A PLATFORM FOR STAKEHOLDERS IN AFRICAN FORESTRY THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF FOREST AND TREE PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA AFRICAN FOREST FORUM WORKING PAPER SERIES ISSUE 3 VOLUME 3, 2017 Copyright © African Forest Forum 2017 All rights reserved African Forest Forum (AFF) P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. Phone: +254 20 722 4203 Fax: +254 20 722 4001 Email: [email protected]; Website: www.afforum.org Citation: Gichora, M., Kojwang', H.,& Bosu, P. (2017). The status and trends of forest and tree pests and diseases management in Africa. AFF Working Paper (3) 3. African Forest Forum, Nairobi. Cover Photograph: Left: Suspected blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa, galls on young Eucalyptus plants in Niger. Right: Vigorously growing Cedrela odorata pushes stem borer following attack. (Photograph: Bosu, 2016). 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THE STATUS AND TRENDS OF FOREST AND TREE PESTS AND DISEASES MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA Mercy Gichora Harrison Kojwang' Paul Bosu Table of Contents List of figures ........................................................................................................................................ iii List of boxes .......................................................................................................................................... iii ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... iv 1.0 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Purpose of the report ............................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Short history of modern forest practice and disease-pest problems in Africa......................... 1 1.2.1 Sub- Saharan Africa ........................................................................................................ 1 1.2.2 The Sahel ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.3 North Africa .................................................................................................................... 2 1.2.4 Forest insect management .............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Types of vegetation found in Africa ....................................................................................... 4 2.0 OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PESTS IN AFRICA ................................................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Pests of Southern Africa sub region ........................................................................................ 7 2.2. Pests of West and Central Africa sub-region .......................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Endemic Pests of Trees and Forests in the Humid Zone................................................. 8 2.2.2 Major Insect Pests of Exotic Species in the Humid Forest Zone .................................... 9 2.2.3 Major Insect Pests of the Savanna and Sahel Zones ....................................................... 9 2.3 Forest disturbance in Eastern Africa sub-region ................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Fires .............................................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Insect Pests of Forests in Eastern Africa ...................................................................... 11 2.3.4 Pests of trees and forests in North Africa ..................................................................... 13 2.4 Regional collaboration in forest insect pest management in Africa...................................... 13 3.0 OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST DISEASES IN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................................... 15 3.1 Diseases of Southern Africa sub region .................................................................................. 2 3.1.1 Diseases of Eucalyptus .................................................................................................... 2 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| i 3.1.2 Diseases of pines ............................................................................................................. 3 3.1.3 Diseases of Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) ............................................................................. 3 3.2 Diseases of West and Central Africa sub-region .................................................................... 4 3.2.1 Root diseases ................................................................................................................... 4 3.2.2 Canker diseases............................................................................................................... 4 3.2.3 Tree decline and dieback diseases .................................................................................. 4 3.3 Diseases of forests in Eastern Africa ...................................................................................... 6 3.4 Forest diseases of North Africa ............................................................................................... 8 4.0 THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FOREST DISEASES AND PESTS IN AFRICA ............ 9 4.1 Data requirements ................................................................................................................... 9 4.2 Way forward ......................................................................................................................... 10 5.0 REGIONAL COOPERATION IN MANAGEMENT OF FOREST PESTS AND DISEASES ........................................................................................................................................... 12 5.1 Developments in Africa's regional integration ...................................................................... 12 6.0 INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES FOR FOREST PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL AND MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA .......................................................... 15 6.1 Status of Regional Sanitary and Phytosanitary protocols ..................................................... 15 6.1.1 Eastern Africa ............................................................................................................... 15 6.1.2 Southern Africa ............................................................................................................. 15 6.1.3 On-going collaborative initiatives in southern Africa .................................................. 16 6.1.4 West and Central Africa ................................................................................................ 16 7.0 MODALITIES OF DEVELOPING SURVEILLANCE MECHANISMS ............................. 17 8.0 CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................................................... 21 9.0 ECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................... 22 10.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 23 11.0 APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................. 29 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| ii List of figures Figure 1.1 Vegetation map of Africa. .................................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 . Left: Suspected blue gum chalcid, Leptocybe invasa, galls on young Eucalyptus plants in Niger. Right: Vigorously growing Cedrela odorata pushes stem borer following attack. (Bosu, 2016). .............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Figure 3. Regional Economic Communities of Africa. Source: www ref. 11. .................................... 14 List of boxes Box 1 Fire occurrence and its impacts on Forest Plantations in Jebel Marra in The Sudan. ............... 11 Box 2. Spread of wood boring beetles in Sudan. ................................................................................. 10 List of Tables Table 1.1 A summary of the regions covered and forest types of interest to this study 5 Table 2.1 Priority pests of commercial tree species in southern Africa (Kojwang, 2015). 7 Table 3.1 Major diseases of trees and forests in West and Central Africa (Bosu, 2016). 5 © African Forest Forum (2017) All Rights Reserved. Page| iii ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS AfDB African Development Bank AFF African Forest Forum AMCEN African Ministerial Conference