of indicators for the tropical indicator invertebrates, the Sunshine Abundances of banded coral shrimp, program. These categories have been The data is comparable to other Coast region is rich in nudibranchs— giant clams and lobster were relatively maintained for program consistency studies in the SEQ region, documenting see Project highlights section. low across all subregions (<0.3/100m²). and with the purpose of observing relatively low abundances of large, The Gold Coast had the highest recorded There have not been photographically possible geographical distribution edible reef-associated fishery target abundance of anemones (7.3/100m²), confirmed sightings of Reef Check shifts due to climate change or other species such as snapper and grouper concentrated at Palm Beach Reef. edible sea cucumber species or shifting environmental factors. (DeVantier et al. 2010). Tropical species of barramundi, bumphead Currimundi Reef on the Sunshine Coast trochus on SEQ surveys, although Moreton Bay surveys have recorded parrotfish, coral trout and Queensland also hosted concentrated numbers there are certainly other species of sea the highest counts for butterflyfish grouper have not been recorded in of anemones, along with Flat Rock cucumbers in the region. No Crown (2.9/100m², with highest abundances SEQ. Species range shifts associated and Shag Rock in Moreton Bay. of Thorn starfish or Triton have been at Flat Rock and Flinders Reef). recorded on SEQ surveys, but there are with climate change may bring more All three indicator sea urchins were Butterflyfish also account for one of the photographic reports of these indicators tropical species to transition areas recorded in great abundance in the most abundant fish recorded on Gold from local volunteers and partners. such as SEQ (Figueira & Booth 2010). Gold Coast subregion. Pencil urchins Coast (2.1/100m²) and Sunshine Coast (all species) were the most abundant (1.0/100m²) surveys. Snapper have been (5.2/100m²), concentrated around Palm found in highest abundances on the Gold Beach Reef. Pencil urchins were not Coast (1.9/100m² recorded on the Gold Coast Seaway and Palm Beach Reef)

Anemone Banded Coral Shrimp Region Butterflyfish Region Drupella spp. Snail (# of Surveys) Snapper (# of Surveys) Giant Clam Parrotfish >20cm Sunshine Coast (27) Lobster Sunshine Coast (39) Sweetlips Moreton Bay (42) Sea Urchin: Collector Grouper Moreton Bay (69) Sea Urchin: Diadema Gold Coast (9) Moray Eel Gold Coast (15) Sea Urchin: Pencil

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 5 10 15 20 Average abundance of fish (per 100m2) Average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m2)

Figure 10. Subregional average abundance of fish (per 100m²) recorded from 77 surveys by Reef Check Australia volunteers from 2007-2014. RCA fish indicators of barramundi, bumphead parrotfish, coral trout, humphead wrasse Figure 9. Subregional average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m²) recorded from 116 surveys by Reef Check and Queensland grouper have been excluded from the graph (zero counts, except for three humphead wrasse Australia volunteers from 2007-2014. Anemone data was only collected from 2008. For most data, one standard recorded in 2007 with no photo confirmation). For most data, one standard error was less than 0.3, except for error was less than 0.3, except for Gold Coast anemones (2.6), Diadema urchins (1.0) and pencil urchins (1.2). Sunshine Coast snapper (0.5), Gold Coast snapper (0.7) and Gold Coast butterflyfish (0.6).

34 35 INVESTIGATING REEF IMPACTS Case study 2 SUMMARY & KEY POINTS Across 121 surveys from 2007 to 2014, Moreton Bay and the Sunshine Coast Long-term datasets that detect both • At the site level, some sites appear subregional reef impact levels were had similar levels of coral disease natural and human-induced changes to be faring better than others over lowest on Sunshine Coast sites (5.6 (0.6/100m²). Most of the recorded are critical for reef management. As time. Large changes in hard coral impacts/100m²). Moreton Bay surveys disease appears to be characteristic of of 2014, the RCA monitoring program cover were obeserved between (7.0/100m²) and Gold Coast surveys white syndrome and may be Australian has started to build a substantial and 2007 -2014, with seven sites (6.4 impacts/100m²) had higher Subtropical White Syndrome (Dalton et useful data record of subtropical reefs increasing by more than 25%, and recorded levels of impacts overall, but al. 2010, Godwin et al. 2012), although in SEQ, helping to fill a gap in regular six sites decreasing by more than with varied composition (Figure 11). further research is required. All three monitoring for some of these sites. 25%. The remaining nine sites regions showed similar average reported change of less than 25%. Moreton Bay and Sunshine Coast sites The RCA dataset can contribute to a abundances of Drupella snail scars had similar levels of coral bleaching better understanding of the ecology • The highest abundance of indicator (0.2/100m² respectively). Similar (2.0/100m²), although Moreton Bay and biology of these subtropical reefs, invertebrates was recorded on the abundances of coral scars from unknown sites showed slightly higher estimated as well as documenting how these Gold Coast. The most abundant causes (mortality from indistinguishable population-level (3.5% vs 2.3% of habitats may be changing over time. invertebrates were anemones and sea causes such as former bleaching or the coral population) and colony- This is particularly important given the urchins. Coral-eating Drupella snails disease) were found on the Gold Coast level impacts (15.8% vs 10.8%). uncertainty around how transitional were found in all regions, but were (1.7/100m²), Moreton Bay (1.7/100m²) like those of SEQ will more abundant on Sunshine Coast and the Sunshine Coast (1.5/100m²). Moreton Bay also had higher levels be impacted by both regional pressures and Moreton Bay sites (perhaps of recorded damage for both anchor Gold Coast sites had the highest and changing climate regimes (Munday due to greater hard coral cover). damage (0.2/100m²) and physical abundances of rubbish (0.8/100m²) et al. 2009, Figueira & Booth 2010, damage from unknown causes • Butterflyfish and parrotfish were and discarded fishing gear (2.7/100m², Graham et al. 2010, Lybolt et al. 2011). (1.5/100m²). Many inshore coral more common on Moreton Bay concentrated at the Gold Coast Seaway). communities in Moreton Bay are Beyond the inherent ecological and surveys, while snapper were more Given that coral-based reef impacts growing on soft or unconsolidated cultural values, the reefs of SEQ provide common on the Gold Coast. Fish were only relevant to Palm Beach on substrate, therefore have a tendency important ecosystem services for the abundance results are comparable the Gold Coast, site expansion would to overturn, particularly in shallow region, ranging from supporting habitat to other studies in the SEQ region, be useful for greater understanding areas (Fellegara & Harrison 2008). for fish to providing tourism value. documenting what appear to be low of reef health in this subregion. Implementing best-practice science abundances of large, edible reef- and management at the regional level associated fishery target species. will be critical to help these systems build resilience to cope with more • Coral impacts were recorded in global issues such as climate change all three subregions, although the Coral Bleaching (Beger et al. 2011, Olds et al. 2014). impacts differed in composition. Coral Damage: Anchor Moreton Bay had higher levels of Coral Damage: Key points: physical damage to corals, while Unknown cause Gold Coast sites had the higher • The high average coral cover (24%) counts of rubbish and fishing gear. Region Coral Disease at RCA SEQ monitoring sites Moreton Bay and Sunshine Coast (# of Surveys) Coral Scars: Drupella indicates selection for coral-dense sites had similar abundances of locations, but also demonstrates Sunshine Coast (37) Coral Scars: coral bleaching and coral disease. Unknown cause that SEQ subtropical reefs can host All subregions had comparable Moreton Bay (70) substantial coral communities. Rubbish levels of coral scarring from Drupella Gold Coast (14) Rubbish: Fishing Gear • The Sunshine Coast and Moreton snails and unknown causes. Bay subregions hosted similar levels • The RCA citizen science program of hard coral cover, while the Gold 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 is situated to contribute valuable Coast (Palm Beach Reef) had lower Average regional cumulative impacts (per 100m2) data for making catchment-level cover. All subregions had similar management decisions about the levels of soft coral and sponges. Figure 11. Subregional average abundance of reef health impacts (per 100m²) recorded from 121 surveys by Reef Check unique reef habitats on the doorstep Australia volunteers from 2007-2014. For coral related impacts, 7 surveys have been excluded from the Gold Coast • At the subregional level, many of SEQ, including contributing dataset, due to no coral at these locations. Other impact categories are pooled for all 14 surveys in the subregion. reef communities monitored to monitoring targets for the For most data, one standard error was less than 0.3, except for unknown scars on the Sunshine Coast (0.5) and Gold by RCA appear to be relatively SEQ Catchment’s NRM plan. Coast (0.6). stable, with minimal net changes in hard coral cover. The Sunshine Coast subrgion showed an increase in hard coral cover.

36 37 Case study 3

A TALE OF TWO REEF SYSTEMS: COMPARING QUEENSLAND’S TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL REEFS

When considering Queensland’s corals, to temperate oceans. Both of these areas most of us think of the tropical iconic are important ecologically, culturally, Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Yet corals socially and economically. Beyond that, extend along the entire state’s coast both regions face growing pressures in varying assemblages, abundances from human activities, including and environments. Discussions climate change, making it important around species range shifts, reef for us to understand how these places adaptation and reef health threats are changing and the relationship have prompted growing research to between regions. The opportunity to understand the relationships between directly compare findings for these tropical and subtropical reefs. distinct, yet related regions can offer new insights to understanding marine Subtropical reefs, like those found across ecology on the Queensland coast. South East Queensland (SEQ), may have additional natural capacity to handle changing environmental conditions due to their existence in highly-dynamic environments (Fellegara 2008, Dalton & Roff 2013). Subtropical regions also Reef Check offer habitats for a growing number Australia is playing a of tropical marine species (Wallace & crucial role locally, regionally Rosen 2006, Hoey et al. 2011, Beger and internationally in providing et al. 2014). Yet, research appears to highly useful, quantitative indicate that subtropical reefs likely monitoring data on present status offer limited options as a stable refuge and trends of coastal marine for tropical reef communities under ecosystems, with a focus on coral pressure from changing environmental and rocky reefs. RCA is a fine conditions (Lybolt et al. 2011, Dalton example of ‘citizen science’ & Roff 2013, Beger et al. 2014). in action and deserves our Additional information is needed continued support. to understand the relationships between these systems (Beger et al. 2011). Trained RCA volunteers have been monitoring the health of coral Dr. Lyndon DeVantier reefs on the GBR since 2001 and Coral Ecologist (2011) subtropical reefs in SEQ since 2007.

This case study presents a comparison of findings from surveys on the GBR’s tropical coral reefs and SEQ’s subtropical reefs. The dataset is particularly relevant for investigating transitions from tropical

Photo by Matt Curnock (Ribbon Reef 3, GBR) 39 A COMPARISON OF SEQ & GBR Average cover QUEENSLAND REEFS REEF COMPOSITION by region (%) For the purposes of this regional (428 surveys GBR, 128 SEQ) comparison of RCA data, the division 40 SEQ Pooled data showed higher average coral for tropical GBR coral reefs and SEQ GBR cover (37%, ranging from 0 to 83%) on subtropical rocky reefs was drawn tropical coral reefs of the GBR than the 35 at the southern end of the Great subtropical rocky reefs of SEQ (20%, Barrier Reef Marine Park. All sites ranging from 0 to 68%) (Figure 12). While 30 north of this boundary (including the GBR’s tropical coral reefs host greater those outside the Marine Park in the coral species diversity and have the 25 Coral Sea) were identified as GBR capacity to build reef structure (Harriot & and sites southwards were identified Banks 2002), there are areas in SEQ with as SEQ, including the Fraser Coast. 20 substantial and comparable hard coral The GBR is a tropical coral reef icon. cover (Harrison et al. 1998, Beger et al. 15 For millions of years, corals have 2014, Sommer et al. 2014). Both regions been secreting limestone to build showed similar soft coral cover (9% GBR 10 the largest struture made by living and 10% SEQ). In both regions, sites were organism on the planet. Reef-building preferentially selected for locations with corals grow most easily in relatively initial high coral cover. SEQ sites had a 5 warm, shallow, clear waters with low higher cover of rock (36%) compared nutrients. The complex limestone matrix to GBR sites (28%), and lower cover 0 they construct creates habitats for a of coralline algae (<1% SEQ compared al al al Indicator ock r Silt r diverse assemblage of marine life. to 2% GBR), which is consistent with d Cor R Sand Other Rubble or Algae Sponge other latitudinal reef studies along Har Soft Co at The subtropical reefs found in SEQ are the East Australian coast (Harriott & considered to exist on the marginal edge ently Killed Co Banks 2002, Dalton & Roff 2013). ec of coral growth (Perry & Larcombe, Figure 12. Pooled regional data from 428 GBR surveys (within GreatR Barrier Reef Marine Park and outer Nutrient Indic 2003). The corals here are generally SEQ reefs had higher cover of sponge Coral Sea) and 128 SEQ surveys (all sites south of southern border including Woongara Coast) for 2001 limited from building reef structures (4% vs 1% GBR) and the Reef Check to 2013. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. Nutrient indicator algae is classified as any by environmental factors such as light, non-target “Other” category (7% vs fleshy algae that is not identified as one of RCA’s seasonal macroalgae. temperature, water chemistry and/or 2% GBR), which includes sessile living (Fellegara & Harrison, 2008, organisms such as anemones and Kleypas, McManus & Menez 1999), yet ascidians. This corresponds with other they host a mix of tropical, subtropical studies reporting higher cover of non- and cool water marine species (Harriott coral benthic cover in subtropical and et al. 1999, Beger et al. 2014). temperate coral communities (Harriott COMPARISON OF REEF IMPACTS & Banks 1999, DeVantier et al. 2010). Beyond natural environmental SEQ also had higher overall levels of differences, management of RCA survey (396 surveys GBR, 124 SEQ) algae, both average benthic cover of sites differ in the two regions. “Green” “Nutrient Indicator Algae” (7% vs 5% Visual reef impact surveys indicated surveys, compared to 5% GBR). Some zones (no-take Marine National Park) GBR) and average counts of macroalgae differing reef health threats and severities of this discrepancy is likely due to the accounted for 70% of GBR monitoring (average 2.8 counts/ 100m² compared to for the two regions (Figure 13). On high number of tourism and green zone sites (with another 6% in scientific 0.8 counts/100m² on the GBR). Higher average, a higher abundance of coral locations included in RCA’s GBR sites zones), and 28% of SEQ monitoring abundance of macrolagae appears be damage was recorded on GBR surveys (70% of sites are in green zones on sites. This demonstrates a bias towards common on subtropical reefs (Harriott (average of 1.7/100m², compared to the GBR versus 28% in SEQ). Fishing green zone areas in RCA monitoring & Banks 2002) and may be a natural 1.0/100m² SEQ) and coral damage gear findings are consistent with other sites, as 33% of the Great Barrier state of these systems compared was recorded more frequently on GBR studies documenting fishing gear on Reef Marine Park is in Green zones. to tropical communities. There are surveys (80% GBR, 68% SEQ). Drupella Sunshine Coast surveys (DeVantier et al. 2010). The frequency and abundance SEQ also encompasses several marine also studies indicating that algae and snail scars were recorded slightly more of “general” rubbish was slightly parks, including Great Sandy Marine Park benthic invertebrates influence coral frequently on GBR surveys (33% of higher in SEQ (found on 26% of sites (where 57% of RCA sites are in green cover dynamics on subtropical reefs surveys) compared to SEQ (26%) and in average abundance of 0.2/100m² zones) and (Hoey et al. 2011, Dalton & Roff 2013) found in higher average abundances compared to 20% sites in abundance (with 33% of RCA sites in green zones). (0.5/100m² compared to 0.1/100m²). Both regions had low levels of bleached of 0.1/100m² on the GBR). In SEQ, 22% hard and soft coral (<1%) and recently SEQ had a notably higher average of of sites had more than five pieces of killed coral (1% cover on the GBR, fishing gear than the GBR (average rubbish recorded on a survey (400m²). <1% in SEQ). This result indicates that of 0.9/100m² per survey compared to there were no major coral mortality 0.02/100m²). Fishing gear was recorded more frequently on SEQ surveys (59% of events in either region that were Reef Impacts continued... captured in RCA survey data.

40 41 COMPARISON OF INDICATOR INVERTEBRATES The average abundance of unknown therefore, results could support other studies indicating increased levels of coral scars was similar for the regions (397 GBR surveys, 119 SEQ) abundances of long-spined urchins coral disease over time (Harvell et al. (1.5/100m² in GBR, 1.4/100m² in SEQ), (2.1 compared to 1.8/100m² GBR, 45% 1999). Coral disease has been associated GBR reefs had notably higher average as was frequency of sighting (67% and of sites SEQ compared to 31% GBR), with reef stressors such as extreme abundances of giant clams (3.2/100m² 64% respectively). Coral bleaching levels but only notably higher abundances and sedimentation compared to 0.1/100m² SEQ), and giant were comparable for the regions, found of pencil urchins (0.8 compared to (Bruno et al. 2007, Pollock et al. 2014), clams were more frequently recorded on slightly more frequently on GBR sites 0.03/100m² GBR, recorded on 17% of which could be more severe in some surveys (85% GBR, 26% SEQ) (Figure 14). (70% compared to 62% SEQ surveys), sites SEQ compared to 5% GBR) and of the SEQ regions surveyed. These results are not surprising, given but with an average of 2% of the coral collector urchins (0.3/100m² compared population impacted in both regions. that the SEQ region is near the southern Changing RCA methodologies may range extent for this group (Smith 2011). to 0.01/100m² GBR, recorded on 14% of The average abundance of coral disease have also influenced estimates, as sites compared to 2%). Anemones were was slightly higher in SEQ (0.5/100m², coral disease data collection protocols The three RCA indicator sea cucumbers also found in higher abundances in SEQ impacting an estimated 1.5% of the changed in 2009 from estimates of were also recorded in higher abundance (1.37 compared to 0.17/100m² GBR) and population, compared to 0.4/100m², percent population impacted to counts (0.4/100m²) and frequency on the on more surveys (39% compared to 35%). of impacted colonies. For data pre 2009, GBR (33% of surveys compared to impacting an estimated 0.5% of the Both regions showed low abundance counts have been estimated based on 4% SEQ, only 5 recorded all 2008 or population on GBR sites) and recorded of banded coral shrimp (0.01/100m² coral population and for 2009 onwards, earlier). Drupella snails were recorded more frequently (46%, compared to GBR and 0.09/100m² SEQ) and lobster percent of the coral population impacted in similar frequencies on GBR and SEQ 28% of GBR surveys). Comparing data (0.02/100m² GBR and 0.07/100m² by coral disease was estimated. (44% and 41% of surveys), but in higher from 2009 onwards, GBR sites show SEQ). Trochus were found in average higher average levels of coral disease abundance on the GBR (0.9/100m² These results may also reflect increased compared to 0.7/100m² in SEQ). These abundances of 0.08/100m² across (0.9/100m², impacting an estimated 0.8% knowledge and capacity for identifying GBR sites. Low abundance of Crown of the population and recorded on 62% results may be partially attributable to coral disease from improved knowledge higher overall coral cover on the GBR. of Thorns Starfish (<0.07/100m²) and of surveys (compared to SEQ 0.6/100m², in this expanding field of study in triton (0.01/100m²) have been recorded impacting an estimated 1.7% of the addion to evolving volunteer training SEQ reefs had an overall higher average on GBR sites and these indicators have population found on 50% of surveys). materials. New sites have also been abundance of the three indicator not been recorded on SEQ surveys. There are several potential explanations added in both locations, including GBR urchins. SEQ sites showed slightly higher around findings.and coral disease locations with higher levels of coral relationships. GBR survey records disease. SEQ consistently showed date back longer than those for SEQ higher estimated population level (2001 compared to 2007 for SEQ), impacts of coral disease, which likely reflects the similar average disease Indicator counts, but relatively higher impact due SEQ to lower coral cover in this region. Giant Clam GBR Indicator Sea Urchin: Diadema SEQ Coral Damage: Other GBR Drupella Snail Unknown Scars Sea Cucumbers Drupella Scars Anemone Coral Disease Sea Urchin: Pencil Rubbish: General Sea Urchin: Collector COTS Scars

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Coral Damage: Boat Average abundance of invertebrates per 100m2

All fishing gear Figure 14. Subregional average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m²) recorded from 398 surveys on the GBR and 188 surveys in SEQ by Reef Check Australia volunteers from 2007 to 2013. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. Anemone data was only collected from 2008. 45 reef sites surveyed around the Palm Island 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 group (2005-2006 surveys) were removed from giant clam summary results due to extreme giant clam numbers Average abundance of impacts per 100m2 from historical clam farming projects (average 9/100m²). Trochus, Crown of Thorns Starfish, lobster, banded Figure 13. Regional average abundance of reef impacts (per 100m²) recorded from 397 surveys on the GBR and coral shrimp and triton were recorded in abundances of less than 0.1/100m² and are not shown on the graph. 123 surveys in SEQ by Reef Check Australia volunteers from 2007 to 2013. Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. 42 43 COMPARISON OF INDICATOR FISH Case study 3 SUMMARY & KEY POINTS

(221 surveys GBR, 69 SEQ) in similar abundances (0.2/100m² GBR Results from pooled regional surveys on • Butterflyfish, snapper and parrotfish were the most commonly recorded Butterflyfish, snapper and parrotfish and 0.3/100m² SEQ), but were recorded the GBR’s tropical coral reefs and SEQ’s fish for both the GBR and SEQ (excluding bumphead parrotfish) were more frequently on SEQ surveys (41% subtropical reefs showed differences in regions. However, butterflyfish the most commonly recorded fish for of surveys compared to 23% GBR). substrate composition, abundance of fish and parrotfish were recorded both the GBR and SEQ regions (Figure and invertebrate communities and reef Barramundi cod, bumphead parrotfish, in greater abundances on GBR 15). Butterflyfish were recorded in impacts. These results demonstrate there coral trout and Queensland grouper surveys. Snapper and sweetlips greater average abundance on the GBR are considerable, yet compositionally were only found on GBR surveys, but showed similar abundances (3.6/100m² compared to 2.0/100m² SEQ) different coral communities in subtropical in low abundances (<0.1/100m²) and across the regions. Groupers and in greater frequency (73% of surveys locations, which is consistent with infrequently sighted (ranging from 1% were found in greater abundance compared to 65%). Parrotfish were also other studies (Harrison et al. 1998, of surveys for Queensland grouper on GBR surveys. Barramundi recorded in greater abundances on GBR Harriott & Banks 2002, Sommer et to 33% of surveys for coral trout). cod, bumphead parrotfish, coral sites (2.2/100m² compared to 0.4/100m²) al. 2014, Dalton & Roff 2013). trout and Queensland grouper and found more frequently on surveys RCA’s volunteer reef monitoring were only found on GBR surveys, (43% compared to 6%). Higher program supports understanding the but in low abundances. abundances of herbivorous fish, such as complex relationships between tropical parrotfish, on tropical reefs have been and subtropical reef communities. The • The differences in mobile invertebrate found in other studies (Hoey et al. 2011). broad data collected through the RCA and fish regional communities was expected, considering many of the Snapper showed more similarities across monitoring protocols at sites along selected RCA indicators are tropical. the regions, with average abundances the Queensland coast has revealed RCA programs can also offer a tool of 1.1/100m² on GBR sites and 1.2/100m² findings that reiterate the call for for monitoring species range shifts on SEQ sites (57% and 52% of surveys additional research (Beger et al. 2011). from tropical to subtropical habitats. respectively). Sweetlips were also found This citizen scence dataset supplements more detailed studies about reef • On average, a higher abundance composition and , as well of coral damage, as well as scars as documenting reef threats to inform from Drupella snail and COTS were science and management decisions. recorded on GBR surveys. SEQ had Given SEQ’s unique position as a notably higher average of fishing habitat for tropical, subtropical and gear, although results are influenced temperate marine species, it can serve by the high number of tourism as a stepping stone for tropical species’ and green zone locations included Indicator range shifts due to climate and other in RCA’s GBR sites. The average environmental changes (Beger et al. abundance of coral disease was SEQ Butterflyfish 2014, Sommer et al. 2014). This long- slightly higher in SEQ and this trend GBR term set of data is valuable to support is worthy of further investigation. The Parrotfish monitoring of future changes. average abundance of coral scars from unknown causes was a notable Key points: impact type for both regions. Similar Snapper • GBR sites hosted higher average low average levels of coral bleaching hard coral cover than SEQ, but were recorded in both regions. Grouper soft coral cover was similar for the • There are some useful discussion regions. Rock and non-coral living topics resulting from regional Sweetlips benthic categories such as sponge comparisons of RCA surveys and ascidians were higher in SEQ. along the Queensland coast. Reef Subtropical reefs of SEQ also hosted impact data indicated varying 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 more substantial algae communities. pressures from environmental and 2 Average abundance of fish per 100m • GBR surveys recorded higher average human use factors, which can be abundances of giant clams, the three beneficial for gauging relevant Figure 15. Regional average abundance of fish (per 100m²) recorded from 221 surveys on the GBR and 69 RCA indicator sea cucumbers and community education and reef surveys in SEQ by Reef Check Australia volunteers from 2007 to 2013. Error bars represent one standard error Drupella snails. SEQ surveys recorded management considerations. of the mean. Snapper excludes the outlier of a single school of 1,300 snapper recorded on Opal Reef, GBR in higher average abundances of the 2009. Reef Check indicator fish with cumulative averages of less than 0.1/100m² were not displayed on the three RCA indicator urchins, as well graph (this includes barramundi cod, bumphead parrotfish, humphead wrasse, moray eel and Queensland as anemones. Both regions showed grouper). Coral Trout and Queensland grouper were not added to surveys until 2008 and average abundances low abundance of banded coral are based on surveys from 2008 to 2013. shrimp and lobster. COTS and triton were only recorded on GBR surveys.

44 45 Case study 4 A GLOBAL CONTEXT FOR AUSTRALIAN REEFS: COMPARING REEF HEALTH TRENDS USING THE REEF CHECK SURVEY METHOD

While reefs cover less than 1% of the method, supporting trained volunteers planet, they are widely dispersed to collect standardised data for rapid and highly variable, making globally reef health assessment is unique in standardised monitoring a challenging the world. Reef tourism locations are task. Australia’s waters are home to heavily represented in the data set, more coral reefs than any other country, and thus it provides a more focused accounting for an estimated 17% of global perspective of reef health than other reefs (Burke et al. 2011). The majority monitoring programs. The specially- of Australia’s substantial reef habitat is selected simple, robust monitoring within the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). categories facilitate the role of citizen scientists to meaningfully contribute to This case study presents a snapshot of documenting reef health (Hodgson 1999). data from almost 9,000 surveys on more than 2,000 monitoring sites around the Reef Check findings can help to generate world. Reef Check surveys are a helpful discussion around how Australian tool to build knowledge about how monitoring sites compare to their Australian reefs compare to those around Caribbean and IndoPacific counterparts. the world in order to contribute to global The study also highlights the role that health assessment and knowledge base. citizen science can play in contributing International comparisons are particularly to critical monitoring for improved important given the ever-growing body knowledge for reef management. of science documenting reef decline and increasing reef threats around the world (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999, Hughes et al. 2003, Bruno & Selig 2007, Burke et al. 2011). Global data sets offer the Reef Check teams potential to explore the outcomes of often get to places management actions such as marine that government officials protected areas or tourism regulation cannot. This increases our in light of different ecological, social coverage and detail in global and economic contexts (Selig & Bruno reports that decision makers 2010, Burke et al. 2011). Additional are using to set policy for data beyond the standard metric of the management of reefs hard coral cover can be important for around the world. understanding reef health (Bruno & Selig 2007) and Reef Check offers datasets on abundances of invertebrates and fish, as well as reef health impacts. Dr. Clive Wilkinson Part of the power of Reef Check data is Global Co-ordinator Global Coral in the consistent standard protocols that Reef Monitoring Network (2009) allows for local and global comparisons (Hodgson 1999, Hill & Wilkinson 2004). The international datasets collected by Reef Check across sites in the Caribbean and the IndoPacific allow for comparison of ten global substrate categories, seven invertebrate categories, nine fish categories and six reef impact types. Reef Check’s global

Photo by Matt Curnock (Vlassoff Sand Cay, GBR) 47 SETTING THE BASELINE COMPARISONS ACROSS THE WORLD, The first global Reef Check assessment 2007, Eriksson & Byrne 2013). Threats to COUNTRIES AND REGIONS took place in 1997 (Hodgson 1999). reef health (such as ocean acidification, Data was pooled for two main global for reef-building corals (Kleypas et al. From 1997 to 2001 more than 1,500 reefs sedimentation, extreme temperatures, regions (IndoPacific and Caribbean), 1999). The IndoPacific is acknowledged were surveyed across the Caribbean and over-harvesting etc.) are forecast to with a focus on Australian comparisons. as the centre of biodiversity for corals IndoPacific. Hard coral cover, a common continue increasing (Burke et al. 2011). Therefore, Australia has been separated (Roberts et al. 2002) and encompasses indicator for reef health, averaged 31% into the GBR and SEQ regions, as an estimated 75% of global reefs (Bruno Sixteen years after the launch of across surveyed sites, with mean hard there were some clear differences & Selig 2007). The higher coral cover in Reef Check, a review of data from coral cover of 26% across Caribbean between these two regions that the broader IndoPacific and on the GBR 8,745 surveys on 3,724 reef sites sites and 35% across the IndoPacific warranted a separate assessment. (compared to SEQ and the Caribbean) in more than 94 countries showed (Hodgson & Liebler 2002). In that can likely be attributed to these factors. interesting trends on varying scales study, low levels of edible and collectible Average hard coral cover across GBR (1,838 surveys in the Caribbean and indicator fish and invertebrates were sites (37%) was comparable to the The overall average global hard coral 6,907 surveys in the IndoPacific, recorded at most sites, providing some broader IndoPacific region (34%) (Figure cover across all Reef Check monitoring including 678 surveys from Australia). early evidence of over-harvesting and 16). Within Australia, there was a notable sites from 1996-2013 was 28%, slightly difference in coral cover between the down from the 2002 Reef Check report ecological imbalances on a global scale. Reef Check monitoring sites are selected GBR (37%) and SEQ (21%). Of note, hard of 31% cover. While the global coral For this reason, the 2002 publication was to align with research, community and coral cover in the SEQ subtropical reef cover average may seem low, only 91 entitled “The Global Coral Reef Crisis — management criteria within each region. region was comparable to hard coral of approximately 3,800 reefs (2%) Trends and Solutions” and was presented Therefore, while global comparisons offer cover in the Caribbean (21%). Soft coral surveyed by Reef Check had more than at the World Summit on Sustainable some interesting insights, they must be cover was higher in Australia (9% both 70% cover, and the maximum coverage Development in Johannesburg that interpreted within the limitations of the in SEQ and the GBR) than the rest of was 85%. These findings are comparable year. Numerous studies have now scientific design, and are affected by the IndoPacific (5%) and the Caribbean to a comprehensive assessment of documented the general decline of reef both how and why teams select sites, as (4%). Sponge cover across all regions IndoPacific reef data from 1968 to 2004 health around the world (Harvell et al. well as how often sites are surveyed. 1999, Hughes et al. 2003, Selig & Bruno was relatively low (ranging from 1% (n=6,001 surveys from eight monitoring average cover in the IndoPacific and the programs, including 1,501 Reef Check GBR to 4% in the Caribbean and SEQ). surveys) which showed average hard There were trends with regards to the coral cover of 22%, with 6% of surveyed Indicator Reef Check non-target “other” category, reefs hosting hard coral cover of greater which includes benthic organisms than 60% (Bruno & Selig 2007). IndoPacific Hard Coral such as anemones, corallimorphs and Caribbean Average hard coral cover across sites ascidians. South East Queensland (7%) reflects Reef Check’s protocol of GBR and the Caribbean (6%) had higher Soft Coral selecting monitoring sites with high average percent cover of “other” than SEQ coral cover. Reef Check’s protocols and the GBR (3%) and IndoPacific (2%). Sponge reliance on the recreational dive sector The Caribbean had the highest percent means that surveys have historically been Nutrient cover of nutrient indicator algae (17%). established on the best quality dive sites Indicator Algae Australia had just slightly higher overall in each area, often with a lot of coral. nutrient indicator algae levels (5%) than Therefore, the coral estimates presented Other the IndoPacific (3%), with higher levels here may be higher than other published in SEQ (6%). Nutrient indicator algae estimates based on representative Recently is any fleshy algae (for RCA it excludes samples, regardless of initial reef state. Killed Coral seasonal macroalgae), which can be a This report does not investigate the sign of high nutrient loading and low role that marine protected area (MPA) Rock numbers of herbivores, although some status may play in the results. Site algae on reefs are an essential part of information reported to Reef Check the ecosystem. Higher levels of silt were Rubble International showed that 69% of recorded on Australian sites (3% SEQ, Caribbean monitoring sites had some 4% GBR) than the IndoPacific (1%). level of protection, compared to 43% Silt Recently killed coral across all regions of IndoPacific sites, 72% GBR and amounted to less than 3% cover. 40% SEQ. MPAs have varying levels Sand Lower hard coral cover and high levels of of excluded activities, degrees of nutrient indicator algae in the Caribbean effectiveness and enforcement. The have been attributed to the die off 2011 Reefs at Risk analysis of global 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Cover (%) of long-spined Diadema sea urchins reef threats documented that 27% of in the 1980s, as well as overfishing of global reefs were within MPAs (Burke Figure 16. Pooled regional data for 4 major global Reef Check regions from 8,745 surveys, showing average benthic herbivorous fish (Hughes et al. 1987, et al. 2011). However, only 6% of MPAs cover of the 10 main Reef Check Global substrate categories for data collected from 1997 to 2013. Error bars Mumby et al. 2006). The lower hard coral were regarded as “effectively managed” represent one standard error of the mean. Note that the y axis scale was only represented to 40% for ease of cover in the SEQ is likely a result of the and another 13% of reefs were rated as visualization. subtropical location, being less favorable “partially effective” (Burke et al. 2011).

48 49 DOCUMENTING GLOBAL CORAL CHANGE COUNTING ON INDICATOR INVERTEBRATES Compiling a global dataset originating consecutive years of increase may There are seven common invertebrate Abundances of giant clams were from hundreds of citizen science teams suggest that GBR and IndoPacific sites indicators and nine fish indicators used comparable for the IndoPacific and in dozens of countries is an enormous tended to recover following disturbance across the global program. These have Great Barrier Reef (found in abundances task. To reduce the effect of irregular (Done et al. 2010, Osborne et al. 2011, been selected for broad distributions of 5.3/100m² and 5.6/100m², recorded site visits and the addition of new Graham et al. 2010), whereas consecutive and ease of identification by volunteers, on 70% of IndoPacific sites and 84% of sites, long-term hard coral data was years of decline in Caribbean sites as well as for their ecological and GBR sites). Generally, heavy harvesting analysed by calculating the net change suggest a lack of resilience (Hughes et economic importance. This report pressure has influenced IndoPacific giant in percent cover of hard coral on sites al. 1987, Gardner et al. 2003, Mumby presents data from 8,544 invertebrate clam populations and local extinctions with consecutive years of data (Figure et al. 2006). However, since 2010, surveys conducted from 2001 to 2013, have been documented (Teitelbaum 17). On sites with skipped years of pooled data for GBR sites have shown encompassing 1,866 surveys in the 2008). Previous studies in the IndoPacific surveys, a linear interpolation for the a decreasing trend, which corresponds Caribbean and 6,678 in the IndoPacific have found clam densities to be as deviation in the skipped years was used. with other studies (Osborne et al. 2011, (with 648 from Australia) (Figure 18). high as 3-19/100m² in protected areas De’ath et al. 2012). The Australian Reef (Tan et al. 1998), with other subregions Overall, most year to year changes The average abundance of long-spine Check organisation was not officially as low as 0.1 to 0.3/100m² in areas in hard coral cover were less than (Diadema) urchins for the IndoPacific established until 2004, therefore in prior with heavy fishing pressure (Alcala 10% across the IndoPacific, Australia (19.7/100m²) was higher than their years the small sample sizes may not be 1986, Guest et al. 2008). Giant clams (GBR and SEQ) and the Caribbean, Caribbean counterparts (11.5/100m²) sufficient to reflect regional changes in are not found in the Caribbean. but some subtle trends were evident. and much higher than Australian coral cover. The low sample sizes in 2010 Both the IndoPacific and Caribbean averages for the GBR (1.8/100m²) and Pencil urchin data showed similar to 2012 are the result of limited program sites seemed to indicate a decline SEQ (2.2/100m²). Long-spine urchins abundances for the Caribbean resources and again draw attention in hard coral cover 1997/98, which were found on more IndoPacific sites (1.2/100m²) and SEQ (1.0/100m²) and to the importance of sustainable would correspond with global cover (69%) and Caribbean sites (66%) than in abundances were much lower for the funding for citizen science initiatives. losses from the major coral bleaching Australia (average 40%). The abundances IndoPacific and GBR. Crown of Thorns event (Wilkinson 2000, Hodgson & Data for the SEQ region of Australia of Caribbean Diadema were comparable Starfish (COTS), lobster and triton were Liebeler 2002, Bruno & Selig 2007). are presented separately, as they with other studies (Kramer 2003, Creary found in relatively low abundances are a characteristically unique et al. in Wilkinson 2008), but given (less than 0.2/100m²) across the global The main differences between regions subtropical coral community. The the mass mortality of Diadema in the regions. The average abundance of were that many inter-annual changes SEQ program was started in Australia Caribbean in 1983/84 (Hughes 1985), COTS was lower on Great Barrier Reef were positive in Australia and negative in 2007, and therefore has a shorter the expectation was abundances would sites (0.1/100m²) than the IndoPacific in the Caribbean. The tendency for dataset compared to the GBR. be lower here than other regions. (0.18/100m²) and found on fewer sites (11% on the GBR compared to The lower abundance of Diadema in 26% of IndoPacific sites). This is an Australia may be related to different indication that RCA monitoring sites species communities and grazing have not had major COTS impacts dynamics on Australian reefs, with during survey periods, which may IndoPacificIndoPacific herbivorous fish likely playing a key role Net change 8 be partially attributable to COTS 8 CaribCarib (Sammarco 1985, Cheal et al. 2010). The of cover of management by dive tourism operators. 6 GBR hard coral GBR abundances of Diadema in Australia 4 (%) SEQSEQ may also relate to highly nocturnal The Caribbean had higher average 2 feeding patterns, which results in abundances of banded coral shrimp 0 underestimations of individuals during (0.5/100m², found on 44% of sites -2 daytime surveys, even with careful search compared to 18% IndoPacific) and -4 patterns (Young & Bellwood 2011). This lobster (0.2/100m, found on 38% of -6 tendency may be more pronounced sites compared to 12% of sites in the -8 on reefs with relatively intact predator IndoPacific and 14% in Australia). Triton -10 communities, compared to disrupted were low across all regions (0.04/100m² -12 reefs where Diadema can forage or less), found on a maximum of 11% of -14 during the day with limited threat from sites in the Caribbean, 9% of IndoPacific -16 predators (Cowen 1983, McClanahan & sites, 7% of GBR sites, and absent in SEQ. Muthiga 1988). The first set of global Reef 199797 199898 199999 200000 200101 200202 200303 200404 200505 200606 200707 200808 200909 201010 201111 201212 13 Year Check surveys in 1997 (n=312 surveys) recorded zero counts of Diadema at more than 40% of both IndoPacific and Caribbean sites (Hodgson 1999).

Figure 17. Pooled regional data showing net change in average hard coral cover for four major Reef Check regions for surveys conducted from 1997 to 2013. Annual positive net growth is shown as solid lines and net declines are shown as dashed lines. GBR trends prior to 2003 are should be interpreted with caution due to low numbers of surveys. SEQ trends prior to 2008 are not displayed on the graph due to low numbers of surveys. The numbers underneath the graph represent the number of regional sites with consecutive surveys used for calculations. Many more surveys were undertaken that are not shown here because they were not in the same locations in consecutive years.

50 51 FINDING INDICATOR regions (19%-57% of sites). Grouper abundances are similar to findings FISH from 1997 surveys (Hodgson 1999). Indicator This report presents data from 8,186 Moray eels were recorded in abundances fish surveys conducted from 2001 to of 0.1/100m² or less across all regions Long-spine IndoPacific 2013, encompassing 1,866 surveys (found on 9-33% of sites). Bumphead Urchin (Diadema) Caribbean in the Caribbean and 6,320 in the parrotfish, humphead wrasse and Giant Clam GBR IndoPacific (with 290 from Australia) barramundi cod were recorded in low (Figure 19). Of the nine Reef Check average abundances (0.1/100m² or SEQ global fish indicator categories, less) and low frequency (0-16% of sites) Pencil Urchin butterflyfish, parrotfish, snapper, grouper, across the IndoPacific and the GBR. In sweetlips and moray eels were globally the 1997 Reef Check surveys, bumphead Crown of distributed. The bumphead parrotfish, parrotfish were recorded on more sites Thorns Starfish humphead wrasse, and barramundi (33%), humphead wrasse (14% of sites) cod are IndoPacific indicators, as they Banded and barramundi cod (2% of sites) were Coral Shrimp are not found in the Caribbean. recorded in similar abundances (Hodgson Sweetlips were found in much higher 1999). Although still low, humphead Lobster abundances in the Caribbean (7.9/100m²) wrasse abundances were notably higher on the GBR than in the IndoPacific. than the IndoPacific (0.4/100m²) or Triton Australia (0.2/100m² and 0.3/100m² Declines in the abundance of large food for GBR and SEQ). Sweetlips were fish have been documented on a global also recorded more frequently in the scale (Pandolfi et al. 2003, Cheung et 0 5 10 15 20 25 Caribbean (88% of sites) compared to al. 2007, Fenner & Russell in Wilkinson Average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m2) the IndoPacific (43%), SEQ (53%) and 2008). Further research around GBR (41%). Higher sweetlip abundance historical comparisons and expanded Figure 18. Regional average abundance of invertebrates (per 100m²) recorded on 8,544 surveys conducted by and frequency in the Caribbean was assessments would be beneficial. volunteers from 1997 to 2013 comparing the IndoPacific, Caribbean and Australia (subdivisions of Great Barrier comparable to findings from the Reef and South East Queensland). Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. 1997 surveys (Hodgson 1999).

Butterflyfish were relatively common REEF IMPACTS across all regions, with the highest ACROSS THE GLOBE abundances found in the IndoPacific Reef Check impact surveys yield data (5.8/100m²) and lower abundances found about visual evidence of reef impacts, Indicator in Australia (3.9 and 2.0/100m² GBR and focusing on human impacts that could SEQ respectively). Butterflyfish were be mitigated through management IndoPacific recorded more frequently on sites in the Sweetlips activities. This report presents data from Caribbean IndoPacific (95%) than the Caribbean 8,697 surveys from 2001 to 2013 (1,908 (85%), GBR (84%) or SEQ (66%). Results GBR conducted in the Caribbean and 6,789 Butterflyfish are comparable to the 1997 Global Reef conducted in the IndoPacific (Figure 20). SEQ Check surveys, where most IndoPacific Parrotfish sites had butterflyfish in abundances Australia’s GBR had the highest of 4-6/100m² and more than half of prevalence of coral bleaching (50%), the Caribbean sites had abundances of followed by the Carribbean, SEQ, and Snapper less than 2/100m² (Hodgson 1999). the IndoPacific. However, bleaching impacted relatively low levels of the Parrotfish were found in higher Grouper coral population (average 2.6% of the average abundances in the Caribbean population on the GBR). Severity of coral (3.6/100m²) and on more sites (90%) bleaching was highest at Carribbean sites Moray Eel when compared to the IndoPacific (5.6% of coral population on average) (2.8/100m², 69% of sites). Bumphead and lowest at IndoPacific and SEQ sites Parrotfish were found in lower Parrotfish (1.7% of the coral population on average). abundances and frequency on the GBR Humphead (1.9/100m², 64% of sites) and lowest in Coral damage from anchors was Wrasse SEQ (0.4/100m², 53% of sites). Snapper found in all regions, but mostly in low were found in slightly lower abundances levels (1-4 counts/100m²). It was most Barramundi in the Caribbean (2.1/100m²) and common across IndoPacific transects Cod Australia (2.2/100m² and 1.2/100m² (14%) and comparable (5.5-6.4% of for GBR and SEQ) compared with transects) across all other regions. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the IndoPacific (2.6/100m²). Snapper Coral damage from blast-fishing was Average abundance of fish (per 100m2) were recorded on more sites (76%) a notable impact on IndoPacific sites, in the Caribbean than the IndoPacific recorded on 6.7% of transects in low Figure 19. Regional average abundance of fish (per 100m²) recorded on 8,186 surveys conducted by volunteers (59%), GBR (59%) or SEQ (72%). abundances (1-4 counts/100m²). from 1997 to 2013 comparing the IndoPacific, Caribbean and Australia (subdivisions of Great Barrier Reef and Grouper were recorded in abundances South East Queensland). Error bars represent one standard error of the mean. of less than 0.4/100m² across all 52 53 Reef Impacts continued... not shown on graph). Australian data is SUMMARY & KEY POINTS Low levels of physical coral damage excluded from the IndoPacific figures, Case study 4 from unknown causes was most as coral disease is recorded differently. • The average abundance of long- common on the GBR (48% of sites) Across surveys, black band disease was Gaining global perspective on how spine (Diadema) urchins was highest and SEQ sites (35%). Higher levels recorded on 25% of Caribbean sites and Australian reefs compare to those around in the IndoPacific and lowest in of damage (>5 counts/100m²) were 3% of IndoPacific sites. White band was the world offers a unique opportunity to Australia. The result was surprising found in similar abundances across recorded on 30% of Caribbean sites consider our successes and challenges given documented declines in the global regions (3-7% of sites). and 12% of IndoPacific sites. A review in regards to reef management. In some of Australian survey data shows 48% ways, RCA’s monitoring sites seem Caribbean Diadema populations, but Low levels of fishing gear prevalence of surveys in SEQ with coral disease to be faring well, with relatively high may show differences in regional (1-4 counts/100m²) were similar for records and 29% of GBR surveys. At coral cover and relatively low levels of species communities, as well as SEQ and the broader IndoPacific (10.8% first glance, this seems to potentially nutrient indicator algae. Yet, abundances grazing and predation dynamics. and 10.2% of transects respectively). of many food fish and invertebrates indicate higher coral disease counts • Butterflyfish were relatively common The GBR had the lowest level of fishing warrant more detailed assessment to than global surveys, however, Australian across all regions, with the highest gear (1% of sites), likely a reflection better understand possible historic surveys record all coral disease, not abundances in the IndoPacific. of the high number of protected or over harvesting. just white and black band. Most coral Sweetlips and parrotfish were areas monitored in this region. disease records in SEQ suggest the coral Reefs in Australia and throughout found in higher abundances in the disease category of white syndrome is Low levels of general rubbish (1-4 the world are showing signs of stress. Caribbean. Bumphead parrotfish, most prevalent, which is a disease not counts/100m²) were somewhat Reef impacts that are already more humphead wrasse and barramundi recorded by Reef Check global surveys. more prevalent across surveys, with commonly recorded, such as physical cod were recorded in low average the highest frequency recorded in Coral disease has significantly affected coral damage and coral bleaching, are abundances across the IndoPacific the broader IndoPacific (15.6% of coral reefs in the Caribbean (Gardner likely to increase with effects from global and GBR. While humphead transects), comparable levels in SEQ et al. 2003) and poses a growing climate change (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999, wrasse abundances appear low, and the Caribbean and the lowest threat to Australia’s reefs (Willis Hughes et al. 2003, Burke et al. 2011). Australian averages are notably on the GBR (7% of transects). et al. 2004). The abundance and higher than other global regions. This is one of the many reasons why the distribution of coral disease appear Reef Check global programs estimate regulated management of Australia’s • Australia had a higher number of to be increasing (Sutherland et al. the percent of corals impacted by two reefs is so imperative. Building reef surveys with coral bleaching reports 2004) and are likely more common on specific types of coral disease, black resilience can help to mitigate larger than the IndoPacific, but population stressed reefs (Lesser et al. 2007). band and white band (coral disease looming reef threats (Hughes et al. level impacts were low in both 2003, Selig & Bruno 2010). RCA’s regions (higher in the Carribbean). engagement with the dive tourism Low levels of physical coral damage industry, schools and the broader (unknown causes) was most community can be a major catalyst common on the GBR. Abundances for good behaviour by visitors to of fishing gear were similar for SEQ Australian reefs and build accessible and the broader IndoPacific. The Coral IndoPacific knowledge to help the public engage GBR had the lowest level of fishing Bleaching Caribbean with reef health issues and actions. gear, which is likely a reflection of the high number of protected Coral Damage: GBR Key points: areas monitored in this region. Anchor SEQ • Hard coral cover across GBR sites • The Reef Check data comparisons Coral Damage: was comparable to the broader indicate interesting preliminary Blast-fishing IndoPacific region. Interestingly, hard findings that generate both answers Low-Med (1-4) coral cover in the SEQ subtropical Coral Damage: and more questions regarding Unknown High (5+) reef region was comparable to the global state of reefs. Reef hard coral cover in the Caribbean. Check surveys offer a unique Rubbish: tool to compare how Australian Fishing Gear • The overall average global hard coral cover across all Reef Check reefs compare to those around Rubbish: monitoring sites from 1996-2013 was the world. This snapshot warrants General 28%, slightly down from the 2002 further analysis to investigate Reef Check report of 31% cover. The long-term trends and link changes average hard coral cover across sites with potential causes to improve 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 is higher than other global studies understanding and help contribute Sites with impact (%) and likely reflects Reef Check’s to meaningful discussions about protocol of selecting monitoring how as a global community we Figure 20. Percentage of sites with documented reef impact, as recorded on 8,697 impact surveys conducted by volunteers sites with high coral cover. can take action to find solutions. from 1997 to 2013 comparing the IndoPacific, Caribbean and Australia (subdivisions of GBR and SEQ). For all categories excluding coral bleaching, the stacked bars show percentage of sites with 1-4 impact counts/100m² (solid bars) and 5 or • Overall, most year to year changes more impact counts/100m² (dashed bars). Coral bleaching is only recorded as a presence/absence on sites. in hard coral cover were less than 10%, however, many inter-annual changes were positive in Australia and negative in the Caribbean, suggesting reduced recovery 54 in Caribbean reef systems. 55 Science project highlights

It’s impossible to capture a legacy of a decade of programs in several pages, but here are a few highlights from Reef Check Australia programs. This is only a fraction of the programs and science stories from over the years.

For additional stories and information, please visit www.reefcheckaustralia.org.

SUPPORTING SEA COUNTRY MANAGEMENT

In 2013 & 2014, Reef Check Australia partnered with SEQ Catchments and The University of Queensland’s Biophysical Remote Sensing Group to deliver -based reef health monitoring courses for participants from Quandamooka Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation (QYAC). QYAC manages the native title interests of the Quandamooka area to support land and sea country management. QYAC participants applied their new skills FRASER COAST helping to establish three new shallow reef monitoring locations in Moreton Bay. CORALS The groups continue working together, The Great Sandy Marine Park is just to build further understanding about south of the GBR Border! Research local rocky reefs with applications for indicates that these reefs appear to sea country management. Quandamooka have more similarities with those north Yoolooburrabee Aboriginal Corporation’s on the Great Barrier Reef than their Darren Burns sees Quandamooka’s nearby neighbours in Moreton Bay involvement in reef monitoring as (Zann et al. 2012), yet there is limited an important step towards fostering regular reef monitoring. RCA worked management capacity, saying “It with local partners including Burnett has provided an opportunity to Mary Regional Group, Queensland Parks demonstrate how Traditional Owners and Wildlife and two local University of can and should be involved in science- Queensland researchers to establish five based monitoring and evaluation monitoring sites in 2012. Several years on their traditional country.” of surveys show that Woongarra Coast reefs appear to be dominated by soft corals where the reefs of Hervey Bay host more hard coral communities. All of these reefs are subject to siltation from nearby systems, and were exposed to heavy flooding events in 2011 and 2013 (Butler et al. 2013 & 2015). Therefore ongoing monitoring to build on mapping and reef composition data is vital for understanding resilience and recovery in this unique reef area.

Photo byLiz Harlin (Flinders Reef, SEQ) 57 NEW NUDIS!

RCA volunteers tell us one of the highlights of carefully looking at the reef in detail is their heightened ability to spot the small stuff. In 2012, we expanded Australia’s taxonomic record of nudibranchs, spotting a Hoplodoris HEADING TO HERON estrelyado on a survey at Currimundi Reef on the Sunshine Coast. The species ISLAND has previously been recorded in the Indo-West Pacific (including Western Understanding the ecology of relatively Australia, Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, pristine reefs provides an important and the Marshall Islands), but had baseline for reef health. With the support never been seen on the East Coast of from The University of Queensland’s Australia. This sighting was identified Biophysical Remote Sensing Group, and confirmed by the dedicated citizen Heron Island Research Station and science team at www.nudibranch. Heron Island Resort, 15 new Reef Check com.au. This was the 525th species of monitoring locations were established SURVEYS POST SPILL nudibranch that their dedicated team around Heron Island from 2011-2014. Reef has documented on the Sunshine Sadly, oil spills and ship groundings Check volunteers surveyed transects Coast, supporting the belief that the can have a huge impact on our marine that overlapped with annually visited SEQ region has one of the most diverse environment. In 2009, the Pacific geo-referenced benthic photo-transects assemblages of nudibranchs in the world! Adventurer container ship was damaged dating back to 2001. The ongoing by Cyclone Hamish and spilled 270 research project involves using field tonnes of oil into Moreton Bay Marine data for calibration and validation of Park. Considered one of Queensland’s benthic community maps derived from worst environmental disasters, the high spatial resolution satellite imagery spill threatened the habitats and (Phinn et al. 2012 and Roelfsema et al. DEBRIS AND OUR SEA inhabitants of beaches, rocky reefs 2010). Reef Check data is being used to and wetlands. SEQ Catchments invited provide additional data on reef condition Marine debris is quickly gaining RCA to contribute baseline information for mapping applications, which expands recognition as a critical issue for to understanding oil spill impacts on on available data for this remote reef our oceans. Since 2012, RCA has Moreton Bay’s reefs. Data from 13 location and supports projects to monitor been partnering with Tangaroa Blue RCA sites (including 4 with baseline reef change remotely over large areas. Foundation on coastal and marine data prior to the spill) were used in debris clean-up events. Tangaroa Blue the assessment of oil contamination coordinates the Australian Marine Debris impacts. The type and frequency of Initiative, a network of volunteers, impacts recorded in 2007 and 2008 communities, organisations and agencies were statistically different from those around the country monitoring the recorded in 2009, particularly increased impacts of marine debris along their coral scars and Drupella snail scars, local stretch of coastline. One of our indicating potential alterations in reef collaborative goals is to create improved health. Statistical comparisons of four understanding of the relationship baseline RCA monitoring sites did not between coastal and underwater debris, reveal detectable impacts on substrate so we can develop innovative solutions composition, which suggested the four to tackle this issue. RCA survey data baseline sites were not heavily impacted from 2001 to 2013 was re-analysed to by the spill. However, events such as coordinate with Tangaroa Blue debris this can have long-lasting impacts and categories and then compared with RCA continues to monitor Moreton Bay nearby historical beach clean-up data. reefs. Photo credit Tangalooma Resort. This direct data comparison is helping to build understanding and identify areas where more coordinated clean- up data would be beneficial to support on-ground actions into the future.

58 59 MONITORING MAGNETIC ISLAND

One of the reasons the Great Barrier GETTING PLACES ON Reef is so amazing is the huge diversity of different habitats. Inshore reefs are THE MAP critical habitats and their accessibility makes them amazing convenient reefs In order to better manage and protect for us to explore. Yet their proximity to our reef resources, it is essential to have shore also makes exposes these reefs a solid dataset about reef location and particularly susceptible to the effects of condition. In 2010, Noosa Integrated human activities. Sedimentation from Catchments undertook a comprehensive HOW LONG IS A PIECE dredging or coastal development, as Sunshine Coast Marine Biodiversity well as nutrient pollution from land- study across key reef sites (DeVantier OF FISHING LINE? based activities are among the threats et al. 2010). RCA wanted to ensure that Lost or discarded (derelict) fishing facing inshore reefs. The chronic water Reef Check surveys could build on this gear can threaten marine life through quality stressors to which inshore reefs rich dataset, and offer a sustainable entanglement and ingestion. Nylon are exposed can reduce their resilience and complimentary regional project. fishing line and nets are extremely to bounce back from irregular events Therefore Principle Investigator, coral persistent in the marine environment, like storms and cyclones. RCA has been WATCHING OUT FOR ecologist, Dr. Lyndon DeVantier was potentially remaining intact for decades involved in monitoring inshore reefs asked to review RCA monitoring or even centuries. Following the around Magnetic Island since 2003 with methods to ensure a best fit. It was 2004 re-zoning of the Great Barrier ongoing support from Townsville City Sharks are vital to the health of our found that significant overlap between Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), coral reef Council’s Creek to Coral program. Creek oceans. Sadly populations are in decline protocols and categories would allow for scientists at James Cook University to Coral is a combined local and State globally – and in Australia. Having a complementary approach to link the (JCU) began recording discarded Government initiative to maintain and been hunted almost to the point of two studies, as well as recommendations fishing lines while conducting fish enhance healthy waterways in the Dry extinction in the 1950s, the Australian for continued improvements to the and coral monitoring surveys in the Tropics region. With the combined efforts east coast population of grey nurse RCA program. In 2012, we undertook a Palm, Whitsunday and Keppel Island of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park shark is listed as Critically Endangered project to literally add Sunshine Coast groups. Fishing lines were recorded on Authority and the Australian Institute of under the International Union for the reefs to the SEQ map. The RCA team coral reefs in both areas that are open Marine Science, this initiative is working Conservation of Nature’s Red List of worked with SEQ Catchments to identify to fishing and within no-take marine to increase the inshore reef area that is Threatened Species. Since 2011, RCA spatial locations of established Reef reserves (green zones). From 2007 to under surveillance. Nelly Bay Reef on has been hosting the Grey Nurse Shark Check monitoring locations on the 2008, RCA collaborated with JCU to Magnetic Island is one of the longest RCA Watch photo identification program. Sunshine Coast. For the first time, these investigate how derelict fishing line monitoring sites (established in 2003). We’re honoured to host this citizen reefs were officially acknowledged for can be used as a proxy for estimating Unfortunately the story at this site isn’t science project initiative, offering more future natural resource management fisher non-compliance (poaching) levels so uplifting, and since the 2007 we have opportunities for volunteers to engage in planning. This initiative has continued in green zones. Over the course of seen steady hard coral declines. RCA meaningful data collection that improves to build on the available knowledge the project, RCA volunteers collected continues to work with Townsville City marine science and management efforts about these unique reefs. These more than 500 derelict fishing lines Council to share the story of Townsville’s for this endangered species. Since projects show the positive outcomes from 10 long-term monitoring sites in inshore reefs with the local community the program started, more than 300 from multi-year funding from Sunshine the Palm Islands. The research team to generate appreciation and awareness members have signed up to participate. Coast Council, who have supported monitored the re-accumulation of about these threatened habitats. Their data and images add to the RCA regional work since 2009. fishing lines at each of the sites over a national database, building information 32 month period following the clean- on grey nurse shark numbers, movements up. Surprisingly, it was found that lines and distribution during different stages re-accumulated on green zone reefs of their life cycle throughout their at approximately one third (32.4%) range in both the NSW and QLD marine of the rate observed on reefs that are regions. The program is critical for filling legally open to fishing (Williamson data gaps and increasing knowledge of et al. 2014). Although these inshore the east coast population of this species green zones have long been considered (estimated to be 1000-1500 individuals). some of the best protected within the GBRMP, the results of this study indicate that poaching levels are higher than previously assumed. The findings support the ongoing monitoring of discarded fishing gear to gain insight about fishing effort and levels of non-compliance within no-take marine reserve areas. 60 61 More than monitoring While volunteer citizen scientists form the heart of what we do and link us with the global Reef Check network, it takes more than data to make a change. We aim to engage the community celebrating, understanding and protecting our reefs and oceans. Here is a sample of a few key programs, projects and activities through the years.

For additional stories and information, please visit www.reefcheckaustralia.org.

COMMUNICATIONS FOR CORALS

We believe informed and passionate communities can make a difference for our reefs. To help boost accessible science information, we strive to share experiences, findings and information about important issues with the community. RCA has produced several community service announcements highlighting the GBR and Moreton Bay reef ecosystems and the efforts of RCA volunteers to build practical knowledge for conservation. BEERAMUNDI

It doesn’t get much better than combining two loved pastimes in the name of a good cause. In 2006, Townsville’s beer lovers helped support RCA activities with a conservation- minded beer called Beeramundi. The new beer was named as part of a competition held in partnership between Reef Check Australia and the Townsville Brewing Company. The public was asked to come up with a name, and a slogan for the beer, and an educational concept that would help make reef conservation a conversational topic. The project was the brainchild of Roger Beeden, the name courtesy of Eion Howe. A team effort by Dean Miller, Alana Grech and James Moloney was responsible for the slogan “Saving the Reef one beer at a time”. Cheers to the reef!

Photo by Jodi Salmond (North Stradbroke Island, SEQ) 63 KICKIN’ THE PLASTIC HABIT WITH MUSIC FESTIVAL

Plastic is a menace for the marine WHAT’S YOUR environment, persisting in our oceans REEF IQ? and beaches and wreaking havoc for marine life. Since 2012, Reef Check To support meaningful change, we Australia has been one of the charities wanted to create accessible educational supporting the Caloundra Music Festival tools to help kids understand what (CMF). In 2013 CMF became the very they and their families can do to help first festival in Australia to ban the sale protect the Great Barrier Reef. The of plastic water bottles. RCA teams idea for an innovative reef education were there talking about plastics issues program was born in 2007. The aim for the ocean and hosting water refill was to give kids a real understanding MORE CONNECTING stations for thirsty festival-goers! More of what it’s like to be a marine biologist REEFSEARCHERS FOR SCHOOLS WITH than 20,000 people attend the festival and undertake reef research. The THE REEF annually, so this is a huge step in creating resources gave students a “real feel” for THEIR LOCAL REEFS sustainable events and lifestyles for the environmental monitoring and enhanced Sunshine Coast Community! We’re proud Reef Check has always been about Empowering our future leaders to educators’ capacity to deliver meaningful to be a part of this green festival and providing community members with love, appreciate and protect reefs environmental education. Through the many others that help us engage the the tools to better understand and is critical. Reef Check Australia has dedication and commitment of Malo community in taking care of their reefs. protect their local reefs. The REEFSearch partnered with a variety of schools Hoskins and Jo Roberts, an online identification and observation program over the years, encouraging students interactive coral reef game was brought was born from regular inquiries about of all ages to get involved in better to life, along with a comprehensive how to get involved… without having understanding of reefs and oceans. suite of online educational resources. to do a four day training course like RCA started working with Bwgcolman The Reef IQ materials have been RCA survey volunteers! Essentially, Community School on reef education downloaded by more than 450 REEFSearch is Reef Check 101: an projects in 2006. In 2008, students from teachers, ranging from Townsville to introduction to the how’s and why’s of Bwgcolman School on Palm Island were Tanzania. The Reef IQ game went on reef ecology, reef monitoring and reef the first children to get in the water to win the Best Use of Flash Animation conservation. The self-guided program and trial the Reef IQ field activities on Award in the Queensland Multimedia allows many more snorkellers, divers and the beautiful coral reefs around their Award, whilst the joint workshops reef walkers to learn and contribute. The island home. In 2013, teachers undertook won the Community Group Award REEFSearch pilot program was featured the first official Reef Check teacher in the Townsville Environmental on Tourism Queensland’s Best Expedition training course to help deliver reef Excellence and Awards. in the World in 2011, with trials all along the 1,600 kilometre journey up the length ecology knowledge to their students. of the Great Barrier Reef from May to All of these initiatives were designed September 2011. The online REEFSearch to build capacity for students to be Hub allows REEFSearchers to report stewards of the reefs on their doorstep. their findings and photos, review trends Cleveland District High School have for their region and investigate their encouraged students and teachers alike information within their REEFSearch to embrace reef conservation using the Groups. The program expands RCA REEFSearch program to set up long capacity to get folks involved and helps term observation sites on Lady Elliot us keep an on what’s happening out Island and in Moreton Bay. They have there on the reefs by collecting more also helped show the world how easy information across locations and time. the program is with popular kids TV The REEFSearch Marine Education shows SCOPE and Totally Wild. With Kit was released in 2013 to help bring hundreds of students exposed to reef corals to the classroom and has been conservation programs such as this, used by schools and community groups we are able to extend the RCA reach in across QLD and WA. The program was fostering more marine stewards to ensure matched to national curriculum allowing the future of our reefs looks bright. schools to easily integrate and citizen science, allowing them to bring reefs to the classroom in a truly engaging and educational way. 64 65 Back to the beginning THE ORIGIN OF REEF CHECK AUSTRALIA

I have always believed in the value of range of ocean conservation initiatives. engaging communities in environmental Looking back, it is hard to imagine stewardship. Reef Check Australia the early days when I organized Reef began when a small group of marine Check surveys out of internet cafes in biologists and dive tourism professionals Port Douglas! This organisation has got together to devise a program that been built out of passion, commitment engages the general public in monitoring and a spirit of collaboration. key dive sites on the Great Barrier Reef. As environmental challenges continue Since 1997, Reef Check volunteers have to grow for Australia, it has never been monitoring the health of coral reefs been a more important time for the and educating their friends and families community to get involved with about the importance of protecting coral reef conservation--to stand these systems. Through Reef Check up and demand that we take care Australia, we sought to create a high of these important ecosystems that quality, locally-applicable, standardised provide us with food, pleasure, life- training and data collection platform saving medicines and protect our for volunteer divers and a central . Thank you for your continued location for data dissemination to support of Reef Check Australia! those making management decisions.

Ten years on, it is humbling and inspiring to see Reef Check Australia emerge as an award-winning environmental Jos Hill charity that has engaged hundreds of Executive Director of Olazul and volunteers in monitoring reefs all around Founder of Reef Check Australia Queensland, as well as contributing to a

Photo by Undersea Explorer (GBR) 67 REEF CHECK AUSTRALIA VOLUNTEERS

Robert Agar Michael Costelloe Matt Haslam Justin Marriner Agnes Rouchon Glenn Almany Anthony Coward Rowena Hawnt Roslyn Martin Gemma Routledge Jeanine Almany Daniel Cramer Julia Hazel Monique Matthews John Rumney Aaron Anderson Ingrid Cripps Dave Henry Danyna-lyn Maxted Linda Rumney Zoe Andrews Matthew Curnock Jocelyn Hill Gayle Mayes Jodi Salmond Ken Anthony Scott Cuthbertson Helen Grace Hobbs Deb Maynard Britta Schaffelke Yumiko Asari Rebecca Davis Amanda Hodgsen Steve McConchie Marie-Lise Schlappy Thank you Deborah Aston Jodi Davison Tyler Hood Santiago Mejia Elizabeth Schoch Sue Baldwin Thalia de Haas Malo Hosken Midaviau Midaviau Ronald Schroeder Margaret Ball Angela Dean Emily Howells Nick Middleton Julie Schubert Ronald Mervyn Ball Matt Dee Cherryn Huggon Martine Miller Jonathon Shaw Ian Banks Amanda Delaforce Andrew Hutchison Mark Miller Jacquie Sheils Thank you to the network of passionate individuals and organisations that support RCA projects. Adam Barnett Tony Dell Gabrielle Hutchison Dean Miller Guy Shepherd Reef Check Australia Industry Champions help make it possible for survey teams to access sites by Rhona Barr Marc Deschamps Tony Isaacson Ross Miller Daniel Simpson providing extensive in-kind support and a platform for sharing survey findings. Industry Champions Annie Bauer Terry Done Shino Ishikawa James Mooney Sancha Simpson-Davis know these sites better than anyone and we are proud to work beside them for our reefs. Susie Bedford Timothy Donnelly Rima Jabado Geoffrey Muldoon Fiona Sinnett-Smith Reef Check Australia survey, office and project volunteers (2001-2014) have made Roger Beeden Jon Doughty Sylvia Jagerroos Bryan Murphy Wally Smith this work possible through many hours of commitment to our oceans. Ally Beeden David Duchene Diana James Stephanie Mutz Conrad Speed There are a huge number of advisors, funders and partners who have and continue to make our work possible. Johan Bengtsson Katherine Dunn Veera Jarvela Kirsty Nash Jessica Stella Paul Benjamin Andy Dunstan Blair Jedras Steve Neale Doug Stetner Thank you and congratulations to you all! There are so many people here in spirit! Scott Bennett Juan David Duque Ebony Jones John Newman Thomas Stevens Louise Bernstein Leo Dutre Chris Jones Fei (Chooi) Ng Joel Stibbard INDUSTRY CHAMPIONS Lauren Bird Deb Eastop Paul Jukes Judy Nickles Krystal Stubbs Gregory Suosaari 1770 Reef Explorers Claire Bisseling Rachel Eberhard Rucha Karkarey Mark Nilsen New Horizon Tara Swansborough Adrenalin Dive Kym Blackburn Paul Evans Kristin Keane Cesar Onrubia Oean Cat Charters Manu Taboada Affordable Charters Shannon Blackmore Laura Fantozzi Russell Kelley Lyl Ortiz Orpheus Island Scientific Research Station Shane Blowes Terry Farr Sam Kerridge Cherie O'Sullivan Vanessa Taveras Aristocat Palm Beach Dive Centre Joel Bolzenius Peter Faulkner Stuart Kininmonth Bianca Ousley Heidi Taylor Dive Centre Pleasure Divers on Magnetic Island Kris Boody Ruth Faulkner Diana Kleine Josh Passenger Imogen Taylor Bundaberg Aqua Scuba Poseidon Outer Reef Cruises Simone Bosshart Sharon Ferguson Eszter Kovacs Deanne Passenger Leanne Thompson Cairns Dive Centre Pro Dive Cairns Jane Bowden Denise Fitch Eva Kovacs Peter Payne Yara Tibirica Calypso Reef Cruises Pro Dive Townsville Tania Julia Bowett Richard Fitzpatrick Jody Kreuger Angela Payne Michelle Triana Cruise Whitsundays Quicksilver Charters Karen Brady Tony Fontes Karsten Krueger Lars Pedersen Katherine Trim Daydream Island Resort and Spa Reef Encounter Shary Braithwaite Carolyn Forder Elaine Kwee Adrian Turnbull Dive Noosa Reef HQ Aquarium Sonya Perks Andrew Bromage Brendan Furey Dominic Waddell Diving the Gold Coast Reef Magic Crusies Elisabeth Laman Trip Stuart Phinn Jackie Brown Scott Wallace Down Under Cruise and Dive Reef Safari Airlie Beach Grant Furlong Gabriel Lamug-Nanawa Deb Pople Sue-Ann Watson Explore Whitsundays Sailing Adventures Reef Safari Magnetic Island Brett Brownlow Zoey Gillam Julianne Lawson Colin Priestland Jonathan Werry Fantasea Cruising Magnetic Remote Area Dive Greg Bruce Andrew Gillespie Alexandra Lea Linda Priestland Amanda Westlake Go Dive Brisbane Salt Dive Christine Bueta Rodney Gillespir Troy Lechner Tim Prior Clive Wilkinson Haba Dive & Snorkel Sea World, Gold Coast Alex Bulanov Steve Glasby Alex Levonis Steven Prutzman Daniel Wisdom Hamilton Island H2O Watersports Spirit of Freedom Haley Burgess Hannah Glenton Jules Lim Brian Pryde Robbie Wisdom Hayman Island Resort Scuba World Darren Burns David Glover Angela Little Nicole Purton Elizabeth Woodcock Heron Island Research Station Stradbroke Ferries Ian Butler Erin Graham James Livingstone Paul Radford Bruce Wynn Heron Island Resort Straddie Watersports Tamsin Butterworth Alexandra Grand Jennifer Loder Andy Ratter Keppel Bay Escapes Sunferries Julie Byrd Eden Gray-Spence Beatrice Loh Candice Rempel Louise Yates Lady Elliot Island Eco Resort Sunlover Reef Cruises Corinna Byrne Kathleen Grealy Chloe Lucas Juan Rey Michael Zalatel Magnetic Dive Sunreef Services Rochae Cameron Alana Grech Matt Lybolt Cassie Richards Maria Zann Manta Lodge and Scuba Centre Tropical Diving Deborah Cavanagh Nick Greenwood Maria 'Chrissie' Ma-Amo Adriana Robayo Mantaray Charters TUSA Dive Michael Civiello Jodie Haig Chrissy Maguire William Robbins Mike Ball Undersea Explorer Sophie Clay Peter Harley Arnold Mangott Joanna Roberts Moreton Bay Research Station Underwater World SEA LIFE Mooloolaba Anne-Laure Clement Loren Hartley Helen Manski David Roe and Education Centre Wavelength Marine Charters Geoff Cook Andrew Harvey Paul Markey Chris Roelfsema Nautilus Scuba Supercat Whitsunday Dive Adventures Katy Corkill Tim Harvey Ian Marriner John 'BJ' Rogojkin 68 69 De’ath G., Fabricius K.E., Sweatman H. & Puotinen M. 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72 Photo by Ian Banks (Flinders Reef, SEQ)