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The Status and Trends of Forest and Tree Pests and Diseases Management in Africa

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The Status and Trends of Forest and Tree Pests and Diseases Management in Africa A PLATFORM FOR STAKEHOLDERS IN AFRICAN FORESTRY THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF FOREST AND TREE PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA AFRICAN FOREST FORUM WORKING PAPER SERIES ISSUE 3 VOLUME 3, 2017 Copyright © African Forest Forum 2017 All rights reserved African Forest Forum (AFF) P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: +254 20 722 4203 Fax: +254 20 722 4001 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.afforum.org Citation: Gichora, M., Kojwang', H.,& Bosu, P. (2017). The status and trends of forest and tree pests and diseases management in Africa. AFF Working Paper (3) 3. African Forest Forum, Nairobi. Cover Photograph: Left: Suspected blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa, galls on young Eucalyptus plants in Niger. Right: Vigorously growing Cedrela odorata pushes stem borer following attack. (Photograph: Bosu, 2016). Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the African Forest Forum concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries regarding its economic system or degree of development. Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the African Forest Forum. THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF FOREST AND TREE PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA Mercy Gichora Harrison Kojwang' Paul Bosu Table of Contents List of figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of boxes .......................................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the report ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Short history of modern forest practice and disease-pest problems in Africa......................... 1 1.2.1 Sub- Saharan Africa ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 The Sahel ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 North Africa .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.4 Forest insect management .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Types of vegetation found in Africa ....................................................................................... 4 2.0 OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PESTS IN AFRICA ................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Pests of Southern Africa sub region ........................................................................................ 7 2.2. Pests of West and Central Africa sub-region .......................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Endemic Pests of Trees and Forests in the Humid Zone................................................. 8 2.2.2 Major Insect Pests of Exotic Species in the Humid Forest Zone .................................... 9 2.2.3 Major Insect Pests of the Savanna and Sahel Zones ....................................................... 9 2.3 Forest disturbance in Eastern Africa sub-region ................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Fires .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Insect Pests of Forests in Eastern Africa ...................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Pests of trees and forests in North Africa ..................................................................... 13 2.4 Regional collaboration in forest insect pest management in Africa...................................... 13 3.0 OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST DISEASES IN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Diseases of Southern Africa sub region .................................................................................. 2 3.1.1 Diseases of Eucalyptus .................................................................................................... 2 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| i 3.1.2 Diseases of pines ............................................................................................................. 3 3.1.3 Diseases of Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) ............................................................................. 3 3.2 Diseases of West and Central Africa sub-region .................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Root diseases ................................................................................................................... 4 3.2.2 Canker diseases............................................................................................................... 4 3.2.3 Tree decline and dieback diseases .................................................................................. 4 3.3 Diseases of forests in Eastern Africa ...................................................................................... 6 3.4 Forest diseases of North Africa ............................................................................................... 8 4.0 THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FOREST DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA ............ 9 4.1 Data requirements ................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Way forward ......................................................................................................................... 10 5.0 REGIONAL COOPERATION IN MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PESTS AND DISEASES ........................................................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Developments in Africa's regional integration ...................................................................... 12 6.0 INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES FOR FOREST PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA .......................................................... 15 6.1 Status of Regional Sanitary and Phytosanitary protocols ..................................................... 15 6.1.1 Eastern Africa ............................................................................................................... 15 6.1.2 Southern Africa ............................................................................................................. 15 6.1.3 On-going collaborative initiatives in southern Africa .................................................. 16 6.1.4 West and Central Africa ................................................................................................ 16 7.0 MODALITIES OF DEVELOPING SURVEILLANCE MECHANISMS ............................. 17 8.0 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 21 9.0 ECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 22 10.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 23 11.0 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 29 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| ii List of figures Figure 1.1 Vegetation map of Africa. .................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 . Left: Suspected blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa, galls on young Eucalyptus plants in Niger. Right: Vigorously growing Cedrela odorata pushes stem borer following attack. (Bosu, 2016). .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Regional Economic Communities of Africa. Source: www ref. 11. .................................... 14 List of boxes Box 1 Fire occurrence and its impacts on Forest Plantations in Jebel Marra in The Sudan. ............... 11 Box 2. Spread of wood boring beetles in Sudan. ................................................................................. 10 List of Tables Table 1.1 A summary of the regions covered and forest types of interest to this study 5 Table 2.1 Priority pests of commercial tree species in southern Africa (Kojwang, 2015). 7 Table 3.1 Major diseases of trees and forests in West and Central Africa (Bosu, 2016). 5 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| iii ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS AfDB African Development Bank AFF African Forest Forum AMCEN African Ministerial Conference
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